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In EU (and in Poland) waste ore divided into 20 groups (which are followed by subgroups and sorts).
SAFETY CRITERION
In every group and in every subgroup there are dangerous wastes, which were specified.
There are three major factors deciding on combustibility of wastes: o o o moisture content (< 50 %), burning matter content (min. 25 %), ash content (< 60 %).
DEVELOPMENT OF WIP
I st generation (1950-1965) major objectives: reduction of volume of waste and maximum burning, development of furnaces waste burning (mainly grates), usually lack of heat utilization, lack of flue gas cleaning. II-nd generation (1960-1975) dedusting of flue gas, utilization of waste heat (heat utilization boilers). III-rd generation (1975-1990) reduction of gaseous pollutant emissions (mainly sulfur, chlorine and fluor compounds, reduction of heavy metals reduction, problems with safety of storage of solid residues, improvement of waste heat utilization. IV-th generation (1990-) improvement of effectiveness of flue gas cleaning, mainly from NOx, dioxins and furans, improvement of parameters of solid aside products of waste utilization (ash) to safety storage: cement blocks, vitrification.
1. Reduction of wastes volume (up to 90%) and weight (up to 65%). 2. Wastes organic matter incineration. 3. Utilization of combustion heat of waste. 4. Meeting of gaseous pollutant emissions limits. 5. Safety of landfill of solid residue of waste incineration.
a) b) c) d) e)
Waste receipt and handling installation A combustion system Heat recovery system (boiler) Air pollution control system Combustion solid residue handling system
CONFIGURATION OF WIP
Odzysk ciepa
Oczyszczanie spalin
Skadowisko
Surowce wtrne
1. Pusher furnaces 2. Suspension burning systems 3. Grates 4. Fluidised bed systems 5. Rotary kilns 6. Multiple hearth furnaces
Pusher furnaces
Rotary kilns
Fluidized beds
Solid: grains, uniform, non-uniform, thick, organic compounds - with easy melting ash. Gaseous: heavy organic vapours. Liquid: organic liquids, water wastes with high content of organic compounds. Solids/sludge: sludge.
PUSHER FURNACES
ADVANTAGES -simple design -low cost -easy maintenance -combustion control
DISADVANTAGES
Pusher
ADVANTAGES -reliability -wide range thermal load variation -ability to burn different types of waste -low requirement of waste dispersion
DISADVANTAGES
GRATES
91.2 MWth, 31.8 kg/s, 59 bar, 480C FUEL: Industrial waste, Demolition wood
PENDENT SUPERHEATER IDLE PASS
INTREX SH
STEP GRID
PIIRTEK OY
ROTARY KILNS
ROTARY KILNS
ADVANTAGES: -good burntout -universal -wide range of the temperature -long residence time (0.5-1.5 h) -ability to burn wastes of 60% of water -ability to burn waster of different shapes and sizes DISADVANTAGES -complicated design -limited capacity (< 8 t/h) -expensive
Type of waste
hospital/ medical dangerous sewage sludge
Dust emission Gaseous pollutant emissions Emission of dioxins and furans Landfill of waste ashes Exploitation of waste incinerators
Corrosion of heat-exchanging surfaces Burn throughout of grates Deposits at the hest exchanging surfaces Ash sintering and defluidization
ASH SINTERING
Mineur M., The behaviour of a stationary fluidised bed upon the combustion of sewage sludge, VGB PowerTech, 12, 2002, pp. 84-87