3-Torsion of Circular Shafts PDF

CHAPTER 3
TORSION OF CIRCULAR SHAFTS

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DIVISION OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS
V{tx F V{tx F
Torsion of Circular Shafts
MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 3 - 1
1. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston,Jr, John T. Dewolf, David F. Mazurek Mechanics of Materials
5
th
Edition in SI units
2. R.C.Hibbeler Mechanics of Materials Seventh Edition
Materials for this chapter are taken from :
CHAPTER 3
Not all deformation is elongational or compressive. The concept of strain can be
extended to inclined shearing or distortional effects.
Introduction
The deformation of a circular cylinder rod by surface tractions applied at the end
forces can be studied using basic concepts of continuum mechanics.
The formulas for deformation and stresses in circular cylinder of linear elastic
material subjected to torsion are developed .The state of stress in pure shear and
state of strain are analyzed.
state of strain are analyzed.
CHAPTER 3
Torsional Load
Turbine
Shaft
Motor/Generator
B A
Transmission shaft member
T
A
T
B
Longitudinal axis
A
B
Torsional effect
CHAPTER 3
Sign Convention
T
B
T
A
A B
Representation of torsion in 2D
We always consider CCW rotation as positive value and vice versa.
0
0
B A
T veCCW
T T
= +
=

B A
B A
T T T = =
We also know that torque
. T F dist =
CHAPTER 3
Shaft Deformation
From observation, the angle of twist of the shaft is
proportional to the applied torque and to the shaft
When subjected to torsion, every cross-section of a
circular shaft remains plane and undistorted.
proportional to the applied torque and to the shaft
length.
T
L

circular shaft remains plane and undistorted.
CHAPTER 3
Cross-sections for hollow and solid circular
shafts remain plain and undistorted shafts remain plain and undistorted
because a circular shaft is axisymmetric.
Cross-sections of noncircular (non-
axisymmetric) shafts are distorted when
subjected to torsion.
subjected to torsion.
CHAPTER 3
Derivation of Torsion Formula
4
1
2
J c =
Multiplying the equation by the shear
modulus,
max
G G
c
=
max
G G
c
=
From Hookes Law
max
G
c
= =
Recall that the sum of the moments from the
internal stress distribution is equal to the torque
on the shaft at the section,
( )
4 4
2 1
1
2
J c c =
2
max max
dA dA J
c c

= = =

The results are known as the elastic torsion
formulas,
max
Tc T
and
J J
= =
CHAPTER 3
Since the ends of the element remain planar, the
shear strain is equal to angle of twist.
Shear Strain
radial distance from the centre of the shaft.
The angle of twist of the free end after the load T
applied (rad)
Shear strain, is a function of the radius
L

=
Shear strain is proportional to twist and radius
max max
c
and
L c

= =
CHAPTER 3
Recall that the angle of twist and maximum
shearing strain are related,
max
c
L
=
Angle of Twist
max
L
=
In the elastic range, the shearing strain and
shear are related by Hookes Law,
max
max
Tc
G JG
= =
Equating the expressions for shearing strain and
solving for the angle of twist,
solving for the angle of twist,
TL
JG
=
In general,
i i
i
i i
T L
J G
=
CHAPTER 3
Example 3.1
An aluminum shaft with a constant diameter of 50 mm is loaded by torques applied to
gears attached to it as shown in Fig. below. Using G = 28 GPa, determine the relative
angle of twist of gear D relative to gear A. angle of twist of gear D relative to gear A.
CHAPTER 3
Draw free body diagram and solve for T in each section.
Solution
i i
i
i i
T L
J G
=
Apply the formula for angle of twist considering D relative to A.

