revaz danelia,

nana CxaiZe, Tamar kvaracxeliadadada

maTematika ekonomistebisaTvis

s a x e l m Z R v a n e l o
bakalavris mosamzadeblad saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
sasoflo-sameurneo universitetis
ekonomikur-humanitaruli fakultetis
studentebisaTvis

Tbilisi
2008w.

umaRlesi

maTematikis

winamdebare

saxelmZRvanelo

Sedgenilia

saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo sasoflo-sameureneo universitetis ekonomikur-humanitaruli fakultetis

bakalavrebisaTvis amJamad moqmedi programis mixedviT. naSromSi

umaRlesi maTematikis

amocanebisa

amocanebi

da

savarjiSoebis

gverdiT

mocemulia

martivi

ekonomikis

sferodan da yoveli maTgani dawvrilebiTaa amoxsnili. amasTan dakavSirebiT wignSi

gadmocemulia im ekonomikuri cnebebis gansazRvrebebi, romelic saWiroa ekonomikuri
amocanebis gamosakvlevad.

recenzentebi:fizika-maTematikis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori roland omanaZe
ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,
sruli profesori nugzar iosebaSvili

redaqtori:

fizika-maTematikis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

sruli profesori jemal rogava

winasityvaoba

Tanamedrove
aucilebelia
ekonomikis

ekonomistebisaTvis da agreTve sxva dargebis specialistebisaTvis

maTematikis

pirobebSi

zogierTi

ekonomikur

dargebis

arazedapiruli

specialobebze

maTematikis

codna.

sabazro

swavleba

axlebur

midgomas moiTxovs. ukan unda movitovoT am specialobebze maTematikis swavlebis

abstraqtuloba, romlis drosac srulad ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli ekonomikuri
mecnierebis

Taviseburebani,

radgan

igi

xSirad

Rebulobda

Sablonuri

Sinaarsis

amocanebis amoxsnaSi erTferovani varjiSis xasiaTs, rasac SesaZloa raRac formaluri

Cvevebis ganviTarebisaken ki mivyavdiT, magram xels ar uwyobda Tavisufali azrovnebis
ganviTarebas.

saTanado yuradReba ar eqceoda maTematikaSi miRebuli Sedegebis

gamoyenebas. arada ekonomikaSi aseTi SesaZleblobani uamravia.

saqarTvelos
fakultetis

saxelmwifo

studentebi

sasoflo-sameurneo

dRemde

moklebulni

universitetis

arian

umaRlesi

ekonomikis
maTematikis

saxelmZRvanelos mSobliur enaze. aseTi saxelmZRvanelos saWiroeba ki didi xania

momwifda. saxelmZRvanelos Sedgenisas vxelmZRvanelobdiT ekonomikur fakultetze
(bakalavriati)
(praqtikulis

amJamad
CaTvliT)

moqmedi
eTmoba

programiT,
140

sadac

saaTi.

aqedan

umaRlesi

maTematikis

gamomdinare

kurss

saxelmZRvaneloSi

mocemuli masalis gadmocemisas avtorebi umTavresad eyrdnobian geometriul mxares

(TvalsaCinoebas) da mkiTxvelis intuicias.

sakiTxebis mkacr logikur dasabuTebas,

rogorc es tradiciul sauniversiteto kursebSia mocemuli Cven ar mivmarTavT.

wignSi

mocemulia

amoxsnili

amocanebi

da

savarjiSoebi.

Cveni

rCevaa:

studentma pirveli dakvirvebuli wakiTxvis Semdeg damoukideblad amoxsnas igive

amocana

Tu

savarjiSo,

ris

Sedegadac

igi

daeufleba

praqtikul

saqmianobaSi

wamoWril ama Tu im sakiTxis damoukideblad gadawyvetis unar-Cvevebs.

avtorebi did madlierebis grZnobiT miiReben yvela im SeniSvnas, romelic
waadgeba naSromis daxvewas.

Tavi I.

simravleTa Teoria. maTematikuri induqciis meTodi.

kombinatorika. finansuri maTematikis elemntebi

$1.

elementaruli cnebebi simravleTa Teoriidan

saleqcio kursis programidan gamomdinare, Cvens mizans ar warmoadgens

simravleTa

namdvil

Teoriis

ricxvTa

gadmocema.

simravles

da

am

vTvliT,

rom

simravleSi

mkiTxveli

moqmedebebis

icnobs
ZiriTad

kanonebs. amitom gakvriT SevexebiT im elementarul cnebebs simravleTa

Teoriidan, romelTa gareSe gadmosacemi kursis ageba SeuZlebelia.

1. simravlis cneba maTematikis erTerTi ZiriTadi sawyisi cnebaa. misi

ganmarteba ufro martivi cnebebis saSualebiT TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. amitom
Cven am cnebis aRweriT unda davkmayofildeT. ase magaliTad, SeiZleba
vilaparakoT

sibrtyis

mravalkuTxedis
nacvlad

yvela

SeiZleba

yvela
gverdis

vixmaroT

wertilTa
simravleze

erToblioba,

simravleze,
da

sxva.

klasi,

an

sityva

sistema

raime

simravlis

da

sxva.

im

obieqtebs, romlebic am simravleSi arian gaerTianebuli, am simravlis

elementebsUuwodeben.
obieqtebis

savldebulo

erTobliobas

araa,

warmoadgendes.

rom
ase

simravle

maTematikuri

magaliTad,

SesaZlebelia

ganvixiloT aRebul momentSi Tbilisis mcxovrebTa simravle. yoveli piri,

romelic aRniSnul momentSi TbilisSi cxovrobs, Cveni simravlis elementi
iqneba.

simravle

gansazRrulia,

roca

cnobilia

am

simravlis

yvela

elementi. simravlis mocema SeiZleba an masSi Semavali yvela elementis

ubralo CamoTvliT (roca es SesaZlebelia), an im Tvisebebis dasaxelebiT,
romelic axasiaTebs simravleSi Semaval yvela elements.
simravleebs

avRniSnavT

didi

laTinuri

A, B, E, M. xolo mis elementebs patara asoebiT:

asoebiT:

ase

magaliTad:

Tu M simravlis yvela elementis saerTo saxelia e, maSin weren:

M = {e}.
Tu M simravle Sedgeba a, b, c, d...l elementebisagan, maSin weren:

M = {a, b, c, d,...l} .
Tu a obieqti Sedis M simravleSi, am garemoebas ase avRniSnavT:

a M . rac ikiTxeba Semdegnairad: `a ekuTvnis M simravles~ an `a

warmoadgens M simravlis elements~
Tu a obieqti araa

M simravlis elementi, maSin davwerT:

aM

da

vityviT `a ar ekuTvnis M simravles~.

zogierTi

gamoTqmis

gamartivebis

mizniT,

SemoaqvT

agreTe

e.w.

carieli simravlis cneba, ase ewodeba simravles, romelsac arc erTi

elementi ar gaaCnia. mas aRniSnaven

simboloTi. masaSadame rogori a

obieqti ar unda aviRoT, yovelTvis gveqneba

a .

yvela im x elementTa simravle, romlebsac gaaCniaT raime p Tviseba,

aRiniSneba Semdegnairad:
simravle,

romlebic

{x : p} .

naklebia

magaliTad, yvela im naturalur ricxvTa

100-ze

ase

aRiniSneba

{x :

x N,

x < 100}

sadac N-naturalur ricxvTa simravlea.

A simravles ewodeba B simravlis qvesimravle, Tu A simravlis yoveli

elementi ekuTvnis B simravles da weren: (ikiTxeba `A Sedis B-Si). Tu

A simravle ar aris Tu B simravlis qvesimravle , maSin weren: .

miRebulia, rom carieli simravle nebismieri A simravlis qvesimravlea. e.i. .

cxadia, nebismieri A simravle Tavis Tavis qvesimravles warmoadgens,
e.i .
Tu A simravle B simravlis qvesimravlea, xolo A-Si arsebobs erTi
elementi mainc, romelic B-s ar ekuTvnis, maSin A-s ewodeba B-s sakuTrivi
qvesimravle.
Tu da , maSin A da B simravleebs toli ewodeba da weren =.
ori

A da B simravleebis

gaerTianeba

(jami)

ewodeba

yvela

im

elementis simravles, romlebic A da B simravleebidan erTerTs mainc

ekuTvnis da simboloTi aRiniSneba. cxadia, rom

=.

Tu gvaqvs ramdenime simravle A1, A2, A3, . . .,An, maSin am simravleTa

gaerTianeba ewodeba yvela im elementis simravles, romlebic ekuTvnis
erT-erTs

mainc

aRiniSneba ase:

mocemuli

simravleebidan.

A1 A 2 L An

simravleTa

gaerTianeba

an

A .
k

k =1

ori A da B simravlis TanakveTa (namravli) ewodeba yvela im elementis

simravles, romlebic erTdroulad ekuTvnis, rogorc A ise B simravles da

simboloTi aRiniSneba.
axla vTqvaT, mocemulia ramdenime simravle A1, A2, A3, . . .,An, maSin am
simravleTa TanakveTa (namravli) ewodeba yvela im elementis simravles,
romlebic erTdroulad ekuTvnis ekuTvnis yvela mocemul simravles. am
SemTxvevaSi simravleTa TanakveTa ase aRiniSneba:
A1 A 2 L An
A da B simravlis Usxvaoba ewodeba

simravles,

romlebic

simravles

ar

an

A .
k =1

A simravlis yvela im elementis

ekuTvnian

da

A\B simboloTi

aRiniSneba.
cxadia, rom Tu =, maSin A\B=A.
advilia

Cveneba,

rom

moqmedebebs

simravleebze

gaaCniaT

Semdegi

Tvisebebi:
1.

A B = B A,

A B = B A,

(komutaciuroba);

2. A ( B C ) = ( A B) C , A ( B C ) = ( A B) C (asociaciuroba);
3. A ( B C ) = ( A B) ( A C ),

(distribuciuloba).

ganvixiloT raime bunebis elementTa M simravle da vigulisxmoT,

rom masSi Semavali elementebisaTvis raime niSnis mixedviT dadgenilia
garkveuli rigi ise, rom Sesrulebulia Semdegi pirobebi:
1. Tu a da b warmoadgenen M simravlis sxavdasxva elementebis raime
wyvils, maSin erT-erT maTgans ufro dabali rigi aqvs, vidre meores,
(amasTan

Tu magaliTad a-s

ufro dabali rigi aqvs, vidre b-s, maSin b-s ar

SeiZleba ufro dabali rigi hqondes vidre a-s. aseT SemTxvevaSi Cven
vityviT, rom

M simravleSi

dawesebuli rigis mixedviT a win uswrebs b-s,

an b aris a-s momdevno).

2. Tu a-s ufro dabali rigi aqvs vidre b-s, xolo

b-s ufro dabali

rigi aqvs vidre c-s, maSin a-s ufro dabali rigi aqvs vidre c-s.
6

Tu simravleSi SemoRebulia rigis cneba, ise rom igi zemoaRniSnul

or pirobas akmayofilebs, maSin mas dalagebuli simravle ewodeba, xolo
im niSans, romelic am pirobebs akmayofilebs da garkveul rigs amyarebs M
simravlis elementebs, Soris simravlis dalagebis wesi hqvia.
Tu a-s ufro dabali rigi aqvs vidre b-s Cven davwerT a p b
(ikiTxeba: a win uswrebs b-s). am simbolos gamoyenebiT zemoTaRniSnuli ori
piroba, romelsac unda akmayofilebdes simravlis dalagebis wesi SeiZleba
CavweroT ase:
1) Tu

ab

da

a, b M

apb

maSin

an

afb

amasTan, roca

a pb,

SeuZlebelia gvqondes b p a .
2) Tu a p b da b p c maSin a p c .
magaliTad, vTqvaT M aRniSnavs sxvadasxva asakis adamianTa jgufs.
ganvixiloT am simravlis ori elementi, e.i. ori pirovneba Cveni jgufidan
da

mas,

vinc

ufro

axalgazrdaa,

dabali

rigi

mivaniWoT,

meoresTan

SedarebiT; es wesi M simravles dalagebul simravled aqcevs da simravlis

dalegebis wess gansazRvravs asaki.

2. namdvil ricxvaTa simravle. radgan namdvil ricxvTa simravlis

ZiriTadi Tvisebebi da ariTmetikuli moqmedebebi namdvil ricxvebze mkiTxvelisaTvis cnobilia maTematikis saskolo kursidan, amitom Cven maTze ar
SevCerdebiT. avRniSnoT mxilod Semdegi ori Tviseba:
1. dalagebuloba. Tu x y maSin an x<y , an x>y .
2. uwyvetoba. X da Y namdvil ricxvTa ori simravlea, Tu nebismieri
x X

da

y Y

ricxvebisaTvis

marTebulia

utoloba

x y,

arsebobs erTi mainc iseTi C risxvi, rom yoveli x X da y Y

ricxvebisaTvis sruldeba utoloba
SevniSnoT,

rom

uwyvetobis

Tviseba,

x c y.

romelic

namdvil

ricxvTa

simravles gaaCnia, ar gaaCnia racionalur ricxvTa simravles. magaliTad,

X = xQ :x <

vTqvaT

} da

Y = {y Q : y > 2 } cxadia, rom Tu x X da y Y

maSin x y magram ar arsebobs iseTi racionaluri C ricxvi, rom yoveli

x X da y Y marTebuli iyos utoloba x c y .

3.

ricxviTi

fiqsirebulia

ReZi.

ricxvTa

raime O wertili

Sualedebi.

wrfes,

romelzedac

(saTave), arCeulia dadebiTi mimarTuleba

da sigrZis erTeuli (masStabi)

ricxviTi RerZi anu ricxviTi wrfe

ewodeba (nax.1).

M ( x)

nax. 1
ricxviTi RerZis yovel M wertils SeiZleba Sevusabamod erTaderTi
namdvili x

ricxvi da piriqiT. es urTierTcalsaxa Sesabamisoba SeiZleba

damyardes Semdegi wesiT: x = OM (OM monakveTis sigrZes), Tu 0-dan M-saken

emTxveva

RerZis

am x ricxvs M

mimaTulebas

da

winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi

x = OM .

wertilis koordinati ewodeba. es garemoeba ase Caiwereba:

M(x). cxadia, rom O-saTvis koordinatia 0. mocemulia wertili RerZze

niSnavs, rom mocemulia wertilis koordinati (SemdgomSi namdvil ricxvsa

da mis Sesabamis wertils RerZze gavaigivebT).
ganvixiloT

namdvil

ricxvTa

simravlis

zogierTi

qvesimravle,

romlebTac ricxviTi Sualedebi ewodeba.

vTqvaT a da b namdvili ircxvebia da a<b.
gansazRvrebebi: yvela im namdvil x
akmayofileben

utolobas

a x b ,

ricxvTa simravles, romlebic

Caketili

Sualedi

(monakveTi)

ewodeba da [a;b] simboloTi aRiniSneba, e.i.

[ a; b ] = {x R : a x b}

analogiurad

(a; b ) = {x R : a < x < b}.

simravlis Ria Sualedi (intervali) ewodeba, xolo
[a; b) = {x R : a x < b},

(a; b] = {x R : a x b},
Sesabamisad naxevrad Ria Sualedebi marjvnidan da marcxnidan ewodebaT. a
da b ricxvebs ganxiluli Sualedebis sazRvrebi an boloebi ewodeba, xolo
b-a ricxvs Sualedis sigrZe.

yvela im namdvil x ricxvTa simravles, romlebic akmayofileben

utolobas x a usasrulo Sualedi ewodeba da [a;+ ) simboloTi aRiniSneba
e.i.

[a;+ ) = {x R : x a}.
8

usasrulo Sualedebs warmoadgenen agreTve Semdegi simravleebi:

(a;+ ) = {x R : x > a}
( ; b] = {x R : x b}
(a; b ) = {x R : a < x < b}
namdvil ricxvTa R simravlec usasrulo Sualeds warmoadgens da
igi ase aRiniSneba R = ( ;+ ) .
aR

ricxvis midamo U(a) ewodeba am ricxvis Semcvel yovel

intervals.
a R ricxvis midamo U(a; ) ewodeba (a-; a+) intervals:

U(a; )=(a-; a+).

SeniSvna. simbolo + ar aris ricxvi. es pirobiTi niSania da aRniSnavs im faqts, rom x cvlad sidides SeuZlia miiRos meti mniSvnelobebi,
vidre winaswar aRebuli nebismierad didi dadebiTi ricxvia.

- pirobiTi niSania da aRniSnavs im faqts, rom x cvlad sidides

SeuZlia

miiRos

naklebi

mniSvnelobebi,

vidre

winaswar

aRebuli

nebismierad mcire uaryofiTi ricxvia.

davaleba:
I. SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT

1. ras

ewodeba

simravlis

elementebi?

simravlis

nawili?

carieli

simravle?
2. ras

ras

niSnavs,

rom

A da

B simravleebs

Soris

damyrebulia

urTierTcalsaxa Tanadoba?
3. rogor simravleebs ewodeba ekvivalenturi?
4. rogor simravles ewodeba usasrulo simravle? sasruli simravle?
5. ras niSnavs, rom c ricxvi moTavsebulia a da b ricxvebs Soris?
6. rogor ricxvebs ewodeba namdvili ricxvebi?
7. ras ewodeba intervali? segmenti? naxevarintervali? naxevarsegmenti?
8. rogor ricxvebs ewodeba racionaluri?
9

9. wrfis ra wertils ewodeba racionaluri wertili?

II. praqtikuli savarjiSoebi

1. mocemulia

simravleebi:

A = {a , b, c , d , e}

B = {c , d , e, f , g } .

da

ipoveT

A I B, A U B, A \ B .
2. SejibrebaSi
4

monawileobda

moTxilamure

mociguravec

moTxilemure

iyo.

ramdeni

da

20

sporcmeni

mocigurave.
monawileobda

SejibrebaSi?
3. daamyareT urTierTcalsaxa Sesabamisoba [0,1] segmentsa da [a,b] segments
Soris.
4. daamyareT urTierTcalsaxa Sesabamisoba

]a, b[

intervalsa da ricxvTa

RerZs Soris.
5. daamyareT urTierTcalsaxa Sesabamisoba

[0,1[

da

[0,+[

simravleebs

Soris.
6. daamyareT urTierTcalsaxa Sesabamisoba wrewirsa da wrfes Soris.

$2

maTematikuri induqciis meTodi da

kombinatorikis elementebi

1. maTematikuri induqcia

(an sruli induqcia) ewodeba naturaluri

ricxvebis Sesaxeb Teoremebis damtkicebis meTods. arsebobs Teoremebi,

romlebic

WeSmaritia,

ricxvTaTvis,

da

aseve

zogierTi
arsebobs

erTmaneTis

momdevno

naturalur

Teoremebi,

romlebic

WeSmaritia

sazogadod, nebismieri naturaluri ricxvisaTvis. maTematikuri induqciis

(an sruli induqciis) meTodi xSirad gamoiyeneba imis dasamtkiceblad, rom
Teorema WeSmaritia zogadi SemTxvevisaTvis e.i. nebismieri naturaluri
ricxvisaTvis.

10

Teorema. vTqvaT T(n) aris Teorema naturaluri n ricxvis Sesaxeb.

dauSvaT, rom:
1. Teorema T WeSmaritia n0 naturaluri ricxvisaTvis;
2. Tu T Teorema

WeSmaritia naturaluri kn0 ricxvisaTvis maSin

igi WeSmaritia momdevno naturaluri k+1 ricxvisaTvisac.

Tu es ori piroba Sesrulda maSin T Teorema

WeSmaritia nebismieri

nn0 ricxvisaTvis. Tu n0=1 gvaqvs sruli induqcia, xolo

n0>1 arasruli

induqcia.

damtkiceba. dauSvaT, rom T(n) Teorema ar aris WeSmariti, romelime

N>n0

naturaluri ricxvisaTvis, maSin igi ar unda iyos WeSmariti N-1

naturaluri ricxvisaTvisac, vinaidan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, e.i. Tu T(n)

Teorema WeSmaritia N-1 naturaluri ricxvisaTvis, maSin meore pirobis
ZaliT igi WeSmariti iqneboda N naturaluri ricxvisaTvisac. analogiurad
miviRevT,

rom

ricxvisaTvis,

Tu

T(n) Teorema

maSin

igi

ar

ar

aris

iqneba

WeSmariti
WeSmariti

N-1
N-2

naturaluri
naturaluri

ricxvisaTvisac da a.S.
amrigad,

rogori

didi

ar

unda

iyos

naturaluri

ricxvi,

TanmimdevrobiT TiTo erTeulis gamoklebiT mivalT im daskvnamde, rom T(n)

Teorema ar aris WeSmariti ar aris n0 naturaluri ricxvisaTvis, rac
pirvel pirobas ewinaaRmdegeba. maSasadame daSveba imisa, rom Teorema ar
aris WeSmariti N n0 ricxvisaTvis mcdaria.

magaliTi

1.

davamtkicoT

12 + 2 2 + L + n 2 =

n ( n + 1)( 2 n + 1)
6

tolobis

WeSmariteba.
amoxsana: roca n0=1 dasamtkicebeli toloba WeSmaritia, marTlac
12 =

1(1 + 1)( 2 1 + 1) 1 2 3
=
=1
6
6
1=1

dauSvaT toloba samarTliania, roca n=k e.i.WeSmaritia toloba:

12 + 2 2 + L + k 2 =

k ( k + 1)( 2 k + 1)
6

elementaruli gardaqmnebiT miviRebT:

11

12 + 2 2 + L + k 2 + (k + 1) =
2

k ( k + 1)( 2 k + 1)
k ( k + 1)( 2 k + 1) 6( k + 1) 2
2
+ (k + 1) =
+
=
6
6
6

( k + 1)
( k + 1)
( 2 k 2 + k + 6 k + 6) =
( 2 k 2 + 7 k + 6)
6
6

frCxilebSi

moTavsebuli

wevri

kvadratuli

samwevria,

romlis

3
da k 2 = , amitom ( 2 k 2 + 7 k + 6) = ( k + 2)( 2 k + 3) es ukanaskneli
2

fesvebia k1 = 2

SevitanoT dasamtkicebel tolobaSi, miviRebT

12 + 2 2 + L + k 2 + (k + 1) =
2

es

niSnavs,

gamomdinareobs,

rom
rom

( k + 1)( k + 2)( 2 k + 3) ( k + 1)[( k + 1) + 1][2( k + 1) + 1]

.
=
6
6

dasamtkicebeli
toloba

Teorema

marTebulia

WeSmaritia.

nebismieri

aqedan,

naturaluri

ki
n

ricxvisaTvis.
magaliTi 2. davamtkicoT, rom nebismieri n ricxvisaTvis adgili aqvs
tolobas:

a1 + a1q + a1q 2 + L + a1q n1 = a1

q n 1
(geometriuli progresiis n wevris
q 1

jamis formula).
amoxsna:

roca n=2 gvaqvs

a1 + a1q = a1

q2 1
(q 1)(q + 1)
= a1
= a1 (q + 1) = a1q + a1
q 1
q 1

amrigad dasamtkicebeli toloba marTebulia roca n=2 .

axla davamtkicoT, rom Tu toloba marTebulia naturaluri k2
ricxvisaTvis, maSin igi marTebuli iqneba momdevno k+1 ricxvisaTvisac,
pirobidan

a1 + a1q + a1q 2 + L + a1q k 1 = a1

qk 1
, gamomdinareobs, rom
q 1

a1 + a1q + a1q 2 + L + a1q k 1 + a1q k = a1

q k +1 1
,
q 1

marTlac,

a1 + a1 q + a1 q 2 + L + a1 q k 1 + a1 q k = a1
= a1

qk 1

qk 1
+ a1 q k = a1
+ q k =
q 1
q 1

q k 1 + q k +1 q k
q k +1 1
= a1
q 1
q 1

maSasadame Teorema marTebulia nebismieri n ricxvisaTvis.

12

2.

kombinatorikis

amocanebis

elementebi. xSirad Teoriuli da praqtikuli

gadasawyvetad

saWiroa

sasruli

simravlis

elementebisagan

sxvadasxva kombinaciebis Sedgena da raime wesiT Sedgenili yvela SesaZlo

kombinaciis raodenobis gamoangariSeba. aseT amocanebs, kombinatoruls
uwodeben, xolo maTematikis nawils, romelic dasaxelebul amocanebis
amoxsnas Seiswavlis - kombinatorikas.
erTi da igive sasruli simravlis elementebi SeiZleba davalagoT
sxvadasxva

rigiT

imisa

da

mixedviT,

Tu

simravlis

romel

elements

avarCevT pirvel elementad, romels meored da a.S.

gansazRvreba: sasrul simravleSi dadgenil rigs misi gadanacvleba
ewodeba.
n-elementiani simravlis yvela SesaZlo gadanacvlebaTa ricxvi Pn-iT

aRiniSneba.

cxadia,

igi

damokidebulia

mxolod

simravlis

elementTa

raodenobaze.
Tu

simravle

Sedgeba

erTi

elementisagan,

maSin

SesaZlebelia

erTaderTi gadancvleba e.i. Pn=1. Tu simravle Sedgeba ori elementisagan

{a,b}, maSin

SesaZlebelia

ori

(a,b) da

gadanacvleba

(b,a)

e.i.

P2=2.

Tu simravle Sedgeba sami elementisagan {a,b,c}, maSin SesaZlebelia eqvsi

gadanacvleba:
SesamCnevia,

(a,b,c), (a,c,b), (c,a,b), (c,b,a) (b,a,c) (b,c,a)

P1=1, P2=1.2, P3=1.2.3. maTematikuri

rom

e.i.

P3=6.

induqciis

advili

principis

gamoyenebiT davamtkicod, rom

Pn= 1 2 3L n

(1)

rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, rodesac n=1 es formula marTebulia, dauSvaT,

rom formula marTebulia n=k saTvis, e.i. Pk= 1 2 3L k vaCvenoT, formula
samarTliani iqneba

n=k+1, e.i.
Pk+1= 1 2 3L k (k + 1) .

marTlac, imisaTvis, rom miviRoT k+1 elementisagan yvela SesaZlo

gadancvleba, saWiroa TiToeul k elementian

adrindel gadanacvlebas

mivuerToT axali (k+1) elementi, romelic SeiZleba davayenoT 1-el, me-2,

me_3, . . . k ur
vleba

da (k+1)-e adgilze. amrigad, yoveli k elementiani gadanac-

warmoqmnis

(k+1)-axal

gadanacvlebas,

amitom

(k+1)

elementiani

simravlis yvela SesaZlo gadanacvlebaTa ricxvi iqneba Pk=(k+1), e.i.

Pk +1 = Pk ( k + 1) = 1 2 3L k ( k + 1) .

13

maTematikuri induqciis principis Tanaxmad (1) formula samarTliania

1 2 3L n

n-saTvis.

nebismieri

namravli

aRiniSneba

n!

