GRAPHS Measurement of speed control characteristics Speed input potentiometer setting

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

fs (Hz)
1.6667 2.5333 4.3333 6.1833 7.9833 10.2167 13.5500 26.3000 44.4833 50.9833

Nr (rpm)
0 0.052 72.7 126.4 180.8 233.6 296.7 383 762 1301 1495

Graph of Motor Speed Nr vs. Inverter frequency fs

1600

1400

1200

1000 Motor speed (rpm)

800

600

400

200

0 0 10 20 30 Inverter frequency fs (Hz) 40 50 60

Speed input potentiometer setting

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

fs (Hz)
1.6667 2.5333 4.3333 6.1833 7.9833 10.2167 13.5500 26.3000 44.4833 50.9833

Vs / fs (V/Hz)
0 12.000 8.684 7.385 6.469 5.512 4.502 3.247 3.346 3.192 3.138

Graph of Vs/fs Vs. Inverter frequency fs

14

12

10

8 Vs/fs (V/Hz) 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 Inverter frequency fs (Hz) 50 60

Speed input potentiometer setting

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

fs (Hz)
1.6667 2.5333 4.3333 6.1833 7.9833 10.2167 13.5500 26.3000 44.4833 50.9833

Is (A)
0.8 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.95 0.8 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.85

Graph of Motor current vs. Inverter frequency

1.4

1.2

Motor current (A)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0 10 20 30 Inverter frequency fs (Hz) 40 50 60

Speed input potentiometer setting

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

fs (Hz) 1.6667 2.5333 4.3333 6.1833 7.9833 10.2167 13.5500 26.3000 44.4833 50.9833

Ws (W) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 60 120 140

Graph of Motor power Ws vs. Inverter frequency fs

160

140

120

100 Motor power (W)

80

60

40

20

0 0 10 20 30 Inverter frequency fs (Hz) 40 50 60

Measurement of speed control characteristics with voltage control Voltage feed-back potentiometer setting
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Vs (V)
82 82 98 116 136 150 162 180 194

Nr (rpm)
741.4 741.6 747.4 751.3 753.8 755 755.9 756.6 757.3

Graph of Motor speed vs. Inverter output voltage Vs

760

758

756

754

Motor speed Nr (rpm)

752

750

748

746

744

742

740 80 100 120 140 Inverter output voltage Vs (V) 160 180 200

Voltage feed-back potentiometer setting

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Vs (V)
82 82 98 116 136 150 162 180 194

Is (A)
0.65 0.65 0.7 0.85 1 1.15 1.25 1.45 1.7

Graph of Motor current Is vs. Inverter output voltage Vs

1.8

1.6

1.4

Motor current Is (A)

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 Inverter output voltage Vs (V)

Voltage feed-back potentiometer setting

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Vs (V)
82 82 98 116 136 150 162 180 194

Ws (W)
40 40 40 60 60 60 80 80 100

Graph of Motor power Ws vs. Inverter output voltage Vs

110

100

90

80 Motor power Ws (W)

70

60

50

40

30 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210

Inverter output voltage Vs (V)

DISCUSSION Motive for keeping v/f constant with adjustable speed drives Necessity of keeping a constant V/f ratio is to maintain a constant torque below the rated speed. Maintaining a constant flux level is needed for a constant torque. Flux depends on the induced emf (E) and the supply frequency, as shown below. E = 4.44 k Nphf E/f Supply voltage is directly proportionate with the induced emf (E). By maintaining supply voltage to frequency ratio at constant over the speeds below rated, we can have a constant torque output. Also it is important to maintain flux level just below the knee point (90% of the knee point) to ensure proper utilization of the machine. V/f should be such that it wont exceed the knee point flux level. Otherwise, huge magnetizing currents will draw through the coil damaging the machine. V is not increased with f for speeds above the rated speed, the effect of this on the motor torque would be One can think that we can maintain the V/f ratio a constant for all the speeds such that we can have a constant torque output all the time. If that is the requirement you need to maintain the voltage above the rated value for the speeds above rated. Rated voltage of the machine is defined by the insulation of the conductors. This is not a good practice, to maintain voltage above the rated because the insulation wont be able to withstand the excess voltage. Therefore, above the rated speed voltage is kept constant at rated value while the frequency is increased. This will reduce the air gap flux of the motor, hence the maximum torque output. This region of operation is called the constant power region.

Speed-Torque characteristics of an IM

Degree of speed controllability with frequency control and voltage control Frequency Control Frequency control of the motor is available for all the speeds, either below or above the rated speed. When going away from the rated frequency the torque is reduced at both high and low frequencies. At lower frequencies, it is a must that V/f ratio should be kept a constant to avoid saturation of magnetic flux. At higher frequencies, voltage should be kept at the rated value to avoid any insulation failures.

Voltage control Voltage control is another option for speed controlling of IM. Motor pullout torque remains dropping as the voltage is decreased. However no load speed of the motor remains a constant in this case and small variation of the speed for a given load can be obtained by voltage control. Controllability is very narrow compared to the frequency controlling phenomena.

Comment on the motor voltage and current waveforms Input voltage waveform is a 40Hz signal which is generated by six step VSI. It is a square waveform. Current wave form is also in the same frequency and we can observe a clear phase shift with the voltage wave form. Spikes can be observed in the current wave form which are caused by switching of thyristors. Current wave form is highly distorted and that is because the harmonic content is higher in the current wave form. Salient features of control circuit VR1 & VR2 in slow up/slow down circuit used to change the rate of change of speed signal. There are five different potentiometers in N-I amplifier circuit namely VR1, VR2, VR3, VR4 and VR5. VR1 & VR3 - used to adjust the voltage and current feedback ratios VR2 & VR4 - used to adjust the control signal transient VR5 - used to adjust range of the final signal Since the voltage feed back potentiometer affect the converrter section only it can be used to change Vdc without affecting fs.

Adjustable Speed Induction Motor Drive