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Product name Microwave network planning and design guidelines Version V 1.0
V1.0
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Revision Record
Date 2011-5-12 2011-5-25 Version Draft V1.0 Description Update with capacity planning, AM/QOS characteristics,fresnel zone radius,the criteria of clearance,methods of the microwave LOS survey,etc. Author Zhang Zai Zhang Zai
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Contents
Chapter 1 Summarize ..................................................................................................................5 Chapter 2 Principle of network architecture .................................................................................5
2.1 Ring Topology ....................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Star Topology ....................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Tree Topology ....................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 3 Rules of network design .............................................................................................. 7
3.1 Route design ......................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Frequency plan ..................................................................................................... 8 3.3 Capacity plan ...................................................................................................... 10 3.3.1 Microwave+ optical+ lease line .................................................................. 10 3.3.2 Calculation method.................................................................................... 10 3.3.3 Convergence of transmission capacity ...................................................... 11 3.3.4 AM/QOS .................................................................................................... 11 3.4 Link design.......................................................................................................... 11 3.4.1 KPI of the link ............................................................................................ 11 3.4.2 Equipment protection configuration ........................................................... 12 3.4.3 Space diversity .......................................................................................... 12 3.4.4 Frequency diversity ................................................................................... 13 3.4.5 Hybrid diversity .......................................................................................... 13 3.4.6 Algorithms for reliability calculation ............................................................ 13 3.4.7 Chose for rain region ................................................................................. 14 3.4.8 Onsite Survey ............................................................................................ 15 3.4.9 LOS Survey ............................................................................................... 15 3.4.10 Equivalent Earth Radius K Factor ............................................................ 16
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3.4.11 Fresnel zone radius ................................................................................. 18 3.4.12 The Criteria of Clearance ........................................................................ 19
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CHAPTER 1 SUMMARIZE
Microwave transmission is one of the most important means for wireless transmission backhaul in wireless project all over the world, it has a wide application in Radio Access Network (RAN).In order to build up a reliable, high quality and low cost network, microwave planning engineer should follow the principle as described in this document.
BSC/RNC
BTS/ -B -3 N
BTS/ -B -5 N
BTS/ -B -4 N
In order to avoid high-low violation in one site, the total hops should be even in a ring topology, such as 4, 6, 8, 10 hops to comprise a self-healing ring. According to the actual situation, if the total hops have to be odd in the ring network, designer should pay attention to the interference that maybe caused from transmitter to receiver at the same site. In microwave ring network, its recommended to use N+0 hardware protection to reduce the cost of the project.
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In order to reduce the transmission capacity, lower the configuration requirement of each hop. And to avoid the influence that caused by each hop, star topology with a HUB site in the center is recommended.
Figure 2 star topology There should be no more than 10 hops connected to the HUB site for a star network, otherwise it may cause serious interference because of the limited frequency resource. The 1+0 protection configuration is recommended for the last hop in the star network.
HU HU B B
ROOT
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It is suggested to configure with 1+1for the link that between Root site and HUB site. In a word, ring networks reliability is better than star network, tree network is the worst. Sometimes, because of the limited investment or competition pressure, we have to choose lower network protection configuration. In that case, we could reduce the quantity of ring networks and lower the device protection configuration in microwave links which are not very important.
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Figure 5 it is suggested (there is only 4 hops from ROOT to end station) 6 Try to shorten the distance of microwave transmission and reduce antenna diameter if all the suggestions above can be satisfied, which are beneficial to install antenna and improve transmission quality.
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According to microwave products parameters, select the appropriate bandwidth (7MHz14MHz28/29.65MHz40MHz56MHzmodulationQPSK 16/32/64/128/256QAM) and corresponding transmission capacity (4E18E1 16E144E153E175E1STM-1106Mb/s183Mb/s366Mb/s etc.) for project. We should avoid same frequency band high-low violation at same site because it will cause internal interference, Also try to keep all the frequency band with high or low identity at same site. Same frequency channel high-low violation is strictly prohibited. For polarization, VVHH configuration was recommended for the route which turning angle is close to 180 degrees, it can solve the over-reach interference issue. V polarization has better performance against the rain attenuation in high frequency band comparing with H polarization, so it is often used for the links with poor condition transmission. The use of different channels also can solve over-reach interference problem, and try to avoid the H polarization application. Use the existing data and pre-planning link data to analysis frequency interference is an important course in frequency planning. Use the tools to analyze the interference hop by hop, also calculated the threshold deterioration (TD) of each hop, If the TD value exceeds a preset standard value (usually target TD<3dB), you should find the source of interference and change the frequency and polarization configuration of some hops, until the standard requirements are fulfilled. Otherwise, more frequency channels are needed. For some microwave links with the TD value exceeds the preset standard (such as 3dB). The TD value could be updated to the link performance calculation. If the calculation result can meet the annul availability KPI and recognized by customer, that is ok. Now, microwave interference calculation is more difficult also the calculation result is getting worse. There are two reasons mainly, first, the data in existed network is hard to collect also not so accurate; second is the complex terrain and ground features information. Microwave network planning tool PATHLOSS currently does not support calculating the interference with terrain and ground features information, only for a rough analysis and calculation with plane terrain. With the rapid deployment of radio network overseas, microwave electromagnetic environment is becoming increasingly complex. Interference calculation cannot show the intensity of the interference correctly, so we have to find an available frequency through frequency scanning at site.
