STAAD.

Pro STructural Analysis And Design Program

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The STAAD.Pro Graphical User Interface (GUI) is normally used to create all input specifications and all output reports and displays (See the Graphical Environment manual). These structural modeling and analysis input specifications are stored in a text file with extension .STD. When the GUI does a File Open to start a session with an existing model, it gets all of its information from the STD file. A user may edit/create this STD file and have the GUI and the analysis engine both reflect the changes. The STD file is processed by the STAAD analysis engine to produce results that are stored in several files with extensions such as ANL, BMD, TMH, etc. The ANL text file contains the printable output as created by the specifications in this manual. The other files contain the results (displacements, member/element forces, mode shapes, section forces/moments/displacements, etc.) that are used by the GUI in post processing mode. Input Generation The GUI (or user) communicates with the STAAD analysis engine through the STD input file. That input file is a text file consisting of a series of commands which are executed sequentially. The commands contain either instructions or data pertaining to analysis and/or design. Types of Structures A STRUCTURE can be defined as an assemblage of elements. STAAD is capable of analyzing and designing structures consisting of frame, plate/shell and solid elements. Almost any type of structure can be analyzed by STAAD. A SPACE structure, which is a three dimensional framed structure with loads applied in any plane, is the most general. A PLANE structure is bound by a global X-Y coordinate system with loads in the same plane. A TRUSS structure consists of truss members who can have only axial member forces and no bending in the members. A FLOOR structure is a two or three dimensional structure having no horizontal (global X or Z) movement of the structure [FX, FZ & MY restrained at every joint]. The floor framing (in global X-Z plane) of a building is an ideal example of a FLOOR structure. Columns can also be modeled with the floor in a FLOOR structure as long as the structure has no horizontal loading. If there is any horizontal load, it must be analyzed as a SPACE structure. Specification of the correct structure type reduces the number of equations to be solved during the analysis. This results in a faster and more economic solution for the user. Unit Systems The user is allowed to input data and request output in almost all commonly used engineering unit systems including MKS, SI and FPS. In the input file, the user may change units as many times as

required. Mix and match between length and force units from different unit systems is also allowed. The input-unit for angles (or rotations) is degrees. However, in JOINT DISPLACEMENT output, the rotations are provided in radians. For all output, the units are clearly specified by the program. Structure Geometry and Coordinate Systems A structure is an assembly of individual components such as beams, columns, slabs, plates etc.. In STAAD, frame elements and plate elements may be used to model the structural components. Typically, modeling of the structure geometry consists of two steps: A. Identification and description of joints or nodes. B. Modeling of members or elements through specification of connectivity (incidences) between joints. In general, the term MEMBER will be used to refer to frame elements and the term ELEMENT will be used to refer to plate/shell and solid elements. STAAD uses two types of coordinate systems to define the structure geometry and loading patterns. The GLOBAL coordinate system is an arbitrary coordinate system in space which is utilized to specify the overall geometry & loading pattern of the structure. A LOCAL coordinate system is associated with each member (or element) and is utilized in MEMBER END FORCE output or local load specification. For input, refer the 'Related Topics' below. Global Coordinate System The following coordinate systems are available for specification of the structure geometry. 1. Conventional Cartesian coordinate system: This coordinate system (Fig. 1.2) is a rectangular coordinate system (X, Y, Z) which follows the orthogonal right hand rule. This coordinate system may be used to define the joint locations and loading directions. The translational degrees of freedom are denoted by u1, u2, u3 and the rotational degrees of freedom are denoted by u4, u5 & u6. 2. Cylindrical Coordinate System: In this coordinate system, (Fig. 1.3) the X and Y coordinates of the conventional Cartesian system are replaced by R (radius) and (angle in degrees). The Z coordinate is identical to the Z coordinate of the Cartesian system and its positive direction is determined by the right hand rule. 3. Reverse Cylindrical Coordinate System: This is a cylindrical type coordinate system (Fig. 1.4) where the R- plane corresponds to the X-Z plane of the Cartesian system. The right hand rule is followed to determine the positive direction of the Y axis.

