4 CRN

CognitiveRadioNetworks
Dr.KwangChengChen
Di ti i h d P f d I i T H Ch i DistinguishedProfessorandIrvingT.Ho Chair
GraduateInstituteofCommunicationEngineering&
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,TaiwanROC
Email:chenkc@cc.ee.ntu.edu.tw
April1,2009 1 KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Outlines Outlines
AirInterfaceMigrationtoward4G g
SDR,TerminalDeviceArchitecture,andSoC
Cooperative Cognitive Radio to Cognitive CooperativeCognitiveRadiotoCognitive
RadioNetwork
CRN Architecture and Operation CRNArchitectureandOperation
CRNSpectrumSensing
T i CRN A i i R i TrustinCRN,Association,Routing
CooperativeRelay
NetworkingCodingforCRNCooperativeRelay
RoutingandApplications
April1,2009 2
g pp
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
AirInterfaceTechnologyRoadmap
CDMA2000
IS95
CDMA2000
(3GPP2)
EvDO UMB
?
IMT Advanced
IEEE802.16e
IEEE 802 16m 4G
TDD
?
IMTAdvanced
MobileWiMAX
IEEE802.16m 4G
TD SCDMA HSPA TDD
GSM
GPRS
WCDMA
HSPA
(HSDPA/ 3G LTE
TDSCDMA HSPATDD
GPRS
EDGE
(3GPP)
(HSDPA/
HSUPS)
3GLTE
NB/TDMA
CDMA/FDD
CDMA/TDD
Much more airinterfaces on WLAN, WPAN, WBAN, .
April1,2009 3
/
OFDMA
Muchmoreair interfacesonWLAN,WPAN,WBAN,.
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Truth Truth
Whatis4G?
Noonereallyknows.
Itcomesaround2020(IMT2020?)or2025
Whatdid3Gnotaccomplish?
Wirelesspacketswitching
Wireless Internet (NOT ireless access to Internet) WirelessInternet(NOTwirelessaccesstoInternet)
Internetbackboneforwireless
Whatarenewservices,applications,scenarios? , pp ,
Whatarenewtechnologies?
By2020,therewillbetrillions wirelessdevices. y ,
Challengeforspectrumefficiency
Challengefornetworkarchitecture
Consumer Networks
High Definition
Flat-Panel TV
Digital
Camera
MP3
ConsumerNetworks
Speaker Speaker
WiMAX
PDA or
Wireless
Game Console
Handset
Wireless
Gateway
VoIP
Speaker
S k
Game Console
or Home Router
PC
Public
Networks
Speaker
orInternet
IEEEComSoc:ConsumerNetworkswouldbe
April1,2009 5
KCChen,NTUEE
thedrivingforceforfuturecommunicationtechnology.
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Personal Networks PersonalNetworks
Notjustpersonalareanetworks(PAN),itisnetworkingtoward
( ) d i d i i every(consumer)devicearoundapersonineveryenvironment,
includingcellular,WMAN,WLAN,WPAN,WBAN.
FromAalborgUniversity
FundamentalFactorsinFutureWireless
Communications
MIMOtoYieldGigabitWireless
A t & RF/ i d d t h l t f tili MIMO Antenna&RF/mixedmodetechnologytofertilizeMIMO
Terminaldevicearchitecturewithsmallformfactor
SpectrumUtilizationinUnlicensedandevenLicensedBands p
CognitiveRadios
SDRandnewDSPtechnology
Re configurable MAC ReconfigurableMAC
Powermanagement
CooperativeCommunications
Radioresourcemanagement,mobilitymanagement
NetworkEfficiency
Multiple access QoS Routing mobile IP Multipleaccess,QoS,Routing,mobileIP
Networkthroughputperbandwidth!
PHYTechnologyTowardSpectrum
Efficiency
FrequencyReuse
HighdimensionalmodulationwithFEC
Adaptivemodulation&coding(AMC)toreach
i capacity
Multipleinputmultipleoutput(MIMO)
T i di i d i di i Transmitdiversityandreceivediversity
RealizationofMIMO
B f i Beamforming
Spatialmultiplexing(SM)
Space time codes (STC) Spacetimecodes(STC)
MobileWiMAXasanexampleofwirelesspacket
switching cellular system
April1,2009 8
88
switchingcellularsystem
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Outlines Outlines
Cooperative Cognitive Radio to Cognitive Radio CooperativeCognitiveRadiotoCognitiveRadio
Network
CRNArchitectureandOperation p
CRNSpectrumSensing
Trust in CRN Association Routing TrustinCRN,Association,Routing
CooperativeRelay
Networking Coding for CRN Cooperative Relay NetworkingCodingforCRNCooperativeRelay
CRNMobilityandInternationalStandards
Software Defined Radio (SDR) SoftwareDefinedRadio(SDR)
CognitiveRadio(CR)isconsideredasan
intelligentversionofSDR,butweare g
goingtotellmorethanthat!
Formandleadaresearchteamof
4topnationaluniversitiesforB3G
Leadstudentstodeveloponeofearly
highspeedOFDMmodemusingTIDSP
(Firstplaceof2000TIAnalogandDigital
SDRprototypedevelopedin2001,allowing
hi h b d idth hi h h i t FH d DS
ChallengeinAsiaPacificRegion)
highbandwidthhighhoppingrateFHandDS
withTIDSPasprocessingcore
April1,2009 KCChen,NTUEE&GICE 10
SDRHardwareArchitecture
Antenna ROM
Controller
Antenna
(Array)
ROM
System&
Frequency
S l ti
Controller
&Digital
Signal
RF
&IF
A/D
D/A
Selection
g
Processor
/
External
Control&
RAM
Micro
Processor
BUS
Multimedia
I/O
April1,2009 11
BUS
I/O
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
SDR Software Architecture
Applications:
RealTime
DSP Algorithms:
SDRSoftwareArchitecture
Applications:
OS
ProtocolStack:
MAC
DSPAlgorithms:
Mod/Demod
UserInterface
Multimedia
/
MAC
Link
Radio Resource
/
Codec
Synchronization
RF
& IF
Appl.S/W
RadioResource
LogicChannel
NetworkMgt.
RAKERx.
Equalization
MIMO Processing
&IF
QoS
Security
MIMOProcessing
ChannelEst.