(ikiTxeba

n faqtoriali). miRebulia, rom 0!=1 da 1!=1 maSasadame

Pn = n!.

gansazRvreba:
gebul

qvesimravles

n-elementiani simravlis nebismier m-elementian dala-

(m n )

ewodeba

aRiniSneba Anm simboloTi. maSasadame

n elementisagan

wyoba

m-ad.

igi

n elementisagan k-elementiani wyoba

aris simravle, romelic Seicavs k-elementians, aRebuls n elementisagan da

dalagebuls garkveuli mimdevrobiT. amasTanave, erTi da imave k-elementisagan

Semdgari

ori

wyoba

iTvleba

sxvadasxvagvarad,

Tu

isini

gansxvavdebian elementTa ganlagebiT. cxadia, rom An1 = n . marTlac, n-dan

erTi elementi n xerxiT SeiZleba avarCioT, xolo am elementisagan miiReba
erTaderTi dalagebuli simravle.
axla davamtkicoT, rom roca 1 m n , maSin Anm+1 = (n m) Anm . imisaTvis,
rom n elementisagan SevadginoT yvela SesaZlo (m+1) elementiani wyoba,
SeiZleba moviqceT Semdegnairad: jer avarCioT raime m raodenobis elementi da movaTavsoT isini pirvel m adgilze, amis Sesruleba SeiZleba Anm
xerxiT.
nili

(m+1) adgilze SeiZleba movaTavsod nebismieri elementi darCe(n-m) elementidan. amrigad yoveli m elementiani wyoba warmoqmnis

(n-m) raodenobis m+1 elementian wyobas, maSasadame, sul gveqneba (n m) Anm

wyoba, e.i. Anm+1 = (n m) Anm . Tu gaviTvaliwinebT, rom

A =n
1

da visargeblebT

damtkicebuli formuliT, gveqneba:

An1 = n ,
An2 = (n 1) An1 = n(n 1) ,
An3 = (n 2) An2 = n(n 1)(n 2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Anm+1 = (n m + 1) Anm = n(n 1)(n 2)L(n m + 1)

magram, n-dan (n-m+1)-mde naturalur ricxvTa namravli faqtorialis
saSualebiT SeiZleba Semdegnairad gamovsaxoT:
n(n 1)L(n m + 1) =

n(n 1)L(n m 1)L3 2 1

n!
=
1 2 3L(n m 1)(n m)
(n m)!

14

Anm =

e.i.

n!
(n m)!

SevniSnoT, rom Ann = Pn = n! .

gansazRvreba:

elemntiani

simravlis

nebismier

elementian

qvesimravles ewodeba jufTeba n elementisagan m-ad.

cxadia,

rom

mocemuli

simravlis

m-elemntiani

ori

jufTeba

sxvadasxvaa. mxolod maSin, rodesac isini gansxvavdebian erTi elementiT

mainc, xolo m elemntiani wyobebi rom gansxvavdebodnen, sakmarisia isini
gansxvavdebodnen dalagebiT.
n elementiani simravlis yvela SesaZlo m elementian jufTebaTa

ricxvi C nm simboloTi aRiniSneba. davamtkicoT, rom: Cnm =

imisaTvis,

rom

m-elemntiani

SesaZlebeli

n-elementisagan

mocemuli

wyoba,

SeiZleba

Anm
..
Pn

SevadginoT

moviqceT

yvela

Semdegnairad:

jer n-elementidan gamovyoT romelime m-elementi, rac C nm xerxiT SeiZleba

ganxorcieldes. gamoyofili m-elementi davalagoT sxvadasxvanairad, rac
Pm

xerxiT

simravles.
rom Anm =

SeiZleba
e.i.

Sesruldes.

Anm = Cnm Pn ,

amgvarad,

saidanac

Cnm =

miviRebT
Anm
.
Pn

C nm Pm dalagebul

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,

n!
da Pn= n! , miviRebT
(n m)!
Cnm =

n!
.
m! (n m)!

daumtkiceblad moviyvanoT jufTebaTa ricxvis Semdegi Tvisebebi:

1.

C nm = Cnnm ;

2. Cnm + Cnm+1 = C nm++11 ;

3. C n0 + C n1 + L + C nn = 2 n .

davaleba:
I. SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. ra aris maTematikuri induqcia?
15

2. ras Seiswavlis kombinatorika?

3. ras ewodeba wyoba? jufTeba ? gadanacvleba ?
4. moiyvaneT jufTebaTa ricxvis Tvisebebi.

II. praqtikuli savarjiSoebi

1.

daamtkiceT

maTematikuri

induqciis

meTodiT

Semdegi

formulebi

( n N ):
1.1.

a n = a1 + d ( n 1) ariTmetikuli progresiis zogadi wevris formula.

1.2. S n =

a1 + a n
2

n ariTmetikuli progresiis wevrTa jamis formula.

1.3. bn = b1 q n 1 geometriuli progresiis zogadi wevris formula.

2.

3.

daamtkiceT Semdegi tolobebi:

n ( n + 1)
, n N
2

2.1

1+ 2 + 3 +L+ n =

2.2

1 + 3 + 5 + L + ( 2 n 1) = n 2 , n N

gamoTvaleT:

A133
a)
;
A153 + A143

A 154 + A 145
b)
;
A 153

A 1512
g)
;
A 163 12 !

d)

(n + 3)!
(n + 1)!(n2 4)

4. amoxseniT gantoleba:
4
a) Ax Px 4 = 42 p x 4 ;

4
b) C x =

15 Ax2
;
4

g) A x + C x = 256 ;
2

d) Ax 1 C x = 79
2

$3. procentebis gamoTvla

1. dagroveba.
lobisaTvis procenti

Tanxas, romelsac ixdian fulad saSualebaTa sargebewodeba. procentis Sefardebas fulad saSualebaTa

k sididesTan (raodenobasTan) p procentuli ganakveTi ewodeba.

p=

P
100
k
16

ekonomikuri

amocanebis

gadawyvetisas

Zalze

moxerxebulia

e.w.

xvedriTi procentuli ganakveTiT sargebloba.

i xvedriTi procentuli ganakveTi _ aris is, Tanxa, romelic moaqvs

1 lars erT weliwadSi. gvaqvs

Tu

procenti

i=

Tavdapirvel

p P 100 P
% , sadac n
=
=
n
kn
nk

Tanxas

emateba,

maSin

welTa ricxvia.
xdeba

Tanxis

dagroveba. Tu damatebul procents ar daericxeba procenti, maSin gvaqvs

martivi procenti. Tu procenti emateba kapitals, romelsac is ericxeboda
da momdevno periodSi procenti ericxeba aseTnairad gazrdil kapitals,
maSin amboben, rom gvaqvs rTuli procenti.
ganvixiloT martivi procentis cneba. vTqvaT k sawyisi Tanxaa, i
xvedriTi procentuli ganakveTi, maSin n wlis Semdeg martivi procenti
iqneba kni. n wlis Semdeg martivi procentiT miRebuli Kn dagroveba
tolia
K n = k + kni = k (1 + ni )

(1)

miRebul formulaSi monawileobs oTxi sidide: k, kn, i, da n. (1) formulidan gamovTvliT yovel maTgans, Tu sami danarCeni cnobili sidideebia.
miviRebT
k=

Kn
1 + ni

(2)

n=

Kn k
ik

(3)

i=

Kn k
nk

(4)

magaliTi 1. 5000 lari gacemulia 4 procentad. gamoiangariSeT 3 wlis

ganmavlobaSi miRebuli dagroveba.
amoxsna. pirobis Tanaxmad k=5000, p=4, n=3. visargeblod (1) formuliT:
k3=5000(1+3i),

i=

magram

p
4
=
= 0,04 SevitanoT
100 100

i=0,04

k3-is

saangariSo

formulaSi miviRebT:
k3=5000(1+30,04)=50001,12=5600 lari.

magaliTi 2. ramdeni lari mogvcems or weliwadSi 784 000 lars, Tu

igi gacemulia yovelwliurad martiv 6 procentad.

17

amoxsna. mocemulia p=6, n=2

Kn=784 000. unda gamovTvaloT sawyisi

Tanxa. gamoviyenoT (2) formula, gveqneba:

k=

784 000 784 000

=
= 700 000 lari.
1 + 2 0,06
1,12

magaliTi 3. yovelwliurad 2000 lari gacemulia martiv 5 procentad.

ramdeni wlis Semdeg mogvcems igi 2500 lar mogebas?
amoxsna: mocemulia p=5, k=2000,

Kn=2500. unda gamovTvaloT n, (3)

formula gvaZlevs:
n=

ganvixiloT

2500 2000 500

=
= 5 weli.
2000 0,05 100

rTuli

procentis

cneba.

vTqvaT

sawyis

fulad

saSualebas n wlis ganmavlobaSi ericxeba rTuli procenti i xvedriTi

procentuli ganakveTiT;
k fuladi Tanxis sidide pirveli wlis Semdeg Seadgens
k1 = k + ik = k (1 + i )

meore wlis Semdeg

k = k + ik = k (1 + i ) = k (1 + i )
2

mesame wlis Semdeg

k 3 = k 2 + ik 2 = k (1 + i ) 3
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - n wlis Semdeg

k n = k n1 + ik n1 = k (1 + i ) n
e.i.

K n = k (1 + i ) n .
gamosaxulebas

(5)

1+i=r ewodeba rTuli procentis koeficienti. amrigad

K n = kr n
maSasadame

(6)

n wlis ganmavlobaSi i xvedriTi procentis daricxviT

fulad saSualebaTa saboloo raodenoba, romlis sawyisi raodenoba iyo k

romelic

tolia

sawyisi

Tanxa

gamravlebuli

rTuli

procentis

koeficientis xarisxze, romlis maCvenebelia welTa ricxvi.

magaliTi 4.

Semnaxvel salaroSi aTi wliT Setanilia anabari 100000

lari, ra Tanxas gadaixdis Semnaxveli salaro am periodis bolos Tu P=3.

18

amoxsna:

mocemulia

n=10, k=100 000, p=3;

unda

gamovTvaloT

Kn.

visargebloT (6) formuliT.

10

5
10
K n = kr = 100000(1 + i ) = 10 (1 + K n )1 +
= 10 1,03 = 134 392 lari
100
n

10

r sididis n xarisxis gamoTvla sakmarisad Sromatevadi procesia. misi

gamartiveba SegviZlia logariTmebis cxrilis gamoyenebiT.
me-(6)

formulaSi

monawileobs

sidide

Kn, k, n

da

xvedriTi

procentuli ganakveTi i. yoveli maTganis gamoTvla SesaZlebelia Tu

cnobilia

danarCeni

sami.

(6) formulidan gveqneba: k =

magaliTad,

Tu

cnobilia

Kn,

p,

n,

maSin

Kn
, sadac
rn
r = 1+ i = 1+

P
100

(7)

Tu cnobilia Kn , k da n, imaSin xvedriTi procentuli ganakveTi

Semdegnairad gamoiTvleba: gavalogariTmoT (6) formulis orive mxare,
miviRebT:
lg K n = lg k + n lg r ,
n lg r = lg K n lg k

saidanac:

lg r =

da

lg K n lg k
.
n

logariTmebis cxrilis gamoyenebiT gamoviTvliT r-is mniSvnelobas

da misi saSualebiT vpoulobT p-s. radgan

r = 1+ i = 1+

p
, gveqneba
100

p = 100 r 100

(8)

miRebuli formuliT ekonomikur analizSi dgindeba zrdis tempebis

saSualo mniSvneloba.
magaliTi 5. xuTwliani gegmis Sesasrulebel periodSi produqciis
moculoba unda gaizardos 85 %-iT. rogori unda iyos zrdis saSualo
tempi?
amoxsna:

vTqvaT, sagegmo wlis dasawyisSi gvaqvs produqciis

moculoba. xuTi wlis Semdeg gveqneba k5=kr5, magram k5=1,85k e.i. 1,85k=kr5.
r 5 = 1,85; r = 5 1,85 = 1,131 radgan r=1+i, amitom 1+i=1,131, saidanac i=0,131, magram

i=

P
;
100

p = 100 i = 100 0,131= 13,1%

me-(6) formulidan gveqneba, rom

19

n=
Tanxis
daematos

saboloo

sawyis

Tanxas

log K n log k
log r

sididis

(9)

gamosaTvlelad

weliwadSi

erTxel

procenti

wlis

SeiZleba

bolos,

agreTve

weliwadSi m jer, magaliTad yovel TveSi. am SemTxvevaSi procentebi 1

larze

1
i
wlis Semdeg Seadgens
, xolo 1 lari Tanxa Tavisi namatiT
m
m

1
i
wlis Semdeg iqneba: 1 +
m
m
2
i

wlis Semdeg iqneba: 1 +

m
m
i

1 wlis Semdeg iqneba: 1 +

m

da

a.S. ...

n wlis Semdeg iqneba: 1 +

m

da

a.S. ...

mn

amgvarad, Tu i procentuli ganakveTia, xolo procentuli daricxva

weliwadSi xdeba m jer, sawyisi k Tanxis saboloo sidide n wlis Semdeg
iqneba

K n = k 1 +
m

mn

(10)

Tu procentebis daricxva xdeba uwyvetad, e.i. m, maSin

in

K n = lim k 1 +
m
m

mn

= k lim 1 +
m
m

mn

= k lim 1 + = ke in .
m
m

(zRvarsa da zRvris gamoTvlas gavecnobiT SemdegSi).

maSasadame, uwyveti daricxvis SemTxvevaSi

K n = ke ni

(11)

yvelaze arsebiTi da moulodneli momenti, rac did yuradRebas

imsaxurebs uwyveti daricxvis dros aris Semdegi: miuxedavad imisa, rom
daricxvebis
Sesabamisi

raodenoba

saboloo

usasrulobisaken

Tanxebis

zrdas,

zRvruli

SemosazRvruli da gamoiTvleba (11) formuliT.

20

miiswrfvis,
saboloo

rac

iwvevs

Tanxa

rCeba

magaliTi 6. Tanxa k =100 000 lari dabandebulia n=3 wliT, yovlwliurad

p=6

rTul

procentad.

gamoTvleT

saboloo

Tanxa,

Tu

procentebis daricxva xdeba yoveli Tvis bolos.

amoxsna:

amocanis

pirobebis

gaTvaliswinebiT

(10)

formulidan

miviRebT

0,06
K 3 = 100 0001 +

12

= 100 000(1 + 0,005) 36 = 119 620 lari

gamoTvaleT k=100 000 laris saboloo sidide, romelic

magaliTi 7.
dabandebulia

123

p=6

rTul

procentad,

Tu

procentebis

daricxva

xdeba

uwyvetad 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

amoxsna:

(11)

formulaSi

SevitanoT

amocanis

pirobebi,

gveqneba

K 3 = 100 000e 30, 06 = 119 720

2. perioduli Senatani. Tu sxvadasxva periodis ganmavlobaSi yoveli

maTganis dasawyisSi bankSi Sedis p rTuli procentuli ganakveTiT mudmivi
k Tanxa, maSin k s ewodeba perioduli Senatani. gamovTvaloT is Tanxa,
romelic am gziT dagrovdeba n wlis Semdeg.
pirveli Senatani k dabandebulia n wliT. amrigad, misgan miiReba
Tanxa

r =1+

k1 = kr n ,

p
;
100

meore Senatani k
Tanxa

dabndebulia (n-1) wliT. amrigad, misgan miiReba

k 2 = kr n 1 ;
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ukanaskneli Senatani dabandebulia mxolod 1 wliT. amrigad, misgan

miiReba Tanxa

k n = kr ;

am Tanxebis jami aris saZiebeli A Tanxa. amrigad

A = kr n + kr n1 + L + kr = kr (1 + r + r 2 + L + r n1 ).

frCxilebSi

moTavsebuli

progresias mniSvneliT r.

amitom

gamosaxuleba
1+ r + r +L+ r
2

kr ( r n 1)
A=
r 1

warmoadgens
n 1

geometriul

r n 1
=
. maSasadame
r 1
(12)

3. martivi da rTuli ganakveTebiT sargeblobisas Tanxis dagrovebis

procesebis Sefaseba.

dasmuli amocanis Sesaswavlad saWiroa erTmaneTs

SevadaroT (1) da (5) formulebiT miRebuli sidideebi. dauSvaT, rom am

21

formulebSi tolia sawyisi Tanxac, sargeblobis ganakveTic da daricxvis

periodebis n raodenobac.
gvaqvs

K n'
K n''

k (1 + ni ) 1 + ni
=
k (1 + i ) n (1 + i ) n

K n
sadac,
K n

sargeblis martivi ganakveTia

sargeblis rTuli ganakveTia

ganvixiloT Semdegi sami SemTxveva:

1. roca n=1, miviRebT

K n' 1 + i
=
= 1 , maSasadame dagrovili Tanxebi tolia.
K n'' 1 + i

roca 0 p n p 1 da i f 0 , maSin mtkicdeba, rom 1 + ni f (1 + i ) , e.i.

n

2.

K n'
> 1.
K n''

es niSnavs, rom sargeblis martivi ganakveTi ufro met mogebas

iZleva.
roca n>1 da i>0, maSin mtkicdeba, rom 1 + ni p (1 + i ) , maSasadame
n

3.

K n'
< 1.
K n''
es niSnavs, rom

rTuli ganakveTi ufro met mogebas iZleva. cxadia

n is zrdasTan erTad gansxvaveba dagrovil Tanxebs Soris sul ufro

izrdeba.
magaliTi 8. banki sTavazobs meanabreebs erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi sargeblis rTul Tviur 2%-ian daricxvas, xolo meore banki sargeblis
martiv 2,2%-ian daricxvas. roml bankSi ufro xelsayrelia meanabrisaTvis
fulis Setana?
rogorc viciT
2,2
1+
12
K n' k (1 + ni )
1,264
100
=
=

<1
''
n
12
(1 + 0,02)
1,268
K n k (1 + i )
amitom meanabrisaTvis Tanxis Setana xelsayrelia pirvel bankSi.

4.

sargeblis

wliur

da

p*

Tviur

rTul

ganakveTebs

Soris

kavSiri. (erTi da imave sawyis da saboloo Tanxebis SemTxveva).

vTqvaT Tanxa (K lari) dabandebulia sargebli p* Tviuri ganakveTiT.
maSin

K m*

n wlis

(anu

12-n

Tvis)

Semdeg

sabolood

dagrovili

Tanxa

(m = 12n) gamoiTvleba formuliT

K m* = K (1 + i * ) m
22

(13)

davsvaT Semdegi amocana: sargeblis rogori Tviuri p ganakveTiT unda

davabandoT sawyisi K Tanxa, rom n wlis Semdeg saboloo K n Tanxa (13)
formuliT mocemuli Tanxis toli iyos?

K m* = K n ,

pirobis Tanaxmad
(1 + i * )12 = 1 + i .

m = 12n ,

e.i. K (1 + i * )12 n = K (1 + i ) n

anu

aqedan miviRebT Semdeg or tolobas

i = (1 + i * )12 1

(14)

i * = 12 1 + i 1

(15)

da

amrigad Tanxis dabandeba sargeblis p rTuli ganakveTiT eqvivalenturia Tanxis dabandebisa sargeblis rTuli p* ganakveTiT, sadac i da i*
dakavSirebulia (14) da (15) formulebiT. cxadia, rom p*
(15) tolobis gamoyenebiT martivad vaCvenebT, rom p* <

p
. ufro metic me12

p
.
12

marTlac, radgan (1+x)m<1+mx, Tu 0<m<1 da x>0 amitom (15) tolobidan

1

miviRebT

12

1 + i 1 = (i + 1) 12 1 < 1 +

i
i
1
i 1 =
, maSasadame i * < ;
12
12
12

aqedan vaskvniT, rom Tu sargeblis wliuri rTuli ganakveTia P, maSin

Tanxis

moTavseba

bankSi

rTuli

Tviuri

p
12

ganakveTiT

momgebiania

meanbresaTvis da wamgebiania bankisaTvis.

analogiurad SegviZlia davamyaroT kavSirebi, Tu sawyisi da saboloo
Tanxebi erTi da igivea
1. sargebelis kvartalur da wliur rTul ganakveTebs Soris;
2. sargebelis Tviur da wliur rTul ganakveTebs Soris;
3.

sargeblis dRiur da wliur rTul ganakveTebs Soris.

studentebs

vurCevT

TviTon

Caataros

msjelobani

da

miRebuli

Sedegebidan gaakeTos daskvnebi.

magaliTi 9. ganvsazRvroT sargeblis Tviuri rTuli 2 %-iani ganakveTis eqvivalenturi rTuli ganakveTi.
mocemulia, rom p*=2%; saZiebelia p. (14) formulis Tanaxmad
i = (1 + i * )12 1 = (1 + 0,02)12 1 = 1,2682413 1 0,2682
radgan i =

p
0,2682;
100

p=26,82%
23

davaleba:
I. SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. ras ewodeba procenti? ricxvis procenti?
2. ras ewodeba martivi procenti? rTuli procenti?
3. ra aris daricxvis periodi?
4. ras ewodeba sargebeli?
5. ra formuliT gamoiTvleba saboloo dagrovili Tanxa?

II. praqtikuli savarjiSoebi:

1. bankSi dabandebulia 5000 lari 2 wlis vadiT sargeblis wliuri
9 % -iani (martivi) ganakveTiT. gamoTvaleT dagrovili Tanxa.
2. firmam Semnaxvel bankSi daabanda 25 000 lari (oTxi TviT) dawyebuli
18

ivlisisdan.

wliuri

saprocento

ganakveTia

i=0,09

(martivi).

gamoTvaleT dagrovili Tanxa 18 noembrisaTvis.

3. moqalaqem daabanda 45 000 lari 03 ivlisidan 01 seqtembramde wliuri
i=0,08

saprocento

ganakveTiT

(martivi).

ra

Tanxas

miiRebs

igi

01 seqtembers?
4. ra Tanxa unda davabandoT bankSi martivi wliuri 8 % saprocento
ganakveTiT, rom 9 Tvis Semdeg miviRoT 60 000 lari?
5. moqalaqem bankSi daabanda 5000 lari 5 wliT. ra Tanxas miiRebs igi am
periodis gasvlis Semdeg, Tu banki iZleva sargebels 9 % wliuri
saprocento ganakveTiT (rTuli).
6. 200 000 lari dabandebulia 3 wliT yovelwliuri i=0,06

saprocento

ganakveTiT (rTuli). gamoTvaleT saboloo Tanxa, Tu procentebis

daricxva xdeba yoveli Tvis bolos.
7. mamam gadawyviT Tavisi danazogi 30 000 lari gaunawilos sam Svils,
pirobiTad A,

B da C - s da daubandos bankSi im angariSiT, rom

TiToeuls 18 wlis asakSi daugrovdes Tanabari Tanxa. gamoTvaleT ra

Tanxebs daubandebda Svilebs, Tu im momentSi Svilebis wlovaneba iyo

24

12, 13 da 16 weli Sesabamisad da banki iZleoda sargebels i=7,5 %

saprocento ganakveTiT (rTuli).
8. ra

Tanxa

dagrovdeba

perioduli

Senatani

wlis

aris

Semdeg,

5 000

Tu

lari,

bankSi

yovelwliuri

xolo

yovelwliuri

saprocento ganakveTia 9 % (rTuli)?

$ 4 dikontireba.

jamuri (dagrovili) sargebeli. grZelvadiani

kreditebis dafarva. dafarvis koeficienti. anuiteti.

1.

diskonti.

sawyisi

Tanxis

gamoTvlas

misi

saboloo

sididis

mixedviT diskontireba ewodeba. saboloo diskontirebul Kn Tanxis da

sawyis sadiskontirebo K Tanxis sxvaobas diskonti

ewodeba. amrigad gvaqvs

D = Kn K

(1)

SemovitanoT diskontis ganmarteba ise, rogorc es aris ganmartebuli

diskonti _(ingl.) discount fasdakleba

Tanamedrove ekonomikur leqsikonSi:

- da niSnavs:
1.

gansxvavebas

fasiani

qaRaldebis

mimdinare

sabirJo

Rirebulebasa da mis nominals (dafarvis fasi) Soris.

2. gansxvavebas valutis forvardul kurssa (kursi, romelic
dafiqsirebulia

garigebis

dadebis

momentisaTvis,

magram

gada-

saxdelia momavalSi) da dauyoneblivi gadaxdis kurss Soris.

3.

Tamasuqebis

aRricxvas

gadaxdis

dromde

daTqmuli

procentebis gamoklebiT.
4. erTi da imave saqonelze fasTa Soris gansxvavebas misi
mowodebis sxvadasxva drois gaTvaliswinebiT;
5. saqonelze fasdaklebas.
dikonturi politika niSnavs centraluri bankebis mier gatarebul
saaRricxvo, fulad sakredito politikas, romelic kreditze saaRricxvo
saprocento ganakveTis gazrdaSi an SemcirebaSi gamoixateba anu gamoiyeneba
sasesxo

kapitalis

miReba-gacemis

regulirebis

25

mizniT.

ase,

magaliTad,

saaRricxvo ganakveTis gazrdiT banki xels uwyobs kreditze moTxovnis

Semcirebas, xolo procentis SemcirebiT masze moTxovnis gaaqtiurebas.
diskontirebis problemas vxvdebiT kapitaldabandebaTa ekonomikuri
efeqtianobis gamoTvlis dros. cxadia, rom martivi procentis SemTxvevaSi
Kn diskontirebuli

fuladi

saSualeba

radgan K =

procentis SemTxvevaSi,

K=

Seadgens

Kn

(1 + i )n

rTuli

Kn
, amitom fulad saSualebaTa
rn

Kn

Tanxis diskontirebuli mniSvnelobaa K n = Kr n .

sidides

v=

1
rn

(2)

ewodeba diskontis koeficienti.

maSasadame rTuli procentis SemTxvevaSi K = K n v n .
Kn

e.i.

fulad

saSualebaTa

diskontirebuli

mniSvnelobis

gamosaTvlelad am mniSvnelobaTa Tanxa mravldeba diskontis koeficientze

im xarisxSi, romelic welTa raodenobis tolia. gamoTvlebis gamartivebis
mizniT praqtikaSi sargebloben cxrilebiT, sadac mocemulia diskontis
koeficientebi,

Sesabamisi

xvedriTi

procentuli

ganakveTebisa

da

wlebisaTvis.
magaliTi

1.

gamovTvaloT

ra

Tanxa

unda

Seitanon

Semnaxvel

salaroSi, rom yovelwliurad 3 %-is daricxviT aTi wlis Semdeg miviRoT

200 000 lari.
cxadia,

K=K10v10=200 000v10.

cxrilSi

vpoulobT,

rom

v10=0,74409,

maSasadame diskontirebuli Tanxa aris K= 200 000 0,74409=148 918 lari.

rodesac

ar

gagvaCnia

diskontis

koeficientebis

cxrili,

maSin

vsargeblobT logariTmebis cxriliT, kerZod K= 200 000v10 valogariTmebT,

gveqneba

log K = log 20000 10 log1,03

saidanac

gamoTvlebiT

vRebulobT

K= 148 918 lars.

magaliTi 2. erTi da igive warmoebisaTvis arsebobs manqanis SeZenis
ori varianti. pirveli manqanis eqspluataciis vada sami welia, meore
manqanis

eqvsi

weli.

manqanis

SeZenisa

mocemulia Semdegi cxriliT:

26

da

eqspluataciis

danaxarjebi

weli

I manqana

1000

200

400

II manqana

1700

100

200

300

400

500

gamoTvaleT, romeli ufro xelsayrelia: 2-jer SeviZinoT pirveli

saxis manqana, Tu erTxel meore saxis manqana (vigulisxmoT, rom xvedriTi
procentuli ganakveTi 10-is tolia).
pirveli

manqanis

SeZenisa

da

eqspluataciis

diskontirebuli

danaxarjebi Seadgens
100 +
meore

manqanis

200 400 1000 200 400

+
+
+
+
= 2647
1,1 1,12 1,13 1,14 1,15

SeZenisa

da

eqspluataciis

diskontirebuli

danaxarjebi iqneba:
1700 +
miRebuli

100 200 300 400 500

+
+
+
+
= 2765
1,1 1,12 1,13 1,14 1,15

Sedegebidan

vaskvniT,

rom

ufro

xelsayrelia

pirveli

varianti.

2. jamuri (dagrovili) sargebeli.

vTqvaT bankidan sesxad aRebulia

K lari, n wlis vadiT sargeblis martivi wliuri P%-iani ganakveTiT.

