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\
|
=
2.23
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
dx
dV
B
dx
d
dx
d
E
k
s
s
k
s k
sT
2.24
Where
k
s
V and
k
s
are linear combinations of Lagrange polynomials in terms of the respective local nodal values
) 2 . 1 ( , = = =
s t U V
j
k
j
k
j
k
s
j
k
j
k
j
k
s
Where
k
j
s are shape functions which are given in appendix I
These errors are orthogonal to the weight function over the domain
k
e . Under the Galerkin method, we choose
the approximation functions as the weight functions. Multiply both sides of (2.23 ) and (2.24 ) by the weight functions
and integrate over the domain
k
e we obtain
0 =
}
k
e
dx E
k
J
k
s
0 =
}
k
e
dx E
k
J
k
sT
On integrating by parts these line integrals we obtain
dx
dx
dV
dx P
dx
d
dx
dV
k
s k
j
e e
k
j s
k
j
k
s
K K
} }
=
(
(
+
2.25
} }
=
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
K K
e
k
s k
j
e
k
j
k
s
s
k
J
k
s
dx
dx
dV
dx
dx
dV
B
dx
d
dx
d
2
2.26
Substituting
k
s
V and
k
s
in (2.25) and (2.26), respectively, we get
}
}
= +
(
(
=
k k
e
sk
j
k
j s
n
i
e
k
i
k
j k
i
Q dx P dx
dx
d
dx
d
U
1
2.27
sk
jT
e
k
s k
j s
e
k
i
k
j
n
i
k
i
Q dx
dx
dV
B dx
dx
d
dx
d
t
k k
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
(
} }
=
2
1
2.28
where
}
=
k
e
k
s k
j
sk
j
dx
dx
dV
Q ;
}
=
k
e
k
s k
j
sk
j
dx
dx
d
Q
We make use of linear polynomial approximations and divide each zone into elements. The global
matrices for V
1
& u
1
in terms of the n
1
+1 respective global nodal values U
J
1
& u
J
1
with reference
to zone-1 are given by
0
.
.
.
0
Q
f
.
. .
.
.
f f
f
U
.
.
.
.
U
U
a a 0 . . 0 0
a a 0 0 0
. . ... .......... . .
. . ... .......... .
0 . . . 0 a a 0
0 . . . 0 a a a a
0 . . . 0 0 a a
1 1
1
1 1
1 1 1
1
2
11
n
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1 n
1
2
1
1
n
22
n
21
n
12
n
11
1 - n
22
2
22
2
22
2
12
2
11
1
22
1
21
1
12
1
11
+
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
+
+
n
Q
a
2.29
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 Page 163
and
0 .
.
.
.
0
Q
f
. .
.
.
.
f f
f
.
.
.
.
b b 0 . . 0 0
b b 0 0 0
. ... .......... . .
. . ... .......... .
0 . . . . 0 b b 0
0 . . . . 0 b b b b
0 . . . . 0 0 b b
1 1
1
1 1
1 1 1
1
2
11
1
n
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1 n
1
2
1
1
n
22
n
21
n
12
n
11
1 - n
22
2
22
2
22
2
12
2
11
1
22
1
21
1
12
1
11
+
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
+
+
n
Q
b
2.30
where
dx
dx dx
d
a
k
j
k
j
x
x
k
ij
k
y
}
+
=
1
dx P f
j
k
x
x
k
i
K
k
1
1
}
+
=
k x x
k
dx
dV
Q
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 1
1
1
1 1
2
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
k
x x
k
dx
dV
Q
dx
dx dx
d
b
k
j
k
i
x
x
k
ij
K
K
}
+
=
1
}
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
2
1
1
K
K
x
x
k
i
k
k
i
dx
dx
dV
B f
k x x
k
dx
d
Q
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
1
1
1
2
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
k
x x
k
dx
d
Q
Similar global matrices can be obtained for the zone-II.
These global matrices corresponding to the velocity and temperature in each zone can be assembled to obtain for the
velocity and temperature global matrices for the entire flow region, making use of the interface and boundary conditions
with reference to the velocity and temperature.