Local Coordinate System A local coordinate system is associated with each member. Each axis of the local orthogonal coordinate system is also based on the right hand rule. Fig. 1.5 shows a beam member with start joint 'I' and end joint 'j'. The positive direction of the local x-axis is determined by joining 'I' to 'j' and projecting it in the same direction. The right hand rule may be applied to obtain the positive directions of the local y and z axes. The local y and z-axes coincide with the axes of the two principal moments of inertia. Note that the local coordinate system is always rectangular. A wide range of cross-sectional shapes may be specified for analysis. These include rolled steel shapes, user specified prismatic shapes etc.. Loads Loads in a structure can be specified as joint load, member load, temperature load and fixed-end member load. STAAD can also generate the self-weight of the structure and use it as uniformly distributed member loads in analysis. Any fraction of this self-weight can also be applied in any desired direction. Joint Load Joint loads, both forces and moments, may be applied to any free joint of a structure. These loads act in the global coordinate system of the structure. Positive forces act in the positive coordinate directions. Any number of loads may be applied on a single joint, in which case the loads will be additive on that joint. Member Load Three types of member loads may be applied directly to a member of a structure. These loads are uniformly distributed loads, concentrated loads, and linearly varying loads (including trapezoidal). Uniform loads act on the full or partial length of a member. Concentrated loads act at any intermediate, specified point. Linearly varying loads act over the full length of a member. Trapezoidal linearly varying loads act over the full or partial length of a member. Trapezoidal loads are converted into a uniform load and several concentrated loads. Area / One-way Load / Floor Load Often a floor is subjected to a uniform pressure. It could require a lot of work to calculate the equivalent member load for individual members in that floor. However, with the AREA, ONEWAY or FLOOR LOAD facilities, the user can specify the pressure (load per unit square area). The program will calculate the tributary area for these members and calculate the appropriate member loads. The Area Load and Oneway load are used for one way distribution and the Floor Load is used for two way distribution. The following assumptions are made while transferring the area/floor load to member load: a) The member load is assumed to be a linearly varying load for which the start and the end values may be of different magnitude.

b) Tributary area of a member with an area load is calculated based on half the spacing to the nearest approximately parallel members on both sides. If the spacing is more than or equal to the length of the member, the area load will be ignored. c) Area/Floor load should not be specified on members declared as MEMBER CABLE, MEMBER TRUSS, MEMBER TENSION or MEMBER COMPRESSION or CURVED. Fixed End Member Load Load effects on a member may also be specified in terms of its fixed end loads. These loads are given in terms of the member coordinate system and the directions are opposite to the actual load on the member. Each end of a member can have six forces: axial; shear y; shear z; torsion; moment y, and moment z. Prestress and Poststress Member Load Members in a structure may be subjected to prestress load for which the load distribution in the structure may be investigated. The prestressing load in a member may be applied axially or eccentrically. The eccentricities can be provided at the start joint, at the middle, and at the end joint. These eccentricities are only in the local y-axis. A positive eccentricity will be in the positive local y-direction. Since eccentricities are only provided in the local y-axis, care should be taken when providing prismatic properties or in specifying the correct BETA angle when rotating the member coordinates, if necessary. Two types of prestress load specification are available; PRESTRESS, where the effects of the load are transmitted to the rest of the structure, and POSTSTRESS, where the effects of the load are experienced exclusively by the members on which it is applied. Temperature and Strain Load Temperature difference through the length of a member as well as differences of both faces of members and elements may also be specified. The program calculates the axial strain (elongation and shrinkage) due to the temperature difference. From this it calculates the induced forces in the member and the analysis is done accordingly. The strain intervals of elongation and shrinkage can be input directly. Support Displacement Load Static Loads can be applied to the structure in terms of the displacement of the supports. Displacement can be translational or rotational. Translational displacements are provided in the specified length while the rotational displacements are always in degrees. Note that displacements can be specified only in directions in which the support has an "enforced" specification in the Support command.

