PHYS 2421 Fields and Waves

Instructor: Jorge A. Lpez

Office: PSCI 209 A, Phone: 747-7528 Textbook: University Physics 11e, Young and Freedman

Chapter 21: Electric Charge and Electric Field

21.1 Electric charge 21.2 Conductors insulators, and induced charge 21.3 Coulombs law 21.4 Electric field and electric forces 21.5 Electric field calculations 21.6 Electric field lines 21.7 Electric dipoles

Section 21.1: Electric charge

Amber can attract stuff

Section 21.1: Electric charge

Examples of electrostatics

Section 21.1: Electric charge

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) figured out There were two kinds of charges When a charge is produced on one body, an equal but opposite charge is produced on the other body He arbitrarily call them positive and negative. Equal charges repel Unequal charges attract

Section 21.1: Electric charge

Electric charge and the structure of matter

Subatomic particles are the source of electricity Charge of e = - charge of p Charge of e is a unit of charge

Electrons can be removed from atoms Ions are atoms with excess charge

Section 21.1: Electric charge

Summary of Section 21.1

There are two kinds of charges: + and There is charge conservation Equal charges repel, unequal charges attract Subatomic particles are the source of electricity Charge of e = - charge of p Charge of e is a unit of charge Electrons can be removed from atoms Ions are atoms with excess charge

Section 21.2: Conductors,

Copper atom, 29 electrons Conduction electron

insulators and induced charge

Piece of copper metal Electrons can hop from atom to atom Process requires a force Protons are fixed with material
Path of electron in iron (2 valence electrons)

Section 21.2: Conductors, insulators and induced charge

Insulators can be charged by friction

Conductors can conduct electrons Insulators cannot conduct Semiconductors are in between

Conductors must be charged in isolation

Section 21.2: Conductors, insulators and induced charge

Charging by induction

Section 21.2: Conductors, insulators and induced charge

Charging by induction

Section 21.2: Conductors, insulators and induced charge

Attraction of neutral insulators by polarization

Polarization:

Section 21.2: Conductors, insulators and induced charge

Summary of Section 21.2

Electrons can hop from atom to atom in conductors Insulators cannot conduct Protons are fixed with material Insulators get charged by friction Charging by induction Attraction of neutral insulators by polarization

Homework for Section 21.2

Question 21.4 (11th Ed) or 21.5 (12th Ed) Question 21.9 or 21.10 (12th Ed)

Section 21.3: Coulombs law

Electric forces are: Inversely proportional to square of distance Proportional to magnitude of charges In direction of charges

q1

q2

Charles Agustine Coulomb (1736-1806)

r
q1q2 F 2 r
Units: F in Newtons r in meters Units of q1 and q2 ?

Section 21.3: Coulombs law

Use constant of proportionality k Derive unit of charge from unit of electric current
F =k q1q2
2

r k 8.988 109 Nm2 /C2 , q in Coulombs 1Coulomb = charge in 6 1018 electrons To simplify future formulas: k = 1 4 0 ;

(21.1)

0 8.854 1012 C2 /(Nm2 )= "permittivity" of free space

Section 21.3: Coulombs law

neutron 0 proton + + 0

particle

q 2e 3.2 10 19 C
2

q Electric force 4 0 r 2 2 m Gravitational force Fg G r2 Fe

m 6.64 10 27 kg

q r

Fe 1 q2 9.0 109 N m 2 / C 2 (3.2 10 19 C) 2 2 Fg 4 0G m 6.67 10 11 N m 2 / kg 2 (6.64 10 27 kg) 2 3.11035 Gravitational force << electric force!

Section 21.3: Coulombs law

q1 25 nC, q2 75 nC F1 on 2 F2 on 1 + F2 on 1 r F1 on 2

F1 on 2

q1q2

r 3.0 cm
2 2

4 0 r 2
9

(25 10 9 C)(75 10-9 C) (9.0 10 N m / C ) (0.030 m) 2 0.019 N F2 on 1

Section 21.3: Coulombs law

Section 21.3: Coulombs law

Section 21.3: Coulombs law

Summary of Section 21.3 Electric forces inversely proportional to square of distance proportional to magnitude of charges Forces are to be added vectorially
F =k q1q2 r2 , k 8.988 109 Nm2 /C2

Homework for Section 21.3

Problem 21.21 (11th Ed) or 21.21 (12th Ed) Problem 21.17 (11th Ed) or 21.17 (12th Ed)

Section 21.4:
Electric field and electric forces
A charge affects another charge at a distance, imagine a two-step process:
1. Charge affects space around it 2. Space affects charges in it

The effect of a charge on the space is known as the creation of a field

What is a field?

Section 21.4: Electric field and electric forces

Example of a scalar field: Temperature Magnitude exists everywhere

Example of a vector field: Wind velocity Magnitude and direction exist everywhere

Section 21.4: Electric field and electric forces

For the electric field . . .

The electric field is the electric force per unit charge E F

q0

The force can be obtained by

F = q0 E

Section 21.4: Electric field and electric forces

Rules for drawing electric field lines

Lines originate on a positive charge Lines end on a negative charge The number of lines is proportional to the magnitude of the charge. Field lines cannot cross each other. The line must be perpendicular to the surface of the charge

Electric field is given by E = k q r 2

The unit vector r points radially away from the charge

Section 21.4: Electric field and electric forces

Section 21.4: Electric field and electric forces

Section 21.4: Electric field and electric forces

Section 21.4: Electric field and electric forces

Ex. 21.8: An electron trajectory

Section 21.4: Electric field and electric forces

Summary of Section 21.4 The electric field is the electric force per unit charge
F E q0
q E =k 2r r

Electric field points radially away from positive charges and toward negative charges

Homework for Section 21.4

Problem 21.27 (11th Ed) or 21.29 (12th Ed) Problem 21.32 (11th Ed) or 21.34 (12th Ed)