A/D
D/A
DSP&
HW
Micro
Controller
Micro
Processor
Current Mobile Terminal HW CurrentMobileTerminalHW
IrDA
Power/BatteryManagement
Bluetooth
WLAN
WiMAX
SIM
Baseband
Processor
Multimedia
CoProcessor
WiMAX
UWB
FM
SIM
DVB/DABT
DVBH
RF PA Memory
DSC
SD/MS
MP3
A
MP3
MPEG,H.264
LCDDriver
Moreeffectivemechanism
f l i l i i
April1,2009 13
Antenna
LCDController
formultiplecoexistingsystems
isneeded.
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Challenges to Wireless Communication SoC ChallengestoWirelessCommunicationSoC
Entire
Memory
PLL
Entire
Module
Memory
Memory
MCU
Power
Mgt&
Analog
DigitalSignal
Processor(s)
RF
DigitalLogic
Digital portion follows Moorses law but analog portion not!
April1,2009 14
DigitalportionfollowsMoorse slawbutanalogportionnot!
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Digital Radio Processing DigitalRadioProcessing
RF
AD
DA
Baseband
Inner&Outer
RF
AD
DA
Baseband
Inner
Receiver
Simple Simple
RF
Functions
Requiringnewalgorithmsandnewprocessing,
witheffectiveADC,
whileTI1stgenerationusingPentiumprocessor
Itisrevolutionfromcommunicationsystem,andlikelyuseful
for cognitive radio realization
April1,2009 15
forcognitiveradiorealization
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Processor Technology ProcessorTechnology
VonNewmannmachine(generalpurpose) (g p p )
ALU
Memory
Singlebusfordataandprogram
ImprovementssuchasRISC,multipleALUs,cache
memory and multiple core memory,andmultiplecore
DigitalSignalProcessor(specialpurpose)
Multiple ALUs MultipleALUs
Databusandprogrambus
Memory Memory
Howaboutfuturecommunicationprocessorand
network processor
April1,2009 16
networkprocessor
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Outlines Outlines
RadioNetwork
CRNSpectrumSensing
CooperativeRelay
April1,2009 17
g pp
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Cognitive Communications CognitiveCommunications
CognitiveRadio
J Mit l III t id i i i ll i d t J.Mitola IIItoprovidepioneervisionallowingsecondaryusersto
utilizespectrumwhenitisnotusedbyprimarysystems,evenin
licensedbands
FCC d li i f ffi i FCCtoendorseapplicationsforspectrumefficiency
Lessthan10%oflicensedspectrumbeingusedbytimeaverage
Variousmeasurementssupportthesameconclusion
Upontothisscenario,cognitiveradioisprimarilyalinklevel
technologyfordynamicaccessofradiospectrumforphysicallayer
radiotransmission.
However,afterdynamicspectrumaccessatlinklevel,howto
transportthepacketssuccessfullythrough?
Cognitive radios (CR) should provide networking macroscale Cognitiveradios (CR)shouldprovidenetworkingmacroscale
diversity,asCognitiveRadioNetworks (CRN) consistingofPS
andCRs.
Well Known Dynamic Spectrum Access WellKnownDynamicSpectrumAccess
Spectrumsensing:
Cognitiveradiodiscoversspectrumholebyspectrumsensing
D namic Spectr m Access DynamicSpectrumAccess:
CognitiveradiocommunicatewithotherCognitiveradio terminalsto
accessspectrumholesdynamically
April1,2009 19
WhataftersuccessfulCRtransmission?
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Cognitive Radio as Link Level Technology CognitiveRadioasLinkLevelTechnology
CRsensesthespectrumofprimarysystem(PS)being
il bl h i k h i i d available,thentransmitspacketstothereceivingnode.
FoundationofCognitiveRadiotechnology
CR is thus a link level technology requiring CRisthusalinkleveltechnologyrequiring
Reliablesensinginformationforspectrumutilization
Dynamic spectrum access Dynamicspectrumaccess
Possibleprogrammable(orsoftware)radiotosupport
Appropriatefrequencybandoperating
Appropriatecommunicationparametersandprotocol
Existingexamples:
In IEEE 802 11h at 5G Hz band 11a signal to avoid primary radar signals InIEEE802.11hat5GHzband,11asignaltoavoidprimaryradarsignals
InIEEE802.15.2andBluetooth2.0,adaptivefrequencyhoppingBluetooth
toavoidothercoexistingsystemswithhigherpower
DAA (detection and avoidance) for UWB
April1,2009 20
DAA(detectionandavoidance)forUWB
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Spectrum Sensing SpectrumSensing
The goal of CR spectrum sensing is to identify ThegoalofCRspectrumsensingistoidentify
availableopportunitytotransmit.
Fundamental: Energy detection Fundamental:Energydetection
RSSIfromRF
Reliable: Feature extraction Reliable:Featureextraction
Carrierfrequency
Symbol rate Symbolrate
Otherspectralcorrelationmethods
Cooperative sensing Cooperativesensing
Distributedsensing
Beyond LinkLevel CR BeyondLink LevelCR
However,usingtheconceptofCR,whatafter , g p ,
thedynamic(oropportunity)spectrumaccess?
Theremustexistanetworkingmechanismto g
transportthepacketsfromsourcenode,via
cognitiveradiotransmission,todestinationnode.
C iti di t k (CRN) i t j t f d Cognitiveradionetwork(CRN)isnot justformed
byCRs.
CRN consists of CRs PS cooperative relay network CRNconsistsofCRs,PS,cooperativerelaynetwork
codes.
Using OSI structure, CRN shall have functions from UsingOSIstructure,CRNshallhavefunctionsfrom
datalinklayer,networklayer,andmore,in
additiontophysicallayer.
Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) CognitiveRadioNetworks(CRN)
Cognitiveradioisnotjustanewgenerationofsoftwareradio,
tosensespectrum.
Cognitiveradioshallsensethecommunicationand
networkingenvironments. g
Integrationofcognitiveradiosandexistinginfrastructure(PS)to
optimizecommunicationsandnetworks
Tooptimizenetworkingefficiencyperunitbandwidth p g y p
Futureterminaldevicesshallbecognitiveanddeterminethe
mostappropriatewayofcommunications,thatis,toform
cognitive radio networks cognitiveradionetworks.