NOMENCLATURE OF STEEL SECTIONS

BEAM SECTIONS: Following nomenclature is followed for steel beam sections in India: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) ISJB: Indian standard junior beams ISLB: Indian standard light weight beams ISMB: Indian standard medium weight beams ISWB: Indian standard wide flange beams ISHB: Indian standard heavy weight beams Beams will be designated by Type Web x Flange size (E.g ISMB 600x210)

PARALLEL FLANGE BEAMS: (1) (2) (3) (4) NPB: Indian national narrow parallel flange beams WPB: Indian national wide parallel flange beams UB: Universal beams UC: Universal columns Parallel beams will be designated by Type Web size x Flange size x Unit weight (E.g UB 610x229x125)

ANGLES: (1) ISA: Indian standard equal angle (2) ISUA: Indian standard unequal angle Angles will be designated by Type Face1 size x Face2 size x Thickness (E.g ISA 100x100x6) CHANNELS: (1) ISJC: Indian standard junior channel (2) ISLC: Indian standard light weight channel (3) ISMC: Indian standard medium weight channel Channel will be designated by Type Web size x Flange size (E.g ISMC 100x50) RAILS: (1) ISCR: Indian standard crane rail (2) ISHR: Indian standard heavy rail Rails will be designated by Type Head size (E.g ISCR 100)

PLATES: Plates will be designated by thickness.

FLATS: Flats will be designated by Width x Thickness (E.g Flat 100x6)

ROUND BAR: (1) ISRO: Indian standard round Round bar will be designated by Diameter (E.g ISRO 50) HEXAGON BAR: Hexagon bar will be designated by one side (E.g Hex. Bar 50) SQUARE BAR: Square bar will be designated by one side size (E.g Sq. Bar 100) SQUARE HOLLOW BAR: Square hollow bar will be designated by Sq. Bar Face1 size x Face2 size x Thickness (E.g Sq. Bar 50x50x2) RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTION: Rectangular hollow bar will be designated by Rect. Bar Face1 size x Face size2 x Thickness (E.g Rect. Sq. Bar 100x50x2).

STEEL STRUCTURE DESIGN AS PER IS800

STAAD contains a broad set of facilities for designing structural members as individual components of an analyzed structure. The member design facilities provide the user with the ability to carry out a number of different design operations. These facilities may be used selectively in accordance with the requirements of the design problem. The operations to perform a design are:

Specify the members and the load cases to be considered in the design. Specify whether to perform code checking or member selection. Specify design parameter values, if different from the default values. Specify whether to perform member selection by optimization.

These operations may be repeated by the user any number of times depending upon the design requirements. The entire ISI steel section table is supported. Section 8B.13 describes the specification of steel sections. Allowable Stresses The member design and code checking in STAAD are based upon the allowable stress design method as per IS: 800 (1984). It is a method for proportioning structural members using design loads and forces, allowable stresses, and design limitations for the appropriate material under service conditions. It would not be possible to describe every aspect of IS: 800 in this manual. This section, however, will discuss the salient features of the allowable stresses specified by IS: 800 and implemented in STAAD. Appropriate sections of IS: 800 will be referenced during the discussion of various types of allowable stresses. Design Parameters In STAAD implementation of IS: 800, the user is allowed complete control of the design process through the use of design parameters. Users should note that when the TRACK parameter is set to 1.0 and use in conjunction with this code, allowable bending stresses in compression (FCY & FCZ), tension (FTY & FTZ), and allowable shear stress (FV) will be printed out in Member Selection and Code Check output in Mpa. When TRACK is set to 2.0, detailed design output will be provided. Stability Requirements Slenderness ratios are calculated for all members and checked against the appropriate maximum values. Section 3.7 of IS: 800 summarizes the maximum slenderness ratios for different types of members. In STAAD implementation of IS: 800, appropriate maximum slenderness ratio can be provided for each member. If no maximum slenderness ratio is provided, compression members will be checked against a maximum value of 180 and tension members will be checked against a maximum value of 400.

Truss Members As mentioned earlier, a truss member is capable of carrying only axial forces. So in design no time is wasted in calculating bending or shear stresses, thus reducing design time considerably. Therefore, if