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
/
2
/
4
1
32
1
1
800 2 300 3 600 2 1000
50 28000
0.1106
6.34 .
D A
D A
TL
JG
rad
Ans
=
( = +

=
=
CHAPTER 3
Example 3.2
A compound shaft consisting of a steel segment and an aluminum segment is acted
upon by two torques as shown in Figure below. Determine the maximum permissible
value of T subject to the following conditions:
st
83 MPa,
al
55 MPa, and the angle
of rotation of the free end is limited to 6. For steel, G = 83 GPa and for aluminum, G =
28 GPa.
2T
T
Steel
= 50 mm
Aluminium
= 40 mm
T
CHAPTER 3
Draw free body diagram and
solve for T in each section.
Based on maximum shearing
stress
Solution
stress
3
max
16T d =
ALUMINIUM
( )
( )
3
16
55
40
691.15 .
al
T
T m
= =
=
( ) ( )
3 900 600
i i
i i
T L
J G
T T
=
| |
Based on maximum angle of twist

STEEL
( )
( )
3
16 3
83
50
679.04 .
st
T
T m
= =
=
691.15 . T m =
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
4 4
1 1
32 32
3 900 600
6
180
50 83000 40 28000
757.32 .
T T
T m

| |
= +
|
\
=
Use T = 679.54 N.m as an answer.
CHAPTER 3
Statically Indeterminate Shafts
Given the shaft dimensions and the applied
torque, we would like to find the torque
2 m
torque, we would like to find the torque
reactions at A and B.
From a free-body analysis of the shaft,
A B
T T 90 N.m + =
which is not sufficient to find the end
torques. The problem is statically
90 N.m
2 m
2 m
torques. The problem is statically
indeterminate.
CHAPTER 3
Divide the shaft into two components which
must have compatible deformations, must have compatible deformations,
A 1 B 2 1 2
1 2 B A
1 2 2 1
T L T L L J
0 T T
J G J G L J
= + = = =
Substitute into the original equilibrium equation,
1 2
A A
L J
T T 90 N.m
L J
+ =
90 N.m
A A
2 1
L J
CHAPTER 3
Example 3.3
The solid steel shaft has a diameter of 20
mm. If it is subjected to the two torques,
determine the reactions at the fixed supports
500 m
A
determine the reactions at the fixed supports
A and B.
Solution
By inspection of the free-body diagram,
(1) 0 500 800 ; 0 = + =
T T M
800 m
B
0.2 m
500 m
0.3 m
1.5 m
C
D
(1) 0 500 800 ; 0 = + =
A b x
T T M
Since the ends of the shaft are fixed,
0
/
=
B A
CHAPTER 3
Using the sign convention,
( ) ( )( ) ( )
0
3 . 0 5 . 1 500 2 . 0
= +
+
+
A A B
JG
T
JG
T
JG
T
(2) 750 2 . 0 8 . 1 =
B A
T T
JG JG JG
T
A
= -345 Nm and T
B
= 645 Nm.
CHAPTER 3
Design of Transmission Shafts
Principal transmission shaft performance
specifications are: specifications are:
power
speed
Designer must select shaft, material and
cross-section to meet performance
specifications without exceeding allowable
shearing stress.
CHAPTER 3
Determine torque applied to shaft at specified power and speed,
2 P T fT
P P
= =
2
P P
T
f
= =
Find shaft cross-section which will not exceed the maximum allowable
shearing stress,
max
Tc
J
=
( )
( )
( )
3
max
4 4
2 1
2 2 max
2
2
J
J T
c solid shafts
c
J T
c c hollowshafts
c c
= =
= =
CHAPTER 3
Example 3.4
The steel shaft shown in Fig. below rotates
at 4 Hz with 35 kW taken off at A, 20 kW
Torque from power transmission
Solution
removed at B, and 55 kW applied at C.
Using G = 83 GPa, find the maximum
shearing stress and the angle of rotation of
gear A relative to gear C.
( )
( )
( )
2
35 1000
1392.6
2 4
20 1000
795.8
A
P
T
f
T m
T m
= =
= =
( )
( )
( )
( )
20 1000
795.8
2 4
55 1000
2188.4
2 4
B
C
T m
T m
= =
= =
CHAPTER 3
( ) ( )
/
1
A C
TL
JG
TL
G J
=
=
(
( )( )
( )
max
3
3
16
16 1392.6 1000
42.63
55
AB
T
d
MPa
=
= =
Relative to C:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
/
4 4
1 1
32 32
1392.6 4 2188.4 2
1
1000
83000
55 65
0.104796585
6.004 .
A C
rad
Ans

