Chapter- I INTRODUCTION

Speaking is a productive skill. By speaking, we do not mean merely uttering words through mouth. It means conveying the message through the words of mouth. Speaking skill is also neglected in our class rooms. Students do not get any chance either in the class room or outside to speak English. Speaking is a not a part of our examinations. Learning to speak also demands a lot of practice and attention. We learn to speak our mother tongue just by listening and repeating. The teacher does not adopt the natural way. He can give them certain structures and ask them to repeat. This will remove their shyness. He can give those drills in the basic patterns of language. Developing speaking skills in the class room is some sort of practical aspect related to the theoretical knowledge about speaking. How a speaking skill based lesson is planned and implemented to develop grammatical accuracy, fluency and communicative competence? There are three stages of a speaking lesson the presentation stage, the practical stage, and the production stage. In the presentation stage, the teacher manages to give input the students and students remain most receptive during the time. The new language may be introduced by the model speech of the teacher or by people speaking on an audio tape or any other suitable device. Sometimes the teacher uses pictures to motivate the students for getting a response from them. In the practical stage, the teacher provides ample opportunity to the students to use the target language in various ways. He himself remains in the background while the students take active part during this stage of the lesson. In the production stage, students are judged how far they are able to use the target language accurately and have they developed fluency or not. Students, at this stage, are expected to use a grammatical construction in real communication. Accuracy and fluency are the two goals during the process of learning, first the students have to achieve accuracy in the use of the target language, and then they are required to develop fluency in communication the real purpose of learning a foreign language. In this competitive world, where a communication in a global society is a must to ensure our survival, the ability to use an international lingua franca- English

is indeed vital, especially in business, sciences and technology many enterprises and factories offer job vacancies to those applicants who are capable in English both written and spoken. They promise good positions and better prospects. Another one, the television stations programs, which have never been absent in English entertainment and educational program are presented to those who are eager of improving their English, however, in reality we still find the advancement insignificantly. There are many student know English passively, and even they are not interested in attending the English class seriously. This problem caused by the unsuitable method and the media are used, which may make the students feel boring and frustration in teaching learning process, especially English speaking. I am tries to use one of the media that is audio visual aids. The writer also would like to find out and make an alternative method to solve it. And hopefully this medium will make a better result than other media, which she has carried out in case study. Language is the medium of thoughts clearly and fluently in ones own dialect or language. Urdu is the national language of Pakistan by constitution. The identity of the Pakistani nation and its religious, social, cultural and literary heritage is owed to its national language. No doubt, English is an international language. It is gaining the status of global language day by day. Scope of English language in international trade, commerce, foreign relations cannot be denied. Different statements can have different difficulties and problems in learning English. They can make different mistakes in English pronunciation, grammar, and orthography and vocabulary usage. Listening comprehension and speaking in English are the skill generally more frequently used than reading & writing in daily living in an English speaking country. The purpose of the study was to examine the Improving speaking skill at graduation level. The main objectives of the study Improving speaking skill at graduation level. 1.1 Statement of the Problem The study was to analyze Improving speaking skill at graduation level. 1.2 Objectives of the Study The main objectives of the study are: 1. To explore the problems those are faced by students in English speaking skill.

2. To find out the opinion of English teachers about problems of the students in English speaking skill. 3. To highlight the cause of English speaking difficulties faced by students at graduation level. 4. To identify the importance of speaking skill at graduation level. 5. To suggest some measures for the improvement of speaking skill at graduation level. 1.3 Significance of the Study 1. The study may be significant for curriculum designers and policy makers. 2. The results of the study may provide a basis for course/content revision and improvement of curriculum on speaking activities at graduation level. 3. The study may be significant to provide information about the problems of communication at graduation level. 4. The study may be significant due to use of A.V .Aids during speaking skill by the teachers and students at graduation level. 5. The study may be significance for the department of education that they recruit the competent and skillful teachers at graduation level who teaches the students how to develop the speaking skill. 6. The study may be beneficial for the students of further research. 1.4 Procedure of the Study To achieve the objectives of the study, following procedure would be adopted. 1. A rating scale regarding the Learning difficulties in English speaking skill at graduation level was developed after reviewing the related literature. 2. The draft tool was tried out over 05 teachers of English teaching at graduation level and then got validation by a panel of teachers. 3. The data was collected by the researcher personally from the teachers and students at graduation level from Multan City. 4. The collected data was analyzed using percentage and mean statistical technique. 1.5 Delimitation of the Study

