DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN AQUACULTURE FOR A SUSTAINABLE FOOD PRODUCTION

by Dr. Lee Seong Wei Dr. Hasnita Che Harun Mr. Shazani Sarijan Mdm. Wendy Wee
Faculty of Agro Based Industry Universiti Malaysia Kelantan
ASEAN Regional Conference on Food Security 2013, Penang

Presentation outline
Introduction to aquaculture
Commonly farmed species Diseases in fish farming Diseases in mollusk farming Diseases in shrimp farming Aquatic animal health management

Introduction to Aquaculture
Aquaculture is defined as farming of aquatic organism including fish, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Aquatic farming activity was recorded as early as 1100 B.C where China is reported the first country that carried out common carp fish farming activity. Other examples of early fish farming activity: - pearl oyster farm in Japan - tilapia farm in Egypt - eels in Greeks and Roman - cultivation of oyster in Europe

Introduction to Aquaculture
Aquaculture industry is expanding rapidly due to the high demand for protein source. World aquaculture production of food fish reached 62.7 million tonnes in 2011, up by 6.2% from 59 million tonnes in 2010. The estimated value of farmed food fish is USD 130 billion. Aquaculture production in 2012 is estimated at around 66.5 million tonnes.

World aquaculture producers of food fish in 2011

450
400 350 Quantity (tonnes) 300

250
200 150 100

50
0

*Malaysia: 18th

Countries

Introduction to Aquaculture
Disease outbreak: One of the major constraint in the development of aquaculture. Significant economic loss. Significant implication on food security.

COMMONLY FARMED SPECIES

World aquaculture production of food fish by main groups of species

45
40 35 Tonnes (Million) 30 25 20 Fin fish Molluscs Crustaceans Others

15 10
5 0 Fin fish Molluscs Crustaceans Group of species Others

Commonly Farmed Species

1) 103 species of fish

tilapia

cobia

grouper

tuna

seabass

Commonly Farmed Species

2) 43 species of mollusk

mussel green mussel

oyster

cockle

Commonly Farmed Species

3) 21 species of crustacean

shrimp

tiger prawn

lobster

giant freshwater prawn

Fish Disease

Case Report

White spot disease -Indonesia (1932); Devastating Java barb, kissing gourami, (Ichthyophthirius) common carp and giant gourami Buschkiel (1935), Sachlan (1952) Lernaea cyprinacea -Indonesia (1983); 30% Of hatchery production in main hatchery centers of Java, northern Sumatra and northern Sulawesi affected. In Java, an estimated 1.48 billion fry were lost, USD 11.4 M economic loss Djajadiredja et al. (1983) -Malaysia; USD1.3 M in potential incomecombined loss estimates of private sector and government farms -Thailand (1989); US$ 0.8 M economic loss ADB/NACA (1991) -Thailand (1989); USD 1.07 M economic loss ADB/NACA (1991) -Philippines (2002); 75% Reduction in household income; 19.4% increased debt Somga et al. (2002) -Indonesia USD 15 M economic loss -Japan USD 1.4 M economic loss

Diseases of cage-cultured grouper, snapper and seabass Seabass diseases Grouper diseases

Koi herpes virus (KHV)

Ich (White Spot) Fish Disease - (Ichthyophthirius)

parasite that can infect most species of freshwater tropical fish and multiplies rapidly.
appearance of small, white, raised spots, similar to grains of salt, on the skin. feeds on the skin and gills of fish, providing sites for infection by other organisms, such as bacteria and fungus.

Lernaea cyprinacea, LC (Anchor worm)

LC is a copepod parasite that infects many freshwater fishes: common carp (Cyprinus carpio), goldfish (Carassius auratus), Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) and oriental weatherfish (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). tissues adjacent to the head part of worm become inflamed; susceptible to secondary infections of bacteria.

this parasite is not infectious to human, it is harmless in food hygiene.

Koi herpes virus (KHV)

viral disease of common carp Cyprinus carpio. highly contagious and may cause up to 100% mortality. display erratic behaviour, often gathering at water inlets or points of oxygenation, show loss of balance, loss of mucus resulting in dry, rough patches, sloughing of mucus, and sunken eyes.

Agent: Koi Herpesvirus of the family Herpesviridae.

Mollusk Diseases
Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX)

Case Reports
-Chesapeake Bay, USA, since 1959; >90% Of oysters grown in the Bay Andrews (1968) -Canada, 2002; 80% Mortalities OIE Report (2002)

Mass mortalities - Japan 19961997Annual mortality in all of western regions >400 M associated oysters equivalent to 50% of oyster production in Japan. Miyazaki et al. with a viral disease (1999)

Perkinsus sp.