Itdoesnotmakealotofsensetodistinguishinfrastructureoradhoc
forsuchmultihoppeertopeercommunicationsinapplicationsand
services services
Itiswireless/wiredheterogeneousnetworking,withhybridofprimary
radionetworksandcognitiveradionetworks
It creates a lot of challenges
April1,2009 23
KCChen,NTUEE
Itcreatesalotofchallenges
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Technology Challenges to CRN TechnologyChallengestoCRN
CRlinksaredynamicallyavailableandlikelyunidirectional,in
themultiplesystemcoexistingenvironments
Routing
(Intersystem) Handover (Intersystem)Handover
(Joint)RadioResourceManagement
SchedulingandQoS
A i ti d S it AssociationandSecurity
Securityforcooperativenetworking(traditionalapproachesmightnotbe
feasible)
T t d h i Trustedmechanism
Linklevel
Cognitive/CooperativeMAC,DynamicSpectrumAccess
ErrorcontroltechniquessuchasHARQ
ServiceArchitecture,BusinessModels,andRegulations
CRNviaCooperativeNetworking p g
Cooperative Relay
AP
AP
/BS
CooperativeRelay
AP
/BS
Internet
/BS
Opportunistic
Transmission
Wireless
Device
Transmission
Route#2b
Opportunistic
Transmission
Route#1
Device
Opportunistic
Transmission
R t #2
Destination
Node
CooperativeNode
Torelaypacket(s)
Route#2a
Packet
Transportation
April1,2009 25
CR
SourceNode
Transportation
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Cooperative Communications and Networks CooperativeCommunicationsandNetworks
Originfromdiversity g y
Microscopic:MIMOisakindofantennacooperation
Macroscopic:cooperationamong(network)nodestohavebetter
i l i signalreception
Nodescancooperatetorelaypackets(routing)
Amplifyandforward(AF) p y ( )
Decodeandforward(DF)
Compressandforward(CF)
Source Destination
Intermediate Helping Node
April1,2009 26
IntermediateHelpingNode
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Cognitive radio is NOT just a link CognitiveradioisNOTjustalink
leveltechnology! gy
Cognitive radio networks shall be Cognitiveradio networks shallbe
thefinalgoalinfuturewireless
communications communications.
Outlines Outlines
RadioNetwork
CRNSpectrumSensing
CooperativeRelay
April1,2009 28
g pp
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
UbiquitousCognitiveRadioHeterogeneous
Networks[Chenetal.ACMICUMIC2008]
AdHocNetwork
MeshNetwork
Infrastructure
CRNisingeneralanheterogeneous
ad hoc network
April1,2009 29
adhocnetwork
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Elements of Cognitive Radio Networks ElementsofCognitiveRadioNetworks
PrimarySystem(s) y y ( )
Licensedband
Unlicensed band (multiplesystems coexisting) Unlicensedband(multiple systemsco existing)
CognitiveRadio(s)
Dynamic access while primary system is idle Dynamicaccesswhileprimarysystemisidle
Th CR f i t k ThoseCRsforminganetwork
CRNterminalscanleveragemultiplecoexisting
systems/networks to form a more general CRN systems/networkstoformamoregeneralCRN
Intersystem/networkoperation
Topology can be either infrastructured, ad hoc, or mesh
April1,2009 30
KCChen,NTUEE
Topologycanbeeitherinfrastructured,adhoc,ormesh
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Cognitive Radio Capabilities CognitiveRadioCapabilities
Sense thecommunicationenvironments
spectrumholes
geographic location geographiclocation
availablewire/wirelesscommunicationsystems/networks
availableservices
Analyze andlearn informationfromtheenvironmentswithusers
f d d d preferencesanddemands
Reconfigure itself by adjusting system parameters conforming to certain Reconfigure itselfbyadjustingsystemparametersconformingtocertain
policiesandregulations.
Terminal Capability Of Cognitive Radio Networks TerminalCapabilityOfCognitiveRadioNetworks
CognitiveCapability SelfOrganizedCapability
Spectrumsensing
Spectrumsharing
Location identification
Spectrum/Radioresource
management
Mobility/Connection
Locationidentification
Network/Servicediscovery
y/
management
Trust/Securitymanagement
ReconfigurableCapability
Adaptivemodulation/coding
Transmit power control Transmitpowercontrol
Dynamicsystem/networkaccess
Network Architecture NetworkArchitecture
I l CRN i d h t k ith Ingeneral,CRNisanadhocnetworkwith
variouskindsofnetworkentities,whichis
different from the legacy ad hoc network differentfromthelegacyadhocnetwork.
Insuchanheterogeneousadhocnetwork,we
can further divide network entities into canfurtherdividenetworkentitiesinto
differentgroupsbytheirnetwork
architectures architectures.
Infrastructure
Ad Hoc AdHoc
Mesh
Network Architecture Infrastructure NetworkArchitecture Infrastructure
/ l ll l d BS/APcontrolallaccessesinacentralizedmanner
MScanonlyaccessaBS/APinanonehop manner.
MSsunderthetransmissionrangeofthesameBS/APshallcommunicatewith g /
eachotherthroughtheBS/AP.
Communicationsbetweendifferentcellsareroutedthroughbackbone/core
networks.
Network Architecture Ad Hoc NetworkArchitecture AdHoc
b bl h d h f CommunicationsbetweenMSsareestablishedwithoutinfrastructure
supports
Linksmaybeestablishedviadifferentwirelesscommunication y
technologies.
Legacycommunicationtechnologies/protocols
i Dynamicspectrumaccess
Network Architecture Mesh NetworkArchitecture Mesh
/ k l d f l b kb BSs/APsworkaswirelessroutersandformwirelessbackbones
MSscaneitheraccesstheBSs/APsdirectlyoruseotherMSsasmultihop
relay nodes y
Primary System PrimarySystem
Aprimarysystemisreferredtoanexistingwireless
communicationsystemwhichoperatesinoneormanyfixed
frequency bands with a certain level of priority frequencybandswithacertainlevelofpriority.
Primary System in Licensed Bands PrimarySysteminLicensedBands
Whichhasthehighestprioritytoaccessfrequencybands
Primary System in Unlicensed Bands PrimarySysteminUnlicensedBands
Systemscoexistwitheachother
Cognitive Radio System CognitiveRadioSystem
Acognitiveradiosystemneitherhasafixedoperating
frequencybandnorhasprivilegetoaccessthatband.
D i ll t h l t i t Dynamicallyusespectrumholes tocommunicate
C i i R di B S i (CR BS) CognitiveRadioBaseStation(CRBS)
Gatewaybetweenwiredandwirelessnetworks
d k f ( d Providenetworkmanagementfunctions(e.g.radioresource
management,mobilitymanagement,securitymanagement)
CognitiveRadioMobileStation(CRMS)
Links in CRN LinksinCRN
CRNconsistsofeightkindsoflikely unidirectional and g y
dynamiclinks,whichdemonstratesauniquefeaturein
suchdynamicnetworking.