SevadginoT
ubrunebs

valis

gadaxdis

gegma,

Tu

movale

banks

yovelwliurad

K
lars da mimdinare wlis valis P%. gamovTvaloT bankis mogeba.
n

amovweroT cxrilis saxiT wlebis mixedviT sesxebisa da Sesabamisi

sargeblis gadasaxadebis monacemebi:
wlebis

wlis

erTi wlis

ori wlis

raodenoba

dasawyisi

Semdeg

Semdeg

sesxi

wliuri
sargebeli

K
n

K 2

K
n

K KP

K
n 100

KP
100

...

...

...

n wlis Semdeg

K n

K
=0
n

K KP

K ( n 1) n 100

am cxrilidan Cans, Tu ra Tanxa unda gadaixados yovelwliurad

debitorma (debitori anu movale, fulis msesxebeli, kreditori,U anu

27

mevale - fulis gamxsesxebeli). yovlwliuri valebi (meore sveti) Seadgenen

n

wevrian ariTmetikul progresias mniSvneliT -

K
.
n

SevniSnoT, rom bankis mogebas warmoadgens yovelwliurad darCenili

valebis Sesabamisi sargeblis P %-iani gadasaxadebi. gamoviTvaloT bankis
mogeba n wlis Semdeg amisaTvis SevniSnoT, rom gadasaxdeli sargeblis
mimdevroba (mesame sveti) warmoadgens ariTmetikul progresias, romlis
pirveli wevri

a1 =

KP
, bolo wevria
100

K KP

K (n 1) n 100 , sxvaoba

d=

KP
,
100n

xolo wevrTa ricxvia n. ariTmetikuli progresiis wevrTa jamis formulis

Tanaxmad gveqneba:
k p
1 kp
S n=
+ k (n 1)
n
n 100
2 100
elementaruli gardaqmnebiT miviRebT

Sn =
Sn

Tanxas

uwodeben

KP ( n + 1)
200

jamur

(dagrovil)

sargebels

wlis

ganmavlobaSi. es aris Tanxa, romelsac mogebis saxiT miiRebs banki n wlis

ganmavlobaSi gasesxebul K kapitalTan erTad.
magaliTi 3. 1000 lari aRebulia sesxaT aTi wlis vadiT sargeblis
wliuri martivi 5%-iani ganakveTiT. vipovoT jamuri (dagrovili) sargebeli
aTi wlis Semdeg, Tu movale banks yovelwliurad ubrunebs 100 lars da
mimdinare wlis valis 5%-s. gamovTvaloT bankis mogeba.
radgan

K 1000
=
= 100 lari da igi ixdis mimdinare wlis vadis 5%-s,
n
10

amitom kmayofildeba magaliTi 3-is pirobebi. SegviZlia gamoviyenoT jamuri

sargeblis S n -is formula, miviRebT:

S10 =

1000 5 11
= 25 11 = 275 lari.
200

maSasadame jamuri sargebeli aTi wlisSemdeg Seadgens 275 lars.

magaliTi

4.

2000

lari

gacemulia

sesxad

sargeblis

5%-iani

ganakveTiT, saboloo Tanxaa 3000 lari. gansazRvreT sesxis xangrZlivoba.

rogorc viciT n =

Kn K 1 Kn
1 K n K n 100
1
1 =
=
1 =

p K
ik
i K
p
K

100
28

Cven SemTxvevaSi K n =3000, K =2000=5, amitom

1
3000 100 3
1
= 120 = 20 = 10.
n=
2
2000 5 2
maSasadame sexis xangrZlivoba aTi welia.

3.
mier

grZelvadiani

grZelvadiani

kreditebis
kreditebis

dafarva. sakredito dawesebulebebis

gacemisas

damuSavebuli

unda

iyos

kreditebis gadaxdis gegma, e.i. garkveuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi movalisagan

kreditebis dafarvis gegma, amasTan, movale ixdis yovelwliur gadasaxads
ise, rom garkveuli wlebis Semdeg dafaros mTeli krediti aRebuli TanxiT
sargeblobis procentis CaTvliT. Cveulebrivi kreditis dasafarav Seatans
ixdian yoveli wlis bolos.

K aris

vTqvaT,

krediti,

gacemuli

wliT,

xolo

kreditis

dasafaravi Sesatani, romelsac ixdian yoveli wlis bolos.

pirvel

Sesatans

ixdian

wlis

bolos

da

maSasadame

misi

diskontirebuli sidide aris Rv,

meore

Sesatans

ixdian

meore

wlis

bolos

da

maSasadame

misi

wlis

bolos,

da

maSasadame

misi

diskontirebuli sidide aris Rv2

- - - - - ukanasknel

Sesatans

ixdian

diskontirebuli sidide aris Rvn.

krediti dafaruli iqneba, Tu yvela gadaxdili Sesatanebis sawyisi
Rirebuleba kreditiT warmodgenili fuladi saSualebebis tolia e.i. Tu

K = Rv + Rv 2 + L + Rv n = Rv v + v 2 + L + v n1
sadac,

frCxilebSi

progresias

warmoadgens

maSasadame

K =R

moTavsebuli

gamosaxuleba
amitom

geometriul

v + v 2 + L + v n 1 =

v n 1 1
,
v 1

v v n 1
, saidanac
v 1

R=
radgan v = 1 / r ,

v,

mniSvneliT

K (v 1)
v v n 1

gveqneba

29

(3)

1
K 1
(
r n (r 1)
1 r )r n
r

R=
; viciT, rom r = 1 + i ,
=k
=K n
1 1
1 rn
r 1

1
r rn

amitom
n
(
1+ i) i
R=K
(1 + i )n 1

(4)

gamosaxulebas

(1 + i )n i
(1 + i )n 1

(5)

ewodeba dafarvis koeficienti

sxvadsxva procentuli ganakveTebisa da vadebisaTvis arsebobs am
koeficientebis gamosaTvleli cxrilebi (ix. cxrili 3)
magaliTi 5. cnobilia, rom K=5 000 000, i=0,05; n=12 unda gavigoT R .
mesame cxrilidan vpoulobT, rom dafarvis koeficientia 0,11283 e.i.
kreditis dasafaravad saWiro Sesatania
miRebuli

krediti,

rom

daifaros

12

R = 5000000 0,11283 = 564150 lari

wlis

ganmavlobaSi

movalem

yovelwliurad unda gadaixados 564 150 lari. igi mTlianad Seitans 6769800
lars. kreditoris mogebaa 6769800-5000000=1769800 lari.
magaliTi 6. ganvsazRvroT yovelTviuri gadasaxadi Tu 100 000 lari
aRebulia valad sargeblis rTuli 8%-iani ganakveTiT 25 wlis vadiT.
mTlianad ra Tanxas gadaixdis movale.
pirobis Tanaxmad, K=100 000, i=

8
P
=
= 0,08 ; 1+i=1,08 n=25. mocemul pi100 100

robebSi dafarvis koeficientia

1,08 25 0,08 6,8484726 0,08 0,5478778

=
=
= 0,0936787
6,8484726 1
5,8484726
1,08 25 1
wliuri Sesatani gamoiTvleba (4) farmuliT.

R = 100 000 0,0936787 = 9367,87 lari.

e.i.

movale

Tviurad

gadaixdis

R
= 9367,87 : 12 = 780,65583 780,66 lars ,
12

xolo mTlianad gadaixdis 25 = 25 9367687 = 234196675 lars .saintereso, Tu

ramdenad daiklebs vali erTi wlis Semdeg?

30

amocanis

pirobis

yovelTviurad,

maSin

Tanaxmad
rodesac

movale
8%-iani

ixdis

fiqsirebul

daricxva

valze

gadasaxads

xdeba

yovel

wliurad. vali pirveli wlis gasvlis Semdeg aRvniSnoT K1, cxadia, rom

K 1 = K + K 0,08 R = 1,08 K R = 108000 9367,87 = 98632,13 lari . e.i. valma daik-

lo

100000-98632,13=1367,87

lariT,

miuxedavad

imisa,

rom

gadaxdilia

9367,87 lari. (!)

4. anuiteti.
Kn

zemoT Cven miviReT K = K n v n formula erTi saboloo

Tanxis diskontirebisaTvis. axla gavecnoT, rogor xdeba sasruli

raodenobis saboloo Tanxebis dikontireba sxvadasxva drois periodis

mixedviT. aseTi tipis amocanebTan maSin gvaqvs saqme, rodesac xdeba raime
Tanxis dabandeba im pirobiT, rom drois yoveli fiqsirebuli periodis
(magaliTad, yoveli wlis) Semdeg xdeba erTi da imave fiqsirebuli Tanxis
moxsna

am

anabridan,

aseT

process

ekonomikaSi

anuiteti

ewodeba.

e.i.

anuiteti ewodeba fuladi nakadebis mimdevrobas.

drois raime intervalis, magaliTad n wlis Sesabamisi anuitetis
sawyisi Tanxa ewodeba im Tanxas, romelic uzrunvelyofs yovelwliur
fiqsirebul K 0 Tanxis nakads, (romelic ixsneba angariSidan).
n wlis Semdeg saanabro angariSi ixureba e.i. saanabro angariSze

darCenili

Tanxa

0-is

tolia.

maSasadame,

anuiteti

yovelwliuri

gadasaxadia. igi grZelvadiani sesxis saxeobaa, romlis drosac kontraqtiT

dadgenili sasesxo periodis gavlis Semdeg kreditori ZiriTad TanxasTan
erTad yovelwliurad iRebs

saprocento ganakveTiT dadgenil procentis

Tanxas.
magaliTi 7. vipovoT sawyisi Tanxa im anuitetisa, romelic yoveli
wlis bolos iZleva 10 000 lars Semosavals 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi, Tu
sargeblis wliuri rTuli ganakveTia 7%.
cnobilia, rom yovelwliuri gamosatani Tanxa R = 10000 lari, n = 10
da 1 + i = 1 +

P
= 1 + 0,07 = 1,07 ; unda gamovTvaloT K -sawyisi Tanxa. viciT, rom
100

n
(
1+ i) i
R=K
(1 + i )n 1

warmoadgens

- formula (4), saidanac

grZelvadiani

kreditis

n
(
1+ i ) 1
;
K=R
n
i (1 + i )

dafarvis

maSasadame, anuiteti

Sebrunebul

miRebul formulaSi CavsvaT ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi, miviRebT

31

amocanas.

K = 10000

1,0710 1
0,07 1,07

10

= 1000

0,9671511
1,9671511 1
= 10000
=
0,1377005
0,07 1,9671511

= 10000 7,0235845 = 70235,845

lari

amrigad, amocanaSi aRniSnuli anuitetis sawyisi Tanxaa 70235,845 lari.

igi uzrunvelyofs pirobas: meanabrem aT weliwadSi miiRos 100 000 lari.
rogorc, vnaxeT anuitetis Tanxa n wlis manZilze, romelic yoveli
wlis

bolos

K lar

iZleva

Semosavals,

sargeblis

wliuri

rTuli

procentiani ganakveTiT, gamoiTvleba formuliT

K=R

(1 + i )n 1 ,
n
i (1 + i )

(6)

sadac n welTa ricxvi fiqsirebulia, R - yovelwliurad kreditis

dasafaravi Sesatania. saintereso SemTxvevaa, rodesac welTa ricxvi ragind
didia, e.i.

n . am SemTxvevis gansaxilvelad saWiroa zemoTmoyvanil

formulaSi gadavideT zRvarze roca n , gveqneba

n
(
1 + i) 1
,
lim K = lim R
n
n
n
i (1 + i )

(7)

(
R
1
1 R
1 + i) 1 R
= lim 1
K = lim R
= 1 lim
n
n
n
n
n

i
i
(1 + i )n
i (1 + i )
(1 + i ) i

radganac

i >0,

amitom

1+ i >1

e.i.

lim(1 + i ) = .
n

(8)

miRebuli

Sedegi

gaviTvaliswinoT ukanasknel tolobaSi, miviRebT

K=

R
i

(9)

maSasadame, anuitetis Tanxa, rodesac welTa ricxvi sakmarisad didia,

tolia

yovelwliurad

kreditis

dasafaravad

Tanxa

gayofili

xvedriT

procentul ganakveTze.
magaliTi

8.

Tu

magaliT

7-Si

SevcvliT

pirobas

`aTi

wlis

ganmavlobaSi~ pirobiT `welTa ricxvi sakmarisad didia~ ( n ), miRebuli

formulis Tanaxmad miviRebT:
maSasadame

Tu

K=

10 000
= 142857,14 lari.
0,07

dabandebulia

142857,14

yovelwliurad iZleva 10 000 lar Semosavals.

32

lari,

maSin

anuiteti

davaleba:
I. SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. ra aris diskonti? diskontireba?
2. ra aris sargeblia martivi ganakveTi?

rTuli ganakveTi?

3. rogor finansur operacias ewodeba anuiteti?

4. ras ewodeba anuitetis sawyis Tanxa?
5. risi tolia yovelwliurad kreditis dasafaravad Tanxa gayofili
xvedriT procentul ganakveTze?

II. praqtikuli savarjiSoebi

1. ra Tanxa unda davabandoT bankSi, rom 20 wlis Semdeg dagrovdes
100 000 lari, Tu banki iZleva i =5%

(rTul) yovelwliur sargebels?

2. gamoTvaleT bankSi dabandebuli sawyisi Tanxa, Tu cnobilia , rom

yovelwliuri saprocento ganakveTi i =5%

(rTul) da 4 wlis Semdeg

saboloo Tanxam Seadgina 18 232,5 lari.

3.

ra

Tanxa

unda

davabandoT

3%

(rTuli)

wliuri

saprocento

ganakveTiT, rom 4 wlis Semdeg dagrovdes 60 775 lari?

4. ramdeni wliT unda davabandoT 1 000 lari i =0,05

(rTul) wliuri

saprocento ganakveTiT, rom dagvigrovdes 13 200 lari?

5. krediti, romelic Seadgens erT milion lars, unda daifaros 20
weliwadSi yoveli wlis bolos valis erTnairi Tanxis gadaxdiT. ra Tanxa
unda ixados movalem (debitorma) yovelwliurad, rom krediti dafaros, Tu
i =0,05

(rTuli).
6. movalem (debitorma) aiRo krediti 120 000 laris raodenobiT 8

wliT. gamoTvaleT kreditis dafarvis yovelwliuri R Senatani da jamuri

davalianeba, Tu yovelwliuri saprocento ganakveTia i =0,05
7.
Tanabari

kompaniam
R=10 000

(anuitetis)

wlis

lari.

ganmavlobaSi

ipoveT

aseTi

unda
fuladi

miiRos

(rTuli).
yovelwliurad

nakadebis

mimdevrobis

mimdinare (sawyisi) Rirebuleba, Tu yovelwliuri saprocento

ganakveTia i =0,10

(rTuli).

33

8. ipoveT mimdinare

Rirebuleba im anuitetisa, romelic yoveli wlis

bolos iZleva 5 000 lar Semosavals 5 wlis manZilze, Tu yovelwliuri

saprocento ganakveTia i =5 % (rTuli).

$ 5 investiciebis Sefaseba da Sedareba

Cveni mizania SeviswavloT gansxvavebul parametriani sainvesticio
proeqtebi finansuri momgebianobis TvalsazrisiT, romelic saSualebas
mogvcems ramdenime proeqtidan SevarCioT CvenTvis yvelaze xelsayreli
winadadeba.
sailustraciod

amovxsnaT

Semdegi

konkretuli

amocana:

vTqvaT

sainvesticio proeqti iTxovs 15 000 laris investirebas da garantias

iZleva, rom sam weliwadSi igi daubrunebs investors 20 000 lars. amasTan
cnobilia, rom safinanso bazarze dominanturi wliuri rTuli ganakveTi
5%-ia.
gamovTvaloT:
(1) 15 000 laris Sesabamisi saboloo Tanxa 3 wlis Semdeg;
(2)

20

000

laris

Sesabamisi

diskontirebuli

Tanxa,

Tu

drois

intervali 3 weliwadia;
(3) sargeblis ra wliuri rTuli ganakveTi Seesabameba

Tanxis zrdas

3 wlis intervalSi 15 000-dan 20 000 laramde?

(4) sasurvelia Tu ara finansuri TvalsazrisiT aseTi investicia?
(5)

Seicvleboda

Tu

ara

(d)

punqtis

rekomendacia,

dominanturi wliuri rTuli ganakveTi, rom 12% yofiliyo.

(1)

K = 15000, n = 3, P = 5 . unda gamovTvaloT K 3 .

rogorc viciT
34

sargeblis

K 3 = K (1 + i ) = 15 000(1 + 0,005) 15 000 1,053 = 15 000 1,157625 = 17364,375 lari.

3

(2) unda gamovTvaloT 20 000 laris diskontirebuli Tanxa, e.i. misi

Sesabamisi sawyisi Tanxa.
K3 =

(1 + i )3

= 20000 : 1,157625 = 17276,751 lari.

(3) sami wlis ganmavlobaSi 15 000 dan 20 000 laramde zrdis

Sesabamisi

sargeblis

wliuri

ganakveTi,

rogorc

viciT

gamoiTvleba

formuliT:
K 3 = K (1 + i1 ) ;
3

miviReT,

rom

(1 + i1 )3 = K 3 ;
K

i1 0,1

K3
20 000
2
1 = 3
1 = 3 1 0,1 ;
15 000
5
K

i1 =

magram

P1
= i1 ;
100

P1 = i1100 = 0,1 100 = 10 ,

maSasadame

saZiebeli sargeblis ganakveTia P1 = 10% .

(4)

gavaanalizoT.

sasurvelia,

Tu

ara

amocanaSi

aRwerili

investiciis ganxorcieleba. amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad investori sawyisi

15 000 laris nacvlad ibrunebs 20 000 lars, e.i. igebs 5 000 lars. mas, rom
sawyisi fuli daebandebina bazarze, maSin miiRebda 17 364 lars, da mogeba
darCeboda 2 364 lari, sanacvlod 5 000 larisa. maSasadame sainvesticio
proeqtSi

Tanxis

dabandeba

finansurad

ufro

momgebiania.

Tu

gavaalalizebT (2) punqtSi miRebul Sedegs, kvlav igive daskvnamde mivalT.

marTlac, imisaTvis, rom safinanso bazarze sami wlis Semdeg miviRoT
sainvesticio proeqtiT SemoTavazebuli 20 000 lari, amisaTvis bazadze
unda dabanddes sawyisi Tanxa 17 276 lari, rac 2 276 lariT aRemateba
sainvesticio proeqtiT moTxovnil Tanxas.
sainvesticio proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebul saboloo Tanxis Sesabamis
diskontirebul sididesa da sainvesticio proeqtiT moTxovnil sawyisi
Tanxis

sidides

Soris

sxvaobas

wminda

sawyisi

sidide

ewodeba.

Cven

SemTxvevaSi wminda sawyisi sididea

17 276,751- 15 000=2276,751 lari.
cxadia, Tu wminda sawyisi sidide dadebiTia, maSin sainvesticio
proeqtSi

monawileoba,

finansurad
35

momgebiania.

es

ukanaskneli

aris

erTerTi

ZiriTadi

kriteriumi

sainvesticio

(3)

vaCveneT,

proeqtis

momgebianobis

Sesafaseblad.
meores

mxriv

punqtSi

rom

sainvesticio

proeqtSi

monawileoba tolfasia sargeblis wliuri, rTuli 10%-iani ganakveTiT

sawyisi

Tanxis

maSasadame

dabandebisa,

sainvesticio

rac

aRemateba

proeqtSi

sabazro

monawileoba

5%-ian

ganakveTs,

finansurad

ufro

momgebiania.
sargeblis im wliur rTul ganakveTs, romelic sainvesticio drois
periodSi

uzrunvelyofs

proeqtiT

gansazRvrul

sainvesticio
saboloo

Tanxis

Tanxamde,

zrdas,

ewodeba

sainvesticio

sargeblis

Siga

ganakveTi.
Cven SemTxvevaSi sargeblis Siga ganakveTia 10%. cxadia, Tu sargeblis
Siga ganakveTi metia safinonso bazris sargeblis dominatur ganakveTze,
maSin sainvesticio proeqti momgebiania. es pirobac erTerTi kriteriumia
sainvesticio proeqtebis momgebianobis Sesafaseblad. cxadia, igi srul
TanxmobaSia

zemoT

Camoyalibebul

kriteriumTan,

romelic

proeqtis

momgebianobas afasebs wminda sawyisi sididis saSualebiT.

(5) Tu safinanso bazris sargeblis ganakveTi gaxdeba 12 %, maSin igi
gadaaWarbebs sainvesticio proeqtis Siga ganakveTs. amitom am SemTxvevaSi
proeqtSi

monawileoba

bazarze

dabandeba

ara

ufro

sasurvelia
met

finansurad,

mogebas

moutans

radgan

safinanso

investors,

vidre

sainvesticio proeqtSi monawileoba. marTlac, 15 000 lari dabandebuli

12%-s mogvcems.
K 3 = 15 000(1 + 0,12 ) = 15 000 1,12 3 = 15 000 1,404928 = 21073,92 lari, rac 1073,92
3

lariT metia sainvesticio proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebul saboloo Tanxaze.

gavecnoT

wminda

sawyisi

sididis

da

sargeblis

Siga

ganakveTis

gamosaTvlel formulebs. SemovitanoT aRniSvnebi:

wminda sawyisi sidide aRvniSnoT NPV (Net present value) simboloTi;
sargeblis

Siga

ganakveTi

aRvniSnoT

simboloTi.
vTqvaT:
36

IRR (Internal rate of returne)

K1 - proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli sawyisi sainvesticio Tanxaa;

K 2 -proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli saboloo Tanxaa, romelic ubrundeba
investors K1 < K 2 ;

Pm -safinanso
ganakveTi;

bazris

(dominanturi)

sargeblis

wliuri

rTuli

n -sainvesticio periodis xangrZlivoba;

NPV -ganmartebis Tanaxmad aris K 2 Tanxis Sesabamisi diskontirebuli

K1

sawyisi

K 2 -is

Tanxisa

da

sididea

P
K2

= K 2 (1 + im ) n , sadac im -iT im = m aRniSnulia safinanso

n
(1 + im )
100

bazris

(dominanturi)

Tanxis

sxvaoba,

sargeblis

magram

wliuri

xvedriTi

diskontirebuli

rTuli

ganakveTi.

maSasadame

NPV = K 2 (1 + im )
gamovTvaloT,
zrdas saboloo

ra
K2

K1

anu

rTuli

NPV = K 2 1 + m
100

ganakveTi

Seesabameba

K1

sawyis

(1)
K1

Tanxis

Tanxamde n wlis ganmavlobaSi. Tu ix avRniSnavT

sargebelis saZiebel xvedriT ganakveTs, gveqneba

K 2 = K1 (1 + i x ) ;
n

1 + ix = n

K1
;
K2

ix = n

K1
1;
K2

e.i.
ix = n

IRR

funqciis

asagebad

K1
1
K2

gaviTvaliswinoT,

(2)
rom

ix =

Px
100

maSin

(2) formulidan miviRebT

Px = (IRR ) = n 2 1100%;
K1

(3)

Tu saqme exeba sxvadasxva sainvesticio proeqtebis Sedarebas, saWiroa

gamoviyenoT orive (1), (2) an (3) kriteriumi ufro momgebiani proeqtis SesarCevad. rodesac saqme exeba sxvadasxva Tanxebs, maSin IRR kriteriumi
yovelTvis ver iZleva finansur mogebis TvalsazrisiT saukeTeso proeqtis
arCevis saSualebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi unda mivmarToT NPV kriteriums. am
mizniT ganvixiloT
37

magaliTi 1. vTqvaT iuridiul pirs aqvs 30 000 lari da Tanxis

investireba

SesaZlebelia

or

A da B

proeqtebidan

mxolod

erTSi.

A proeqti iTxovs sawyis sainvesticio Tanxas K1( A) = 1000 lars da n=4 wlis

Semdeg abrunebs K 2( A) = 1200 lars. B proeqti iTxovs sawyis sainvesticio

Tanxas K1( B ) = 30 000 lars da n=4 wlis Semdeg abrunebs K 2( B ) = 35 000 lars.
cnobilia, rom safinanso bazris sargeblis wliuri rTuli ganakveTia
Pm = 3% . romel proeqtSi ufro momgebiani fulis dabandeba?

zemoT moyvanili daskvnebis Tanaxmad, unda gamovTvaloT NPV da IRR

orive proeqtisaTvis, miRebuli Sedegebi

SevadaroT erTmaneTs A da B mis

safuZvelze miviRoT Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba.

gvaqvs

( NPV ) A

= K 2( A ) (1 + i m ) n K i = 1200 1,03 4 1000 = 1066,1844 1000 66,18 lari .

( NPV )B

= K 2( B ) (1 + i m ) n K i = 35000 1,03 4 30000 =

= 35000 : 1,1255088 30000 1097,046 lari

radgan, orive SemTxvevaSi NPV dadebiTia, amitom bazarTan SedarebiT
orive proeqti momgebiania: amovarCioT optimaluri proeqti. gvaqvs fulis
dabandebis Semgedgi ori varianti:
1. investori aTas lars daabandebs A proeqtSi; darCenil 29 000 lars
bazarze. bazridan ki is miiRebs 29 000 1,034 = 32639,76 laris. am variantidan investori miiRebs jamSi 1 200+32639,76=33839,76 lars.
2. investori ocdaaTi aTas lars mTlianad daabandebs B proeqtSi. maSin
igi 4 wlis Semdeg miiRebs 35 000 lars. cxadia, rom B proeqtSi
monawileoba ukeTesia, radgan igi 35 000-33839,76=1160,24 lariT met
Semosavals iZleva.
gamovTvaloT sargeblis Siga ganakveTi IRR

IRRA =

[ 1,2 1]100 4,7(%)

orive proeqtisaTvis

35000
1100 3,9(%)
IRRB = 4
30000
rogorc vxedavT ufro maRali sargeblis Siga ganakveTi aqvs A
proeqts, Tumca rogorc vnaxeT B proeqtSi monawileoba ufro momgebiania,
vidre

proeqtSi.

amrigad,

IRR

kriteriumi

gansxvavebuli

Tanxebis

SemTxvevaSi araa sando, radganac patara Tanxis didi procenti SeiZleba

38

ufro mcire aRmoCndes, vidre didi Tanxis patara procenti (rogorc es

aRmoCnda ganxilul amocanaSi).
axla ganvixiloT Semdegi tipis amocana, romelic exeba sainvesticio
proeqtebis Sedarebas, rodesac investori iRebs mravaljerad Semosavals
garkveuli periodebis Semdeg.
vTqvaT investors aqvs 20 000lari, romelic SeiZleba dabanddes ori
A da B sainvesticio proeqtebidan mxolod erTSi. dabandebuli 20 000 laris
SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli proeqti iRebs garantias, rom 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi
yovelwliurad

daubrunebs

investors

garkveul

Tanxebs

romlebic

mocemulia Semdegi cxrilis saxiT:

weliwadi

sul

investoris A proeqti

a1 =6 000

a2 =6 000

a3 =10 000

a4 =8000

27 000

Semosavali B proeqti

b1 =10 000

b2 =6 000

b3 =9 000

b4 =1 000

26 000

SevarCioT, romel proeqtSia umjobesi Tanxis dabandeba, Tu bazarze

sargeblis wliuri rTuli ganakveTia 11 %.
garegnulad A proeqti ufro momgebiani Cans vidre B proeqti, radgan
igi TiTqos da 4 weliwadSi 1 000 lariT met Semosavals iZleva.
gamovikvliT marTlac asea Tu ara.
cxrilidan, Cans, rom erTidaigive 10 000 lar gadasaxads A proeqtiT
investori iRebs mesame wlis bolos, xolo

B proeqtiT pirveli wlis

bolos.

investors

radgan

es

miRebuli

daabandos bazarze, amitom A

10

000

lari

SeuZlia

kvlav

da B proeqtebis aRniSnuli gadasaxadi ar

aris erTmaneTis eqvivalenturi. aSkaraa, rom

B proeqtis mier pirveli

wlis bolos gadaxdili 10 000 lars ufro meti `fasi~ aqvs, vidre A
proeqtis mier gadaxdil igive Tanxas mesame wlis bolos. imisaTvis, rom
gavarkvioT

romeli

proeqti

jobia

investorisaTvis,

daviTvaloT

proeqtebiT gaTvaliswinebuli gadasaxadebis Sesabamisi diskontirebuli

(sawyisi) Tanxebis jami.
Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT,

ganakveTia 11 %,

rom

bazris

diskontirebuli ak* da

39

sargeblis

wliuri

bk* TanxebisaTvis miviRebT

rTuli

a1* =

6000
3000
= 5405,405 5405,41 a 2* =
= 2434,8672 2434,87
1,1
1,12

da

a.S.

diskontirebuli Tanxebi
weliwadi

A proeqti

B proeqti

a1* = 5405,41

b1* = 9000,01

a2* = 2434,87

b2* = 4869,73

a3* = 7311,91

b3* = 6580,72

a4* = 5269,85

b4* = 658,73

sul

20422,04

21109,14

SevadginoT cxrili miRebuli cxrilidan aSkaraa, rom A proeqtSi

monawileoba

tolfasia

mimdinare

momentSi

bazarze

20422,04

laris

dabandebisa, xolo B proeqtSi monawileoba 21109,14 laris dabandebisa.

amitom B proeqtSi monawileoba ufro momgebiania, e.i. Cveni warmodgena A
proeqtis ufro momgebianobis Sesaxeb mcdari aRmoCnda.

davaleba:
I. SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. ras ewodeba wminda sawyis sidide? rogor gamoiTvleba wminda sawyis
sidide?
2. ras

ewodeba

sargeblis

Siga

ganakveTi?

rogor

gamoiTvleba

sargeblis Siga ganakveTi?