there is any truss member in an analysis (like bracing or strut, etc.), it is wise to declare it as a truss member rather than as a regular frame member with both ends pinned. Deflection Check This facility allows the user to consider deflection as a criterion in the CODE CHECK and MEMBER SELECTION processes. The deflection check may be controlled using three parameters which are described in Table 7B.1. Note that deflection is used in addition to other strength and stability related criteria. The local deflection calculation is based on the latest analysis results. Code Checking The purpose of code checking is to verify whether the specified section is capable of satisfying applicable design code requirements. The code checking is based on the IS: 800 (1984) requirements. Forces and moments at specified sections of the members are utilized for the code checking calculations. Sections may be specified using the BEAM parameter or the SECTION command. If no sections are specified, the code checking is based on forces and moments at the member ends. The code checking output labels the members as Passed or Failed. In addition, the critical condition (applicable IS: 800 clause no.), governing load case, location (distance from the start) and magnitudes of the governing forces and moments are also printed out. Member Selection STAAD is capable of performing design operations on specified members. Once an analysis has been performed, the program can select the most economical section that is the lightest section, which satisfies the applicable code requirements. The section selected will be of the same type (I-Section, Channel etc.) as originally specified by the user. Member selection may be performed with all types of steel sections listed in Section 7B.13 and user provided tables. Selection of members, whose properties are originally provided from user specified table, will be limited to sections in the user provided table. Member selection cannot be performed on members whose cross sectional properties are specified as PRISMATIC. It may be noted that the parameters DMAX and DMIN may be used to specify member depth constraints for selection. If PROFILE parameter is provided, the search for the lightest section is restricted to that profile. Up to three (3) profiles may be provided for any member with a section being selected from each one. Member Selection by Optimization Steel section selection of the entire structure may be optimized. The optimization method utilizes a state-of-the -art numerical technique which requires automatic multiple analysis. The user may start without a specifically designated section. However, the section profile type (BEAM, COLUMN, CHANNEL, ANGLE etc.) must be specified using the ASSIGN command. The optimization is based on member stiffness contributions and corresponding force distributions. An optimum member size is determined through successive analysis/design iterations. This method requires substantial computer time and hence should be used with caution.

Tabulated Results of Steel Design For code checking or member selection, the program produces the result in a tabulated fashion. The items in the output table are explained as follows: a) MEMBER refers to the member number for which the design is performed. b) TABLE refers to the INDIAN steel section name which has been checked against the steel code or has been selected. c) RESULT prints whether the member has PASSED or Failed. If the RESULT is FAIL, there will be an asterisk (*) mark in front of the member number. d) CRITICAL COND refers to the section of the IS: 800 code which governs the design. e) RATIO prints the ratio of the actual stresses to allowable stresses for the critical condition. Normally a value of 1.0 or less will mean the member has passed. f) LOADING provides the load case number which governs the design. g) FX, MY and MZ provide the axial force, moment in local y-axis and moment in local z-axis respectively. Although STAAD does consider all the member forces and moments (except torsion) to perform design, only FX, MY and MZ are printed since they are the ones which are of interest, in most cases. h) LOCATION specifies the actual distance from the start of the member to the section where design forces govern. i) If the parameter TRACK is set to 1.0, the program will block out part of the table and will print allowable bending stresses in compression (FCY & FCZ) and tension (FTY & FTZ), allowable axial stress in compression (FA), and allowable shear stress (FV). Indian Steel Table This is an important feature of the program since the program will read section properties of a steel member directly from the latest ISI steel tables (as published in ISI-800). These properties are stored in memory corresponding to the section designation (e.g. ISMB250, etc.). If called for, the properties are also used for member design. Since the shear areas are built in to these tables, shear deformation is always considered for these members. Almost all ISI steel tables are available for input. A complete listing of the sections available in the built-in steel section library may be obtained using the tools of the graphical user interface. Following are the descriptions of all the types of sections available: Rolled Steel Beams (ISJB, ISLB, ISMB and ISHB). All rolled steel beam sections are available the way they are designated in the ISI handbook. E.g. ISJB225, ISWB400, etc.

In case of two identical beams, the heavier beam is designated with an A on the end. E.g. ISHB400 A, etc. Rolled Steel Channels (ISJC, ISLCand ISMC) All these shapes are available as listed in ISI section handbook. Designation of the channels is as per the scheme used by ISI. Double Channels Back to back double channels, with or without spacing between them, are available. The letter D in front of the section name will specify a double channel, e.g. D ISJC125, D ISMC75 etc. Rolled Steel Angles Both rolled steel equal angles and unequal angles are available for use in the STAAD implementation of ISI steel tables. Double Angles Short leg back to back or long leg back to back double angles can be specified by inputting the word SD or LD, respectively, in front of the angle size. In case of an equal angle either LD or SD will serve the purpose. Rolled Tees (ISHT, ISST, ISLT and ISJT) All the rolled tee sections are available for input as they are specified in the ISI handbook. Pipes (Circular Hollow Sections) To designate circular hollow sections from ISI tables, use PIP followed by the numerical value of diameter and thickness of the section in mm omitting the decimal section of the value provided for diameter. Circular pipe sections can also be specified by providing the outside and inside diameters of the section. Only code checking and no member selection will be performed if this type of specification is used. Tubes (Rectangular or Square Hollow Sections) Designation of tubes from the ISI steel table is illustrated below.