Eachofthethreenetworkarchitecturesmaybe
composedofoneorseveralkindsoflinks
1. CRMSCRMS
2. CRMSCRBS
3 CRMSPRBS 3. CRMSPRBS
4. CRBSCRBS
5. PRMSandPRBS
6. PRMSCRMS
7. PRMSCRBS
April1,2009 39
8. PRMSPRMS
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
CRN Operation CRNOperation
ThenetworkingoperationofanodeinCRN
CRN S t S i CRNSpectrumSensing
Notjusttodetectavailablespectrum,butalsotodetectavailable
systemsunderprogrammablecapability
E d i CR f ( i ) d i PS EverynodeisaCR,evenfor(cooperative)nodesinPS
Association
CRisreadytotransmitpacketsandmuststartassociationofCRN(without
knowingnetworktopology)
Relaynodetodeterminewhethertoacceptcooperativerelayrequest
fromcertainnode,basedontrust level(likelynotpossibletocomplete
se rit he k) securitycheck)
Thatis,admissioncontrolofCRN
DynamicSpectrumAccess
Multipleaccessandtransmission
Routing
Cooperativerelaysystem/network/CRstodeterminerouting
April1,2009 40
p y y / / g
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Cognitive Radio Network Terminal Architecture
Applications&Services
CognitiveRadioNetworkTerminalArchitecture
RadioResourceAllocation
Bandwidth/ChannelAllocation
Handoff/Roaming
Network
f bl
/ g
Routing,QoS,Security
CooperativeCommunications
Coordinator
f S lf
Reconfigurable
MAC&NetworkingProtocol
ofSelf
Organized
Communication
& Networking
DataLink
&MAC
Cognitive
Radio
Software
Defined
Radio
ADC
DAC
&Networking
PHY
RF 1 RF N
.
April1,2009 41
KCChen,NTUEE
RF1 RFN
..
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Cognitive Cycle CognitiveCycle
Radio/Wireless
Medium
RFAnalysis
BBPHY
Analysis Analysis
ChannelState&
RF
S /U
RateDistance
SelfOrganized
C di &
AD/DA&
Filtering
RF
System/User
Analysis
Coordinator&
Spectrum
Utilization
De ision
Reconfigurable
SDR
g
Network
A l i
Decision
Radio
Resource
e co gu ab e
MAC
April1,2009 42
Analysis
Packets/Traffic
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Economy of Cognitive Radio EconomyofCognitiveRadio
Practical realization of cognitive radio technology Practicalrealizationofcognitiveradiotechnology
liesinbalancedinterestsamong4parties[H.B.
Chang K C Chen N Prasad C W Su IEEE VTC Chang,K.C.Chen,N.Prasad,C.W.Su,IEEEVTC
2009]
I ti t i d t ff i f Incentivestoprimaryusers,duetosufferingfrom
Overallspectrumutilization
Interestsofserviceprovider(s)
Spectrumaccessopportunitytocognitiveradiousers
Weimplementspectrumauctionalgorithmto
ensure winwin situation among above 4 parties ensurewin winsituationamongabove4parties
Spectrum Management Policy SpectrumManagementPolicy
Vickrey Auction Vickrey Auction
(multiunitsealedbid)
isadopted,whichis
fasterthanEnglish
(sequential)auction
Outlines Outlines
Network
CRNSpectrumSensing
CooperativeRelay
Spectrum Sensing SpectrumSensing
Th l f CR t i i t id tif ThegoalofCRspectrumsensingistoidentify
availableopportunitytotransmit.
Fundamental: Energy detection Fundamental:Energydetection
RSSIfromRF
Reliable:Featureextraction
C i f Carrierfrequency
Symbolrate
Otherspectralcorrelationmethods
Cooperativesensing
Distributedsensing
M f t i i CRN MoreforspectrumsensinginCRN
Toidentifycoexistingsystemspossiblytocooperatein
differentfrequencybands(unlicensedandevenlicensed)
April1,2009 46
q y ( )
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Spectrum Sensing for CRN
RF AD BBDSP
MAC&Network
Features
SpectrumSensingforCRN
[Chenetal.WPMC2007]
Frequency
Bandwidth
RSSI
SymbolRate
Carrier&Timing
Pil t Si l
MultipleAccessProtocol
RadioResourceAllocation
ARQ&TrafficPattern
/
RSSI
SINREstimation
PilotSignal
ChannelFading
System/User Identification
Routing/MobilityInformation
System/UserIdentification
ModulationParameters
FECType&Rate
MIMO Parameters
Sensing/Cognition
of Cognitive Radio
ChannelState&
RateDistance
MIMOParameters
PowerControl
ofCognitiveRadio
NetworkTerminal
AssistedInformationforMUD
SelfOrganized
Coordinator
DecisionofSpectrum
Optimization&Utilization
Packets
April1,2009 47
47 47 KCChen,NTUEE 47
RF
AD/DA&
Filtering
BBSDR
Reconfigurable
MAC
Network
Functions
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
SpectrumSensinginMultipleCoexistingSystems[Yu
andChen,IEEEVTC2008]
Allowadaptationtodifferentpossiblesystems(PS
and/or CR) for cooperative relay and/orCR)forcooperativerelay
Basedonfeatureextraction
F d t l f ( b l/b d t ) Fundamentalfrequency(symbol/baudrate)
Powerspectrumdensitypattern
4th order cumulant 4thordercumulant
Suqarer BPF ADC
Fundamental
Frequency
ADC
Spectrum
Estimation
SVD
detection
Trispectrum
EVD MUSIC
April1,2009 48
Estimation
EVD MUSIC
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Example to operate at 2 4G Hz ISM Band Exampletooperateat2.4GHzISMBand
Spectrummagnitudeafter
squarer with SNR=10 dB
Estimationofpowerspectrum
density with Microwave oven
squarerwithSNR=10dB
androllofffactor=0.5
densitywithMicrowaveoven
and802.11g
(carrier frequency=2437 MHz)
April1,2009 49
(carrierfrequency 2437MHz)
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Flowchartofgeneralmultiplesystemssensing
algorithmat2.4GHzISMband
Spectralline(s)observation
( ) ) ( 2 cos
1
) ( )} ( { ) (
2 2
2 2
T t Z
t t r E t r
P
i i
t t
o
c
=
+ =
( )
) (
1 1
) ( 2 cos
2

2
0 ,
2 2
1
1 ,
t
Z
T t Z
T
P
i i i
i
i i i
i
c o
o
t t
+ + +
=
=
) (
2 2

1
t
T
w
i
i
c o + + +

=
MUSICPseudospectrum
=
M
i
H
music
i
i R ) (
p p
+ =
M
Q m
m
H
i
1
2
| | q p
Hidden Terminal Problem HiddenTerminalProblem
CRscarriersensingmaystillbeunderjeopardy g y j p y
duetohiddenterminalproblem!
