CHAPTER 2 BASIC LAWS

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Basic Laws - Chapter 2

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Ohms Law. Nodes, Branches, and Loops. Kirchhoffs Laws. Series Resistors and Voltage Division. Parallel Resistors and Current Division. Wye-Delta Transformations.

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Chapter 2 : Basic Laws

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Chapter 2 : Basic Laws

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Chapter 2 : Basic Laws

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Chapter 2 : Basic Laws

2.1 Ohms Law (1)

Ohms law states that the voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current I flowing through the resistor. Mathematical expression for Ohms Law is as follows:

v iR

R, ability to resist the flow of electric current

Two extreme possible values of R: 0 (zero) and (infinite) are related with two basic circuit concepts: short circuit and open circuit.
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2.1 Ohms Law (2)

Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct electric current; it is the reciprocal of resistance R and is measured in mhos or siemens. 1 i

The power dissipated by a resistor:

2 v p vi i 2 R R

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2.2 Nodes, Branches and Loops (1)

A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a resistor. A node is the point of connection between two or more branches. A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
A network with b branches, n nodes, and l independent loops will satisfy the fundamental theorem of network topology:

b l n 1
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2.2 Nodes, Branches and Loops (2)

Example 1

Original circuit

Equivalent circuit

How many branches, nodes and loops are there?

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2.2 Nodes, Branches and Loops (3)

Example 2
Should we consider it as one branch or two branches?

How many branches, nodes and loops are there?

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2.3 Kirchhoffs Laws (1)

Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.

Mathematically,
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i
n 1

0
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2.3 Kirchhoffs Laws (2)

Example 4

Determine the current I for the circuit shown in the figure below.
I + 4-(-3)-2 = 0 I = -5A

We can consider the whole enclosed area as one node.

This indicates that the actual current for I is flowing in the opposite direction.
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2.3 Kirchhoffs Laws (3)

Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero.

Mathematically,
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v
m 1

0
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2.3 Kirchhoffs Laws (4)

Example 5

Applying the KVL equation for the circuit of the figure below.
va-v1-vb-v2-v3 = 0 V1 = IR1 v2 = IR2 v3 = IR3 va-vb = I(R1 + R2 + R3)

va vb I R1 R2 R3
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2.3 Kirchhoffs Laws (5)

Practice Problem 2.5 (Pg41) KVL

Find v1 and v2 in the circuit of the following figure:

Solution: Apply KVL -10+V1-8-V2=0 V1=4i, V2=-2i -10+4i-8-(-2i) = 0 18=6i i=3A Chapter 2 : Basic Laws V1=12V, V2=-6V

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2.3 Kirchhoffs Laws (6)

Practice Problem 2.6 (Pg41) KVL

Find vx and vo in the circuit of the following figure:

Solution: Apply KVL -35+Vx+2Vx-Vo=0 Vx=10i, Vo=-5i -35+10i+2(10i)-(-5i)=0 35=35i i=1A Chapter 2 : Basic Laws Vx=10V, Vo=-5V

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2.3 Kirchhoffs Laws (7)

Practice Problem 2.7 (Pg42) KCL

Find vo and io in the circuit of the following figure:

Solution: Apply KCL -6+io+(io/4)+ix=0 i0 = v0/2, ix = v0/8 6 = (v0/2) + (v0/8) + (v0/8) thus, v0 = 8V and i0 = 4A

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2.3 Kirchhoffs Laws (8)

Practice Problem 2.8 (Pg43) Find the currents and voltages in the circuit shown in the following figure

Solution: At the top node, i1 = i2 + i3 ..(1) For loop 1, -5 + V1 + V2 = 0; or V1 = 5 - V2 (2) For loop 2, - V2 + V3 -3 = 0; or V3 = V2 + 3 ..(3) Using (1) and Ohms law, we get (V1/2) = (V2/8) + (V3/4) (2)&(3) v2=2V, v1 = 3 V, v3 = 5 V, i1 = 1.5 A, i2 = 0.25 A, i3 =1.25 A.

2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division (1)

Series: Two or more elements are in series if they are cascaded or connected sequentially and consequently carry the same current.

The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in a series is the sum of the individual resistances.
Req R1 R2 RN Rn
n 1 N

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2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division (2)

The voltage divider can be expressed as
vn Rn v R1 R2 RN

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2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division (3)

Example 3

10V and 5W are in series

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2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division (1)

Parallel: Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same two nodes and consequently have the same voltage across them.

The equivalent resistance of a circuit with N resistors in parallel is:

1 1 1 1 Req R1 R2 RN

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2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division (2)

The total current i is shared by the resistors in inverse proportion to their resistances. The current divider can be expressed as:
R2i i1 , R1 R2 R1i i2 R1 R2

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2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division (1)

Example 4

2W, 3W and 2A are in parallel

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Example 2.9
Equivalent Resistance: Find Req for the circuit shown in the following figure

Answer: 14.4 ohm

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Practice Problem 2.9

Equivalent Resistance: By combining the resistors in the following fig, find Req.

Answer: 6 ohm

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Example 2.10
Equivalent Resistance: Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab in the following circuit:

Answer: 11.2 ohm

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Practice Problem 2.10

Equivalent Resistance: Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab in the following circuit:

Answer: 11 ohm
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Example 2.12
Find io and vo in the circuit below. Calculate the power dissipated in the 3- resistor.

Answer: vo =4 V, io =4/3 A, 5.333 W

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Practice Problem 2.12

Find v1 and v2 in the circuit shown below. Also calculate i1 and i2 and the power dissipated in the 12- and 40- resistors.

Answer: v1 = 5 V, i1 = 416.7 mA, p1 = 2.083 W, v2 = 10 V, i2 = 250 mA, p2 = 2.5 W.

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Example 2.13
For the circuit shown below, determine: (a) the voltage vo, (b) the power supplied by the current source, (c) the power absorbed by each resistor.

Answer: (a) vo = 180 V, (b) 5.4 W, P12k=1.2W, P9k=3.6W, P6k=0.6W,

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Practice Problem 2.13

For the circuit shown below, find: (a) v1 and v2, (b) the power dissipated in the 3-k and 20-k resistors, and (c) the power supplied by the current source.

Answer: (a) 15 V, 20 V, (b) 75 mW, 20 mW, (c) 200 mW.

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2.6 Wye-Delta Transformations

Delta -> Star

Star -> Delta

Rb Rc R1 ( Ra Rb Rc )

Ra

R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1 R1 R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1 R2 R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1 R3
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Rc Ra R2 ( Ra Rb Rc )
Ra Rb R3 ( Ra Rb Rc )
Chapter 2 : Basic Laws

Rb

Rc

Practice Problem 2.14

Transform the wye network below to a delta network.

Answer: 140 , 70 , 35 .

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Practice Problem 2.15

For the bridge network below, find Rab and i.

Answer: 40 , 2.5 A.

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