(
( = +
(

=
=
( )( )
( )
3
max
16 2188.4 1000
40.58
65
42.63 .
BC
AB
MPa
MPa Ans

= =
= =
CHAPTER 3
Example 3.5
A solid steel shaft 5 m long is stressed at 80 MPa when twisted through 4. Using G = 83
GPa, compute the shaft diameter. What power can be transmitted by the shaft at 20 Hz?
From angle of twist,
( )( )
( )
5 1000
4
TL
JG
T
=
| |
=
|
( )
max
3
4
16
16 0.1138
80
T
d
=
=
Max. shear stress
2
P
T
f
P
=
From power
transmission eqn.
Solution
( )
4
1
32
4
4
180 83000
0.1138
d
T d

=
|
\
=
3
80
138 .
d
d mm Ans
=
=
( )
4
4
0.1138
2 20
14.3
5 186237285 . /
5 186237.28 .
P
d
P d
mm s
W Ans
=
=
=
=
CHAPTER 3
Supplementary Problem 3
1. A solid compound shaft is made of
three different materials and is
subjected to two applied torques as
shown below. (a) Determine the
4 km
Steel
= 75 mm
Aluminium
= 100 mm
shown below. (a) Determine the
maximum shearing stress developed
in each material. (b) Find the angle of
rotation of free end of shaft. Use G
a
=
28 GPa, G
s
= 83 GPa, and G
b
= 35
GPa.
2. The torque shown are exerted on
pulleys A and B. Knowing that each
= 75 mm
Bronze
= 75 mm
1.5 km
pulleys A and B. Knowing that each
shaft is solid, determine the maximum
shearing stress (a) in shaft AB, and (b)
in shaft BC.
CHAPTER 3
3. A shaft composed of segments AC,
CD, and DB is fastened to rigid
supports and loaded as shown in Fig.
below. For bronze, G = 35 GPa;
Steel
= 25 mm
Aluminium
= 50 mm
A
Bronze
= 25 mm
below. For bronze, G = 35 GPa;
aluminum, G = 28 GPa, and for steel,
G = 83 GPa. Determine the
maximum shearing stress developed
in each segment.
4. The steel shaft is made from two
segments: AC has a diameter of 12
700 m
= 25 mm
300 m
D
C
B
750 Nm
12 mm 25 mm
segments: AC has a diameter of 12
mm, and CB has a diameter of 25
mm. If it is fixed at its ends A and B
and subjected to a torque of 750 Nm,
determine the maximum shear stress
in the shaft. G
st
= 75 GPa.
125 mm 200 mm 300 mm
12 mm 25 mm
A C
D
B
Gear D
CHAPTER 3
5. A shaft ABCD is made of steel as shown in Figure below. If equal opposite
torques are applied at the end of the shaft, find the maximum allowable value of
d
1
for the maximum shearing stress in AB not to exceed that in CD. If torque
1
applied is 10 kN.m, what is the total angle of twist?
A B
C
D
d1
CHAPTER 3
6. A 5-m steel shaft rotating at 2 Hz has 70 kW applied at a gear that is 2 m from the
left end where 20 kW are removed. At the right end, 30 kW are removed and another
20 kW leaves the shaft at 1.5 m from the right end. (a) Find the uniform shaft 20 kW leaves the shaft at 1.5 m from the right end. (a) Find the uniform shaft
diameter so that the shearing stress will not exceed 60 MPa. (b) If a uniform shaft
diameter of 100 mm is specified, determine the angle by which one end of the shaft
lags behind the other end. Use G = 83 GPa.
CHAPTER 3
7. The solid steel shaft AC has a diameter of 25 mm and is supported by smooth
bearings at D and E. It is coupled to a motor at C, which delivers 3 kW of
power to the shaft while it is turning at 50 rev/s. If gears A and B remove 1 kW
power to the shaft while it is turning at 50 rev/s. If gears A and B remove 1 kW
and 2 kW, respectively, determine the maximum shear stress developed in the
shaft within regions AB and BC. The shaft is free to turn in its support bearings
D and E.
CHAPTER 3
8. Two solid steel shafts (G = 77 GPa)
are connected by the gears shown.
Knowing that the radius of gear B is r
B
= 20 mm, determine the angle through
which end A rotates when T
A
= 75 Nm.

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CHAPTER 3

TORSION OF CIRCULAR SHAFTS

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 3 - 4

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 3 - 5

Apply the formula for angle of twist considering D relative to A.

Based on maximum angle of twist

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