3. rogor aRiniSneba wminda sawyis sidide? sargeblis Siga ganakveTi?
4. ra kriteriumebiTaa SesaZlebeli sainvensticio proeqtebis Sefaseba?

II. praqtikuli savarjiSoebi

40

1.

iuridiul

SesaZlebelia ori

pirs

aqvs

30 000

lari

da

Tanxis

A da B proeqtebidan mxolod erTSi.

invenstireba

A proeqti iTxovs

sawyis sainvensticio Tanxas 1 000 lars da 4 wlis Semdeg abrunebs 1 200

lars. B

proeqti iTxovs sawyis sainvensticio Tanxas 30 000 lars da

4 wlis Semdeg abrunebs 35 000 lars. cnobilia, rom safinanso bazris

sargeblis

wliuri

rTuli

ganakveTia

3%.

romel

proeqtSi

ufro

momgebiania fulis dabandeba?

2.

sainvensticio

proeqti

invenstors

hpirdeba

20 000

laris

invensticiiT 80 000 laris mogebas 5 weliwadSi. gamoTvaleT sargeblis

Sida

ganakveTi

da

gansazRvreT,

momgebiania

Tu

ara

es

proeqti,

Tu

sargeblis sabazro wliuri rTuli ganakveTia 6 %.

3. vTqvaT, invenstors aqvs saSualeba miiRos monawileoba sami A , B
da C

proeqtebidan mxolod erTSi.

proeqti moiTxovs sawyis 20 000

lars, B proeqti - 30 000 lars, xolo C proeqti - 100 000 lars.

A proeqti garantias iZleva,
B

rom

invenstors daubrunebs

amasTan,

25 000 lars,

proeqti garantias iZleva, rom invenstors daubrunebs 37 000 lars,

xolo C

proeqti

- 117 000 lars (sami wlis Semdeg). romeli proeqtia

ufro momgebiani, Tu sabazro wliuri ganakveTia 5 %?

4. firmas aqvs arCevani daabandos 10 000 lari ori A da B proeqtebidan
erTSi. am proeqtebidan Semosavali wlebis mixedviT mocemulia cxriliT
(qvemoT). cnobilia, rom sargeblis sabazro wliuri rTuli ganakveTia 15 %.
romeli proeqtia ufro momgebiani?

weliwadi

sul

firmis

A proeqti

a1 =2 000

a2 =2 000

a3 =3 000

a4 =3 000

a5 =3 000

13 000

Semosavali

B proeqti

b1 =1 000

b2 =1 000

b3 =2 000

b4 =6 000

b5 =4 000

14 000

41

Tavi II.

wrfivi algebris elementebi.

wrfivi algebris elementebis zogierTi gamoyeneba

ekonomikur kvlevebSi

$ 1. matricTa Teoriis elementebi

1. matricis cneba. imisaTvis, rom warmoebulma biznesma mogvitanos
mogeba

amitom,

mowesrigebul
aRiwereba

warmoebis
sistemas,

dagegmva

romlis

damokidebulebani,

unda

daxmarebiTac

romelsac

adgili

emyarebodes
martivad
aqvs

saTanadod
da

mokled

warmoebaSi.

aseTi

mowesrigebuli sistema SeiZleba TvalnaTliv warmovadginoT Sesabamisi

cxriliT.
magaliTad, ganvixiloT materialuri warmoebis sxvadasxva dargebis
mier urTierTmiwodebis informaciis sistema. Tu i=1, 2, 3, 4 saTanadod
aRniSnavs Sesabamisi dargis nomers, maSin produqciis urTierTmiwodebis
cxrils aqvs Semdegi saxe
dargi

II

III

IV

11
21
31
41

12
22
32
42

13
23
33
43

14
24
34
44

II
III
IV
am

cxrilSi

ij (i, j = 1,2,3,4)

aRniSnavs

produqciis

(1)

im

moculobas,

romelsac i-uri dargi awvdis j-uri dargs. ase magaliTad, 11 , 12 , 13 , 14

42

Sesabamisad aRniSnaven produqciis moculobebs, romelsac I dargi awvdis

sxva dargebs da a.S.
Tu

normebs

analogiurad

miviRebT,

SeiZleba

rogorc

aRvweroT

informaciis

warmoebis

dagegmva.

sistemas,

maSin

magaliTad,

Tu

warmoeba amzadebs oTxi saxis produqcias: 1,2,3,4 da maTi warmoebisaTvis

saWiroa sami saxis nedleuli 1,2,3, maSin materialur danaxarjTa normebi,
romelic waroadgens momaragebis gegmis safuZvels SeiZleba mocemuli iyos
cxriliT:

sadac

a12

a13

a14

a 21

a 22

a 23

a 24

a31

a32

a33

a34

ai , j (i = 1,2,3; j = 1,2,3,4)

j-uri

produqtis

nedleulis

danaxarjis

normas

a11

aRniSnavs

erTeulis
normebi

(2)
i-uri

nedleulis

sawarmoeblad.

1,2,3,4

produqciis

ase

danaxarjis
magaliTad,

erTeulze

aris

a11 , a12 , a13 , a14 .

(1) da (2) cxrilebi warmoadgenen e.w. matricis kerZo SemTxvevebs,
romelic

ganixileba

maTematikaSi.

ekonomikur

kvlevebSi

isini

farTo

gamoyenebas pouloben, gansakuTrebiT, ki warmoebis dagegmvaSi.

m n zomis matrica ewodeba maTkuTxa cxrils, romelic Seicavs m
striqons da n svets. TviTon ricxvebs, romlebic Seadgenen matricas,
matricis elementebi ewodebaT. matricas aRniSnaven A, B, C, ... laTinuri
didi asoebiT, xolo elementebs ormagi indeqsis mqone patara asoebiT ai , j ,
sadac i aRniSnavs striqonis nomers j ki svetis nomers. agreTve gamoiyeneba

(a )

n
i, j m

aRniSvna. e.i.

A = (ai , j )m
n

a11

= a 21
K
a m1

a12
a 22
K
am 2

L
L
K
L

a1n

a2 n
K
a mn

imisaTvis, rom A da B matrica erTmaneTs SevadaroT, pirvl rigSi

isini erTnairi zomisa unda iyvnen. Tu A da B matrica erTairi zomisaa:

A = (ai , j )m da B = (bi , j )m , maSin vityviT, rom A da B matricebi tolia Tuki

n

ai , j = bi , j

nebismieri i=1,2,...m da j=1,2,...n-sTvis. aseT SemTxvevaSi

43

A=B.

(cxadia, rom matricebis sxvagvar Sedarebaze uazrobaa, igulisxmeba, rom

SeuZlebelia A>B cnebis ramdenadme azriani ganmatreba).
roca matrica mxolod erTo striqonisagan Sedgeba, maSin mas veqtorstriqons uwodeben, xolo roca mxolod erTi svetisagan, maSin mas
veqtor-svets uwodeben. maSasadame

A = (a11

a12 L a1n )

b11

b
B = 21
M

b
n1

veqtor-striqonia, xolo,

ki

veqtor-sveti.

Tu matricaSi m=n maSin matricas kvadratuli ewodeba.

matricis elementebs, romelTa striqonisa da svetis nomrebi emTxveva
diagonaluri elementebi ewodebaT da isini adgenen matricis diagonals.
magaliTad,

kvadratuli

matricis

diagonals

a11 , a 22 , K , a nn

adgenen

elementebi.
Tu

matricis

yvela

elementi

nulis

tolia,

maSin

matricas

nulovaniUBewodeba, e.i.
O = (0 )

n
m

=0
K
0

0
0
K
0

L
L
K
L

0
0
K
0

Tu matricis yvela elementi, garda diagonalurisa, tolia nulis,

maSin matricas diagonaluri ewodeba. magaliTad diagonaluria matrica

A= 0
K

0
K

Tu diagonaluri matricis yvela diagonaluri elementi 1-is tolia,

maSin matricas erTeulovani ewodeba:

1
0
E = 0
K
0

0
1
0
K
0
44

0
0
1
K
0

L
L
L
K
L

0
0
0
K
1

2. moqmedebani matricebze. A matricis namravli ricxvze ewodeba B

matricas

(B=A),

uSualod

gamomdinareobs,

Tu

bi,j=ai,j

(i=1,2,3,....m;

rom

saerTo

j=1,2,3,...n).

Tanmamravli

am

ganmartebidan

SeiZleba

marticis

gareT gamovitanoT.
Tu A da B
matricas

orive

(C=A+B),

m n zomis matrica, maSin maTi jami ewodeba eseT C

romlis

A da

elementebic

B matricis

Sesabamisi

elementebis jamis tolia:

cij = aij + bij ,

cxadia, rom

i = 1, 2,K , m

j = 1, 2, K, n ,

A+O=A. advili SesamCnevia, rom

A-B=A+(-1)B.

rogorc ukve vnaxeT nebismieri ori matricis arc Sedareba SeiZleba

da arc Sekreba. intuiciurad cxadia, garkveuli SezRudvebi iarsebebs
matricebis gamravlebis drosac.

A = (ai , j )m
n

da

B = (bi , j )n ,
p

C = (ci ,k )m matricas, sadac ci ,k

p

matricebis

namravli

ewodeba

m p

zomis

elementi aris A matricis i-uri striqonis

elementebis B matricis k-uri svetis Sesabamis elementebze namravlTa jami

e.i.
n

i = 1, 2, K, m

j =1

j = 1,2, K, p

ci,k = ai1b1k + ai2 b2k + L + ain bnk = aij b jk

(1)

SevniSnoT, rom matricebis namravli ganimarteba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca pirveli matricis svetebis ricxvi meore matricis striqonebis
ricxvis tolia. magaliTad, rom vipovoT C namravli matricis c 23 elementi,
amisaTvis saWiroa A matricis me-2 striqonis elementebi gavamravloT B
matricis

me-3 svetis Sesabamis elementebze.

c23 = (a21

a 22

a 23

b13

b23
L a2 n ) b33 = a 21b13 + a22 b23 + a23b33 + a2 n bn 3

M

bn 3

magaliTi 1. vipovoT Tu

1 2 3
,
A =
2 0 2
45

1 0 3

B = 2 0 0
3 2 4

mocemul magaliTSi A matricis zomebia 2 3 da B matricisa 3 3 .

namravlis elementebia

1

c11 = (1 2 3) 2 = 1 + 4 9 = 4;
3

0

c12 = (1 2 3) 0 = 6;
2

3
1


c13 = (1 2 3) 0 = 3 + 0 12 = 9; c21 = (2 0 2 ) 2 = 2 + 0 6 = 4;
4
3


0
3


c22 = (2 0 2 ) 0 = 0 + 0 4 = 4; c21 = (2 0 2 ) 0 = 6 + 0 8 = 2;
2
4


maSasadame

4 6 9
4 6 9

= (1)
A B =
4 4 2
4 4 2
Tu ganvixilavT B A namravls is saerTod ar iarsebebs, radgam am
SemTxvevaSi

B matricis

svetTa

raodenoba gansxavavebulia A matricis

striqonTa raodenobaze (32).

magaliTi 2.

1 0
1 2
, B =
,
vTqvaT A =
2 3
3 4
1 2
,
A B =
7
16

maSin

3 6

B A =
11
12

A B B A

maSasadame

aqedan SeiZleba gavakeToT Semdegi daskvna: sazogadod A B B A ; e.i.

matricTa

namravli

arakomuraciuria.

e.i.

SeiZleba

arsebobdes

A B

namravli, magram ar arsebobdes B A namravli.

martivad

mowmdeba,

rom

Sekrebisa

da

gamravlebis

matricTa simravleSi xasiaTdeba Semdegi TvisebebiT:

1. A + B = B + A

2. (A) = ()

3. A A = O

4. A(B + C) = AB + AC

5. A + O = A

6. (A + B)C = AC + BC

7. (A + B) = A + B

8. A(BC) = (AB)C

46

operaciebi

im

SemTxvevaSi

komutireben.

A B = B A,

roca

magaliTad

amboben,

E erTeulovani

rom A da B matricebi

matrica

komutirebs

nebismier

kvadratul matricasTan: EA=AE. marTlac E-erTeulovani matrica iseTive

rols TamaSobs, rogorsac ricxvebis gamravlebis dros ricxvi 1-iani.
namdvil ricxvTa simravleSi Tu ab = 0 , maSin am ricxvTagan erTi
mainc nulis tolia. matricebSi es ase ar aris.
magaliTad,

1 1
,
A =
1 1

a) Tu

b) Tu

1
1
,
B =
1 1

0 1
,
A =
0 0

maSin A B = 0

maSin A 2 = A A = 0

3. transponirebuli matrica.UBvTqvaT mocemulia kvadratuli A= (ai , j )nn

matrica. misi transponirebuli matrica ewodeba B matricas (B=AT), Tu

bi , j = ai , j e.i. A matricis striqonebma da svetebma adgilebi Seicvales.

matricis transponireba SeiZleba ganimartos m n zomis A matricisaTvisac. maSin

AT iqneba n m zomis matrica e.i. am SemTxvevaSic matricis

striqonebi Caiwereba svetebad da piriqiT svetebi Caiwereba striqonebad.

magaliTad: Tu

1 2 3 4

A =
2 3 4 5

maSin

2
AT =
3

3
.
4

advili dasamtkicebelia Semdegi Tvisebebi:

(A )

T T

= A;

( A) T = AT

( A + B ) T = AT + B T

( AB)T = AT B T .

davaleba:
I. SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. ras ewodeba matrica? matricis rigi?

47

2. ras ewodeba kvadratuli matrica? erTeulovani matrica?

matrica?

nulovani

diagonaluri matrica?

3. rogor matricebs ewodebaT toli?

4. rogor SevkriboT ori matrica? ras ewodeba matricis ricxvze
namravli?
5. rogor gavamravloT

A da B matrica?

6. aris Tu ara A da B matricebis namravli komutaciuri?

II. praqtikuli savarjiSoebi

1. ipoveT

A B ,

Tu:

2
1.2 A =
3
4

1.1

1

A = 2 ,


1

1.3

1 3 1

A = 2 5 1 ,
1 3 1

3 1
2

B = 0 5 1
3 1
0

1.4

1 3 1

A = 2 0 3 ,
1 30 10

3 7
4

B = 50 52 37
3 41
0

1.5

1 3

A = 2 1 ,
3 2

a b

A = s d
x v

1.6

2.

1
B =
1

3
;
1

5 4
2

B =
1 3 0

f ,
m

ipoveT k A ,

3c
2a 3b

B = 3s 4 d 7 f
x 2v m

Tu:

48

3
,
4
5

1
B =
0

2
;
1

k=

2.1.

3
4

3. ipoveT
5

A = 3 ,
0

3.1

12

13
da A = 4
1

A+B da

k=

2.2.

A_ B

1
,
3

27

xolo A = 4
1

2 ;

1
3

Tu:

3 1
1 3 1
2

3.2 A = 2 5 1 , B = 0 5 1 ;
1 3 1
3 1
0

1

B = 7 ;
4

1 3 1

A = 2 0 3 ,
1 30 10

3.3

3 7
4

B = 50 52 37 ;
3 41
0

sin 2

3.4 A = sin 2 ,
2 sin 2

cos 2

B = cos 2
2 cos 2

$ 2. magaliTebi informaciis matriculi saxiT warmodgenaze.

ganvixiloT konkretuli

magaliTi 1.

vTqvaT, warmoeba iyenebs oTxi N1, N2, N3 da N4 nedleuls

da amzadebs sami tipis P1, P2, P3

da P4 produqts. CavweroT matriculi

saxiT warmoebisaTvis saWiro nedleuls danaxarjebis normebi da gavaanalizoT miRebuli cxrili.

a11 - iT avRinSnoT N1 saxis nedleulis danaxarjTa norma P1 produq-

tis

erTeulis warmoebisas,

xolo

a12 -iT - P2 produqtis erTeulis warmoebisas,

a13 -iT P3 produqtis erTeulis warmoebisas. analogiurad,

avRinSnoT N2 saxis nedleulis danaxarjTa norma P1 produqtis

warmoebisas da a.S. sazogadod
danaxarjTa

i = 1, 2,3, 4;

norma

j = 1, 2,3 .

Pj

aij -iT avRinSnoT Ni saxis

produqtis

erTeulis

a 21 - iT

erTeulis
nedleulis

warmoebisas,

cxadia

Tu CavwerT aRniSnul informacias cxrilis saxiT,

miviRebT 4 3 zomis matricas.

a11

a21
a
31
a
41
49

a12
a22
a32
a42

a13

a23
a33

a43

SevniSnoT, rom iur striqonSi mdgomi

a i1 , a i 2

da a i 3

elementebis

jami gviCvenebs

Ni saxis nedleulis mTlian danaxarjs samive saxis pro-

duqtis

erTeulis

TiTo

a1 j , a 2 j , a3 j

a4 j

da

warmoebisaTvis

sawarmoeblad,

xolo

elementebis jami gviCvenebs

saWiro

oTxive

nedleulis

jur

svetSi

mdgomi

Pj produqtis erTeulis

danaxarjebs.

am

matricaSi

zogierTi elementis nulTan toloba gamoricxuli ar aris. magaliTad, Tu

a12 = 0 ,

es

niSnavs,

rom

N1

saxis

nedleuli

P2 saxis

produqtis

sawarmoeblad ar gamoiyeneba.

magaliTi 2. ori qarxnis mier warmoebuli produqcia igzavneba sam

sawyobSi.

TiToeul

sawyobSi

pirveli

qarxnidan

produqtis

erTeulis

gadazidvaze ixarjeba, Sesabamisad, 2 lari, 3 lari, 4 lari, xolo meore

qarxnidan 1 lari, 5 lari, 2 lari. CavweroT orive qarxnis satransporto
xarjebi matriculi saxiT.
radgan

cnobilia

TiToeuli

qarxnis

mier

erTeuli

produqtis

gadazidvis xarjebi, amitom satransporto xarjebi SegviZlia CavweroT

Semdegi matriciT:

2 3 4

.
1 5 2
aq pirveli striqoni miuTiTebs pirveli qarxnis mier warmoebuli
erTeuli produqtis gadazidvis xarjebs samive sawyobSi, xolo meore
striqoni meore qarxnis mier warmoebuli erTeuli produqtis gadazidvis
xarjebs.

magaliTi 3. orma momxmarebelma maRaziaSi SeiZina sami dasaxelebis

produqti: Saqari, yveli da karaqi. pirvelma SeiZina 1 kg Saqari, 2 kg yveli
da 1kg karaqi. meorem ki 2 kg Saqari, 3 kg yveli da 2kg karaqi.
ganvsazRvroT TiToeuli momxmareblis danaxarji, Tu 1 kg Saqari Rirs 1
lari, 1 kg yveli 3 lari, xolo 1 kg karaqi 5 lari.
orive momxmareblis mier SeZenili produqtebis raodenoba (kg-obiT)
xasiaTdeba matriciT -

1 2 1

, sadac pirveli striqoni Seesabameba

2
3
2

pirveli momxmareblis navaWrs, xolo meore meore momxmareblis navaWrs.

50

1

produqtebis Rirebuleba (larebSi) xasiaTdeba matriciT - 3
5

martivi dasanaxia, rom am matricebis gadamravlebiT miviRebT orive
momxmareblis danaxarjebis cxrils.

1
1 2 1 1 1 + 2 3 + 1 5 12

3 =
=
2 3 2 5 2 1 + 3 3 + 2 5 21

aqedan Cans, rom pirvelma momxmarebelma daxarja 12 lari, xolo
meorem ki 21 lari.

magaliTi 4. firma uSvebs sami P1, P2, da P3 saxis produqts, romlebsac

yidis or C1 da C2 momxmarebelze. am momxmareblebis mier nayidi produqtebis
raodenobebi gamosaxulia matriciT

P1

P2

6
A =
2

P3
9 ( c1 )

.
2 ( c 2 )

TiToeuli produqtis erTeulis fasi mocemulia matriciT

( P1 )

( P2 )

( P3 )

B = (100

500

200 ) .
T

samive saxis produqtis gamosaSvebad firma iyenebs oTxi N1, N2, N3 da N4

saxis nedleuls. am nedleulis danaxarjis normebi (tonobiT) TiToeuli
saxis produqtis erTeulis sawarmoeblad gamosaxulia matriciT:

( N1 ) ( N 2 ) ( N 3 ) ( N 4 )

C = 1
0

0
1

0
2

1 (P1 )

.
1 (P2 )
1 (P3 )

oTxive nedleulis TiToeuli tonis Rirebuleba (larebSi) aRwerilia

matriciT

( N1 ) ( N 2 ) ( N 3 ) ( N 4 )
T
D = (20 10 15
15) .

51

damatebiT SemoviRoT
vipovoT

qvemoT

erTstriqoniani

miTiTebuli

yvela

matrica
matrica

E(1 1).
da

aRvweroT

maTi

ekonomikuri Senaarsi:
(a) AB, (b) AC, (g) CD,

(d) ACD,

(e) EAB,

(v) EACD, (z) EAB EACD.

6 100 + 7 500 + 9 200 5900

=

(a) AB =

2 100 + 1 500 + 2 200 1100

miRebuli matrica gamosaxavs TiToeuli mamxmareblis mier nayidi

saqonlis mTlian fass;
(b)

6 1 + 7 1 + 9 0
AC=
2 1 + 1 1 + 2 0

6 0 + 7 1 + 9 0 6 0 + 7 2 + 9 1
2 0 + 1 1 + 2 0

6 1 + 7 1 + 9 1
=
2 1 + 1 1 + 2 1

2 0 + 1 2 + 2 1

13 7 23 22
.
=
3 1 4 5
miRebuli
romelic

matriciT

ixarjeba

gamoisaxeba

TiToeuli

nedleulis

momxmareblis

raodenoba

mier

nayidi

(tonobiT),
produqtis

warmoebisaTvis;

1 20 + 0 10 + 0 15 + 1 15 35

CD= 1 20 + 1 10 + 2 15 + 1 15 = 75 .
0 20 + 0 10 + 1 15 + 1 15 30

(g)

miRebuli
(larebSi),

matrica

romelic

gvaZlevs

ixarjeba

nedleulis

samive

saxis

mTlian

produqtis

Rirebulibas

erTi

erTeulis

warmoebisaTvis;

13 7 23 22
1105
T
(20 10 15 15) =
.
ACD = ( AC ) D =
3 1 4 5
205

(d)

miRebuli matriciT ganisazRvreba daxarjuli nedleulis mTliani

fasi, romelic Seesabameba TiToeuli momxmareblis mier nayid produqts;

EAB = ( EA) B = (1 6 + 1 2 1 7 + 1 1 + 1 9 + 1 2 )(100 500 200 ) =

T

(e)

(8

11) (100 500 200 ) = (8 100 + 8 500 + 11 200 ) = ( 7000).

T

miRebuli matriciT gamoisaxeba mTliani Semosavali, romelsac firma

momxmareblisagan Rebulobs.
52

EACD = (8 8 11)(35 75 30) = (8 35 + 8 75 + 11 30 ) = (1210) .

T

(v)

miRebuli matrica gvaZlevs daxarjuli nedleulis mTlian fass;

EAB-EACD=(7000)-(1210)=(5790).

(z)

miRebuli matrica gamosaxavs mogebas gadasaxadebisa da xelfasis

gadaxdamde.

davaleba:
CawereT damoukideblad informacia matriculi saxiT da amoxseniT

1.

orma

diasaxlisma

bazarSi

SeiZina

kartofili, yveli, xorci da Tafli. erTma

sasursaTo

produqti:

diasaxlisma SeiZina 2 kg.

kartofili, 1 kg yveli, 2 kg xorci da 1 kg Tafli. xolo meorem _ 3 kg.

kartofili, 2 kg yveli, 1,5 kg xorci da 1 kg Tafli. gamoTvaleT TiToeuli
diasaxlisis danaxarji, Tu kartofilis fasia 0,5 lari, yvelis 5 lari,
xorcis _ 3 lati da Taflis 8 lari.
2. ori gamyidveli bazarSi erTnairi produqtebiT vaWrobda. erTma
gayida 50 kg

vaSli da 30 kg atami, xolo meorem _ 60 kg

vaSli da 20 kg

atami. gamoTvaleT TiToeuli gamyidvelis amonagebi, Tu 1 kg vaSlis fasia

0,8 lari, xolo 1 kg atmis 1,2 lari.

$ 3

determinantebi. Sebrunebuli matrica.

matricis rangi

53

1. Sebrunebuli matrica. mocemulia n rigis kvadratuli matrica.

vTqvaT, I imave rigis erTeulovani matricaa. iseT kvadratul X matricas,
romlisTvisac

XA = AX = I

(1)

ewodeba A matricis Sebrunebuli matrica da aRiniSneba A 1

Teorema 1. A matricas
aris

Sebrunebuli matricis Sebrunebuli matrica

(A )

1 1

matrica, e.i.

simboloTi.

( )

A 1 A 1

= A.

=I

marTlac, Sebrunebuli matricis ganmartebidan gamomdinareobs, rom

( )

A 1 A 1

=I.

Tu am tolobis orive mxares gavamravlebT marcxnidan A

matricaze, miviRebT

( )

A A 1 A 1
radganac AA 1 = 1 ,

) = AI

gvaqvs

(A )

1 1

=A

Teorema 2. ori erTi da igive zomis matricebis namravlis Sebrunebuli matrica tolia Sebrunebuli matricebis namravlisa Sebrunebuli
mimdevrobiT, e.i.

( AB )1 = B 1 A 1
marTlac, gvaqvs:

AB B 1 A 1 = A BB 1 A 1 = A I A 1 = AA 1 = I

(B

A 1 AB = B 1 A 1 A B = B 1 I B = BB 1 = I

saidanac

) (

AB B 1 A 1 = B 1 A 1 AB

ganmartebis Tanaxmad B 1 A 1

maSasadame

Sebrunebuli

matricis

warmoadgens AB matricis Sebrunebuls, e.i.