- Korea 1997; Dramatic decrease in clam landings since 1993; clam landings in 1997 were 14,000 tonnes, 1/5 of the total landings in 1990 Park and Choi (2001)
- Australia; >90% Prevalence single most important pathogen of rock oyster US$ 30 million worth of production in NSW Australia Adlard and Weshe (2002), Kleeman and Adlard (2000) -Australia; 8090% Mortalities of larvae and spat in hatchery and natural beds Berthe (2002) - California; Cumulative mortality over 99% OIE (2003a,b)

Marteilia sydneyi

Herpes type virus disease Withering syndrome of abalone

Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX)

caused by the single-celled parasite Haplosporidium nelsoni. valves slow to close when disturbed. decreased rate of growth. no new shell growth. extensive fouling along the inside peripheral left valve. juvenile oysters may have pale digestive glands. oysters appear thin and watery. receding of the mantle. raised yellow-brown spots on internal valve surfaces.

Marteilia sydneyi
the pale yellow-brown color of the digestive gland contrasts with the deep green of healthy oysters. the body is greatly shrunken and tissues are translucent due to the complete resorption of the gonad. kill up to 80% of infected oysters with up to 100% prevalence.

Withering syndrome of abalone

is caused by the bacterium Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis. Lethal disease: lethargy, retracted visceral tissues, atrophy of the foot muscle. Body mass relative to shell size is smaller than normal. discoloured (pale) and weakened abalone. the soft tissues were atrophied and non-responsive to stimuli.

Perkinsus sp.
caused by parasitic protozoan in some commercially important mollusks including oysters, clams, abalones and scallops.
frequently induces the formation of white or light brown nodules on the gills, foot, gut, digestive gland, kidney, gonad and mantle. massive concentration of haemocytes around the infected tissues.

often results in mass mortalities and commercial loss.

Diseases in Shrimp Farming

Shrimp Diseases Yellow Head Disease (YHD) White Spot Disease (WSD)

Case Reports -Thailand (1992); USD 30.6 M economic loss (Nash et al., 1995) -Malaysia (1995); USD 25 M economic loss (Yang et al., 2001) -Bangladesh (1996); USD 10 M economic loss (Rahman, 2001) -Ecuador (1999); USD 280 economic loss (Alday de Graindorge and Griffith, 2001) -Honduras (1999); 13% Reduction in labour force (Corrales, 2001) -Nicaragua (1999); 510% Survival rate (Drazba, 2001) -Panama (1999); US$ 40 M worth of export loss; closure of major hatcheries; loss of jobs (5000 people directly and indirectly involved in the industry) (Morales et al., 2001)

YHD + WSD

-Vietnam (1993); USD 100 M economic loss (Khoa et al. 2001) - Thailand (1994); USD 650 economic loss; 12% production decline from 250,000 tons in 1994 to 220,000 tons in 1995; shrimp losses for 1997 reached nearly 50% of total farm output value.
-Panama (1996); Outbreak resulted to 30% reduction in production Morales et al. (2001) -Costa Rica (1996); caused reduction in survival rate from 65 to 15%. Vargas (2001) - Asia (2011-13); White Leg Shrimp Culture; Devastating White Leg Shrimp Industry.

Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV)

Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS)

WHITE SPOT DISEASE

show rapid reduction in food consumption.
lethargy.
0.5 2.0 mm WSD

loose cuticle with white spots (which represent abnormal deposits of calcium salts by the cuticular epidermis) that are most apparent on the inside surface of the carapace. agent: baculovirus

0.5 2.0 mm WSD

YELLOW HEAD DISEASE (YHD)

pale body. yellowish swollen cephalothorax & hepatopancreas. whitish-yellowish-brownish gills presumptive diagnosis can be made on basis of pond history, clinical signs, gross changes & histopathology. agent: not yet describe.

YHD

normal

TAURA SYNDROME VIRUS

pale red body surface and appendages. tail fan and pleopods particularly red. shell soft and gut empty. death usually at moulting. multiple irregularly shaped and randomly distributed melanised cuticular lesion. agent: baculovirus.

Aquatic Animal Health Management

Aquatic Animal Health Management

Disease

Host
Improvement of health: feed quality Stress prevention: handling, transport and stocking density Stimulation of defense system: immunostimulation, vaccination, natural products (horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus and marine seaweed) Selective breeding for disease resistance

Environment

Good hygiene: disinfection, quarantine Water quality: bioaugmentation, water treatment

Pathogen

Virus:
Vaccination Prevent or control viral pathogen spread

Pathogen
Bacteria:
Specific killing of pathogenic bacteria: phage therapy (Bacteriophages), specific antibacterial compounds, antibiotics Growth inhibition Inhibit the virulence gene expression and virulence gene regulation (quorum sensing)

Thank you