CRRx
PSRx
Blocking
CRTx
Interference
From CR to PS
PSTx
PSRx
CR Tx Range
FromCRtoPS
CRTxRange
April1,2009 51
PSTxRange
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Distributed or Cooperative Sensing DistributedorCooperativeSensing
Distributed Distributed
Sensing
CRRx
PSRx
Blocking
CRTx
Cooperative Sensing
PSTx
PSRx
CR Tx Range
CooperativeSensing
PSTx Range
CRTxRange
CRN Tomography CRNTomography
Spectrumsensingforspectrumholetargetsatlink p g p g
levelCR,butCRNrequiresinformationbeyond.
Onlypassivedetection?
CRNneedsinformationaboutradioresource,ratherthan
spectrumholes
CRN h i f i i ll i d CRNtomographyisasortofstatisticallymeasuringand
inferringtechniquesthatprovidetheCRNparameters
and traffic patterns without specialpurpose andtrafficpatternswithoutspecialpurpose
cooperationoftheradiosbelongingtoheterogeneous
systems. y
[YuandChen,IEEEVTCSpring2009]
Inferringnotjustdetection/estimation
Radio Resource Tomography RadioResourceTomography
RadioResourceTomographyAlgorithm:
AssumingcooperativeAMC,
1 Set initial probing power from 1. Setinitialprobingpowerfrom
minimumvalue
2. DetermineAMCofPS
3 Transmit probing signal 3. Transmitprobingsignal
4. Adjustprobingpowerbasedon
AMCofPS
5. Calculate max. allowable CR
Withabovechannelmodel,the
purposeofspectrumsensingis
5. Calculatemax.allowableCR
transmissionpowerfromSINR
actuallytoidentifythemaximum
transmissionpowerofcognitive
radio, subject to regulation and SINR.
radio,subjecttoregulationandSINR.
Outlines Outlines
Network
CRNSpectrumSensing
CooperativeRelay
Trust in CRN TrustinCRN
TrustformsthefoundationofCRN
EnsuringsmoothoperationofCRNtosupportubiquitouscomputing
withdynamictopology
Inmanycases(suchasassociationandrouting/relayingpackets),itis
notpracticalnorpossiblenordesirabletoproceedsecurityfunctions.
Bytheconceptofcooperativenetworking
Iftrusted,amplifyandforward
Ifsecured,AFandpossiblecompressandforward
Examples of applications Examplesofapplications
Trustfromoriginallyexistingsystem(i.e.primarysystem)and
regulator
Leverageanotherexistingcognitiveradiotorouteitspackets
LeveragePStoforwarditspackets
Related Work on Trust RelatedWorkonTrust
T d i Trustedcomputing
dealswithcomponentsinsideasetoraterritory
/ b i Internet/webcomputing
treatstrustasakindofreputation/creditsgiven
b h i ( h th i ) byamechanism(suchasothersscoring)
Adhocnetwork
Artificial intelligence Artificialintelligence
Socialscience
Itstillneedsamathematicalframework.[pleaseseeK.C.Chen,
etal.ACMICUMIC2008]
April1,2009 57
]
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Trusted Association TrustedAssociation
Thereareonlytwopossibledecisionsfor y p
associationinCRNbasedontrustmeasure,
thatis,toacceptassociationandtoreject
association
WhenanodeinCRN(primarysystemor
secondarysystems)receivesarequestof
associationfromanewnode(i.e.tojointhis
CRN) i f i i l d i i CRN),itformsastatisticaldecisionas
Basedonthetrustmeasureassociatedwiththis
node decision can be formed while
t
1 0 ) ( i o
a
node,decisioncanbeformed,while
meansaccepttheassociationandmeans
rejecttheassociation.
1 , 0 , ) ( = = i a
i
t o
1
a
0
a
April1,2009 58
j
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Decision on Trusted Association DecisiononTrustedAssociation
Define Define
Whenapriori informationoftrustisunknown
and the cost function cannot be well defined, andthecostfunctioncannotbewelldefined,
thedecisioncanbebasedontheNeymann
Pearson criterion That is given Pearson criterion.Thatis,given
optimize
Measurement of Reasoning MeasurementofReasoning
CoxAxioms Cox Axioms
Degreeofcertaintycanbeordered
There exists a function to map certainty of a Thereexistsafunctiontomapcertaintyofa
statementtoitsnegation/complement
DegreeofreasoningR(A.B)isrelatedtothe g g ( )
conditionalreasoningR(A|B)andR(B)bysome
functiong
R(A.B)=g(R(A|B),R(B))
AnyreasoningsystemconsistentwithCoxAxioms
b i l b bili h mustbeequivalenttoprobabilitytheory.
TrustmodelinCRNindeedapplies.
Update of Trust by Machine Learning UpdateofTrustbyMachineLearning
AstationinCRN(eitherPSorCRs)shallkeepupdatethetable
f t t f i hb i t ti hi h i oftrustforneighboringstations,whichrequiressome
learningprocess.[Chenetal.WileyWirelessComm &Mobile
Computing,2009]
Supposedenotesthestatetransition
probabilityundernewobservationattimen;
denotesthemeasurementprobability.TheBayes Filter p y y
Algorithmconsistsofthefollowingequations:
where is the normalization constant. The first equation whereisthenormalizationconstant.Thefirstequation
representstheupdaterule,whichprovidestheprediction,
andsecondequationisactuallythemeasurementupdate.