( AB )1 = B 1 A 1

54

Sebrunebuli

matricis

gamoTvlis

xerxi

vuCvenoT

magaliTze:

2 3
matricis Sebrunebuli martica.
gamovTvaloT A =
5 1
c
davuSvaT, rom A matricis Sebrunebulia A 1 = 11
c21

c12
matrica.
c22

c c 2 3 2c11 + 5c12 3c11 c12 1 0

=
=
;
A 1 A = 11 12
2
5
3
c
c
c
c
c
c
+

0
1

5
1

21
22
21
22
21
22

gveqneba

2c11 + 5c12 = 1,
3c c = 0.
11 12

maSasadame,

2c21 + 5c22 = 0,
3c c = 1.
21 22

Tu amovxsniT TiToeul sistemas, miviRebT:

c11 =

1
;
17

c12 =

3
;
17

c21 =

5
;
17

c22 =

2
.
17

e.i.

A 1 = 17
5
17

17
2

17

SeniSvna. Sebrunebuli matricis gamoTvlis zemoTmoyvanili xerxi

rTuldeba

marticis

rigis

zrdasTan

erTad.

matricis

Sebrunebuli

matricis povnis ufro moxerxebul xerxs aRvwerT Semdgom paragrafSi.

2.

determinanti. determinantis cnebis SemoReba sxvadasxvagvarad

SeiZleba. Cven iseT gzas avirCevT, romelic saSualebas mogvcems SemdgomSi

SedarebiT martivad gamovTvaloT da gamoviyenoT determinantebi.
Tu A kvadratuli matricaa, maSin mis determinants aRniSnaven A an
simboloTi.

daviwyoT

n=1-dan

da

TandaTan

ganvsazRvroT

kvadratuli matricis determinanti.

n=1.

maSin

( A) = a11

n=2.

maSin

a
A = 11
a 21

da

a12

a 22

A = a11
da ganvmartoT

55

nn

zomis

A=

n=3. maSin,

a11

A = a21
a
31

a12
a22
a32

a11
a21

a12
= a11a22 a12 a21 .
a22

a13

a23 .
a33

misi Sesabamisi mesame rigis determinanti ganvsazRvroT Semdegi

wesiT:

A = a11

a 22 a 23
a a
a a
a 21 12 13 + a31 12 13 .
a32 a33
a32 a33
a 22 a 23

vTqvaT, Cven ukve gansazRvruli gvaqvs

nn

kvadratuli matricis

determinanti da gvinda ganvszRvroT (n + 1) (n + 1) zomis determinanti. maSin

viqceviT wina punqtis msgavsad: viRebT

A=

matricis

a11
a 21
K
a n1
a n +1,n

pirvel

a12
a 22
K
an 2
a n +1, 2
svets

a1n
a2n
K
a nn
a n +1n

a1,n +1

a 2 ,n +1
K
a n ,n +1

a n +1,n +1

TandaTan

viwyebT

L
L
K
L
L
da

determinantis

gaSlas. viRebT a11 elements, matricidan amovSliT pirvel striqonsa da

pirvel svets, vamravlebT a11 darCenili matricis determinantze. Semdeg
viRebT a21 elements, matricidan amovSliT meore striqonsa da pirvel
svets, vamravlebT a21 darCenili matricis determinantze da a.S
zogadad viRebT aj1 elements, matricidan amovSliT j-ur striqonsa da
pirvel svets, vamravlebT (-1)j+1j1 darCenili matricis determinantze.
sabolood yvela aseTi namravls (sul aseTi n+1- ia) SevkribavT da
miviRebT A matricis determinants.

SeniSvna.
sebebs.

magram

determinantis aseTi ganmarteba emyareba determinantis TviCven

mizanSewonilad

CavTvaleT

mainc

aseTi

saxis

gansazRvrebis SemoReba, radgan Cveni azriT es garkveulad aadvilebs

determinantis gamoTvlebs.

56

3. minori da algebruli damateba. vTqvaT A n n zomis kvadratuli

matricaa. ganvixiloT misi aij elementi. Tu
striqonsa
matrica.

i-ur

da
am

svets,

matricis

maSin

(n 1) (n 1)

miReba

determinants

matricidan amovSliT j-ur

ewodeba

zomis

kvadratuli

aij elementis

minori

da

aRiniSneba Mij simboloTi. Tu Mij minors gavamravlebT (-1)i+j ze, miReba aij
elementis algebruli damateba. igi aRiniSneba Aij simboloTi, e.i.

Aij=(-1)i+jMij .
algebruli damatebebis gamoTvlebs Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvT
determinantebisa da Sebrunebuli matricebis gamoTvlisas, amitom cota
meti yuradRebiT movekidebiT.

laplasis

Teorema.

kvadratuli

matricis

determinanti

tolia

matricis nebismieri striqonis (an svetis) elementebisa da maTi algebruli

damatebebis namravlebis jamisa:

A = ai1 Ai1 + ai 2+ Ai 2 + L + ain Ain

A = a1 j A1 j + a2 j + A2 j + L + anj Anj
maSasadame, determinantis gamoTvla SeiZleba misi gaSliT nebismieri
striqonis

an

svetis

mimarT.

amitom

praqtikuli

gamoTvlebisas

mizanSewonilia im striqonis an svetis amorCeva, sadac bevri nulebia.

determinantis Tvisebebi:
I. Tu determinantis romelime striqonis an romelime svetis yvela
elementi nulis tolia, maSin determinantic nulis tolia;
II. Tu

determinantis

ori

striqoni

an

sveti

erTnairia,

maSin

determinanti nulis tolia;

III. Tu determinantSi adgilebs SeucvliT or striqonsa an or svets,
maSin determinanti mxolod niSans Seicvlis;
IV. Tu

determinantis

romelime

striqonis

an

svetis

elementebi

Seicaven saerTo Tanamamravls, is SeiZleba gamovitanoT determinantis

niSnis gareT;
SeniSvna. matricis ricxvze gamravleba gansxvavdeba determinantis
ricxvze gamravlebisagan. matricis ricxvze gamravlebisas am matricis
yvela

elementi

unda

gavamravloT

57

ricxvze.

im

dros,

rodesac

determinantis ricxvze gamravlebisas saWiroa erTi romelime striqoni an

sveti gavamravloT mocemul ricxvze.
V.

Tu determinantis romelime striqonis an svetis elementebs

davumatebT sxva striqonis an svetis elementebs gamravlebul erTi da

igive ricxvze, amiT determinantis mniSvneloba ar Seicvleba;
VI.

Tu determinantis romelime striqonis an svetis elementebs

gavamravlebT

sxva

striqonis

an

svetis

algebrul

damatabebze

da

am

namravlebs SevkribavT, miRebuli jami nulis toli iqneba;

VII.

Tu

determinantis

ori

striqonis

an

svetis

elementebi

proporciulia, maSin determinanti nulis tolia;

VIII.

transponirebuli

matricis

determinanti

matricis

determinantis tolia;
IX.

ori kvadratuli matricis namravlis determinanti matricTa

determinantebis namravlis tolia, e.i.

AB = A B .
SevniSnoT, rom es toloba samarTliania roca B A A B .

4. Sebrunebuli matricis gamoTvla determinantebis gamoyenebiT.

ganvixiloT kvadratuli matrica

a11

A = a 21
K
a n1

a12
a 22
K
an 2

L
L
K
L

a1n

a2 n .
K
a nn

radganac Sebrunebuli matrica Cven ganvmarteT kvadratuli matricisaTvis, amitom mas SeiZleba hqondes Sebrunebuli matrica. bunebrivad ismis
amocana rogor matricas aqvs Sebrunebuli. am sakiTxze pasuxs iZleva
Semdegi Teorema.

Teorema.

kvadratul

matricas

maSin

da

mxolod

maSin

aqvs

Sebrunebuli matrica, roca misi determinanti gansxvavdeba nulisagan.

(kvadratul A matricas ewodeba gansakuTrebuli, Tu

A = 0 , xolo Tu

A 0 , maSin aragansakuTrebuli).

damtkiceba. a) vTqvaT A matricas aqvs Sebrunebuli A-1 matrica. maSin

58

AA 1 = I

AA 1 = I

amitom

A A 1 = 1 .

1
;
A

A 0 da A 1 =

maSasadame,
b) vTqvaT

da

A 0 da vaCvenoT, rom arsebobs matrica. axla Cven ufro

mets vaCvenebT, faqtiurad aq miuTiTebT, Tu rogor unda avagoT A-1 .

ganvixiloT A* matrica, romelsac A matricis mikavSirebul matricas
uwodeben da romlis elementebic Semdegi wesiT aigeba.
aris

AT matricis algebruli damateba. maSasadame

vTqvaT B=A*A=( bij ) nn ,

sadac aij*

aij* = AijT = A ji .

maSin

A,

bij = A Asj = A a sj =
s =1
s =1
0,
n

A*=( aij* ) nn ,

*
is

Tu i = j ,

*
is

i j.

Tu

amitom

0
B=
K

0
A
K
0

0
K

analogiurad miiReba, rom

0
*
A A =
K

0
A
K
0

0
K

maSin cxadia, rom Tu aviRebT matricas

C=

1 *
A ,
A

maSin A-1=C.

vaCvenoT, rom A-1 matrica calsaxadaa gansazRvruli.

vTqvaT arsebobs X da Y romlebic toli araa A-1-is da AX=I, YA=I.
maSin

A-1AX=A-1 da

YAA-1 =A-1

saidanac

59

X=Y=A-1.

Teoremis

damtkicebidan

gamomdinare

CamovayaliboT

Sebrunebuli

matricis agebis algoriTmi:

1)

maSin A-1 arsebobs,

vipovoT transponirebuli matrica AT.

3)

unda

damatebebi

da

A 0,

Tu A =0, maSin A-1 ar arsebobs;

2)

gamovTvaloT
vipovoT

matricis

AT matricis

mierTebuli

Sebrunebuli matrica A 1 =

5.

A Tu

unda vipovoT mocemuli matricis determinanti

rangi.

elementebis

A*

matrica

da

algebruli
gamovTvaloT

1 *
A formuliT.
A
ganvixiloT

A = (a )m
n

matrica

SevarCioT

am

matricaSi nebismieri r striqoni da r sveti. cxadia, r min{m, n} arCeuli

striqonebisa da svetebis gadakveTaze mdgomi elementebisagan Sedgenil
determinants matricis r rigis minori ewodeba.
mTel r ricxvs ewodeba matricis rangi, Tu misi r rigis minorTa
Soris erTi mainc gansxvavebulia nulisagan, xolo yvela r maRali rigis
minori nulis tolia.

matricis

rangi

aRiniSneba

simboloTi

rangA.

am

ganmartebidan

gamomdinareobs, rom Tu r rigis minorTa Soris erTi mainc gansxvavebulia

nulisagan, xolo yvela (r+1) rigis minori (Tu aseTi arsebobs) nulis
tolia, maSin A matricis rangi r ricxvis tolia.

davaleba:
I. SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. ras ewodeba A

matricis Sebrunebuli matrica?

2. ras ewodeba minori da algebruli damateba?

3. CamoayalibeT determinantis Tvisebebi.
4. ras

ewodeba

gansakuTrebuli

matrica?
5. ras ewodeba matricis rangi?
60

matrica?

aragansakuTrebuli

II. praqtikuli savarjiSoebi

ipoveT A-1,

1.

Tu:

1 5
;
1.1 A=
3 4

1.4.

3 1
;
1.2
5 2

1.3 A = 5

2
1 3 1

A = 2 5 1 ; 1.5 A = 0

1 3 1

1
2
5
1

3
5

2. gamoTvaleT:

2.1.

2.4.

0 ;

3 7
2 0

2.5.

x
x2

y
y2

z ;
z2

1 ;

2.2.

2.3.

1 0 0

1 3 2

0 0 5

1 2 0 0

2.6.

1 t 2
1 + t 2
2 t
1 + t 2

2
1 +
1
1 +

t
t
t
t

2
2

3. amoxseniT gantoleba:
3.1.

cos 8 x sin 5 x
sin 8 x

cos 5 x

=0;

3.2

a +1

bc

a2 + a

ab ac

= 0 ; 3.3.

4 sin x

cos x

4. gamoTvaleT Semdegi matricebis rangi:

4.1. A = 1

4.3.

A= 0

3
5
1

2 ;

1 ;

A = 2

4.2.

4.4.

A = 0

61

0 ;

0
1

1;

= 0;

$ 4

1.

zogadi

cnebebi.

wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema

ganvixiloT m

wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema

ucnobiT:

a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + L + a1n x n = b1 ,

a 21 x1 + a 22 x 2 + L + a 2 n x n = b2 ,

LLLLLLLLLLLL

a m1 x1 + a m 2 x 2 + L + a mn x n = bm .

(1)

sadac,
aij da bij (i=1,2,...,m; j=1,2,3,...n) nebismieri namdvili ricxvebia, xolo
x1 , x 2 , K x n

ucnobi sidideebia.

aij

ricxvebs sistemis koeficientebi

ewodebaT, xolo bij ricxvebs ki gantolebis Tavisufali wevrebi. Tu m n

maSin sistemas marTkuTxa sistemas, xolo Tu
sistema

m = n , maSin kvadratuli

ewodeba.

Semoklebuli formiT sistema Caiwereba semdegi saxiT:

n

a
j =1

ij

x j = bi ,

(i = 1,2,3,..., n).

sistemis amonaxsni ewodeba x1 , x2 ,..., xn cvladebis iseT mniSvnelobebs,

romelic sistemis yovel gantolebas WeSmarit ricxviT tolobad aqcevs.
62

Tu sistemas erTi amonaxseni mainc aqvs, maSin mas Tavsebadi ewodeba.

Tu sistemas ara aqvs arcerTi amonaxseni, maSin mas ara Tavsebadi
ewodeba.
magaliTebi:

I.

x1 + x2 = 10

x1 3 x2 = 2

sistema

Tavsebadia da mas erTaderTi amonaxseni ( x1 = 8,

II.
wrfiv algebrul

sistema

x1 + x2 = 10

2 x1 + 2 x2 = 5

x2 = 2) aqvs;

araTavsebadia.

gantolebaTa sistemasTan dakavSirebiT ismeba ori

ZiriTadi sakiTxi:
I.

sistemis Tavsebadobis gamokvleva;

II.

Tavsebadi sistemis yvela amonaxsenis povna.

advili dasanaxia, rom Tu SemoviRebT Semdegi saxis aRniSvnebs:

a11

A = a 21
K
a m1

a12
a 22
K
am 2

L
L
K
L

a1n

a 2 n ,
K
a mn

x1
b1


x
X = 2 , B = b2 .
M
M
x
n
bn

maSin (1) gantolebaTa sistema SeiZleba Caiweros

AX = B

(2)

matriculi formiT.

2. krameris wesi. ganvixiloT kvadratuli sistema (m=n)

a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + L + a1n x n = b1 ,

a 21 x1 + a 22 x 2 + L + a 2 n x n = b2 ,

LLLLLLLLLLLL

a n1 x1 + a n 2 x 2 + L + a nn x n = bn .

(3)

da am sistemis koeficientebisagan Sedgenili determinanti avRniSnoT -Ti

e.i.

a11

a12

a1n

a 21

a 22

a2 n

a n1

an 2

a nn

63

ganvixiloT agreTve n rigis egreTwodebuli damxmare determinantebi:

1,2,..,n, sadac j (j=1,2,3...,n)

miiReba sistemis determinantisagan misi

j-uri svetis SecvliT Tavisufali wevrebisagan Sedgenili svetiT. e.i.

A=

a11 L a1, j 1

b1

a1, j +1 L

a1n

a 21 L a 2 , j 1

b2

a 2 , j +1 L

a2n

a n1 L a n , j 1

bn

a n , j +1 L

a nn

mtkicdeba, rom Tu 0, maSin (3) sistema Tavsebadia da mas erTaderTi

amonaxseni aqvs, romelic moicema formulebiT:

xj =

j = 1, 2,3,..., n

(4)

miRebul (4) formulebs krameris formulebi ewodeba.

cxadia, rom krameris formulebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba mxolod maSin,
am roca 0, SemTxvevaSi sistemas erTaderTi amonaxsni

aqvs. agreTve

mtkicdeba, rom Tu =0 da j ebidan erTi mainc gansxvavebulia nulisagan,

maSin sistemas amonaxseni ara aqvs. Tu =0 da j= 0, maSin sistemas uamravi
amonaxseni aqvs.

3. sistemis amoxsna matriculi xerxiT. ganvixiloT (2) matriculi

formiT Cawerili gantolebaTa sistema

AX = B .
davuSvaT,

rom

A matrica

aragadagvarebulia

e.i.

= A 0 .

maSin

rogorc, viciT arsebobs A matricis Sebrunebuli A-1 matrica. gavamravloT

(2) matriculi gantolebis orive mxare marcxnidan A-1 matricaze

] [

A 1 ( AX ) = A 1 B ( A 1 A) X = A 1 B IX = A 1 B X = A 1 B.
e.i.

X = A 1 B.

(5)

rac warmoadgens (2) gantolebis amonaxsns.

axla
sistemis

ganvixiloT
amonaxsenis

gantolebaTa
arseboba

marTkuTxovani

mWidrodaa

64

sistema

dakavSirebuli

m n.
Semdeg

am
or

matricasTan

a11

a 21
A=
K
a
m1

a12

a 22

am 2

a1 n

a2n
,
K
a mn

a11

~
a 21
A=
K
a
n1

a12

a1 n

a 22

a2n

an2

a nn

b1

b2

K
b n

matricas sistemis gafarToebuli matrica ewodeba.

mtkicdeba

Semdegi

Teorema (kroneker-kapeli).

wrfiv algebrul gantolebaTa sistemis

TavsebadobisaTvis aucilebeli da sakmarisi, rom sistemis matricis rangi

~

udrides gafarToebuli matricis rangs, e.i.

1.

rang A = rangA ;

amasTan

Tu

rangA = rang A = n ,

maSin

sistemas

aqvs

mxolod

erTi

amonaxseni;
2.

Tu rangA = rang A < n , maSin sistemas aqvs amonaxsenTa usasrulo

simravle;

3.

Tu rangA rang A , maSin sistema araTavsebadia.

4. erTgvarovan gantolebaTa sistema. wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemas

ewodeba erTgvarovani, Tu (1) sistemis yvela Tavisufali wevri nulis
tolia:

a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + L + a1n x n = 0,

a 21 x1 + a 22 x 2 + L + a 2 n x n = 0,

LLLLLLLLLLLL

a m1 x1 + a m 2 x 2 + L + a mn x n = 0.
cxadia, rom erTgvarovani sistema yovelTvis Tavsebadia, radgan e.w.
trivialuri (nulovani) amonaxseni mas yovelTvis aqvs.
advili dasanaxia, rom Tu m=n da matricis rangia n, maSin sistemis
determinanti

ar

udris

nuls

da

amitom

sistemas

mxolod

nulovani

amonaxseni aqvs. maSasadame, arativialuri (aranulovani) amonaxsnebi aqvs

mxolod

iseT

sistemebs,

romelSic

gantolebaTa

raodenoba

naklebia

cvladebis raodenobaze an, Tuki isini tolia, maSin determinantia nulis

toli. sxavgvarad: erTgvarovan sistemas aratrivialuri amonaxsnebi aqvs

65

maSin,

da

mxolod

maSin

roca

rangi

naklebia

sistemis

ucnobebis

raodenobaze.
avRniSnoT

erTgvarovani

sistemis

amonaxseni

x1 = k1 ,

x2 = k 2 ,..., xn = k n ,

e1 = (k1 , k 2 ,..., k n ) .

striqonis saxiT

advili dasanaxia, rom Tu e1 erTgvarovani sistemis amonaxsenia, maSin

e1 = (k1 , k 2 ,..., k n ) -ic sistemis amonaxsenia. aseve, Tu

e1

da

e2

sistemis

amonaxsnebia, maSin ( e1 + e2 )-ic amonaxsenia.

maSasadame, erTgvarovani sistemis amonaxsenTa nebismieri wrfivi kombinacia isev sistemis amonaxsenia.
magaliTi

1.

ganvsazRvroT

bazarze

urTierTdamokidebuli saqonlis wonasworobis P1, P2

Setanili
da P3

sami

fasebi, Tu

isini akmayofileben Semdeg pirobebs:

2 P1 + 4 P2 + P3 = 77,

4 P1 + 3 P2 + 7 P3 = 114,

2 P1 + P2 + 3 P3 = 48.
jer gamovTvaloT sistemis determinanti:
2 4 1

3 7
4 7 4 3
= 4 3 7 =2
4
+
= 2(9 7) 4(12 14) + (4 6) = 10 .
1 3
2 3 2 1
2 1 3

e.i.

=100,

amitom

sistemas

gaaCnia

erTaderTi

amonaxseni.

amonaxsenis sapovnelad gamovTvaloT, 1, 2, 3 damxmare determinantebi.

77 4 1

2 77 1

2 4 77

1 = 114 3 7 = 100,

2 = 4 114 7 = 130,

3 = 4 3 114 = 50.

48 1 3

2 48 3

2 1 48

krameris formulebiT davadgenT, rom

P1 =

1
= 10,

P2 =

2
= 13,

P3 =

3
= 5.

amrigad, saZiebeli wonasworobis fasebia P1 = 10, P2 = 13, P3 = 5

magaliTi 2. amovxsnaT matriculi xerxiT Semdegi sistema

x + y + 2 z = 1,
2 x y + 2 z = 4,
4 x + y + 4 z = 2.
SemoviRoT aRniSvnebi:
66

am

 1

B = 4 . .
2

x

X = y ,
z

1 1 2

A = 2 1 2 ,
4 1 4

mocemuli sistema, matriculi saxiT ase gadaiwereba

AX = B .
radgan
1

A = 2 1 2 = 6 0 ,
4

amitom
1
X =A B=
A
1

A11

A21

A31

A13 1

A23 4 ,

A33 2

A12
A22
A32

sadac

A11 = ( 1) 2

A12 = ( 1) 3

A13 = ( 1) 4

= 6,

= 0,

= 6,

A21 = ( 1) 3

A22 = ( 1) 4

A23 = ( 1) 5

= 2,

A31 = ( 1) 4

= 4 ,

A31 = ( 1) 5

= 3,

A31 = ( 1) 6

= 4 ,

= 2,

= 3.

sabolood
1

1
3
x

2
y = 0
3
z
1

1
2

3 1 1
1
4 = 2
3
1 2 2

2

SevniSnoT, rom krameris wesiT, aseve matriculi xerxiT SeiZleba

amoixsnas mxolod iseTi wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemebi, romlebSic ucnobTa
ricxvi

gantolebaTa

ricxvis

tolia

gansxvavebulia nulisagan.
magaliTi 3. gamovikvlioT sistema

x + 4 y + 5 z = 10,
2 x + 8 y + 10 z = 20,
x y + z = 1.
67

da

sistemis

determinanti

pirvel

rigSi,

amovweroT

sistemis

matrica

da

gafarToebuli

matrica

1 4 5 10

A = 2 8 10 20 .
1 1 1 1

1 4 5

A = 2 8 10 ,
1 1 1

A = 0 e.i. A matrica gadagvarebulia.

Tu gamoviTvliT, miviRebT, rom

amitom krameris xerxs ver gamoviyenebT. martivad SevamowmebT, rom rangA=2,

radgan misi meore rigis minori
2

1 1

= 2 8 = 10 0 .
~

aseve martivad vaCvenebT, rom gafarToebul A matricis yvela mesame

~

rigis minori nulis tolia da rang A =2. amitom kroneker-kapelis Teoremis

Tanaxmad

mocemul

sistemas

gaaCnia

amonaxsenTa

usasrulo

simravle.

vipovoT es amonaxsnebi. amisaTvis mocemuli sistema gadavweroT Semdegi

saxiT:

x + 4 y = 10 5 z ,
x y = 1 z,
2 x + 8 y + 10 z = 20.
pirveli ori gantolebidan miviRebT:

x=
uSualo

SemowmebiT

14 9 z
;
5

y=

martivad

9 4z
.
5
vaCvenebT,

rom

sistemis

mesame

gantoleba avtomaturad kmayofildeba z-s nebismieri mniSvnelobisaTvis,

amitom

Semdegi

sameuli

14 9 z

;
x =
5

y=

9 4z
5

z warmoadgens

mocemuli

sistemis amonaxsens nebismieri z-saTvis.

magaliTi 4. amovxsnaT erTgvarovani sistema

x1 + 2 x2 + x3 = 0,
3 x1 3 x2 3 x3 = 0,
5 x1 + x2 x3 = 0.
1

1 2
= 9 0 . amitom sisA = 3 3 3 = 0 , xolo meore rigis minori
3 3
5 1 1

temis matricis rangi _

rangA=2, amitom sistemas aqvs aratrivialuri

68

amonaxsnebi. vipovoT es amonaxsnebi. amisaTvis aviRoT gamoTvlili minoris

warmomqmneli pirveli ori gantoleba

x1 + 2 x2 + x3 = 0 , x s mivaniWoT
3
3 x 3 x 3 x = 0
2
3
1

nebismieri mniSvneloba c.

x1 + 2 x2 = c,
x x = c.
2
1

miviRebT:

1
saidanac x1 = c,
3
1
x1 = c,
3

2
x 2 = c,
3

2
x 2 = c,
3

maSasadame sistemis amonaxsenia

x3 = c, sadac c nebismieri mudmivia.

davaleba:
I. SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
n

1. amowereT

ucnobiani

wrfiv

gantolebaTa

sistema.

ra

SemTxvevaSi uwodeben am sistemas erTgvarovans? araerTgvarovans?

2. ras uwodeben wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis amonaxsns? ras ewodeba
sistemis amoxsna?
3. rogor sistems uwodeben Tavsebads? araTavsebads?
4. CamoayalibeT krameris wesi.
5. CawereT

ucnobiani

kvadratuli

wrfiv

gantolebaTa

sistema

matriculi saxiT.
6. CawereT gantolebaTa sistemis amonaxsni matriculi saxiT.
7. ra kavSiri arsebobs matricis rangsa da aranulovan minorTa
maqsimalur rigs Soris?
8. rogor wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemas uwodeben marTkuTxovans?
9. CawereT wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis matrica da gafarToebuli
matrica.
10. CamoayalibeT kroneker-kapelis Teorema.

69

II. praqtikuli savarjiSoebi

1. amoxseniT krameris wesiT:

1.1.

4x y = 5
;

3 x + 2 y = 1

3 x + 2 y = 12
2x y = 3
1.2.
; 1.3.
3 x + 2 y = 1
2 x + 5 y = 19

2 x1 x 2 + x3 = 0

1.4. 3 x1 + 2 x 2 5 x3 = 7 ;

x1 + 3 x 2 2 x3 = 7

1.6.

2 x1 + x 2 + x3 = 4

4 x1 + 2 x 2 + 2 x3 = 5 ;

6 x1 + 3 x 2 + 3 x3 = 10

1.5.

3 x1 2 x 2 + x3 = 2

4 x1 + x 2 + 2 x3 = 7

6 x1 4 x 2 2 x3 = 1

1.7.

2 x1 + x 2 + x3 = 4

4 x1 + 2 x 2 + 2 x3 = 8

6 x1 + 3 x 2 + 3 x3 = 12

2. m parametris ra mniSvnelobisaTvis aqvs gantolebaTa sistemas:

( 3 + m ) x + 4 y = 5 3m

2 x + (5 + m ) y = 8
uamravi amonaxsni?
3. kroneker-kapelis Teoremis gamoyenebiT daadgineT Tavsebadia Tu
ara gantolebaTa sistema:

3.1.

5 x1 x 2 + 2 x3 + x 4 = 7

2 x1 + x 2 + 4 x3 2 x 4 = 1 ;

x1 3 x 2 6 x3 + 5 x 4 = 0

3.2.