For computational purposes, we choose four elements in each zone. The corresponding global matrix with reference to the
velocity and temperature in zone I are given by
0
0
0
Q
1
2
2
2
1
8
P -
U
U
U
U
U
1 1 - 0 0 0
1 - 2 1 - 0 0
0 1 - 2 1 0
0 0 1 - 2 1
0 0 0 1 - 1
4
14
2
11
1
1
1
5
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
(
(
(
(
(
(
Q
2.31
and
0
0
0
Q
2
4
4
4
2
8
B
1 1 - 0 0 0
1 - 2 1 - 0 0
0 1 - 2 1 0
0 0 1 - 2 1
0 0 0 1 - 1
4
14
2
11
1
1
1
1
5
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
(
(
(
(
(
(
Q
b
i
2.32
where
1
1 1
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
x
dx
dV
Q
0
1 1
5
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
x
dx
dV
Q
1
1 1
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
x
dx
d
Q
0
1 1
5
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
x
dx
d
Q
Similarly the global matrix equation for the velocity and temperature may be obtained in the Zones - II. The expressions
for the velocity & temperature in each zone may be represented in term of the respective global nodal values.
Making use of the boundary conditions, interfacial conditions in terms of nodal values and the balance of the secondary
variables with respect to the velocity and temperature respectively given by
The boundary conditions:
U
1
1
=U
1
=V
B1
, U
5
2
=U
9
=V
B2
u
1
1
=
~
1
=u (constant) & u
5
2
=
~
9
=u
u
(constant)
The interfacial continuity conditions:
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 Page 164
U
5
1
=U
1
2
=U
5
and u
5
1
=u
1
2
=
~
5
The balance of the secondary variables:
0 ; 0 ; 0 ; 0 ; 0 ; 0 ; 0
2
5
2
4
2
4
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
1
1
5
1
5
1
4
1
4
1
3
1
3
1
2
= + = + = + = + = + = + = + Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
0 ; 0 ; 0 ; 0 ; 0 ; 0 ; 0
2
5
2
4
2
4
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
1
1
5
1
5
1
4
1
4
1
3
1
3
1
2
= + = + = + = + = + = + = +
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Assembling the matrix equations of two zones, the global matrix for and
2
5
1
1
,Q Q , 0 ,
2
5
1
1
=
Q Q
reduces to a 9 9 matrix equations with respect to the .
Solving these 9 9 matrix equations we obtain the solution for
The finite Element solutions for the velocity of two zones;
2.33
0 x 4 / 3 - (x) U (x) U
3/4 - x 2 / 1 - (x) U (x) U
1/2 - x 1/4 - (x) U (x) U
1/4 - x 1 - (x) U (x) U
4
2 5
4
1 4
3
2 4
3
1 3
2
2 3
2
1 2
1
2 2
1
1 1
1
s s +
s s +
s s +
s s +
~
V
1 x 4 / 3 (x) U (x) U
3/4 x 2 / 1 (x) U (x) U
1/2 x 1/4 (y) U (x) U
1/4 x 0 (x) U (x) U
8
2 9
8
1 8
7
2 8
7
1 7
6
2 7
6
1 6
5
2 6
5
1 5
2
s s +
s s +
s s +
s s +
~
V
The finite Element solutions for the temperature of two zones;
0 y 4 / 3 - ;
3/4 - y 1/2 - ;
1/2 - y 3/4 - ;
3/4 - y 1 - ;
4
2
~
5
4
1
~
4
3
2
~
4
3
1
~
3
2
2
~
3
2
1
~
2
1
2
~
2
1
1
~
1
1
s s +
s s +
s s +
s s +
~
2.34
1 y 4 / 3 ;
3/4 y 2 / 1 ;
1/2 y 1/4 ;
1/4 y 0 ;
8
2
~
9
8
1
~
8
7
2
~
8
7
1
~
7
6
2
~
7
6
1
~
6
5
2
~
6
5
1
~
5
2
s s +
s s +
s s +
+ s s +
~
are temperature and velocity at the nodal points the details of which are provided in appendix II .
2.3.1 A Two Element Solution
The nature of this problem dictates that we use a minimum of two elements. In this solution the distance between the
elements is 1(i.e. h=1) and we have two elements. We will divide our domain into two equal pieces each of length h. This
means we have two regions representing the layers for each fluid. We define our entire region as ,
1
will represent
elements in the first fluid layer and
2
will represent elements in the second fluid layer. In our case n=2 and h=1, the
equation 2.34 becomes as two element solution, this solution is seen below on the Fig.3
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Figure 3: Exact solution of 1, 2 vs 2-element solution
- Exact solution
-- 2 element solution
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 Page 165
2.3.2 A Four Element Solution
A four element solution should give a better approximation of our exact solution than the two elements. We will divide
our domain into two equal pieces each of length h. This means we have two regions representing the layers for each fluid.