Outlines Outlines
RadioNetwork
CRNSpectrumSensing
CooperativeRelay
April1,2009 62
g pp
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Origin of Cooperative Relay OriginofCooperativeRelay
FromMIMO,cooperativediversitytoexploit
spatial diversity among distributed single spatialdiversityamongdistributedsingle
antennaterminals,underfadingchannels
[Laneman and Wornell IEEE TIT 2003] [Laneman andWornell,IEEET IT,2003]
distributedSTBCandallselectedstrategy
[Laneman,Tse,Wornell,IEEETIT,2004]
Uselessifthenumberofrelays>>columnsofSTBC
MRCisoptimalforAFtoachievefulldiversityorderof1+K
(number of relays) (numberofrelays)
Relayselectionhashigherbandwidthefficiencythan
repetitionbasedstrategy
[S d i E ki A h IEEE T C 2003] [Sendonairs,Erkip,Aazhang,IEEETCom,2003]
OptimalMLdetectorforDF
Uplinkcapacityincreases
April1,2009 63
p p y
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Cooperative Communication CooperativeCommunication
Nodes with singleantenna can form virtual Nodeswithsingle antennacanformvirtual
multipleantennacommunications
( l l l (Moreprecisely,multipleaccess
channelbutrelaychannelcannot
be precisely calculated)
April1,2009 64
bepreciselycalculated)
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Relay Strategy RelayStrategy
Typical 2stage relaying strategy Typical2 stagerelayingstrategy
Asourcetransmitsandallothernodeslisten
These cooperating nodes retransmit or relay the Thesecooperatingnodesretransmitorrelaythe
sourcemessagetothedestination,with
appropriate relay strategy (i.e. relay selection) appropriaterelaystrategy(i.e.relayselection)
X +
hs,1 ns,1
Relay1
X +
hs,i ns,i
Relayi
y
h
Relay
Selection
X +
hr,d nr,d
X +
hs,K ns,K
RelayK
(best)
Source
Destination
April1,2009 65
X +
h0 n0
Source
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Relay Selection (I) RelaySelection(I)
ToapplydistributedSTC,channelstateinformation(CSI)are
il bl f ll ibl li k availableforallpossiblelinks.
Opportunisticrelay
Selects the best relay node among relay candidates to support Selectsthe best relaynodeamongrelaycandidatestosupport
tradeoffbetweenmultiplexinganddiversity,similarto(antenna)
MIMO
[Bletaes Khisti Reed Lippman IEEE JSAC 2006] [Bletaes,Khisti,Reed,Lippman,IEEEJSAC2006]
DForAFoperatesbasedontwopossiblepoliciestoselectbestnode
(thuspath),withpossiblecollisions
{ } { }
2
,
2
,
| | , | | min : 1 Policy
d i i s i
h o o =
2
,
2
,
| | | |
2 P li
d i i s
h
o o
2
,
2
,
, ,
| | | |
: 2 Policy
d i i s
d i i s
i
h
o o +
=
i
i s
node relay and source between amplitude fading :
,
o
April1,2009 66
,
n destinatio and node relay between amplitude fading :
,
i
d i
o
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Relay Selection (II) RelaySelection(II)
Multiplesourcesanddestinations
[Whittneben Rankov IEEE VTC 2004] [Whittneben,Rankov,IEEEVTC2004]
[Whittneben,Hammerstroem,IEEEWCNC2005]
MultipleAFrelays
Multiuserinterferenceiscancelledbyorthogonalization ofchannels
amongsourcedestinationpairs
CDMA and OFDM signaling CDMAandOFDMsignaling
Memoryless relaynetworks
[Gamadam,Jafar,IEEEJSAC2007] [ , , ]
AFisnearoptimalatlowtransmitpowerinaparallelnetwork
DFisnearoptimalathightransmitpowerinaserialnetwork
ResearchChallenges
HighSNR:tradeoffbetweendiversityandmultiplexing
L SNR f
April1,2009 67
LowSNR:outageperformance
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Extension to Wireless Networks ExtensiontoWirelessNetworks
MultinodeCooperation p
[Sadek,Su,Liu,IEEETSP2007]
theasymptoticperformanceofasimplecooperativescenarioinwhich
h l b h l f h d h eachrelaycombinesthesignalsfromthesourceandtheprevious
relayisexactlythesameasthatforamuchmorecomplicatedscenario
inwhicheachrelaycombinesthesignalsfromthesourceandallthe
previousrelays
fulldiversityequaltothenumberofcooperatingnodesisindeed
achievable achievable
Mobilityofsourceaffectstheperformancemuchmorethan
themobilityofdestination,forbothamplifyandforward(AF) y , p y ( )
anddemodulateandforward(DF)relays
[Gomadam,Jafar,IEEEWCNC2005]
Cooperative and Opportunistic Scheduling CooperativeandOpportunisticScheduling
Rateadaptationandenergyefficiency
BasicProcedure
[Zhang,etal.IEEENetwork,2007]
Channelprobing
Creditcalculations
Datatransmission
Flowschedulingandoptimalschedulingdependson
N b f i hb i t itt Numberofneighboringtransmitters
Coherencetimeoffadingchannel
QoS requirements
Throughput optimal control of cooperative relay networks Throughputoptimalcontrolofcooperativerelaynetworks
Maximumdifferentialbacklogalgorithmtakingintoaccountsthe
cooperativegains,tojointlyoptimizerouting,scheduling,andradio
resourceallocation
[Yeh andBerry,IEEETIT,2007]
OpportunisticRouting
CooperativeandCognitiveMAC
April1,2009 69
Coope at e a d Cog t e C
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Outlines Outlines
Network
CRNSpectrumSensing
CooperativeRelay
Cognitive Radio Relay Network (CRRN) CognitiveRadioRelayNetwork(CRRN)
AscooperativerelayisthefundamentaloperationofCRN,CRRNshallbeexplored.
Wemayusenetworkcodingtoexplorethefundamentalproperties
of(cooperative)relaynetworkforCRs,whilemostexistingresearch
April1,2009 71
inphysicallayerratherthannetworkinglevel
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
NetworkCodingforCognitiveCooperativeRelay
O h R l
Network:TandemReplay
OnehopRelay
InterferencetoPSfromCRisunavoidableandunbounded.
TandemRelay
Thenetworkcapacityofsuchnetworkisconstrained
bythesmallestlinkcapacityamongalllinks.
H CR t t th t k d t it
April1,2009 72
HenceCRcanconnecttothenetworkandtransmit
throughthoselinksotherthanthesmallestcapacity.