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There must have no obvious obstacles around the antenna, when you do the frequency scanning. Youd better choose the pre-installed antenna position to scan frequency, requirements are as follows: Scan angle: 360 degrees; Frequency range: frequency that customer could acquire; Scan polarization: V and H; Step angle: 10-15 degrees.
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The terminal link capacity should consider the peak rate of the last base station, and the capacity of the rest link is the sum of the average rate of all connects base station. Peak rate and average rate can be obtained from the long-term wireless network planning. The maximum transmission rate should be configured when transmission capacity exceed the maximum rate of the equipment. It can fulfill the demand of transmission capacity and used as the protection link in further carrier network.
3.3.4 AM/QOS
AM is an effective method to deal with the decline of KPI in the case of limited size of antenna. Both of the transmission rate and unavailability ratios can be fulfilled. AM function can run properly under uniform QOS strategy. AM function is a method for developing the network in further, and suggested to disable it.
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signal is lower than the threshold according to ITU-T F.1605. Acceptable annual unavailability range from 99.995% to 99.999%, and the exact value is decided by the importance of the link in the network, such as: 1Transmission capacity equal to 4E1/8E1:99.995% 2Transmission capacity larger than 16E1:99.997% 3Transmission capacity larger than STM-1:99.995%
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B Chose KQ Factor in China unless special demand of customer; C Chose ITU-7/8 or ITU-12 for the rest area according to the result of the arithmetic,
Figure 7 world rain regions Possibility of rain of every rain area from 1% to 0.001%, show as follow:
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Both Figure 7 and Table 1 can be obtained from ITU-R P.837-1. It is suggested to use the data got from the customers.
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1. Seeing with eyes, use eyes and digital camera to check the LOS of the radio link. When this method is adopted, a telescope, flash of the digital camera, viewfinder, red flag, or hydrogen balloon can help in checking whether the LOS is available 2.When two microwave sites are located in suburb areas or in the country field , read the terrain elevation values of the microwave route by using 1:50000 (or smaller proportion), confirm the location of the site and the height of the surface feature onsite, and then generate the terrain profile diagram, determine the microwave antenna height. 3. For the second method, if you cannot acquire the 1:50000 map, you can get the terrain elevation values and the surface feature height by using the GPS altitude meter with the same mode. 4.LOS simulation using satellite technology to provide high-precision of terrain elevation values to guide the determination of the microwave antenna height. During the pre-planning stage of the project, the terrain profile diagram can be generated by using the UTM electronic map, the SRTM electronic map or the map download from Google Earth website. Due to the limitation of the accuracy of the terrain data, it can only as a reference for the route planning, not as a basis to determine the LOS condition. Usually microwave LOS survey should draw up the plan and range of survey in order to avoid bundling with the onsite survey. The onsite LOS survey is not necessary if the microwave link can get the terrain elevation values by LOS simulation or it has obviously LOS condition. If there have obvious obstacle on the far-end site and the microwave link route is determined, you can perform both LOS survey and onsite survey.
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R is the actual radius of the earth, R=6370km K=1it is considered the microwave is propagated along a straight line, and is not bent. K=it is considered the microwave curvature is the same as the earth surface curvature, the microwave propagated around the earth parallel to the surface.
d1 d
d2
d1
k=1 k=4/3 k= d
d2
Figure 8 introducing the equivalent earth radius K factor The microwave propagated under the standard atmosphere when the K value is 4/3and it is considered the microwave propagation trail slightly bent upward. Under the actual atmosphere, the K value is changed from Kmin to K= The Kmin value can be found through the ITU-R P.530 curve proposed.
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Value of kmin exceeded for approximately 99.99% of the worst month (continental temperature climate)
Figure 9 Kmin and propagation distance K factor is a very important concept which should be considered in microwave engineering.
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Tx
F1
Rx
d1
P d
d2
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Kmin
Hc0
K=4/3
Hc0.6F1
Description
K:equivalent earth radius factor Hc:clearance F1:the first Fresnel zone
Hc0.3F1
Hc1F1
The value of clearance for link with some obstacles should meet the request below: When K=Kmin , the diffraction fading loss caused by obstacles should less than 10dB When K=4/3 If without fading, the Receive Signal Level should not less than the calculate result with free space. For link with Space Diversity, the clearance to main antennas should meet the demand in the sheet above, and the loss introduced by obstacles should be less than 15dB for the clearance to diversity antennas(for link with one or more obstacles). Moreover, the clearance(Hc) should be greater than the value of the first Fresnel zone radius (F1) for the area away from the antenna which complies with the formula, d>17.1D2/.d is the distance away from the antennaD is the diameter of the antennais the wavelength.