We define our entire region as ,
1
,
2
will represent elements in the first fluid layer and
3
,
4
will represent elements
in the second fluid layer. Since this is a one-dimensional model we will use a linear line element. In this case, we use n=4
and h= in equation (2.34), this solution is seen in the figure 4. .
.
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Figure 4: Exact solution of 1, 2 vs 2-element solution
2.3.3: Eight Element Solution
An eight element solution is similar to our exact solution. This is the basis of the finite element method in that the more
elements that can be used (a more refined mesh) the better the approximation should be. In this case, we use and
in equation (2.34), The exact solution and eight element solution is plotted in the figure 5 below.
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Figure 5: Exact solution to temperature distribution vs element solution
2.4 DISCUSSION
The approach considers five aspects of the solution:
(i) The effect of different porosity parameter .
(ii) The effect of different slip parameter .
(iii) The effect of varying Prandtl number and Eckert number.
(iv) A comparison of the exact solution and the three element solutions.
(v) The effect of the rate of heat transfer with varying and .
2.4.1 Effect of different permeability parameter
The graph presented in figure 6 shows the exact solution varies with sigma at 10, 20 and 30.
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Figure 6: Exact temperature distribution (= 10, 20 and 30)
- exact solution
-- 4 element
- exact solution
--- 8 element solution
:
- 10
-- 20
. 30
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
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Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 Page 166
It is observed that as increases the temperature field decreases. This would lead to conclude that the more porous the
parallel plates are, the faster temperature decreases in both fluids.
2.4.2 Effect of different slip parameter
Figure 7 shows how the exact solution varies with different values of slip parameter. Clearly it is observed as the slip
parameter increases the temperature field decreases. It appears the effect is equal in both fluids.
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Figure 7: Exact temperature distribution (= 0.1, 0.05 and 0.15)
2.4.3 Effect of Prandtl and Eckert numbers.
The graphs in figure 8 show that as both the Prandtl number and Eckert number increase there is an increase in the
temperature field. As the Prandtl number increases the temperature distribution appears to become more linear especially
in the more viscous fluid.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
a) b)
Figure 8: Exact temperature distribution a) Pr=3, 1.5, 0.7, b) Ec=3, 2, and 0.5
2.4.5 Comparison of Solutions
The graph in figure 9 shows how the exact solution varies with different elemental solutions. This gives a good indication
of how the finite element method approximates to the exact solution as the number of elements increases.
It can be clearly seen that the number of elements increases the approximation to the exact solution gets progressively
better. The eight element solution is almost equivalent to the exact solution especially for the upper fluid. This leads to
conclude that the finite element method can be a very powerful and effective tool to provide approximate solutions to
differential equations particularly when the exact solution is difficult to evaluate otherwise.
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Figure 9: Exact Temperature Distribution vs 2,4 and 8 Element Solutions
: - .1--
.05.
.15
- Exact Solution
** 2 Element Solution
- - - 4 Element Solution
. . . 8 Element Solution
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 Page 167
2.4.6 NUSSELT NUMBERS
The rate of heat transfer at the boundary, the Nusselt Number, Nu, was calculated for various values of the permeability
parameter, (Table 2.1), and slip parameter, (Table 2.2).
1 , 1
dx
d
Nu
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
x
The values in the tables indicate the rate of heat transfer increases with increasing and increasing .
