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Syllabus
Introduction and review Hydrology and Environment Precipitation Statistical analysis of rainfall data Statistical analysis of rainfall data Watershed characteristics, morphology, and time of concentration equations. Hydrograph component and base flow separation Runoff Estimation (SCS method and indexes) Unit Hydrograph and Synthetic UH (Snyder UH, Dimensionless UH) Changing UH duration Hydrologic Routing Storm Water Drainage Network and Protection Works
Precipitation
Groundwater flow
Catchment
One Catchment
The Other
Catchment Area
Hydrograph
What a)
Qp Volume of runoff
Time
Steeper catchment
Hydrograph Components
Duration of excess precip.
Duration Lag Time Time of Concentration Rising Limb Recession Limb (falling limb) Peak Flow Time to Peak (rise time) Recession Curve Separation Base flow
Base flow
Time Base
Time to Peak, Tp: Time from the beginning of the rising limb to the occurrence of the peak discharge.
The time to peak is largely determined by drainage characteristics such as drainage density, slope, channel roughness, and soil infiltration characteristics. Rainfall distribution in space also affects the time to peak.
Time of Concentration, Tc: Time required for water to travel from the most hydraulically remote point in the basin to the basin outlet.
The drainage characteristics of length and slope, together with the hydraulic characteristics of the flow paths, determine the time of concentration.
Lag Time, Tl: Time between the center of mass of the effective rainfall hyetograph and the center of mass of the direct runoff hydrograph. The basin lag is an important concept in linear modeling of basin response. The lag time is a parameter that appears often in theoretical and conceptual models of basin behavior. However, it is sometimes difficult to measure in real world situations. Many empirical equations have been proposed in the literature. The simplest of these equations computes the basin lag as a power function of the basin area. Time Base, Tb: Duration of the direct runoff hydrograph.
Runoff hydrograph
Description of hydrograph
is the time taken for the most remote area of the catchment to contribute water to the outlet.
Tc = 1.67 TL
Et
Eo
S = (Et - Eo)/L where Et is the elevation at top of the watershed and Eo is the elevation at the outlet. Tc can also be obtained from Table 3.1 of Hudson's Field Engineering.
Rainfall Intensity
2 T Tc T
Runoff Coefficient, C
Linear Reservoir S = k* Q
Reversed proof The amount of water in storage is:
Qt = Qt0 e
t
t k
St = Q 0 e dt
t -k
St = Q t dt
t
St = Q 0 ke
St = Q 0
[ ] [ 0 ( ke ) ]
t k t
t k
All groundwater in storage at a certain time t is equal to all discharge between time t and infinite. That is also equal to the groundwater volume in the graph.
St = k Q 0 e
t k
= k Qt
Q t = Q t -1 e
t k
1 lnQ t = ln Q t -1 k t
Qdir
So. The hydrograph gives information of hydrological processes in catchment But how do we separate a hydrograph?
Hydrograph separation
a = constant slope method = straight line method (sometimes horizontal line) b = fixed base method = concave method c = variable slope method