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Network:CooperativeRelay
NetworkcapacityofPS
v = min (a+b, b+c)
Network:ParallelCooperativeRelay
Network
Usingnetworkcodingtoexplorecognitivecooperativerelay
networkviabasicstructures(i.e tandem,cooperativerelay,
parallelcooperativerelay)
CRs maximum network capacity in CRRN under the constraint CR smaximumnetworkcapacityinCRRNundertheconstraint
ofavoidinginterferencetoPS
Linkcapacityallocationtoachievemaximumnetworkcapacity capac ty a ocat o to ac e e a u et o capac ty
canbeformulatedasamulticommodityflowproblemtobe
solvedbylinearprogramming
l d l l f d SimulationsoverrandomlygeneratingtopologiesforPSand
CRsshow
92% of chances that CRRN can enhance overall network capacity (PS 92% ofchancesthatCRRNcanenhanceoverallnetworkcapacity(PS
andCRN)
Increasing1.3times ofcapacityinaverage
[Huang Lai Chen PHYCOM 2008]
April1,2009 75
[Huang,Lai,Chen,PHYCOM,2008]
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Outlines Outlines
RadioNetwork
CRNSpectrumSensing
CooperativeRelay
April1,2009 76
g pp
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Preliminary Study on Routing in CRN PreliminaryStudyonRoutinginCRN
withUnidirectionalLinks
CRNlinksaregenerallydynamically g y y y
availableandcanonlywarrantee
unitdirectionaltransmission,which
i bj i i givesanewsubjectinrouting
Link Properties of CRN (1/2) LinkPropertiesofCRN(1/2)
Transmission Power Control TransmissionPowerControl
DuetodifferentspectrumholesdetectedbyCRs,theymaytransmitin
differentpowerlevelsandthusformsunidirectionallinks
PrimarySystem
CRSystem
Link Properties of CRN (2/2) LinkPropertiesofCRN(2/2)
Trust Relation TrustRelation
CRNisformedbydifferentpartiesandgroupswhichmayormaynot
trusteachother.
Trustrelationisinherentlyunidirectional,thusthelogicallinks
betweendifferentparties/entitiesarealsounidirectional.
Or due to dynamic nature of CR links Or,duetodynamicnatureofCRlinks
Simpleexample:
A B
BtrustsA,thusitmayhelprelay
packetsforA.
Link(A,B)forms
However,AdoesnttrustB.
Nolink(B,A)
April1,2009 79
( , )
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Link Model of CRN LinkModelofCRN
PhysicalLinks y
IfnodeBiswithinnodeAstransmissionrange,then(A,B)formsa
directedphysicallink
LogicalLinks
If(A,B)isaphysicallinkandBiswillingtorelaypacketsforA,then(A,
B) is also a logical link B)isalsoalogicallink.
DataLink:thislinkcanonlypassdatapackets.
ControlLink:thislinkcanonlypasscontrolpacketssuchasrouting y p p g
tables.
Inthefollowingdiscussion,weassumethataslongasalink
isaphysicallink,itisalsoalogicallink.
UnidirectionalLinkRoutingAlgorithm
Classification
ProactiveType
Distance Vector DistanceVector
LinkState
ReactiveType yp
DynamicSourceRouting(DSR)
AODVwithbidirectionalabstract
H b id Hybrid:
ZRP(zoneroutingprotocol)withunidirectionallinks
ZRPdividesthenetworkintodifferentzonesandtakestheadvantage
ofproactivediscoverywithinanode'slocalneighborhood(Intrazone
RoutingProtocol),anduseareactiveprotocolforcommunication
betweentheseneighborhoods(InterzoneRoutingProtocol).The
Broadcast Resolution Protocol forwards a route request. BroadcastResolutionProtocolforwardsarouterequest.
Routing for Wireless Ad hoc Networks RoutingforWirelessAdhocNetworks
Dynamicsourceroutingprotocol(DSR)
isanondemandprotocoldesignedtorestrictthebandwidth
consumedbycontrolpacketsinadhocwirelessnetworksby
eliminatingtheperiodictableupdatemessagesrequiredinthetable
d i h drivenapproach.
AdhocOnDemandDistanceVector(AODV)routingalgorithm
builds routes using a route request / route reply query cycle When a buildsroutesusingarouterequest/routereplyquerycycle.Whena
sourcenodedesiresaroutetoadestinationforwhichitdoesnot
alreadyhavearoute,itbroadcastsarouterequest(RREQ)packet
across the network. Nodes receiving this packet update their acrossthenetwork.Nodesreceivingthispacketupdatetheir
informationforthesourcenodeandsetupbackwardspointerstothe
sourcenodeintheroutetables.Inadditiontothesourcenode'sIP
address,currentsequencenumber,andbroadcastID,theRREQalso , q , ,
containsthemostrecentsequencenumberforthedestinationof
whichthesourcenodeisaware.
Reactive Type Routing DSR ReactiveTypeRouting DSR
5
1 2 3
5
3
123
14
3
4
3
12
4
3
2
1
2
Route
E
1
1
1
Error
RouteDiscovery RouteMaintenance
DSRiseasyandsuitable,butneedextralinkmaintenance
April1,2009 83
mechanism
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
AODV AODV
D D
RREQ
RREP
D D
RREQ
ReversePath
RREP
ForwardPath
S S
timeout
84
ReversePathSetup ForwardPathSetup
AODVassumestheresreverselink,whichdoesnotworkin
April1,2009 84
84
unidirectionallink
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Reverse Distance Vector Algorithm [2] ReverseDistanceVectorAlgorithm[2]
B
C
D
Eachnodecollectincoming
links and build an in tree and
C
A
Ctree
linksandbuildanintree,and
passittootheroutneighbors.
B
C
D
B
C
D
B
C
D
A
A
A
C
Dtree
Btree
B
D
A
Thisalgorithmhelpsestablish
reverserouteforeveryincoming
link
April1,2009 85
Atree
link.
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
Opportunistic Link
PSActive
Primary
PSTraffic
orSignaling
OpportunisticLink
y
System
Timing
CR
SpectrumHoleAvailabletoCR
(LinkavailabilityforCRN)
Transmission
PowerRamping
Tsense
Cognitive
Radio
Spectrum
Sensing
C
Transmission
Tsense
Radio
Timing
g
(a)CRTransmissionOpportunityWindow
PNA
N A
PAA
PNN N A
PAN
(b)ContinuousTimeMarkovChainmodel(c)EmbeddedDiscretetimeMarkovChain
forLinkAvailability
RAN 1
RoutingofOpportunistic
Linksisdifferentfrom
Infrastructure
orInternet
RAN1 .
.
(Uplink)
OpportunisticRouting!
RANi
..