7 x1 + 3 x 2 = 2

x1 2 x 2 = 3

4 x1 + 9 x 2 = 11

4. amoxseniT Semdegi matriculi gantolebebi

4.1.

4.3.

1
x
1

2
3
x =
5
4

1
= (2
1

5
;
9
0);

4.2.

3
x
5

2 1
=
4 5
1

4.4

70

2
2

2
;
6

4
6

1 x = 2

1
0

$ 5 matricTa algebris gamoyeneba ekonomikaSi

1. warmoebis dargSoris balansi. vTqvaT warmoeba Sedgeba sxvadasxva

n dargisagan. drois erTeulSi (magaliTad weliwadSi) am dargebis warmoebis moculobebia Q1 , Q2 ,L, Qn . TiToeuli dargis produqcia gamoiyeneba sxva
dargebis mier da agreTve nawilobriv dargis SegniT.

i-dargis produqciis raodenoba, romelic ixarjeba j-dargis saWiroebisaTvis avRniSnoT qij (i,j=1,2,3,...,n). ase rom qij

iqneba i-iuri dargis

produqciis is raodenoba, romelic moixmareba, imave i-uri dargis

rogorc, wesi i-iuri dargis

SigniT.

produqciis mxolod nawili moixmareba

warmoebaSi. am produqciis nawili ixarjeba iseTi miznebisaTvis, romelic

dakavSirebuli

araa

warmoebasTan;

magaliTad:

eqsporti,

kapitaluri

dabandeba, maragis gazrda da sxv.

i-iuri dargis produqts, romelic ar gamoiyeneba sawarmoo danaxarjebisaTvis ewodeba

yoveli

i-iuri dargis

dargis

saboloo produqti

produqciis

ganawileba

da aRiniSneba qj.

SeiZleba

aRvweroT

e.w.

dargTaSoriso kavSirebis cxriliT:

materialuri
warmoebis
dargi

warmoebis
moculoba

dargTaSorisi nakadebi dargebSi

saboloo
produqti

...

a1

q11

q12

..

q1n

q1

a2

q21

q22

...

q2n

q2

....

...

...

...

...

...

...

an

qn1

qn2

...

qnn

qn

dargTaSoris

kavSirebis

cxrilSi

SeiZleba

SevajamoT,

mxolod

striqonebis elementebi. svetebis elementebis Sekreba ar SeiZleba, radgan

71

isini warmoadgenen sxvadasxva dargebis produqciebs, romlebic sxvadasxva

erTeulebiT izomeba.
cxadia, rom

Q1 = q11 + q12 + L + q1n + q1 ,

Q2 = q 21 + q 22 + L + q 2 n + q 2 ,

LLLLLLLLLLL

Qn = q n1 + q n 2 + L + q nn + q n .

(1)

miviReT gantolebaTa sistema, romelsac warmoebis sabalanso gantolebebi

ewodeba.

isini gviCveneben, rom mocemuli dargis warmoebis mTliani moculoba

tolia produqciaTa im nakadebis jamisa, romlic am dargebidan midis sxva
dargebSi, mimatebuli mocemuli dargis SigniT, moxmarebuli produqciisa
da saboloo produqtis jami.
SemoviRoT aRniSvna:

aij =
cxadia,

rom

aij -iT

qij
Qj

, i, j = 1,2,3,..., n .

aRniSnulia

i-iuri

moculoba, romelic saWiroa j-iuri dargis

warmoebisaTvis.

aij -ricxvebs

warmoebis

(2)
dargis

produqciis

is

produqciis erTi erTeulis

teqnologiuri

koefeicientebi

ewodeba. am koeficientebis saSualebiT SevadginoT n rigis kvadratuli

matrica:

a11

a 21
A=
K
a
n1

a12

a 22

an 2

a1n

a2 n
.
K
a nn

(3)

es matrica axasiaTebs warmoebis teqnikur pirobebs sagegmo periodSi.

amitom mas warmoebis teqnologiuri matricas uwodeben.
vTqvaT, drois gansaxilvel periodSi cnobilia
(3) matrica.

aij -sidideebi,

e.i.

(2)-dan gamomdinareobs, rom

q ij = a ij Q j
ukanaskneli

tolobis

gaTvaliswinebiT

gantolebebidan miviRebT:
72

(1)

sabalanso

Q1 = a11Q1 + a12 Q2 + L + a1n Qn + q ,1

Q2 = a 21Q1 + a 22 Q2 + L + a 2 n Qn + q 2 ,

LLLLLLLLLLLLLL

Qn = a n1Q1 + a n 2 Q2 + L + a nn Q2 + q n .

(4)

miRebul sistemaSi igulisxmeba, rom aij da qi cnobilia, xolo Q1

ucnobi. (4) gantolebaTa sistema CavweroT matriculi formiT

Q = AQ + q

(5)

sadac

Q1

Q
Q = 2,
M

Q
n

q1

q
q = 2 ,
M

q
n

xolo A warmoebis teqnologiuri matricaa. saidanac miviRebT

Q AQ = q;

( I A)Q = q .

miRebuli matriculi gantoleba gavamravloT marcxnidan

(I A)1 -ze

gveqneba

(I A)1 (I A)Q = (I A)q;

IQ = (I A) q .
1

maSasadame

Q = (I A) q
1

(6)

cxadia, am procesSi igulisxmeboda, rom determinanti I A 0

me-(6) formula iZlva saSualebas gamovTvaloT warmoebis dagebis
moculebebi

(Qj

sidideebi)

Tu

cnobilia

warmoebis

matrica da qj saboloo produqtebis raodenobebi.

uwodeben warmoebis gegmis Sedgenas.
vTqvaT gamoviTvaleT, (I A)

(I A)

A11

= A21
K
An1

da miviReT

A12
A22
K
An 2

L
L
K
L

MmaSin (6) gantolebidan miviRebT

73

A1n

A2 n .
K
Ann

teqnologiuri

Qj sidideebis moZebnas

 Q1 A11 q1 + A12 q 2 + L + A1n q n ,

Q2 A21 q1 + A22 q 2 + L + A2 n q n ,
.
=
M
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L

Q A q + A q + L + A q .
n2 2
nn n
n n1 1

(7)

saidanac
n

L
Q
A
q
A
q
A
q
A1 j q j ,
=
+
+
+
=

11 1
12 2
1n n
1
j =1

n
Q = A q + A q + L + A q =
A2 j q j ,

21 1
22 2
2n n
2
j =1
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL

n
Qn = An1 q1 + An 2 q 2 + L + Ann q n = Anj q j .
j =1

(I A)1

(8) gantolebebi gviCveneben, rom

(8)

matricis elementebi warmoad-

genen sidideebs, romlebic gansazRvraven raodenobriv damokidebulebebs

yvela dargebis saboloo produqtebs Soris; amasTanave dargebis warmoebis
moculobebi wrfivadaa damokidebuli dargebis saboloo produqtebze.

(I A)1 matricis

elemntebs

aqvT

garkveuli

ekonomikuri

Sinaarsi.

aviRoT, magaliTad, k-uri dargis saboloo produqti, Tu vigulisxmebT,

rom Seicvala mxolod am dargis saboloo produqti, xolo sxva dargebis
saboloo produqtebi ucvleli darCa, maSin (8) sistemis yoveli gantoleba
daamyarebs

wrfiv

damokidebulebas

am

dargis

produqciis

saerTo

raodenobasa da k-uri dargis saboloo produqts Soris. am SemTxvevaSi

damokidebuli

cvladis

nazrdis

Sefardeba

damoukidebeli

cvladis

nazrdTan, toli iqneba am cvladis koeficientisa

Qi
= Aik
q k

(i = 1, 2,3,..., n )

(9)

am formulidan Cans, rom Aik koeficienti gansazRvravs i-iuri dargis

warmoebis im moculobas, romelic saWiroa

k-iuri dargis saboloo pro-

duqtis erTi erTeuliT gazrdisaTvis. Aik koeficientebs uwodeben erToblivi

moxmarebis

koeficientebs,

xolo

(I A)1

matricis

erToblivi

moxmarebis koeficientTa matricas.

es koeficientebi asruleben Zalian mniSvnelovan rols warmoebis
dagegmvaSi.

Tu

viciT

(I A)1

matrica,
74

SegviZlia

ganvsazRvroT

materialuri warmoebis gegmis sxvadasxva varianti, romlebic Seesabamebian

saboloo produqtis sxvadasxva variantebs.
magaliTi 1. vTqvaT, warmoebaSi 3 dargia da mocemulia warmoebis
teqnologiuri matrica:

0,3 0,1 0,0

A = 0,2 0,3 0,2 .

0,1 0,0 0,1

gegmis

winaswari

damuSavebis

dros

miRebulia

momxmarebis

produqtebis ori varianti:

10. q1(1) = 100 000, q 2(1) = 300 000, q3(1) = 200 000;
2 0. q1( 2 ) = 200 000, q2( 2 ) = 300 000, q3(1) = 100 000.

saWiroa ganisazRvros warmoebis gegmis Sesabamisi variantebi.

0,7 0,1 0,0

I A = 0,2 0,7 0,2 .

0,9 0,0
0,9

misi determinanti I A = 0,439 0 e.i. aragadagvarebulia.

vipovoT Sebrunebuli (I A)

(I A)

matrica. gvaqvs

1,49643 0,21378 0,04751

= 0,47506 1,49643 0,33253 .

0,16627 0,02375 1,11639

pirveli variantisTvis gveqneba

Q1(1)
100 000 223 279
(1)

1
Q2 = (I A) 300 000 = 562 941 ,
Q (1)
200 000 247 030

3
saidanac

Q1(1) = 223 279, Q2(1) = 562 941, Q3(1) = 247 030 .

analogiurad, meore variantisaTvis miviRebT

Q1( 2 ) = 368 171, Q2( 2 ) = 577 194, Q3( 2) = 152 018 .

miRebuli

sidideebi

gansazRvraven

warmoebis

gegmis

Sesabamis

variantebs.
Tu visargeblebT tolobiT q ij = a ij Q j SeiZleba ganvsarRvroT dargTa
Soris nakadis sidideebi da maTi orive SesaZlo varianti.

75

2.

warmoebaSi

produqciis

dasaqmebulobis

gamoSveba

moiTxovs

ara

gansazRvra.
marto

warmoebis

sxvadasxva

masalisa

mier
da

warmoebis sagnebis (Sromis iaraRebis) danaxarjebs, aramed cocxali Sromis

sxvadasxva danaxarjebsac.
davuSvaT, rom:
1) warmoeba iyofa n dargad da warmoebis teqnologiuri matrica aris

A = (Aij )n ;
n

2) cocxali Sromis danaxarjebi (romelic izomeba samuSao saaTebiT

an momuSaveTa raodenobiT) i-uri dargis produqciis erTeulze
aris zi(i=1,2,..,n).
3) sagegmo periodSi i-uri dargis saboloo produqtia qi(i=1,2,..,n)
saWiroa ganisazRvros cocxali Sromis aucilebeli danaxarjebis
sidideebi sagegmo periodSi.
rogorc

viciT,

mocemul

saboloo

sazogadoebriv

produqts

Seesabameba calkeuli dargebis produqciaTa gansazRvruli moculobebi,

sagegmo periodSi maT unda Seadginon
n

L
Q
A
q
A
q
A
q
A1 j q j ,
=
+
+
+
=

1
11
1
12
2
1
n
n

j =1

n
Q = A q + A q + L + A q =
A2 j q j ,

21 1
22 2
2n n
2
j =1
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL

n
Qn = An1 q1 + An 2 q 2 + L + Ann q n = Anj q j .

j =1

(10)

sadac Aij i-uri dargis produqciis danaxarjTa j-uri dargis saboloo

produqcia
cocxali

erTeulze.
Sromis

zemoT

aucilebeli

moyvanili
sruli

meore

punqtidan

danaxarjebi

cxadia,

sagegmo

rom

periodSi

ganisazRvreba formuliT
n

z = Q1 z1 + Q2 z 2 + L + Qn z n = Qi zi .

(11)

i =1

aqedan, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT gantolebaTa (10) sistemas, gveqneba:

n

j =1

j =1

j =1

z = z1 A1 j q j + z 2 A2 j q j + L + z n z1 Anj q j .

(12)

miRebuli (12) formulidan gamomdinareobs, rom saboloo produqtis

yovel variants mocemuli warmoebis teqnologiuri matricisa da erTeul
produqtze cocxali Sromis cnobili danaxarjebis pirobebSi, cocxali
76

Sromis aucilebeli danaxarjebis srulad garkveuli gegma Seesabameba. z

sididis moZebnas ekonomikaSi Sromis gegmis Sedgenas

uwodeben.

magaliTi 2. warmoeba dayofilia 3 dargad; mocemulia warmoebis

teqnologiuri matrica

0,3 0,1 0,0

A = 0,2 0,3 0,2 .

0,1 0,0 0,1

cocxali Sromis danaxarji erTeul produqtze dargebis mixedviT

Seadgens:

z1 = 10,

z 2 = 15,

z 3 = 20 .

gegmis SemuSavebis winaswar etapze miRebuli saboloo produqtze

moTxovnilebis ori varianti:
10. q1(1) = 100 000, q2(1) = 300 000, q3(1) = 200 000;
2 0. q1( 2 ) = 200 000, q2( 2) = 300 000, q3(1) = 100 000.

saZiebelia Sromis gegmis Sesabamisi variantebi.

produqciis

Q1(1) = 223 279,

moculobebi:

Q2(1) = 562 941,

pirvel

variantSi

Q3(1) = 247 030 ,

meore

(ix.

magaliTi

variantSi

1)

miviRebT

Q1( 2 ) = 368 171, Q3( 2 ) = 152 018 , Q2( 2 ) = 577 194, amgvarad, Sromis saerTo danaxarjebi,
romlebic aucilebelia saboloo sazogadoebrivi produqtis dagegmili
moculobis sawarmoeblad, pirveli variantis mixedviT Seadgens

z (1) = 223279 10 + 56294115 + 247030 20 = 15617305

xolo meore variantis mixedviT

z (1) = 35817110 + 577194 15 + 152018 20 = 15319980

davaleba:
I. SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. ras ewodeba i uri dargis saboloo produqti?
2. romeli elementebis Sekreba SeiZleba dargTaSoriso kavSirebis
cxrilSi?
3. ras ewodeba warmoebis sabalanso gantoleba?
4. ras uwodeben warmoebis teqnologiur koeficientebs?
77

5. ras ewodeba warmoebis teqnologiuri matrica?

6. ras ewodeba warmoebis gegemis Sedgena?
7. rogor

koeficientebs

uwodeben

erToblivi

moxmarebis

koeficientebs?
8. ras uwodeben

erToblivi moxmarebis koeficientTa matricas?

II. praqtikuli savarjiSoebi

1. sami urTierT SeuRlebuli

dargis teqnologiur koeficientTa

matrica aris

0,3

A = 0, 2

0,1

0, 2

0,1

0,1
0,3
0

cocxali Sromis danaxarji erTeul produqciis erTeulze Seadgens:

z1 = 3,
cnobilia

z 2 = 5,

z 3 = 10 .

saboloo produqtze moTxovnilebis ori varianti:

1. q1(1) = 100 000, q 2(1) = 300 000, q3(1) = 200 000;

2. q1( 2 ) = 200 000, q 2( 2 ) = 300 000, q3(1) = 100 000.
gansazRvreT

Sromis

sruli

cocxali

danaxarji

yoveli

dargis

erTeul produqciaze.
2. warmoeba iyofa sam dargad.

mocemulia warmoebis teqnologiuri

matrica

0,3

A = 0, 2

0,1
cnobilia

0,1
0,3
0

0, 2

0,1

saboloo produqtze moTxovnilebis ori varianti:

1. q1(1) = 1000, q 2(1) = 3000, q3(1) = 2000;

2. q1( 2 ) = 3000, q 2( 2 ) = 2000, q3(1) = 1000
gansazRvreT warmoebis gegmis Sesabamisi varianti.

78

Tavi III.

analizuri geometriis

elementebi. analizuri

geometriis elementebis zogierTi gamoyeneba

ekonomikur amocanebSi

$ 1 wrfe sibrtyeze

1. or wertils Soris manZili. mocemulia or wertili

A(x1,x2) da B(y1,y2;)
vipovoT maT Soris manZili.
nax. 1dan UABC marTkuTxaa, amitom piTagoras Teoremis Tanaxmad

AB 2 = AC 2 + CB 2 .
magram

(1)

AC = x1 x2 , BC = y1 y 2 ,

miRebuli mniSvnelobebi

SevitanoT

(1) gantolebaSi, miviRebT:

AB 2 = ( x2 x1 ) + ( y2 y1 ) ;
2

saidanac miviRebT or wertils Soris manZilis saZiebel formulas:

d=

( x 2 x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 y 1 )2
79

(2)

y
B
y2 - y1
C

y2
y1

x2 - x1
x2

x1

nax. 1

2. wiris gantoleba sibrtyeze. vTqvaT sibrtyeze mocemulia raRac

wiri, romlis koordinatebi x da y

raRac wesiT arian dakavSirebuli.

(nax. 2) gantolebas, romelic wiris koordinatebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs,

mocemuli wiris gantoleba ewodeba.
zogadi saxiT wiris gantolebaa F(x,y)=0 (Tu ki es SesaZlebelia

y=f(x)).

y
M(x,y)

M (x,y)
0

A
x

x
B

nax.

magaliTi 1.

nax. 3

vipovoT iseTi wiris gantoleba, romlis wertilebi

Tanabari manZilebiTaa daSorebuli A(-2;1) da B(-3;-4) wertilebisagan. (nax. 3).

radgan

d ( A; M ) = d ( B; M ) (sadac d ( A; M ) aRniSnavs manZils A-dan M-mde)

amitom
80

(x + 2)2 + ( y 1)2

(x + 3)2 + ( y + 4)2 .

aqedan x + 5 y = 10
faqtiurad

yvela

wiris

gantoleba

arsebobs

(Tumca

xSirad

am

gantolebis moZebna Zalian rTuli saqmea). meore mxriv, yvela gantoleba

rodi aRwers raime wirs. magaliTad
araviTar wirs.

x 2 + y 2 + 4 = 0 gantoleba ar aRwers

M(x,y)

B(0,b)

N(x,b)

nax. 4

3. wrfis gantoleba sibrtyeze. vTqvaT, raRac wrfe kveTs Oy RerZs

B(0;b) wertilSi da Ox RerZTan adgens kuTxes, sadac 0 < <
aviRoT
maSin

BMN

wrfeze

nebismieri

M ( x; y )

wertili

marTkuTxa samkuTxedidan miiReba, rom

SemovitanT aRniSvnas k = tg ,

(nax. 4)

(mimdinare

tg =

wertili),

MN y b
=
. Tu
BN
x

maSin miviRebT, rom

y = kx + b
miRebuli

gantolebas

(3)

ewodeba

wrfis

gantoleba

kuTxuri

koeficientiT. qvemoT moyvanilia sxvadasxva kerZo SemTxveva:

k<0
b
k>0
a

0
x

y=kx

y=b

nax. 5
81

x
y=a

1.

b=0,

Tu

maSin

y=kx

da

esaa

amasTan,

Tu

k>0

miiReba

wrfe,

romelic

gadis

Ox

RerZis

dadebiT mimarTulebasTan adgens maxvil kuTxes, Tu k<0

maSin

koordinatTa

saTaveSi.

maSin

wrfe

adgens blagv kuTxes;

2.

Tu

maSin k = tg = 0 da wrfe Ox RerZis paraleluria;

a=0,

3. Tu =

, maSin tg ar arsebobs da wrfe Oy RerZis paraleluria.

4. mocemul wertilze gamavali wrfis gantoleba. vTqvaT M ( x1 , y1 )

wertilze gadis raRac wrfe (nax. 6), romelic Ox RerZTan adgens

kuTxes. radgan M ( x1 , y1 ) wertili wrfeze mdebareobs, amitom y1 = kx1 + b . maSin

wrfis gantolebaa:
y y 1 = k(x x 1 ) .

sadac

k nebismieri

ricxvia

da

(4)

miiRebuli

formula

M ( x1 , y1 ) wertilze gamaval wrfeTa konis gantolebas

warmoadgens

(nax. 7).

M(x,y)

M(x,y)

nax. 6

nax. 7

5. or wertilze gamavali wrfis gantoleba.

vTqvaT M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) da

M 2 ( x2 , y 2 ) ori wertilia da gvinda vipovoT wrfe, romelic gadis am or

wertilze.
y
M2
M1

82

nax. 8
M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) wertilze gamavali wrfeTa konis gantoleba:

amovweroT
y y1 = k ( x x1 ) .

radgan

y 2 y1 = k ( x2 x1 ) ,

M 2 ( x2 , y 2 )

wertili

y y1 =

maSin

y y1
x x1

ekuTvnis

am

wrfes,

amitom

y2 y1
( x x1 )
x2 x1
y2 y1

(5)

x2 x1

miRebuli warmoadgens or wertilze gamaval wrfis gantolebas.

6. wrfis gantoleba RerZTa monakveTebSi. vTqvaT, gvinda vipovoT im

wrfis

gantoleba,

romelic

wertilze gamavali wrfis

gadis

A(a,0)

da

B (0, b) wertilebze.

or

(5) gantolebidan miviRebT:

y0 xa
=
.
b0 0a
x y
+ =1
a b

saidanac

(6)

7. wrfis zogadi gantoleba. wrfis zogadi saxis gantolebaa

Ax + By + C = 0

(7)

sadac A da B erTdroulad nulis toli ar aris.

1.

y=

Tu B 0 , maSin

A
C
x ;
B
B

miviReT wrfis gantoleba sakuTxo

koeficientiT.
2.

Tu B = 0 da A 0 , maSin wrfis gantolebaa x =

8. kuTxe or wrfes Soris.

gantolebebiT
kuTxis moZebna.

y = k1 x + b1 ;

da

C
.
A

vTqvaT mocemulia ori wrfe Semdegi

y = k 2 x + b2 ;

da saWiroa maT Soris

(nax. 9) -dan Cans, rom = 1 + 2 ;

y

83

nax. 9

tg = tg ( 2 1 ) =

maSin

tg 2 tg1 k 2 k1
=
,
1 + tg1tg 2 1 + k1k 2

maSasadame kuTxe or wrfes Soris gamoiTvleba formuliT:

tg =

k 2 k1

(8)

1 + k1k 2

saidanac martivad miiReba

9. wrfeTa perpendikularobisa da paralelobis pirobebi. cxadia,

rom Tu 1 + k1k 2 = 0 , maSin wrfeebi urTierT perpendikularulia, saidanac

k2 =
xolo roca k 2 k1 = 0 ,

1
k1

(9)

maSin wrfeebi paraleluria

k1 = k2

(10)

Tu wrfeebi mocemulia zogadi saxis gantolebebiT

A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0;
A2 x + B2 y + C 2 = 0,

maSin Sesabamisad miviRebT paralelurobisa (11) da marTobulobis (12)

pirobebs:

A1
A2

B1
B2

(11)

A1 A2 + B1 B 2 y + C 1 C 2 = 0

10.

wrfeTa

A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0

gadakveTis

wertili.

vTqvaT

(12)
mocemulia

ori

wrfe

da A2 x + B2 y + C 2 = 0, romlebic paralelurni ar arian. maSin

imisaTvis, rom vipovoT am ori wrfis gadakveTis wertili. unda amovxsnaT

wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema:
A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0;

A2 x + B2 y + C 2 = 0,

radganac,

A1 B1

, amitom gantolebaTa sistemas aqvs amonaxsni

A2 B2

84

x=

C1

B1

C2

B2

A1

B1

A2

B2

y=

A1

C1

A2

C2

A1

B1

A2

B2

(13)

da es amonaxsni warmoadgens am ori wrfis gadakveTis wertilis

koordinatebs.

11. manZili wertilidan wrfemde. vTqvaT mocemulia M ( x0 , y0 ) wertili

da wrfe Ax + By + C = 0 .
y
M

nax. 10
M

wertilidan

L wrfemde

manZili

ewodeba

MN perpendikularis

sigrZes. amrigad, M wertilze unda gavataroT L wrfis perpendikularuli

wrfe. am wrfis gantolebaa Bx Ay + D = 0 da radgan es wrfe gadis M ( x0 , y0 )
wertilze, amitom Bx0 Ay0 + D = 0, maSin saZiebeli wrfis gantolebaa
Bx Ay + ( Ay0 Bx0 ) = 0 .

saZiebeli N wertilis

koordinatebis sapovnelad unda amovxsnaT

sistema:
Ax + By + C = 0,
Bx Ay + ( Ay Bx ) = 0.
0
0

romelic mogvcems N wertilis koordinatebs; amis Semdeg vpoulobT

MN monakveTis sigrZes. sabolood miviRebT

d=

Ax 0 + By 0 + C
A2 + B 2

(14)

aqve SevniSnoT _ imisaTvis, rom vipovoT manZili or paralelur

wrfes Soris, saWiroa, romelime wrfeze aviRoT nebismieri wertili da

85

Semdeg

zemoT

miRebuli

formuliT

vingariSoT

manZili

aRebuli

wertilidan meore wrfemde.

davaleba:
I. SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. dawereT or wertils Soris manZilis gamosaTvleli formula.
2. rogori saxe aqvs wrfis zogadi saxis gantolebas?
3. rogori saxe aqvs wrfis gantolebas kuTxuri koeficientiT?
4. dawereT wrfeTa konis gantoleba.
5. rogori saxe aqvs or wertilze gamaval wrfis gantolebas?
6. rogori saxe aqvs wrfis gantolebas RerZTa monakveTebSi.
7. dawereT or wrfes Soris kuTxis gamosaTvleli formula.
8. dawereT wrfeT paralelobisa da marTobulobis pirobebi.
9. rogor gamoiTvleba manZili wertilidan wrfemde?
10. rogor vipovoT ori wrfis gadakvetis wertilis koordinatebi?

II. praqtikuli savarjiSoebi

1. ipoveT wertili, romelic 5 erTeuliTaa daSorebuli rogorc
A(2;1) wertlidan ise

Oy

RerZidan;

2. ipoveT samkuTxedis gverdebis Suawertilebi, Tu misi wveroebia:

A(2;-1), B(4;3), C(-2;1);

3. dawereT im wrfis gantoleba, romelic paraleluria 12x+5y=52

wrfisa da misgan daSorebulia d=2
4. gaatareT

manZiliT;

M(-1;2)

wertilze

wrfe,

romelic

5x-2y-5=0

wrfis

M(-1;2)

wertilze

wrfe,

romelic

5x-2y-5=0

wrfis

wertilidan

N(2:-7)

marTobia;
5. gaatareT
marTobia;
6. ipoveT

y is mniSvneloba, Tu manZili M(10;y)

wertilamde udris 17 erTeuls;

7. mocemulia tolgverda ABC samkuTxedis ori
moZebneT mesame C wvero;
86

A(-1;1) da B(2;3) wvero.

8.

x + 2 y 5 = 0 da 3x y 1 = 0 wrfeebis gadakveTis wertilze gaatareT

wrfe, romelic x y + 3 = 0 wrfesTan adgens 45 0 kuTxes;

9. SeadgineT im wrfis gantoleba, romelic gavlebulia 3x y 3 = 0 ,

2
11
y = x+
3
2

wrfeTa

gadakveTis

wertilze

pirveli

wrfis

marTobulad;
10. ipoveT wrfe, romelic 4 x + 3 y + 1 = 0 wrfis paraleluria da misgan
daSorebulia 3 erTeuliT.;
11. dawereT

im

wrfis

gantoleba,

romelic

gadis

koordinatTa

saTaveze da ordinatTa RerZTan adgens 150 0 -ian kuTxes;

12. ipoveT

monakveTis

Sua

wertilis

koordinatebi,

Tu

bolo

wertilebis koordinatebia: (9;-2) da (1:5);

13. ipoveT sakuTxo koeficientebi da monakveTebi, romlebsac mokveTs

2 x y + 3 = 0 wrfe;

koordinatTa RerZebze
14. ipoveT

manZili

x 2 y + 5 = 0 da

Semdeg

paralelur

wrfeebs

Soris:

2x 4 y + 1 = 0 ;

15. ipoveT manZili Semdeg wertilebs Soris: L(10;-3) da F(4;5).