Tubes, like pipes, can also be input by their dimensions (Height, Width and Thickness) and not by any table designations. Note that only code checking and no member selection is performed for TUBE sections specified this way.

Plate and Angle Girders (With Flange Plates) All plate and angle grinders (with flange plates) are available as listed in ISI section handbook. The following example with explanations will be helpful in understanding the input procedure.

SINGLE JOIST WITH CHANNELS AND PLATES ON THE FLANGES TO BE USED AS GIRDERS All single joists with channel and plates on the flanges to be used as girders are available as listed in ISI section handbook. The following example with explanations will be helpful in understanding the input procedure.

STEEL DESIGN PER IS802

Allowable Stresses The member design and code checking in STAAD are based upon the allowable stress design method as per IS: 802 (1995). It is a method for proportioning structural members using design loads and forces, allowable stresses, and design limitations for the appropriate material under service conditions. This section discusses the salient features of the allowable stresses specified by IS: 802 and implemented in STAAD. Stability Requirements Slenderness ratios are calculated for all members and checked against the appropriate maximum values. Minimum Thickness Requirement As per Clause7.1 of IS: 802-1995 minimum thickness of different tower members shall be as follows

Code Checking The purpose of code checking is to verify whether the specified section is capable of satisfying applicable design code requirements. The code checking is based on the IS: 802 (1995) requirements. Axial forces at two ends of the members are utilized for the code checking calculations. The code checking output labels the members as Passed or Failed. In addition, the critical condition, governing load case, location (distance from the start) and magnitudes of the governing forces are also printed out. Using TRACK 9 option calculation steps are also printed.

Design Steps The following are the steps followed in member design. Step 1 Thickness of the member (maximum of web and flange thicknesses) is checked against minimum allowable thickness, depending upon whether the member is painted or galvanized. Step 2 If the minimum thickness criterion is fulfilled, the program determines whether the member is under compression or tension for the load case under consideration. Depending upon whether the member is under tension or compression the slenderness ratio of the member is calculated. This calculated ratio is checked against allowable slenderness ratio. Step 3 If the slenderness criterion is fulfilled check against allowable stress is performed. Allowable axial and tensile stresses are calculated. If the member is under tension and there is no user defined net section factor (NSF), the net section factor is calculated by the program itself. Actual axial stress in the member is calculated. The ratio for actual stress to allowable stress, if less than 1.0 or user defined value, the member has passed the check. Step 4 Number of bolts required for the critical load case is calculated. Member Selection STAAD is capable of performing design operations on specified members. Once an analysis has been performed, the program can select the most economical section i.e. the lightest section, which satisfies the applicable code requirements. The section selected will be of the same type (either angle or channel) as originally specified by the user. Member selection may be performed with all angle or channel sections and user provided tables. Selection of members, whose properties are originally provided from user specified table, will be limited to sections in the user provided table. Member Selection by Optimization Steel section selection of the entire structure may be optimized. The optimization method utilizes a state-of-the -art numerical technique which requires automatic multiple analysis. The optimization is based on member stiffness contributions and corresponding force distributions. An optimum member size is determined through successive analysis/design iterations. This method requires substantial computer time and hence should be used with caution.