CR
Coexisting
Multi Radio
( p )
CRN
MS CR
MultiRadio
PrimarySystems
RANj RANk
CR
Source
MS CR
CR MS MS
MS
CR
Sink
CR
CR
MS MS
Sink
CR
CR
CognitiveRadio
RelayNetwork(CRRN)
(Downlink)
CRN
RoutingofOpportunisticLinks:
CRNLocalOnDemand(CLOD)
[Chen et al [Chenetal.
WileyWireless
Communications
& Mobile Computing,
&MobileComputing,
2009]
Complex Networks ComplexNetworks
Conjecture: Routing of opportunistic links Conjecture:Routingofopportunisticlinks
tendstoPoissonthroughput
From random graph theory YES! Fromrandomgraphtheory,YES!
Furthermore,CRNincoexistingmultiradio
systems/networks looks similar to systems/networkslookssimilarto
Internet/Webconnections(complexnetworksfrom
statisticalmechanics))
Socialnetworks
Muchmore
Whatisthetheoryoflargeand/orcomplex
networking?Anyunifiedtheory?
ApplicationsofCRN
The reason to apply cognitive radios Thereasontoapplycognitiveradios
Imagineyouorderahomerobotin2020 g y
Yourhouseandsurroundinghasfullyequipmentof
Sensornetworksforintelligentliving(beyonddigitalhome)
l l di l d h f l i di li i d Platpaneldisplayaroundeverywhereformultimediaapplicationsand
controlof
Peoplearemobilerequiringhugecommunicationbandwidth
EverythingisconnectedtoInternet
Tohelpyouhaveabetterlife,yourparentshaveasafe/healthylife,
your kids have a safe/happy/educated life, your wife have an easy life yourkidshaveasafe/happy/educatedlife,yourwifehaveaneasylife
DoNOT say:youaregoingtoprogramtherobottolink
(throughcommunicationnetworking)allthesedevices ( g g)
Overtrillionwirelessdevicesbythen
MostareusingspectrumnohigherthanafewGHz
SmartHome
Oneday
Y b h b
In2020,thismaybeyour
k h
BTW,HowisDad
inthehospital?
Youbuyanewhomerobot smartkitchen
Report:Emergency!
Whereisthefireextinguisher?
Iamat(2014,324,897)
Report:Itissafenow! Report:HeisOK.
Warning I am on fire
Internet
Warning,Iamonfire
I t t
April1,2009 92
Itisimpossibleforyoutoset/programthenew homerobottolinkallthese
devices.Theyshouldlearntocooperate byallmeans.
Internet
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
CognitiveRadioNetwork Bridgethe
WorldTogether
Inabovescenarios,thedifferentsystems(sensorandthe , y (
outsidecommunicationsystems)shouldrelyoncognitive
radiotobridgethem
Robot with Cognitive Radio RobotwithCognitiveRadio
WhenRobotsequippedwithcognitiveradio,theycanconnect q pp g , y
tovariouskindsofsystems
Health Care Sensors HealthCareSensors
Whenagedpeoplesufferfromsomedisease(ex.heartattack), g p p ( ),
sensorsofbodyareanetworkcaninformemergencysystem
throughcognitiveradionetwork
Health Care Sensors HealthCareSensors
Robottheninformambulancetotakeovertheemergency g y
situation
Safety Home Sensor SafetyHomeSensor
Robot is able to communicate other device by its cognitive
Ifacupofwateristurnover
Thisisprobablyadangerousenvironmentforelders.
Butiftheresarobotandsensornetwork
Robotisabletocommunicateotherdevicebyitscognitive
radioin thehousetocooperatetosolvetheproblemandavoid
dangeroussituation
New Research Frontier NewResearchFrontier
Howintelligentdevicesreactinanoptimalway g p y
basedonsensornetwork(s)?
Informationfusion
Decision
Control
f Insteadofpiecewisetheory,anyuniversaltheory
toexecute?
E l [H d Ch IEEE VTC S i 2009] Example:[HuangandChen,IEEEVTCSpring2009]
usinganexampleoffirefightingrobottoexplain
advantagestothinkthoroughly g g y
Completetheoryispreparedforsubmission,to
explainwhysensorfusion,Kalman filterorstatistical
learning and fuzzy logic are special cases learning,andfuzzylogicarespecialcases.
IEEE SCC41 Dynamic Spectrum Access IEEESCC41DynamicSpectrumAccess
IEEE1900from1Q2005,thenSCC41fromApril2007
IEEE1900.1:StandardDefinitionsandConceptsforSpectrum
ManagementandAdvancedRadioSystemTechnologies
Cognitivefunctionalityinwirelesscommunicationnetwork(CFWCN)to
ITURStudyGroup8,WP8A
IEEE1900.2:RecommendedPracticeforInterfaceandCoexistence
Analysis
IEEE1900.3:RecommendedPracticeforConformanceEvaluationof
SoftwareDefinedRadioModules
IEEE 1900.4: Coexistence Support for Reconfigurable, Heterogeneous IEEE1900.4:Co existenceSupportforReconfigurable,Heterogeneous
AirInterfaces
IEEE1900.A:DependabilityandEvaluationofRegulatoryCompliance
for Radio Systems with Dynamic Spectrum Access forRadioSystemswithDynamicSpectrumAccess
Internationalstandardizationhasstarted!
ConcludingRemarks g
Dynamicspectrumaccesstoenhancespectrumefficiencyisa
solution to crowded spectrum solutiontocrowdedspectrum
CooperativenetworkingofCRstoformCRNisanew
technology challenge for future wireless communications, technologychallengeforfuturewirelesscommunications,
withoutincreasingmoreairinterfaces
Terminalsaresmarterandsmarter,whichmakesnewservices, , ,
newoperations,andnewbusinessmodelspossibleand
needed.
Applicationsinservicerobots,health/medicalcares,intelligentliving,
etc.
Toward ubiquitous computing Towardubiquitouscomputing
Areyoureadyfornetworkingtrillionwirelessdeviceswithina
fewGHzbandforintelligentapplications?Becognitive!
April1,2009 100
g pp g
KCChen,NTUEE&GICE
TobepublishedinMidApril2009
1. WirelessCommunications
2. SoftwareDefinedRadio
3. WirelessNetworks
4. CooperativeCommunications
5. CognitiveRadios
6. CognitiveRadioNetworks
7. SpectrumSensing
8. MediumAccessControl
9. NetworkLayerDesign
10. TrustandSecurity
11 S M 11. SpectrumManagement

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