$ 2 meore rigis wirebi

1. wrewiri. skolis kursidan cnobilia, rom wrewiri im wertilTa

simravlea, romlebic toli manZiliT arian daSorebuli raRac O(x0,y0)
wertilidan.

Tu M(x,y) wrewiris

nebismieri

wertilia,

maSin

d(,0)=R.

maSasadame wrewiris gantolebaa

(x x 0 ) 2 + (y y 0 ) 2 = R 2

(1)

Tu wrewiris centri koordinatTa saTaveSia, maSin wrewiris gantolebaa

x2 + y2 = R2 .

(2)

ganvixiloT meore rigis or ucnobiani zogadi saxis gantoleba

Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 .
A,B, da C erTdroulad nulis toli ar xdebian. gamovikvlioT rodis

aris es gantoleba wrewiris gantoleba. amisaTvis amovweroT wrewiris

gantoleba gaSlili saxiT:

x 2 2 x0 x + x02 + y 2 2 y0 y + y02 R 2 = 0,
87

saidanac Cans, rom B=0 da

A C
= . maSasadame, wrewiris zogadi gantolebaa:
1 1
Ax 2 + Ay 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

(3)

aqedan, Tu gamovyofT srul kvadratebs

2

E
D 2 + E 2 4 AE
D

y
x
+
+
+
=

2A
2A
4 A2

cxadia, rom saWiroa Sesruldes piroba:

D 2 + E 2 4 AE
> 0,
4 A2

F
8
maSin wrewiris centria 0
,
wertili da radiusia:
2A 2A
R=

D 2 + E 2 4 AE
.
4A

B2.Uelifsi. ganvixiloT isev meore rigis orcvladiani gantoleba,

romelSic B = 0, A 0 C 0. gamovyoT sruli kvadratebi, miviRebT
2

D
E
D2 E 2

A x +
+
F.
+ C y +
=
2A
2C
4 A 4C

avRniSnoT

D
x0 =
,
2A

E
y0 =
,
2C

D2 E 2
=
+
F.
4 A 4C

miviRebT
A( x x0 ) + C ( y y 0 ) = 2
2

simartivisTvis jer dauSvaT, rom x0 = y0 = 0 , maSin wiris gantolebaa

Ax 2 + Cy 2 =

am wirs elifsi ewodeba, Tuki AC>0. e.i.

wertilTa

simravles,

romlis

yoveli

elifsi ewodeba sibrtyis im

wertilidan

or

mocemul

wertilebamde manZilebis jami mudmivi sididea.

vigulisxmoT, rom A>0, C>0. cxadia Cven gvainteresebs SemTxveva, roca

> 0 . am SemTxvevaSi miviRebT gantolebas:

x2 y2
+
=1
a 2 b2

88

(4)

romelsac
a=

elifsis

da b =

kanonikuri

gantoleba

ewodeba.

am

gantolebaSi

sidideebi warmoadgenen elifsis naxevar RerZebs. roca

a = b miiReba elifsis kerZo SemTxveva wrewiri.

y
bO

(x;y)

d2

-a

d1

-c

-b

nax. 1

(a;0), (a;0), (0; b), (0;b)

wertilebs

(c;0), (c;0) wertilebs, sadac c =

elifsis

wveroebi

ewodebaT.

a 2 b 2 , elifsis fokusebi ewodebaT.

aviRoT elifsis nebismieri

( x; y )

wertili da gamovTvaloT jami

d1 + d 2 . marTlac

b2
d1 = ( x c) 2 + y 2 = x 2 2cx + c 2 + y 2 = x 2 2cx + (a 2 b 2 ) + b 2 2 x 2 =
a

b2
= x 1 2 2cx + a 2 ==
a
2

sadac =

c
a

c2 x2
cx
cx

2cx + a 2 = a = a
= a x.
2
a
a
a

elifsis eqscentrisitetia.

d 2 -is analogiuri gamoTvla gvaZlevs

d 2 = a + x
maSasadame
d1 + d 2 = 2 a

e.i. manZilebis jami elefsis nebismieri wertilidan elifsis

fokusebamde mudmivia.

89

2.

hiperbola.

zemoT

Cven

meore

rigis

orcvladiani

gantoleba

miviyvaneT

A( x x0 ) + C ( y y0 ) =
2

saxeze da vnaxeT roca AC > 0 , maSin es gantoleba gvaZlevs elifss. roca

am gantolebaSi AC < 0 maSin gantoleba aRwers wirs, romelsac hiperbola
ewodeba.

A>0

vTqvaT

C <0,

da

maSin

SesaZlebelia

sami

SemTxveva

> 0, = 0, < 0
1.

> 0, maSin miiReba hiperbolas kanonikuri gantoleba

x2 y2

=1
a 2 b2
a=

sadac
warmosaxviTi
wertilTa

b=

da

naxevarRerZebia.
simravles,

(5)

Sesabamisad

e.i.

romlis

hiperbolas

hiperbola
yoveli

ewodeba

wertilidan

namdvili

da

sibrtyis

im

or

mocemul

wertilebamde (romelsac fokusebs vuwodebT) manZilebis sxvaobis moduli

mudmivi sididea.
hiperbolas fokusebia
xolo misi wveroebia

(c;0)

(c;0) da

c = a2 + b2 ,

wertilebi. sadac

A2 (a;0) da A1 (a;0) .
d1

Tu am SemTxvevaSic gamoviTvliT

da

d 2 , maSin mudmivi gamova

d1 d 2 = 2a sxvaoba. gadavweroT hiperbolas gantoleba Semdegi saxiT:

y=
roca
hiperbola

b
x2 a2
a

sakmaod didia, maSin

uaxlovdeba

b
y= x
a

x2 a2 x

wrfeebs,

da aqdan vaskvniT, rom

x .

roca

hiperbolis asimptotebi ewodebaT.

Yy

d1
d2
-c

A2 -a

a A1
90

am

wrfeebs

nax. 2
2. = 0, maSin hiperbola gadagvardeba da miiReba ori wrfe

y=
3.

b
x,
a

y=

b
x.
a

< 0, maSin miiReba hiperbola

y2 x2

= 1.
b2 a2

cxadia,
`amotrialdeba~

rom

ubralod

(5)

SemTxvevaSi

miRebuli

hiperbola

(sakoordinato RerZebi Seicvlebian).

3. parabola. kvlav ganvixiloT meore rigis orcvladiani zogadi

gantoleba, romelSic B = 0 ,

A = 0 da C 0 maSasadame

Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 .
Tu D=0, maSin miiReba ori horizontaluri wrfe. amitom es saintereso
SemTxveva ar aris.

D0

maSin srul kvadratebamde Sevsebis Semdeg

E
E2

.
miviRebT: C y +
+ Dx + F =
2C
4C

avRniSnoT:

F
E2
x0 = +
,
D 4 DC

y0 =

E
2C

2p =

D
, maSin miiReba parabolas
C

kanonikuri gantoleba.

( y y 0 )2

= 2p ( x x 0 )

(6)

Yy

p<0
y0

x
x0

0
91

nax. 3
Tu y 2 = 2 px, maSin

x=

wertils parabolas fokusi ewodeba, xolo

2;0

p
wrfes, ki parabolas direqtrisa.
2
y

d1

M(x;y)

p
2

d2
x

nax. 4

(x0;y0) wertils parabolas saTave ewodeba, xolo p ricxvs parabolis

parametri. roca p>0, maSin parabolas Stoebi marjvnivaa mimarTuli, xolo
roca p<0, maSin marcxniv. y=y0 wrfes parabolas simetriis RerZi ewodeba.
roca parabola gadis koordinatTa saTaveze, maSin misi gantolebaa

y 2 = 2px

d 1= x +

advili dasanaxia, rom

2

d 2= x + y 2 =
2

p
2

(7)
da
2

p2
p
p

x px +
+ 2 px = x + = x +
4
2
2

miviReT parabolas erTerTi ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba d1=d2.

davaleba:
I. SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT

92

1. ras ewodeba elifsi?

hiperbola?

2. rogori saxe aqvs elifsis kanonikur gantolebas?

3. rogori saxe aqvs hiperbolas kanonikur gantolebas?
4. ras ewodeba elifsis eqscentrisiteti?
5. rogor wrfeebs ewodebaT hiperbolas asimptotebi?
6. rogori saxe aqvs parabolas kanonikur gantolebas?
7. ras ewodeba parabolas fokusi?

II. praqtikuli savarjiSoebi

1. ipoveT

Semdegi

wrewiris

radiusi

da

centris

koordinatebi:

wrewiris

radiusi

da

centris

koordinatebi:

wrewiris

radiusi

da

centris

koordinatebi:

radiusi

da

centris

koordinatebi:

radiusi

da

centris

koordinatebi:

x 2 + y 2 4x = 0
2. ipoveT

Semdegi

x2 + y2 + 6y 7 = 0
3. ipoveT

Semdegi

x 2 + y 2 + 2 x 10 y + 1 = 0
4. ipoveT

Semdegi

wrewiris

3 x 2 + 3 y 2 4 x 6 y 15 = 0
5. ipoveT

Semdegi

wrewiris

x 2 + y 2 4x + 2 y + 1 = 0
6. gansazRvreT elifsis eqscentrisiteti, Tu misi did RerZi 3-jer
aRemateba mcire RerZs.
7. gansazRvreT elifsis eqscentrisiteti, Tu misi RerZebis fardobaa 5:3
8. SeadgineT elifsis gantoleba, Tu fokusebs Soris manZili udris
6-s, xolo didi naxevarRerZia 5.
9. SeadgineT elifsis gantoleba, Tu eqscentrisiteti e=0,8, xolo didi
naxevarRerZia 10.
10. SeadgineT

elifsis

eqscentrisiteti e =
11. ipoveT

RerZTa

gantoleba,

Tu

mcire

naxevarRerZia

da

eqscentrisiteti

3,

xolo

2
2

sigrZeebi,

fokusebi

elifsis: 9 x 2 + 25 y 2 = 225

93

Semdegi

12. ipoveT

RerZTa

sigrZeebi,

fokusebi

da

eqscentrisiteti

Semdegi

elifsis: 16 x 2 + y 2 = 16
13. SeadgineT hiperbolis kanonikuri gantoleba, Tu wveroebs Soris
manZilia 8, fokusTa Soris manZili ki 10.
14. ipoveT

RerZTa

sigrZeebi,

fokusebi

da

eqscentrisiteti

Semdegi

elifsis: 25 x 2 + 169 y 2 = 4225

15. gamoTvaleT hiperbolis naxevarRerZebi, Tu fokusuri manZilia 8,
xolo direqtrisebs Soris manZili ki 6.
16. ipoveT

hiperboli,

Tu

direqtrisebs

Soris

manZilia

18
,
5

xolo

warmosaxviTi naxevarRerZi ki 4.
17. ipoveT RerZebi, fokusebi da eqscentrisiteti Semdegi hiperbolis:

7 x 2 2 y 2 = 14
18. ipoveT RerZebi, fokusebi da eqscentrisiteti Semdegi hiperbolis:

4 x 2 9 y 2 = 25

$ 3 wrfivi funqciebi ekonomikur amocanebSi

am paragrafSi Cven ganvixilavT wrfis gantolebis cnebis gamoyenebas
ekonomikaSi.

rogorc vnaxeT sibrtyeze wrfis gantolebaa:

y = ax + b .
amitom
funqcias

bunebrivia,

didi

rom

gamoyeneba

y = ax + b -s
aqvs

(1)
vuwodoT

ekonomikaSi.

wrfivi
amis

funqcia.

am

sailustraciod

ganvixiloT ramdenime ekonomikuri amocana. SevniSnoT, rom TiTqmis yvela

amocanis

amoxsnisas

mogviwevs

garkveuli

cvladebis

Semoyvana.

wminda

maTematikuri Teoriisagan gansxvavebiT, aq cvladebi SezRudulia da isini

SeiZleba

icvlebodnen

mxolod

amocanis

pirobebiT

gansazRvrul

simravleebze. amitom yovel konkretul amocanaSi aucilebelia miuTiToT

cvladebis Sesabamisi dasaSvebi simravleebi, rom Tavidan aviciloT mcdari
pasuxebi da gavakeToT swori daskvnebi.

amocana 1. tvirTis gadatanis xarjebis gansazRvra.

vTqvaT, erTi da

imave tvirTis gadatana mocemuli qalaqidan 20 km-iT daSorebul punqtamde

94

Rirs 25 lari, xolo 40 km-iT daSorebul punqtamde 45 lari. ra eRireba

imave tvirTis gadatana x manZilze mocemuli qalaqidan, Tu cnobilia, rom
damokidebulebma manZilsa da tvirTis gadatanis xarjebs Soris wrfivia?

y
45
25
5
20

40

nax. 1
manZili qalaqidan daniSnul punqtamde x km-ia. tvirTis gadatanis
xarji

avRniSnoT

lariT.

amocanis

pirobis

Tanaxmad,

damokidebulebas gansazRvravs wrfivi funqcia wrfe.

saZiebel

amasTan, roca x=20,

maSin y=25; xolo roca x=40, maSin y=45; e.i. aRniSnuli wrfe gaivlis
da (40;45) wertilebze

(20;25)

(nax. 1 ) misi Sesabamisi gantoleba iqneba:

x 20
y 25
=
40 20 45 25
aqedan

miviRebT

saZiebeli

wrfis

gantolebas

y=x+5,

romelic

gansazRvravs gadatanis xarjebs, e.i. x km-ze gadatanis xarji iqneba (x+5)

lari. aq x>0; y>0

amocana

2.

warmoebis

simZlavris

gansazRvra.

qarxnis

sawarmoo

simZlavrea 200 litri ludi saaTSi an 600 litri limonaTi. qarxanas

SeuZlia

erTdroulad

gantoleba,

romelic

awarmoos

ludica

daaxasiaTebs

da

qarxnis

limonaTic.

SevadginoT

sawarmoosimZlavres

Tu

damokidebuleba warmoebuli limonaTisa da luds Soris wrfivia.

Ox RerZze gadavzomoT qarxnis mier erT saaTSi warmoebuli ludis

raodenoba, xolo Oy RerZze erT saaTSi warmoebuli limonaTis raodenoba.
amocanis
grafiki

pirobidan
gadis

(200;0)

gamomdinare
da

(0;600)

Sesabamisi

wrfivi

wertilebze,

amitom

gantoleba RerZTa monakveTebSi iqneba:

95

damokidebulebis
saZiebeli

wrfis

x
y
+
= 1.
200 600
y
y

50

600
0

200

x
0

nax. 2

nax. 3

O
aqedan

3x+y=600.

am

gantolebiT

ganisazRvreba

qarxnis

sawaroo

simZlavre, romelic akavSirebs 1 saaTSi warmoebuli ludisa da limonaTis

raodenobebs. cxadia, rom 0 x 200 da 0 y 600 (nax.2).

amocana

3.

produqciis

danaxarjis

gansazRvra

drois

mixedviT.

vTqvaT, raime warmoebas aqvs 50 tona sawvavi, romelic unda daixarjos 8

dRis

ganmavlobaSi.

vipovoT

kavSiri

dasaxarji

sawvavisa

da

gasuli

tolia

dReebis raodenobebs Soris, Tu es damokidebuleba wrfivia.

amocanis

pirobis

Tanaxmad,

roca

dReTa

raodenoba

dasaxarjia 50 t. sawvavi,xolo 8 dRis Semdeg sawvavis raodenobaa 0,

maSasadame, Tu Ox RerZze gadavzomavT dReebis raodenobas, xolo Oy RerZze
sawvavis raodenobas

(nax.3),

maSin saZiebeli grafiki (wrfe) gaivlis (0;50)

da (8;0) wertilebze. RerZTa monakveTebSi misi gantolebaa:

x y
+
= 1.
8 50
aqedan 25x+4y=200. swored esaa saZiebeli kavSiri. cxadia, rom 0 x 8
da 0 y 50 .

amocana 4.UtvirTis gadatanis optimaluri variantis arCeva. vTqvaT,

tvirTis gadatanis xarjebi (larebSi) x km-ze pirveli saxis transportiT
gamoisaxeba y=0,1x+15 formuliT, meore saxis transportiT ki

y=0,06x+25

formuliT. ra saxis transportiTaa ufro xelsayreli tvirTis gadatana.

amocanis

gadaswyvetad

funqciebis Sesabamisi L1 da L2

avagoT

amocanaSi

miTiTebuli

wrfivi

wrfeebi (nax. 4). cxadia, rom x>0, amitom

96

ganvixilavT

mxolod

mis

Sesabamis

naxevarwrfeebs.

maTi

gadakveTis

wertili miZebneba:

y = 0,1x + 15,
y = 0,06 x + 25.

sistemis
amonaxsniT.

miviRebT

A=A(250;40).

A(250.40)
40
25
15

L2

N1

M2

L1

M1
M
250

x0

nax.

naxazidan vaskvniT, rom Tu 0 < x0 < 250 , maSin x0-is Sesabamisi xarjebi

y0(1) = MM 1

iqneba pirveli saxis transportiT

meore saxis transportiT

y0( 2 ) = MM 2 . radgan MM 1 < MM 2 amitom roca 0 < x0 < 250 tvirTis gadazidva
ufro

xelsayrelia

pirveli

saxis

transportiT.

analogiurad

roca

x0 > 250 , maSin tvirTis gadazidva xelsayrelia meore saxis transportiT.

Tu manZili 250 is tolia, maSin orive transportis SemTxvevaSi erTi da
igivea da 40 laris tolia.

amocana 5, kompleqsuri sawarmos optimaluri muSaobis programis

Sedgena. meqanikur saamqros erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi SeuZlia daamzados A
saxis manqanebisaTvis nawilebis
nawilebis

60 kompleqti. an B saxis manqanebisaTvis

120 kompleqti. amwyob saamqros erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi SeuZlia

aawyos A saxis 120 manqana an B saxis 80 manqana. SevadginoT orive saamqros

muSaobis yvelaze optimaluri da ekonomikuri programa,

Tu TiToeuli

saamqros simZlavre iseTia, rom A da B saxis gamoSvebul produqtebs Soris

damokidebuleba wrfivia. (yvelaze optimaluri da ekonomikuri programa

aris iseTi sasurveli da idealuri reJimi, rodesac meqanikuri saamqro erT

TveSi

awarmoebs

n raodenobis,

A saxisa
97

da

m raodenobis B

saxis

kompleqtebs da amwyobi saamqroc erT TveSi aawyobs n raodenobis, A saxisa

da

raodenobis

B saxis

manqanebs.

es

faqtobrivad

niSnavs,

rom

simZlavreTa Seucvlelad am saamqros kopleqsi unaSTod da mocdenis

gareSe muSaobs).
Ox RerZze gadavzomoT A saxis produqciis raodenoba, xolo Oy-ze B
saxisas. pirobis Tanaxmad, meqanikuri saamqros mier gamoSvebuli A da B
saxis kompleqtebs, Soris damokidebulebis wrfe (60;0) (0;120) wertilebze
gadis. misi gantoleba iqneba

x
y
+
= 1,
60 120
anu

2 x + y = 120 . es gantoleba niSnavs Semdegs: meqanikuri saamqros

simZlavre iseTia, rom mas SeuZlia erT TveSi awarmoos x kompleqti

saxis manqanisaTvis da y=120-2x kompleqti B saxis manqanisaTvis. aseve,

A da B saxis manqanebis raodenobebs

amwyobi saamqros mier gamoSvebuli

Soris damokidebuleba moicema (120;0) da (0;80) wertilebze gamavali wrfiT.

misi gantolebaa

x
y
+
= 1.
120 80
Nanu 2x+3y=240. amragad, amwyobi saamqros simZlavre iseTia, rom Tu
erT TveSi igi gamouSvebs A saxis manqanas, maSin man unda gamouSvas

1
y = (240 2 x)
3

raodenobis

saxis

manqana.

avagoT

miRebuli

grafiki da gavanalizoT igi (nax.5).

y
Y

120
80

M(30,60)

60

30

60

nax. 5
98

120

wrfeebis

es ori wrfe ikveTeba M wertilSi, romlis koordinatebia 2 x + y = 120,

2 x + 3 y = 240.
sistemis amonaxseni:

x = 30; y = 60

e.i. M(30;60).

radgan M wertili orive

grfiks ekuTvnis, es niSnavs, rom meqanikuri saamqros Tavisi simZlavris

pirobebSi SeuZlia awarmoos 30 kompleqti A saxis manqanisaTvis da 60
komtleqti B saxis manqanisaTvis, xolo amwyob saamqros SeuZlia gamouSvas
30 cali A saxis manqana da 60 cali B saxis manqana. maSasadame, M (30;60)
wertili iZleva yvelaze optimaluri da ekonomikuri muSaobis programas,
romlis moZebnac warmoadgenda Cvens mizans.

amocana

6.

warmoebis

maqsimaluri

mogebis

gansazRvra.

vTqvaT,

fabrika awarmoebs ori A da B saxis produqcias. A saxis erTi erTeulis

warmoebas sWirdeba erTi samuSao saaTi da 2kvt/sT eleqtro energia. B
saxis erTi erTeulis warmoebas 2sT da 1kvt/sT eleqtroenergia. dRis
ganmavlobaSi

orive

saxis

produqciis

warmoebisaTvis

gankuTvnilia

araumetes 8 saaTisa da 7kvt/sT eleqtroenergiisa. mogeba A saxis produqciis erTeulze 30 laria, xolo B saxis erTeulze-20 lari. rogor warvmarToT warmoeba, rom mogeba iyos maqsimaluri?
vTqvaT, fabrikam awarmoa x raodenobis A saxis produqcia da y raodenobis

B saxis produqcia. SevniSnoT, rom x 0

y 0 . pirobis Tanaxmad

mogeba gamoiTvleba formuliT 30x+2y. aRniSnuli raodenobis produqciis

warmoeba amoiTxovs x+2y saaTs da (2x+y) kvt/sT eleqtroenergias. amitom
amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad miviRebT sistemas:

x + 2 y 8;
2 x + y 7;
x 0;

y 0.

anu

y 2 x + 4,

y 2 x + 7,
x 0;
y 0.

amovxsanaT igi grafikuli xerxiT. naxazze (nax. 6) daStrixuli are

warmoadgens saZiebel amonaxsns. SevniSnoT, rom Tu Tavisi SinaarsiT x da y
mTeli ricxvebia, maSin utolobaTa sitemis amonaxseni iqneba mxolod mTel
koordinatebiani wertilebi, romlebic ekuTvnian daSrtixul ares (isini
naxazze gamuqebulia). Cveni mizania, vnaxoT x da y parametrebis rogori
mniSvnelobisaTvis iqneba mogebis 30x+20y=c. funqcia maqsimaluri.

99

y
7
6
4

M(2;3)

Lc

nax. 6
SevniSnoT,
funqciis

rom

grafiks

Oxy

(c>0

sakoordinato

ganvixiloT

sibrtyeze

rogorc

avagebT

mudmivi

am

wrfivi

parametri),

maSin

Sesabamis wrfes gaaCnia Semdegi ekonomikuri interpretacia:

Tu A da B saxis warmoebuli produqciebis raodenobebia x0 da y0
amasTan

(x

0,

y 0 ) Lc , maSin mogeba tolia c-si e.i. mogebis 30x+20y funqcia Lc

wiris gaswvriv mudmivia da c-s tolia. cxadia, rom 30x+20y=c funqciis

grafiki

30x+20y=0 gantolebiT mocemuli wrfis paraleluria.

c parametris zrdas mosdevs grafikis paraleluri gadatana marjvniv.

c-s zrda eqvivalenturia mogebis zrdisa.
imisaTvis rom vipovoT maqsimaluri mogeba xsenebul pirobebSi, unda
movZebnoT

Lc

wrfis

iseTi

mdgomareoba,

rodesac

Lc

wrfe

Seicavs

daStrixuli aris erT wertils mainc da amasTan mis marjvniv daStrixuli

aris arcerTi weritili ar Zevs. amas mivaRwevT

Lc wrfis TandaTanobiT

paraleluri gadataniT marjvniv. Cvens SemTxvevaSi Lc wrfis aseTi zRvruli

mdebareoba miiRweva maSin, rodesac is gaivlis

M(2;3) wertilze, maSin

c=302+203=120 da amitom Sesabamisi wrfis gantolebaa

30x+20y=120 anu

x y
+ = 1.
4 6

es wrfe Ox daOy RerZebs hkveTs Sesabamisad (4;0) da (0;6) wertilebSi

da amitom mdebareobs x+2y=8 da 2x+y=7 wrfeebs Soris. amrigad, moZebnilia

Lc wrfis ukiduresad zRvruli marjvena mdebareoba, rodesac is Seicavs

erTerT

wertils

daStrixuli

aredan,
100

kerZod

M(2;3)

wertils

da

mis

marjvniv daStrixuli aris sxva wertilebi aRar mdebareoben. aqdan daskvna:

mogeba maqmaluri iqneba rodesac iwrmoeba A saxis ori erTeuli da B saxis
sami erTeuli produqciebi. xolo maqsimaluri mogeba tolia 302+203=120
laris.
aseTi tipis amocanebi ganekuTvnebian wrfivi programirebis amocanaTa
klass.

davaleba:
I. SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. aCveneT magaliTze raSi mdgomareobs tvirTvis gadatanis xarjebis
gansazRvra.
2. ganixileT warmoebis simZlavris gansazRvra konkretul magaliTze.
3. ganixileT

amocana

produqtis

danaxarjis

gansazRvraze

drois

mixedviT.
4. aCveneT konkretul amocanaze raSi mdgomareobs tvirTvis gadatanis
optimaluri variantis arCeva?
5. ganixileT

amocana

kompleqsuri

sawarmos

optimaluri

muSaobis

programis SedgenasTan dakavSirebiT.

II. praqtikuli savarjiSoebi

1. firmis danaxarjebi 200 cali saqonlis dasamzadeblad Seadgens 250
lars,

xolo

700

erTeulis

dasamzadeblad

danaxarjebis funqcia (im pirobiT, rom

gamoTvaleT
2.

danaxarjebi,

500 erTeuli; 3.
2. warmoebis

Tu

-560

lars.

SeadgineT

danaxarjebis funqcia wrfivia)

firmam

daamzada:

1.

150

da

erTeuli;

1000 erTeuli;
danaxarji

garkveuli

saqonlis

100

erTeulis

sawarmoeblad Seadgens 300 lars, xolo 500 erTeulis sawarmoeblad 600

lars.

gansazRvreT

warmoebis

danaxarjebi,

danaxarjebis funqcia wrfivia.

101

Tu

vigulisxmebT,

rom

3. ori saxis transportiT gadazidvis xarjebi gamoisaxeba funqciebiT

y=50x+150 da y=25x+250. sadac x manZilia, xolo y satransporto xarjebi.

rodisaa ufro ekonomiuri meore saxis transportis gamoyeneba.
4. firmis TanamSromeli valdebulia imuSaos kviraSi 40 saaTi. Tu misi
samuSaos saaTebis raodenob akviarSi
yovel

zenormatiul

saaTSi

gadaaWarbebs 40 saaTs, maSin mas

uxdian

2-jer

met

Tanxas.

rogoria

TanamSromlis saaTobrivi anazRaureba, Tu kvirasi 55 saaTis muSaobisaTvis

man miiRo 420 lari?