This study was delimited to the Learning difficulties in English speaking skill at elementary level. 1. 5 Govt colleges of Multan city only. 2. 25 Teachers of English form Multan city. 3. 30 Students of Govt. colleges of Multan city. 1.6 Definition of the Terms Following definition of the terms were used in this study: Speaking: Speaking means conveying the message through the words of mouth. Skill: Study is the process of making and applying the mind to learn and understand a subject to produce knowledge and skill. But here skill means the speaking skill. Teachers: Teachers means here the teachers who teach the students at graduation level. Learning: Learning is a relatively permanent change in a behavioral tendency that occurs as a result of reinforced practice.

Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter deals with the review of literature related to the topic under study, for this purpose Library and internet material was reviewed and a brief summary has been is given in this chapter.

Chapter-III METHOD OF RESEARCH

This chapter describes the method details of constructing and distribution of questionnaires collection and analysis of data. 3.1 Design of Study The study was designed to know about the Improving speaking skill at graduation level. in Government colleges Multan city only. The nature of present study was descriptive. For this, survey method was applied. 3.2 Target of Population The target population of the study was all the teachers and students of graduation level in Multan city. 3.3 Sample (25) Teachers and (30) students of 5 Government colleges of Multan city were chosen in the sample using the random sampling technique. 3.4 Development of Tools Designing the rating scale plays a key role in the survey while designing the scale researcher must consider that Questionnaire should be simple, interesting and self explanatory (for the Respondent). The rating scales was prepared in 30 questions (20 for teachers and 10 for students) were included. Questions were close ended as

well as simple so that respondents could immediately answer those questions. The scale which was used in this study was Likert Scale. 3.5 Data Collection The data was collected in order to know the Improving speaking skill at graduation level. Relevant information was collected in the form of solved questionnaire. The major sources of data collection are as follows: 1. Library 2. Internet 3. Research thesis 4. Journals and magazine 5. Books of Communication 3.6 Data collection Relevant information was collected personally in the form of solved questionnaires for analysis of questionnaires; the responses of written statements were categorized into five groups. 3.7 Data Analysis Responses of rating scale were organized analyzed and tabulated item wise. Opinions of all respondents were analyzed using the statistical technique of percentage and mean. 3.8 Statistical Tools Following statistical tools were used to analysis the data. 1. Percentage 2. Average Mean Score = SA A UD DA SDA = = = = = 5 N1 + 4 N 2 + 3N 3 + 2 N 4 + 1N 5 N1 + N 2 + N 3 + N 4 + N 5 Strongly Agreed Agreed Undecided Disagreed Strongly Disagreed 6

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Flesch, R. (1953), To the editor of College English. College English, 14 (8), 470. Retrieved July 29, 2006 from Government of Pakistan (1994). Curriculum report in English for middle classes (viviii) Islamabad. Ministry of Education, National Curriculum Committee. Johson, K. (N.D). Readability. Retrieved May 25, 2006, from http.//www.timetabler.com/reading.html. Journal of Elementary Education Vol. 17, No. (2007) Department of Elementary Education Institute of Education and Research University of the Punjab Quaid-i-Azam Campus. Lahore. Language and learning (The Debate between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky) Edited by (Massimo Piateli-Palmarini) London, Melbourne and Henley, ROUTLEDGE & KEGAN PAUL. Language teaching library: Materials development in language teaching. (Edited by ) Brian Tomlinson. Learning to teach (A. Decision Making System) (Murray Tillman, Donald Bersoff, John Dolly). Longman. (1987 edu) Dictionary of contemporary English. (New Edition) England Clays Limited. Materials and methods in ELT (II edition) A teachers guide: (Jo Mc Donough & Christopher Shaw). Mc Laughlin, G.H. (1969) SMOG Grading-a new readability formula Journal of Reading (May) 639-646. Retrieved June 18, 2006. From 'Learning Teaching' Scrivener, Jim, Heinemann 1994

APPENDICES Appendix A QUESTIONNAIRE Appendix- B LIST OF COLLEGES IN MULTAN CITY