CONCRETE DESIGN PER IS456

Member Dimensions Concrete members which will be designed by the program must have certain section properties input under the MEMBER PROPERTY command. The following example shows the required input:

will be done accordingly. In the above input, the first set of members are rectangular (450 mm depth and 250mm width) and the second set of members, with only depth and no width provided, will be assumed to be circular with 350 mm diameter. The third set numbers in the above example represents a T-shape with 750 mm flange width, 200 width, 400 mm overall depth and 100 mm flange depth (See section 6.20.2). The program will determine whether the section is rectangular, flanged or circular and the beam or column design Design Parameters The program contains a number of parameters which are needed to perform design as per IS: 456(2000). Default parameter values have been selected such that they are frequently used numbers for conventional design requirements. These values may be changed to suit the particular design being performed. It is necessary to declare length and force units as Millimeter and Newton before performing the concrete design. Slenderness Effects and Analysis Consideration Slenderness effects are extremely important in designing compression members. The IS: 456 code specifies two options by which the slenderness effect can be accommodated (Clause 39.7). One option is to perform an exact analysis which will take into account the influence of axial loads and variable moment of inertia on member stiffness and fixed end moments, the effect of deflections on moment and forces and the effect of the duration of loads. Another option is to approximately magnify design moments. STAAD has been written to allow the use of the first options. To perform this type of analysis, use the command PDELTA ANALYSIS instead of PERFORM ANALYSIS. The PDELTA ANALYSIS will accommodate all requirements of the second- order analysis described by IS: 456, except for the effects of the duration of the loads. It is felt that this effect may be safely ignored because experts believe that the effects of the duration of loads are negligible in a normal structural configuration.

Although ignoring load duration effects is somewhat of an approximation, it must be realized that the approximate evaluation of slenderness effects is also an approximate method. In this method, additional moments are calculated based on empirical formula and assumptions on sideway. (Clause 39.7.1 and 39.7.1.1 IS: 456 - 2000). Considering all these information, a PDELTA ANALYSIS, as performed by STAAD may be used for the design of concrete members. However the user must note, to take advantage of this analysis, all the combinations of loading must be provided as primary load cases and not as load combinations. This is due to the fact that load combinations are just algebraic combinations of forces and moments, whereas a primary load case is revised during the P-delta analysis based on the deflections. Also note that the proper factored loads (like 1.5 for dead load etc.) should be provided by user. STAAD does not factor the loads automatically. Beam Design Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion. If required the effect the axial force may be taken into consideration. For all these forces, all active beam loadings are pre scanned to identify the critical load cases at different sections of the beams. The total number of sections considered is 13( e.g. 0.,.1,.2,.25,.3,.4,.5,.6,.7,.75,.8,.9 and 1). All of these sections are scanned to determine the design force envelopes. Design for Flexure Maximum sagging (creating tensile stress at the bottom face of the beam) and hogging (creating tensile stress at the top face) moments are calculated for all active load cases at each of the above mentioned sections. Each of these sections is designed to resist both of these critical sagging and hogging moments. Where ever the rectangular section is inadequate as singly reinforced section, doubly reinforced section is tried. However, presently the flanged section is designed only as singly reinforced section under sagging moment. It may also be noted all flanged sections are automatically designed as rectangular section under hogging moment as the flange of the beam is ineffective under hogging moment. Flexural design of beams is performed in two passes. In the first pass, effective depths of the sections are determined with the assumption of single layer of assumed reinforcement and reinforcement requirements are calculated. After the preliminary design, reinforcing bars are chosen from the internal database in single or multiple layers. The entire flexure design is performed again in a second pass taking into account of the changed effective depths of sections calculated on the basis of reinforcement provide after the preliminary design. Final provision of flexural reinforcements is made then. Efforts have been made to meet the guideline for the curtailment of reinforcements as per IS: 456-2000 (Clause 26.2.3). Although exact curtailment lengths are not mentioned explicitly in the design output (finally which will be more or less guided by the detailer taking into account of other practical consideration), user has the choice of printing reinforcements provided by STAAD at 11 equally spaced sections from which the final detail drawing can be prepared. Design for Shear Shear reinforcement is calculated to resist both shear forces and torsion moments. Shear design are performed at 11 equally spaced sections (0.to 1.) for the maximum shear forces amongst the active load

