Transport Phenomena (CL 203) S1 Prof HN, Chem Engg Dept, IIT-Bombay

Mid-Sem Open BSL 2 Hrs 30 Points September, 2012

INSTRUCTIONS
1) Read questions thoroughly before answering. Open BSL, Open Mind.
2) Show Clear Working and Steps. You cannot refer to a derivation in the text as your answer
and provide only the modifications in the answer sheet.
3) If you employ an occasional equation directly from the text (e.g., governing equations or
component forms of standard vector/tensor equations), please provide the exact equation
reference (Eqn no., Page no., Table no., etc.)
4) In case of unanswered doubt, please state your reasonable assumptions, and proceed.
1) [5 Points] Vectors, Tensors and Their Operations
In the tutorial, you saw ( ) ( ) ( ) = + v w v w w v

.
Given:
ijk mnk im jn in jm
e e = o o o o , 2
ijk mjk im
o e e = ,
Check Using Index Notation, whether ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = + + + v w w v v w w v v w

.
Note how the order of dotting in the first 2 terms gives rise to additional terms.
2) [6 Points] An incompressible Newtonian fluid flows at steady state in an annular region of
between co-axial, vertical cylinders (Ref Figure 2.4-1, page 54, BSL 2e).
Gravity affects the steady state flow.
However, the outer cylinder is stationary, and the inner cylinder, moves upwards with velocity, v
0
.
a) Write the governing components of the Navier Stokes' equation, and the boundary conditions.
b) Determine the velocity profile expression, if no pressure drop is imposed.
c) Provide a clear qualitative schematic of the velocity profile, for each of the cases:
(i) v
0
>0, (ii) v
0
<0, (iii) v
0
=0
3) [6 Points] A point P in the fluid, has a steady state velocity profile: v
1
=ax
2
x
3
, v
2
=bx
3
x
1
, v
3
=cx
1
x
2
.
Consider the following unit vectors at P: ( )
1 1 2
2 r e e = + , ( )
2 1 2
2 r e e =
a) ? = v

; D

=?; O

=?; v

(or from O

) =?
b) If the rate of deformation of any vector, r

, is
d
dt

r
r v

, determine the linear strain rate
magnitude, of each of the 2 unit vectors at P, r r D

, and their rates of rotation

c) The shear rates (off-diagonal elements, e.g.,
1 2
e D e

), are the rates of change of angle between fluid

elements along
1
e and
2
e . Find the rate of angular deformation, between the 2 unit vectors,
1
r and
2
r .
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4) [6 Points] An incompressible Reiner-Philippoff fluid undergoes steady state laminar flow along
(x-direction) section of length L, between two wide plates, separated (y-direction) by 2H, due to an
imposed pressure gradient, (P
0
P
L
)/L. The section is far enough away from the ends.
Here, ( ) 2 = D q


, where
( )
0
2 2
0
1

| |

= + |
|
+
\ .

t
t t

. Obtain:
( )
0.5
:
2
| |
|
=
|
\ .

t


;
( ) ( )
0.5
2 : = D D


.
Beginning with the momentum balance equation, derive the velocity profile, and determine the
volume flow rate for this case.
5) [7 Points] Start-up of Couette Flow: Refer to 3.6.1a, pg 90, BSL 2e, for the tangential flow of
an incompressible Newtonian fluid between 2 cylinders, of radii kR (inner cylinder) and R (outer
cylinder). Thus, k <1. The outer cylinder rotates with an angular velocity, O
o
. The steady state
velocity profile is available on pg 91 (eqn. 3.6-29). If the inner cylinder rotates with angular
velocity, O
i
, the solution is as given in eqn. 3.6-32 (pg 91). Now consider the case that the annular
gap is very small; i.e., 1- k <<1. This similar to a fluid between flat plates, moving because one of
the plates is stationary, and one is moving with velocity v
0
. Provide the expressions for v
0
and H,
by examining the figure alongside and relating to the tangential flow parameters. Bonus Points, if
you can rigorously obtain the expressions for v
0
and H, by beginning with either eqn 3.6-29 or eqn
3.6-32, i.e.,
1
i o
R r r R
R R
r R R r
u
k
| | | | | |
k = O k = O
| | |
k k
\ . \ . \ .
v .
Now consider the start-up of such a Couette flow, but as described in the figure. Note that unlike
the work done in class, here the TOP plate moves, instead of the BOTTOM plate.
a) Write the governing Navier Stokes' equation component.
b) Considering the system characteristics as per the figure, derive
the dimensionless form of the governing equation and the
corresponding boundary and initial conditions.
H
v
0

x
y
i) Resolve the solution in the form of a steady state part, |
s
, and the transient part, |*.
( ) ( ) ( ) , * ,
S
| t q | q | t q = . What is the steady-state solution?
ii) What is the resultant equation, if one can assume that
( ) ( ) ( ) * , f g | t q t q = ?
iii) What are the consequent boundary conditions for ( ) * , | t q ? What is the initial condition?
c) Obtain the time-dependent velocity profile in dimensionless form.
d) Determine the time required to reach within 5% of the steady state, in terms of the Oiginal
Couette System Parameters.
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