APES- Unit #3 Study Guide Species Interactions and Community Ecology Name Selena Felix 1: What makes the

Zebra Mussel an invasive species? What makes Zebra Mussel an invasive species is that they invaded all 5 Great Lakes and their population grew exponentially. They caused hundreds of millions of dollars worth of damage to their property. 2: Define the following species interactions: * Competition: Both species are harmed. * Predation, Parasitism, and Herbivory: One species benefits and the other are harmed. * Mutualism: Both species benefit. 3: What are some of the resources that species compete for in competition? Species compete for food, water, space, shelter, mates, and sunlight in competition. 4: Define Competitive Exclusion: One species completely excludes another species from using the resource. 5: What must happen for species to co-exist? Neither species fully excludes the other from resources, so both live side by side. 6: What is the difference between fundamental and realized niche? Explain why a species wouldnt fulfill its fundamental niche? Fundamental niche is when an individual fulfills its entire role by using all the available resources but realized niche is the portion of the fundamental niche that is actually filled. 7: Give an example of resource partitioning: An example of resource partitioning is one species is active at night, another in the daytime. 8: How does character displacement help with competition? Competition is reduced when two species become more different. 9: Explain how predator and prey populations depend on each other: Predators capture, kill, and consume individuals of other species (prey). 10: How does Natural Selection strengthen population fitness? Natural selection strengthens population fitness by is leading to evolution of adaptations that make predators better hunters.

11: Define the following: * Cryptic Coloration: Coloring that conceals or disguises an animals shape. *Warning Coloration: Conspicuous coloration or markings of an animal serving to warn off predators. * Mimicry: The resemblance of an animal species to another species or to natural objects; provides concealment and protection from predators. 12: Define Parasitism: A relationship in which one organism (parasite) depends on another (host) for nourishment or other benefit. 13: What is the idea of coevolution? Hosts and parasites become locked in a duel of escalating adaptations. 14: What are some plant adaptations that help to protect plants against herbivory? Other animals protect the plant. 15: Explain how pollination is a form of mutualism: Bees, bats, birds and other transfer pollen from one flower to another, fertilizing its eggs. 16: Define the following: * Allelopathy: Certain plants release harmful chemicals. * Commensalism: A relationship in which one-organism benefits, while the other remains unaffected. * Facilitation: Plants that create shade and leaf litter allow seedlings to grow. 17: What is a community of organisms? It is an assemblage of species living in the same place at the same time. 19: How is most energy lost in an ecosystem? Most energy organisms use is lost as waste heat through respiration. 20: Explain why this statement is true: A human vegetarians ecological footprint is smaller than a meat-eaters footprint. There are far fewer organisms at the highest trophic leves, with less energy available. 21: What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? A foodchain is the realtionship of how energy is transferred up the trophic levels and a foodweb is a visual map of feeding relationships and energy flow. Foodweb has more detail.

22: What is a keystone species and what happens to an ecosystem when it gets removed? Key stone species have a strong or wide-reaching impact far out of proportion to its abundance. The removal of keystone species has substantial ripple effects. 23: What is a trophic cascade? Why is it important? Trophic Casades are predators at high trophic levels that can indirectly affect populations of organisms at low trophic levels by keeping species at inermediate trophic levels in check. It is important because if one thing get removed then another will increase and the whole ecosystem will eventually be destroyed by not have a enough food or something of that nature. 24: Communities of organisms respond to disturbances differently. Explain resistance and resilience. Resistance is the community of organisms resists change and remains stable despite the disturbance. Resilience is when a community changes in response to a disturbance, but later returns to its original state. 25: What is an invasive species? How do we control a species that has become invasive? (Name several ways) Invasive species are non-native (exotic) organisms that spread widely and become dominant in a community. There are several techniques to control invasive species such as removing manually, using toxic chemicals, drying them out, depriving of oxygen, or stressing them out. 26: What is happening with ecological restoration in the Florida Everglades? Depletion caused by flood control practices and irrigation. Populations of wading birds dropped 90-95%. It is going to take 30 years and billions of dollars to restore. 27: Biomes: Major regional complex of similar communities recognized by plant type and vegetaiton structure. Name the type of SOILS in the following: *Temperate deciduous forests: Fertile soils. *Temperate rainforests: The fertile soil is susceptible to erosion and landslides. *Tropical rainforests: Very poor, acidic soils. *Tropical dry forest: Erosion-prone soil. * Desert: Saline soils. *Tundra: Permafrost: permanently frozen soil. *Boreal forest (Taiga): Poor and acidic soil.

28: How do biomes change with altitude? Explain. Vegetative communities change along mountain slopes. 18: Draw a trophic level pyramid with the following terms/definitions (examples) below: Autotrophs Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Omnivores Detritivores Decomposers

Tertiary Consumers: Predators at the highest trophic level. Consume secondary consumers. Are also carnivores. Secondary consumers: Organisms that prey on primary consumers Primary consumers: Organisms that consmue producers. Autotrophs: Organisms that capture solar energy for photosynthesis to produse sugars.