cases and the associated torsion moments. Shear capacity calculation at different sections without the shear reinforcement is based on the actual tensile reinforcement provided by STAAD program. Twolegged stirrups are provided to take care of the balance shear forces acting on these sections. As per Clause 40.5 of IS: 456-2000 shear strength of sections (< 2d where d is the effective depth) close to support has been enhanced, subjected to a maximum value of cmax. Beam Design Output The default design output of the beam contains flexural and shear reinforcement provided at 5 equally spaced (0, .25, .5, .75 and 1.0) sections along the length of the beam. User has option to get a more detail output. All beam design outputs are given in IS units. Beam Design Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion. If required the effect the axial force may be taken into consideration. For all these forces, all active beam loadings are pre scanned to identify the critical load cases at different sections of the beams. The total number of sections considered is 13( e.g. 0.,.1,.2,.25,.3,.4,.5,.6,.7,.75,.8,.9 and 1). All of these sections are scanned to determine the design force envelopes. Design for Flexure Maximum sagging (creating tensile stress at the bottom face of the beam) and hogging (creating tensile stress at the top face) moments are calculated for all active load cases at each of the above mentioned sections. Each of these sections is designed to resist both of these critical sagging and hogging moments. Where ever the rectangular section is inadequate as singly reinforced section, doubly reinforced section is tried. However, presently the flanged section is designed only as singly reinforced section under sagging moment. It may also be noted all flanged sections are automatically designed as rectangular section under hogging moment as the flange of the beam is ineffective under hogging moment. Flexural design of beams is performed in two passes. In the first pass, effective depths of the sections are determined with the assumption of single layer of assumed reinforcement and reinforcement requirements are calculated. After the preliminary design, reinforcing bars are chosen from the internal database in single or multiple layers. The entire flexure design is performed again in a second pass taking into account of the changed effective depths of sections calculated on the basis of reinforcement provide after the preliminary design. Final provision of flexural reinforcements is made then. Efforts have been made to meet the guideline for the curtailment of reinforcements as per IS: 456-2000 (Clause 26.2.3). Although exact curtailment lengths are not mentioned explicitly in the design output (finally which will be more or less guided by the detailer taking into account of other practical consideration), user has the choice of printing reinforcements provided by STAAD at 11 equally spaced sections from which the final detail drawing can be prepared. Design for Shear Shear reinforcement is calculated to resist both shear forces and torsion moments. Shear design are performed at 11 equally spaced sections (0.to 1.) for the maximum shear forces amongst the active load cases and the associated torsion moments. Shear capacity calculation at different sections without the

shear reinforcement is based on the actual tensile reinforcement provided by STAAD program. Twolegged stirrups are provided to take care of the balance shear forces acting on these sections. As per Clause 40.5 of IS: 456-2000 shear strength of sections (< 2d where d is the effective depth) close to support has been enhanced, subjected to a maximum value of cmax. Beam Design Output The default design output of the beam contains flexural and shear reinforcement provided at 5 equally spaced (0, .25, .5, .75 and 1.0) sections along the length of the beam. User has option to get a more detail output. All beam design outputs are given in IS units. Wall Design in accordance with IS 456-2000 Design of walls in accordance with IS 456-2000 is available in STAAD.Pro. Design is performed for inplane shear, in-plane and out-of-plane bending and out-of-plane shear. The wall has to be modeled using STAADsSurface elements. The use of the Surface element enables the designer to treat the entire wall as one entity. It greatly simplifies the mo deling of the wall and adds clarity to the analysis and design output. The results are presented in the context of the entire wall rather than individual finite elements thereby allowing users to quickly locate required information. The program reports shear wall design results for each load case/combination for user specified number of sections given by SURFACE DIVISION (default value is 10) command. The shear wall is designed at these horizontal sections. The output includes the required horizontal and vertical distributed reinforcing, the concentrated (in-plane bending) edge reinforcing and the link required for out-of-plane shear.

Tutorial Problem 1 Description of the Tutorial Problem

The structure for this project is a single bay, single story steel portal frame that will be analyzed and designed. The figure below shows the structure.

BASIC DATA FOR THE STRUCTURE

Tutorial Problem 2 Description of the Tutorial Problem

The structure for this project is a 2 bay, 2 story reinforced concrete frame. The figure below shows the structure. Our goal is to create the model, assign all required input, and perform the analysis and concrete design.

BASIC DATA FOR THE STRUCTURE

Tutorial Problem 3 Description of the tutorial problem

The structure for this project is a slab fixed along two edges. We will model it using 6 quadrilateral (4-noded) plate elements. The structure and the mathematical model are shown in the figures below. It is subjected to selfweight, pressure loads and temp erature loads. Our goal is to create the model, assign all required input, perform the analysis, and go through the results.

BASIC DATA FOR THE STRUCTURE