Table 2.1 Nusselt Numbers for = 10,20,30
At x=1 At x = -1
10 -1.65 -2.65
20 -1.203 -2.203
30 -1.0211 -2.0211
Table 2.2 Nusselt Numbers for=.05,0.1,0.15
At x =1 At x = -1
0.05 -2.1655 -3.1655
0.1 -1.65 -2.65
0.15 -1.3848 -2.3848
APPENDIX-I
1
1
=
1
2
=
2
1
=
2
2
=
3
1
=
3
2
=
4
1
=
4
2
=
5
1
=
5
2
=
6
1
=
6
2
=
7
1
=
7
2
=
8
1
=
8
2
=
APPENDIX-II
}
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
1
2
1
~
K
K
x
x
k
i
k
s
s
k
i i
dx
dx
dV
B f
, for are;
1
1
~
1
f = =0 (due to boundary condition);
= = =
2
2
1
2
~
2
f f ;
= = =
3
3
2
3
~
3
f f ; = = =
4
4
3
4
~
4
f f
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 Page 168
= = =
5
5
4
5
~
5
f f
; = = =
6
6
5
6
~
6
f f ;
= = =
7
7
6
7
~
7
f f ; = = =
8
8
7
8
~
8
f f and
= =
8
9
~
9
f
1 (due to boundary condition)
where
A
1
= (refers to fluid 1); A2 = (refers to fluid 2)
)(-B
1
) ; )(-B
1
)
)(-B
1
) ; )(-B
2
)
)(-B
2
) ; )(-B
2
)
REFERENCES
[1] S. Ramakrishna, D. Nagaveni and G. Sridhara Rao Finite Element Analysis of an Adjacent Flow of Two Immiscible
Fluids Bounded by Porous Beds Darcy Model, Acta Ciencia, Vol. XXXII No. 2, 883 (2006).
[2] K. Vajravelu, Arunachalam, S. Sreenadh, Unsteady Flow of two Immiscible Conducting Fluids between two
Permeable Beds, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 196, pp. 1105 1116, 1995.
[3] S. Rao Gunakala, B. Bhatt, D. M. G Comissiong Journal of Mathematics Research Vol.3, No. 2; May 2011.
[4] G. S. Beavers and D. D Joseph, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 30 (1967), 197.
[5] M. S. Malashetty, J . C. Umavathi, J. Prathap Kumar Two Fluid Flow and Heat in an Inclinde Channel Containing
Porous and Fluid Layer (2004).
[6] J. C. Umavathi, Ali J. Chamkha, Abdul Mateen Ali Al-Mudhaf, Heat Mass Transfer 42:81 90 (2005)
[7] K. S. Sai Def. Sci. Journal, Vol 40, No. 2; 183 189 April 1990.
[8] S. Ganesh, S. Krishnambal Journal of Applied Sciences 6(11): 2420 2425 (2006).
[9] David Burnett, Finite Elements Analysis from Concepts To Applications, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
(1988).
[10] Young W. Kwon, Hyochoong Bang, The Finite Element Method using Matlab, CRC Press (2000).
[11] J. N. Reddy, An Introduction To the Finite Element Method Third Edition, Mc Graw Hill (2006).
[12] Daryl L. Logan, A First Course in the Finite Element Method 4th Edition, Thomson(2007).
[13] William B. Bickford, A First Course in The Finite Element Method 2nd , Irwin(1994).
[14] Z.U.A Warsi, Fluid Dynamics Theoretical and Computational Approaches, Second Edition, CRC Press (1999).
[15] M. Kaviany, Principles of heat transfer in porous media, Springer, NY, (1996).
AUTHORS
Roger Bostic received his bachelors degree in Mathematics, Computing and Statistics from the University of
London. Ccurrently he is pursuing his masters degree in Mathematics from the University of the West Indies,
Trinidad and Tobago. His research insterests include fluid and thermo dynanics.
Dr Sreedhara Rao Gunakala received his Ph.D. in Mathematics in the year 2004 from Sri Venkateswara
University, Tirupati, India. He is former Head & Associate Professor of Mathematics, Department of
Mathematics, Haramaya University, Ethiopia. At present he is working in the Dept. of Mathematics and
Statistics, The University of West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago. He has more than 20 years of
teaching experience and published numerous articles in various national and International Journals.
SambasivaRao Baragada received his M.Sc and M.Phil in Computer Science in 2001 and 2006 respectively. He
is awarded his Ph.D in Computer Science from Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati in the year 2011. Earlier he
was associated as Scientist at Satellite Data Acquisition & Processing System (SDAPS), Data and Information
Management Group (DMG), Indian National Center for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Ministry of Earth
Sciences, Govt. of India, Hyderabad. At present he is working as Lecturer in Computer Science in Govt. Degree College,
Khairatabad, Hyderabad. He has published numerous articles in various Journals and Conferences.