Tavi IV. maTemtikuri analizis Sesavali. funqciis cnebis

gamoyeneba ekonomikur amocanebSi

$ 1 funqcia
funqciis cneba maTematikuri analizis erT-erTi ZiriTadi cnebaa.
bunebis movlenebi, procesebi, kerZod, teqnikuri da ekonomikuri procesebi
xSirad aRiwereba da Seiswavleba funqciis saSualebiT.

1. cvladi da mudmivi sidideebi.

romelic

mocemuli

mniSvnelobas.

sakiTxis

pirobebSi

cvladi ewodeba iseT sidides,

Rebulobs

sxvadasxva

ricxviT

mudmivi ewodeba iseT sidides, romelsac mocemuli sakiTxis

pirobebSi aqvs erTi da igive ricxviTi mniSvneloba.

Tu raime sidides

avRniSnavT x an a asoTi, es ar niSnavs imas, rom cvladia es sidide, Tu

mudmivi, amitom sididis cvlilebis xasiaTi yovelTvis gansakuTrebiT unda
iyos aRniSnuli. erTi da igive sidide erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos
mudmivi, meoreSi ki cvladi. aseT sidides parametri ewodeba. magaliTad,
Tu r radiusian wres misi radiusisSeucvlelad vagoravebT wrfeze, an
centris mdebareoba Seicvleba, xolo farTobi r 2 mudmivi darCeba. Tuki
102

r radiuss SevcvliT, wris

wris centrs uZravad davtovebT da

farTobi

Seicvleba.

amrigad

wris

farTobi

erT

SemTxvevaSi

meoreSi ki cvladi, da radgan orive SenTxvevaSi wris

r2

mudmivia,

farTobi aris

r 2 , amitom r aris parametri.

arsebobs

iseTi

nebismier

pirobebSi

sidideebi

ewodeba.

mudmivi

sidideebi,

inarCuneben.
magaliTad,

aseT

romlebic
sidideebs

samkuTxedis

Siga

Tavis

mniSvnelobas

absoluturi
kuTxeebis

mudmivi
jami

da

wrewiris sigrZis fardoba diametrTan absoluturad mudmivis sidideebia.

cvladi

sidideebi

Cveulebriv

aRiniSneba

laTinuri

anbanis

ukanaskneli asoebiT x, y, z, u, w, t, xolo mudmivi sidideebi ki pirveli

asoebiT a,b,c,...

2.

funqciis

cneba.

sxvadasxva

sidides

Soris

damokidebulebaTa Seswavlas mivyavarT funqciis cnebamde.

warmoSobil
SesaZlebelia,

rom garkveul pirobebSi erTi sididis yovel mniSvnelobas Seesabamebodes

meore sididis garkveuli mniSvneloba. Tu gvaqvs aseTi Sesabamisoba, maSin
amboben rom meore sidide pirveli sididis funqciaa. magaliTad, haeris
temperatura dRis sxvadasxva droisaTvis sxvadasxvaa, ris gamoc haeris
temperatura drois funqciaa, an sxvadasxva radiusian sferos sxvadasxva
moculoba aqvs, amitom sferos moculoba aris radiusis funqcia. axla
moviyvanoT funqciis zusti gansazRvra, romelic ekuTvnis dirixles.
Tu namdvil ricxvTa

E simravlis yovel x ricxvs Seesabameba raime

wesiT erTi y namdvili ricxvi, maSin vityviT, rom y aris x is funqcia.

TviT

E simravles funqciis gansazRvris are

ewodeba.

is faqti, rom y aris x is funqcia, ase Caiwereba:

ikiTxeba igreki udris ef iqss.

y = f (x ) ,

da

am SemTxvevaSi ambobnen, rom x da y

cvladebs Soris arsebobs funqcionaluri damokidebuleba. x s ewodeba

damoukidebeli cvladi, anu argumenti,

y s ki damokidebuli cvladi.

aq f aRniSnavs ara sidides, aramed damoukidebel da damokidebul

cvladebs

Soris

Sesabamisobis

kanons.

e.i.

SeiZleba

aRniSnavdes

maTematikur im operaciaTa erTobliobas, romlebic unda vawarmooT x ze,

rom miviRoT

y.

magaliTad,

y = x 2 . aq f aRniSnavs Semdegs: x unda

avaxarisxoT kvadratSi, rom miviRoT y.

103

Tu

f (x ) gansazRvrulia

f (x )

simravleze da

x0 aris

simravlis

f ( x 0 ) warmoadgens x0 is Sesabamis ricxvs da mas

raime elementi, maSin

ewodeba

funqciis mniSvneloba

x0

wertilSi.

f (x )

funqciis yvela

mniSvnelobaTa simravles am funqciis cvlilebis are ewodeba.

3.

calsaxa

mocemis xerxebi.
funqcia, Tu

da

mravalsaxa

funqcia.

funqciis

grafiki.

funqciis

funqciis cnebis gansazRvris mixedviT, y aris x is

x is yovel mniSvnelobas mocemuli aredan Seesabameba y is

erTi garkveuli mniSvneloba. magram zogjer SeiZleba funqciis cnebis ise

ganzogadeba, rom argumentis mocemul mniSvnelobas Seesabamebodes ara
erTi,

aramed

ramodenime

mniSvneloba

(usasrulod

bevric

ki).

aseT

SemTxvevaSi y = f (x ) warmoadgens x is mravalsaxa funqcias, xolo rodesac

argumentis yovel mniSvnelobas funqciis gansazRvris aredan Seesabameba
funqciis erTi garkveuli mniSvneloba, amboben, rom mocemuli funqcia
calsaxaa. (SeniSvna: SemdgomSi Cven ganvixilavT calsaxa funqcias, Tu

sawinaaRmdego ar iqneba naTqvami. da aseve Cven ganvixilavT mxolod

ricxviT

funqcias,

e.i.

iseT

funqcias,

romlis

gansazRvrisa

da

mniSvnelobaTa areebi ricxviTi simravleebia. e.i. E ( f ) R ).

vTqvaT, D

areze gansazRvrulia

mniSvnelobas mocemuli D

y = f (x )

funqcia. x is yovel

aredan Seesabameba y is garkveuli mniSvneloba.

am gziT miviRebT ( x; y ) wyvilebis simravles. aviRoT sibrtyeze marTkuTxa

koordinatTa Oxy sistema

(nax. 1).

y
M
y
0

nax. 1

104

zemoT aRniSnul namdvil ricxvTa yovel ( x; y )

wyvils Seesabameba

sibrtyis garkveuli

M wertili, romlis abscisaa x, ordinati ki y.

amgvarad

miviRebT

sibrtyeze

wertilTa

simravles,

f (x )

romelsac

funqciis grafiki ewodeba. e.i. f (x ) funqciis grafiki ewodeba im wertilTa

geometriul

adgils,

romelTa

koordinatebi

damokidebulebas akmayofileben, anu

aRebul

funqciis

funqcionalur

grafiki warmoadgens

sibrtyis wertilTa Semdeg simravles = ( x, y ) R 2 ; x D ( f ),

f (x )

y = f ( x) .

funqciis grafiks, Cveulebriv wiri ewodeba, xolo

y = f (x )

gantolebas ki wiris gantoleba. (SeniSvna: wiris cneba maTematikis erT-

erTi urTulesi cnebaa, amitom ar mogvyavs misi gansazRvra).

funqcia mocemulia es niSnavs, rom dadgenilia wesi, romlis ZaliT
argumentis

mniSvnelobaTa

mixedviT

moiZebneba

funqciis

Sesabamisi

mniSvneloba. arsebobs funqciis mocemis sami xerxi:

1. analizuri (formuliT) xerxi.
2. cxriluri xerxi amoweren damoukidebeli cvladis mTel rig
mniSvnelobebsa da funqciis Sesabamis mniSvnelobebs. amiT Sedgeba
garkveuli cxrili. mag. logariTmebis cxrili, trigonometriuli
funqciebis cxrili da sxv.
3. grafikuli xerxi (aRwerili iyo zemoT). es xerxi mizanSewonilia
maSin, rodesac funqciis mocema analizurad sakmaod Znelia. igi
xSirad

gamoiyeneba

maTematikaSi

funqciis

ama

Tu

im

Tvisebis

funqciis

mocemis

sailustraciod.
maTematikur
analizur xerxs.

analizSi

upiratesobas

aniWeben

analizurad mocemuli funqciis gansazRvris are ewodeba

im mniSvnelobis simravles, romelTaTvisac Sesabamis formulas azri aqvs.

magaliTi 1.
kvadratuli

ipoveT funqciis
fesvi

2x 4
3 6x

gansazRvrulia

ricxvebisaTvis. amitom

2x 4
0.
3 6x

funqciis

areTa

gansazRvris

y=

gansazRvris are.
mxolod

arauaryofiTi

am utolobis amoxsna gvaZlevs mocemuli

mniSvnelobebs,

e.i.

erTobliobas, romlebic akmayofileben utolobas:

105

im

namdvil

1
px2 .
2

ricxvTa

magaliTi 2.

ipoveT funqciis

aTobiTi

logariTmi

2x

y = lg
1 gansazRvris are.
x +1

gansazRvrulia

mxolod

dadebiTi

ricxvebisaTvis, amitom x argumentis yvela mniSvneloba mocemuli funqciis

gansazRvris

aredan

unda

2x
1 f 0
x +1

akmayofilebdes

utolobas.

utolobis marcxena mxareSi SevasrulebT gamoklebas, miviRebT:

Tu

am

x 1
f 0 . am
x +1

wiladis mricxveli dadebiTia, roca x f 1 , da uaryofiTi, roca x p 1 . xolo

mniSvneli dadebiTia, roca x f 1 , da uaryofiTi, roca x p 1 .
wiladi dadebiTia, roca x p 1 da x f 1 .

x is

mTlianad

yvela es mniSvneloba

SeiZleba Caiweros x f 1 erTi utolobis saxiT.

3. racionaluri funqciebi. cxadi da aracxadi algebruli funqciebi.

transedenturi
Seadgenen.

funqciebi.

funqciaTa

umartives

klass

mravalwevrebi

mravalwevri ewodeba

y = a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x 2 + L + a n x n

(1)

saxis funqcias, sadac x damoukidebeli cvladia, a 0 , a1 , a 2 , K , a n warmoadgenen

namdvil ricxvebs (mravalwevris koeficientebs), xolo n aris nebismieri

n ricxvs ewodeba mravalwevris xarisxi.

arauaryofiTi mTeli ricxvi. am

xSirad,

mravalwevrs

uwodeben.

mravalwevris

y = ax + b ,

(a 0 ) .

Semdegi

ufro

mTel

kerZo

kvadratuli
farTo

racionalur

saxeebia,
funqcia

klasia

funqcias

magaliTad,

y = ax 2 + bx + c ,

racionalur

an

polinoms

wrfivi

(a 0 ) .

funqciaTa

funqcia

funqciaTa

klasi.

ori

mravalwevris fardobas ewodeba racionaluri funqcia:

y=

a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x 2 + L + a n x n

(2)

b0 + b1 x + b2 x 2 + L + bn x n

aq igulisxmeba, rom mricxvelsa da mniSvnels saerTo fesvi ara aqvT.

aseTi funqciis gansazRvris ares Seadgens

x is yvela mniSvneloba,

romlebic mniSvnels nulad ar aqceven.

axla
cvladebis

ganvixiloT

ori

da

cvladis

mravalwevri.

da

F ( x , y ) mravalwevri ewodeba aik x i y k saxis wevrTa jams, sadac

a ik namdvili ricxvebia, xolo i da k maCveneblebi arauryofiTi mTeli

106

(i + k)

ricxvebi.

F ( x, y )

ricxvs ewodeba

mravalwevris

udidess.

xarisxi

magaliTad,

aik x i y k

ewodeba

wevris xarisxi an rigi. e.i.

misi

wevrebis

F ( x, y ) = 3 x 7 y + 5 x 4 y 3 6 x 7 y 11

xarisxebs

aris

me-18

Soris

xarisxis

mravalwevri. ori cvaldis racionaluri funqcia ewodeba ori cvladis

ori mravawevris fardobas.
racionalur funqcias

y=

(3)

(c 0 )

a, b, c, d mudmivebi akmayofileben pirobebs

sadac
ewodeba

wiladur-wrfivi

d
( ;+ ) \
c
rom

ax + b
cx + d

am

funqcia.

am

funqciis

a b
da ,
c d

gansazRvris

area

simravle. racionaluri funqciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia is,

funqciis

SevasruloT

mniSvnelobis

sasruli

gamosaTvlelad

raodenoba

oTxi

sakmarisia

ariTmetikuli

argumentze
moqmedebisa,

rogoricaa Sekreba, gamokleba, gamravleba da gayofa. SemovitaniT Semdegi

ganmartebebi:
Sekrebas,

gamoklebas,

gamravlebas,

gayofasa

da

fesvis

amoRebas

algebruli operaciebi ewodeba.

y = f (x ) funqcias ewodeba cxadi alagebruli funqcia, Tu yoveli

xisaTvis,

funqciis

gamosaTvlelad

saWiroa

gansazRvris

ze

aredan,

vawarmooT

misi
mxolod

Sesabamisi
sasruli

yis
ricxvi

algebruli operaciebisa.

y s ewodeba x is aracxadi alagebruli funqcia,

gantolebis amonaxsnia, sadac
miarT.

F ( x, y )

Tu is

mravalwevria x da y

F ( x, y ) = 0
cvladebis

sazogadod aracxad alagebrul funqciaTa klasi ufro farToa,

vidre cxad alagebrul funqcia klasi. algebrul funqcias, romelic

racionaluri ar aris iracionaluri funqcia ewodeba. funqcias, romelic
algebruli

ar

aris

transedenturi

funqcia

ewodeba.

magaliTad,

sin x , cos x , tgx , ctgx transedenturi funqciebia.

4. zrdadi da klebadi, SemosazRvruli da SemousazRvreli, luwi

da kenti, perioduli funqciebi.

raime

D simravleze gansazRvrul f (x )

funqcias ewodeba zrdadi am simravleze, Tu am simravlis nebismieri

107

x1 da

x2

f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) , rodesac

ricxvisaTvis

f (x )

gansazRvrul
simravlis

funqcias

x1 da

nebismieri

ewodeba

x2

klebadi

ricxvisaTvis

x1 p x 2 (nax. 2).

am

simravleze,

f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) ,

xolo
Tu

am

rodesac

x1 p x 2 (nax. 3).

B
A
0

nax. 2

nax. 3

simravleze gansazRvrul

f (x ) funqcias ewodeba monotonuri am

simravleze, Tu igi zrdadia an klebadi.

D simravleze gansazRvrul f (x ) funqcias ewodeba SemosazRvruli am

simravleze, Tu arsebobs iseTi dadebiTi M ricxvi, rom am simravlis
yoveli

wertilisaTvis

marTebulia

utoloba:

f ( x) M ,

an

M f ( x) M .
f (x ) funqcias ewodeba SemousazRvreli D
A

ragind didi dadebiTi

wertili, rom

f (x )

f ( x0 ) f A .

aredan

magaliTebia y = x 2 ,

marTebulia

y = cos x ,

toloba

f ( x) = f ( x) .

luwi

funqciis

y = sin 2 x .

funqcias ewodeba kenti, Tu nebismieri x isaTvis funqciis

gansazRvris

aredan

magaliTebia y = x 3 ,
raime

ricxvisaTvis moiZebneba am simravlis iseTi x0

funqcias ewodeba luwi, Tu nebismieri x isaTvis funqciis

gansazRvris

f (x )

simravleze, Tu yoveli

areSi

periodiT, an

marTebulia

y = sin x,

toloba

f ( x) = f ( x) .

kenti

funqciis

y = tgx .

gansazRvrul

f (x )

funqcias

ewodeba

perioduli

w perioduli funqcia, sadac w f 0 , Tu am ares yoveli

x wertilisaTvis x w wertilebi ekuTvnis funqciis gansazRvris ares da

108

marTebulia toloba

f ( x + w) = f ( x ) .

funqciebia

periodia

da

maTi

funqciebia da maTi periodia .

cos x da sin x perioduli

magaliTad,

2 .

tgx

aseve,

da ctgx

-c

perioduli

Cveulebriv, funqciis periods uwodeben

yvela dadebiT periods Soris umciress. aqve SevniSnavT, rom funqciis

periodTa Soris SeiZleba ar arsebobdes umciresi.

mag.

f ( x ) = 1 funqcia

periodulia da misi periodia nulisagan gansxvavebuli nebismieri namdvili

ricxvi , vinaidan f ( x + ) = 1 = f ( x ) .

y = f (x ) toloba x cvladi

5. Seqceuli funqcia. rTuli funqcia.

sididis

yovel

sruliad

dasaSveb

gansazRvrul

mniSvnelobas

mniSvnelobas.

Seusabamebs
magram

zog

cvladi

sididis

SemTxvevaSi

y = f (x )

Tanafardoba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc iseTi toloba, romelic y

cvladi

sididis

yovel

mniSvnelobas

Seusabamebs

cvladi

sididis

sruliad gansazRvrul mniSvnelobas. es garemoeba naTelvyoT konkretul

magaliTebze:

y = 2x

magaliTi 3.

y is

toloba

yovel dadebiT mniSvnelobas

x = log 2 y .

x is Semdeg mniSvnelobas:

Seusabamebs

Tu

y = 1 , maSin

x = log 2 1 = 0 ; Tu y = 2 , maSin x = log 2 2 = 1 ; Tu y = 3 , maSin x = log 2 3 da a. S.

y = 2 x toloba

maSasadame,

x s, rogorc y cvladi sididis

gansazRvravs

raRac funqcias. cxadi saxiT es funqcia ase Caiwereba

magaliTi 4.

Tu

mniSvnelobas [ 1;1]

, maSin

Sualedidan Seusabamebs

toli. roca y = 1 , maSin x = arcsin( 1) =

roca y =
toloba

1
2

maSin

x = arcsin

1
2

x = log 2 y .

y = sin x toloba y is

yovel

x ricxvs, romelic arcsin y -is

; roca y = 0 , maSin
da

a.S.

x = arcsin 0 = 0 ;

maSasadame, y = sin x

damatebiTi pirobisas gansazRvravs x -s, rogorc

y cvladi sididis raRac funqcias. cxadi saxiT es funqcia Semdegnairad

Caiwereba

x = arcsin y .

zogadad, vTqvaT, rom

y = f (x ) tolobis mixedviT y cvladi sididis

yoveli dasaSvebi mniSvnelobisaTvis SesaZlebelia

da mxolod erTi mniSvnelobis aRdgena.
109

x cvladi sididis erTi

maSin es toloba gansazRvravs x-s,

y is raRac funqcias. avRniSnoT es funqcia asoTi

rogorc
am

formulaSi

Cveulebrib

asrulebs

asos

argumentis

iyeneben

rols,

argumentis

funqcionalur damokidebulebas, romelic

xolo

aRsaniSnavad.

x = ( y) .
funqciis.

amitom

im

asoTia aRniSnuli, Cven ase

y = (x ) .

gadavwerT:

aseTnairad

gansazRvrul

y = (x )

y = f (x )

funqciis

Seqceuli

y = (x )

funqcias

Seqceuli funqcia ewodeba.

SevniSnoT,

y = f (x )

rom

funqciisa

da

misi

funqciis gansazRvrisa da cvlilebis areebi, ase vTqvaT, rolebs icvlian.

f (x ) funqciisaTvis gansazRvris are iyo Seqceuli

e.i. is, rac

funqciisaTvis cvlilebis ared iqceva da is, rac

cvlilebis are iyo Seqceuli

y = (x )

f (x )

y = (x )

funqciisaTvis

funqciisaTvis gansazRvris ared

magaliTad, y = 2 x funqciisaTvis gansazRvris area yvela namdvil

iqceva.

ricxvTa erToblioba, xolo cvlilebis are yvela dadebiTi ricxvis

erToblioba. misi Seqceuli x = log 2 y funqciisaTvis ki gansazRvris area
yvela

dadebiTi

ricxvis

erToblioba,

xolo

yvela

namdvil

ricxvTa

erToblioba cvlilebis are.

vTqvaT, U areze gansazRvrulia u cvladis funqcia y = f (u ) , sadac u
cvladi Tavis mxriv warmoadgens D
funqcias.
areze.

areze gansazRvrul x cvladis (x )

vigulisxmoT, rom (x ) funqciis mniSvnelobebi moTavsebulia

maSin am ori funqciis saSualebiT SegviZlia axali funqcia ase:

Tu x nebismieri ricxvia D aredan, maSin mas

garkveul

namdvil

ricxvs,

Seusabamebs garkveul y ricxvs.

romelsac

u = (x ) funqcia Seusabamebs

Tavis

mxriv

y = f (u )

funqcia

y = F (x ) .

amrigad, y aris x -is funqcia

aseTnairad gansazRvrul y = F (x ) funqcias ewodeba y = f (u ) , u = (x )

funqciebiT gansazRvruli rTuli funqcia. mas agreTve ase aRniSnaven

y = f [ (x ) ]

da amboben, rom y funqcia agebulia f (u ) da

(x )

funqciebis

superpoziciiT.
magaliTi 5.
miviRebT

y = u5

da

u = 6 1 + 25 x

y = 6 (1 + 25 x ) .
5

110

funqciebis

suprpoziciiT

magaliTi

u=5 v

y = tgu ,

6.

v = x +1

da

funqciebis

y = tg 5 x + 1 .

superpoziciiT miviRebT

davaleba:
I. SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT

1. rogor sidideebs ewodeba cvladi da mudmivi?

2. rogor sidides ewodeba parametri? absoluturad mudmivi sidide?
3. ras ewodeba funqcia?
4. ras ewodeba funqciis gansazRvris are? funqciis cvlilebis are?
5. funqciis warmodgenis ramdeni ZiriTadi wesi arsebobs?
6. rogor funqcias ewodeba zrdadi? klebadi? monotonuri?
7. rogor funqcias ewodeba SemosazRvruli? ras niSnavs, rom funqcia
SemousazRvrelia?
8. rogor funqcias ewodeba luwi? kenti? perioduli?
9. ras ewodeba funqciis periodi?
10. rogor aris gansazRvruli Seqceuli funqcia?
11. moiyvaneT rTuli funqciis gansazRvra.

II. praqtikuli savrjiSoebi

1. moZebneT Semdegi funqciis gansazRvris areebi:
1.1. y =
1.5.

x 1 ;

y = lg

1.2. y = 3 x + 1 ;

x 2 3x + 2
;
x +1

y=

1.3.

x x3 ;

1.4

y = lg

1.6. y = sin 2 x

2. gamoarkvieT, romeli funqciaa kenti da romeli luwi:

2.1.

f ( x) = a x + a x ;

2.3.

f ( x) = 3 1 x + x 2 3 1 + x + x 2 ;

2.4.

f ( x ) = lg

3.

1+ x
;
1 x

2.2.

2.5.

f ( x) = a x a x ;

f ( x ) = lg x + 1 + x 2

mocemulia funqcia:

3.1.

f ( x) =

x2
,
x +1

f ( 2),

ipoveT f ( 0),
111

1
f ( ),
2

f ( 2)

2+ x
;
2 x

 ( x) =

3.2.

x2

ipoveT ( 0),

x +1

(1),

( 2),

( 2),

( 4)

4. moZebneT y = f [ (x ) ] , Tu

( x) = 2 x ;

f ( x) = x 2 ,

4.1.

( x) = 3 5 x 1 ;

f ( x) = x 3 ,

4.2.

$ 2 ricxviTa mimdevroba. mimdevrobis zRvari.

ricxvaTa mwkrivi.
1.

ganmarteba.

Tu

mocemulia

wesi,

romlis

mixedviTac

yovel

naturalur n ricxvs Seesabameba garkveuli an ricxvi, maSin vityviT, rom

mocemulia ricxviTi mimdevroba

a1 , a 2 ,L, a n ,L
ricxviT mimdevrobas aRniSnaven {a n }n=1 an {an } simboloebiT.

maSasadame,

Tu

mocemuli

gvaqvs

raRac

ricxviTi

simravle

da

movaxerxeT am simravleSi Semavali ricxvebis gadanomra e.i. yovel ricxvs

mivaniWeT

nomeri

ise,

rom

arcerTi

nomeri

or

sxvadasxva

ricxvs

ar

ekuTvnis, maSin aseTi saxiT gadanomrili simravle iqneba mimdevroba.

a1 -

ewodeba

mimdevrobis

pirveli

a2 -s

wevri,

meore

da

a.S.

an -s ewodeba n-uri anu zogadi wevri. zogadi wevris mocema niSnavs mTeli
mimdevrobis mocemas. magaliTad,
Tu an =

1 1
1
1
, maSin gveqneba mimdevroba 1, , , L , , L
2 3
n
n
1 2 3
n
n
, maSin gveqneba mimdevroba , , ,L,
,L
n +1
2 3 2
n +1

Tu

an =

Tu

a n = ( 1) , maSin gveqneba mimdevroba 1,1,1,1L

n

mimdevrobebis
xerxiT

vityviT,

mocemulia

mocema
rom

formula,

Ziridad

mimdevroba
romelic

xdeba

analizuri

mocemulia

gviCvenebs,

Tu

an

analizuri
ra

xerxiT,

moqmedebani

SevasruloT n-ze rom miviRoT mimdevrobis nebismieri wevri.

112

rekurentuli
Tu
unda

an =

magaliTad, Tu

3
, maSin SegviZlia amovweroT mimdevrobis
3n + 1

3
3
3
nebismieri wevri. kerZod a1 = , a5 = , a20 = da a.S.
4
16
61
vityviT,
mocemulia

rom

mimdevroba

pirveli

an

mocemulia

ramdenime

sawyisi

rekurentuli
wevri

da

xerxiT,

formula,

Tu

romlis

saSualebiTac gamoiTvleba mimdevrobis danarCeni wevrebi.

rekurentuli xerxiT mocemuli mimdevrobebis magaliTebia:

1. a1 = 2 da an+1 = an2 , n 1 cxadia, rom a 2 = a12 = 2 2 ; a3 = a 22 = 4 2 da a.S.

2. a1 = a

da

an+1 = qan , n 1 (rekurentulad mocemulia usasrulo

a1 = a, a2 = a1q, a3 = q 2 a,L da a.S.

geometriuli progresia)

3. a1 = a da a n+1 = a n + d , n 1 (rekurentulad mocemulia usasrulo

ariTmetikuli progresia) a1 = a, a2 = a1 + d , a3 = a1 + 2d ,L

2. monotonuri mimdevroba.

{2n 1}

mimdevrobas

e.i.

1,3,5,... saxis

mimdevrobas gaaCnia Tviseba: misi yoveli wevri metia wina wevrze, xolo

1 1
1
mimdevrobis (e.i. 1, , ,L )
2 3
n

{an }
ewodeba

mimdevrobas

klebadi,

araklebadi

Tu

Tu

yoveli wevri naklebia mis wina wevrze.

ewodeba

zrdadi,

a1 > a2 > L > a n > an+1 > L .

a1 a2 L a n a n+1 L

da

Tu

{an }

a1 < a2 < L < a n < a n+1 < L da

mimdevrobas

ewodeba

ewodeba

arazrdadi,

Tu

a1 a 2 L an a n+1 L
zrdad, klebad, araklebad da arzrdad mimdevrobebs monotonuri
mimdevrobebi ewodeba. cxadia, rom Tu

a n an +1 > 0
maSin {an } mimdevroba klebadia. Tu

an an+1 0
maSin {an } mimdevroba arazrdadia.
magaliTi 1.

vaCvenoT, rom mimdevroba, romlis zogadi wevri

an =
amisaTvis

n
n +1

zrdadia.

unda davamtkicoT utoloba an+1 an > 0

marTlac,
113

an+1 an =
wiladi

n +1
n
n +1
n
n 2 + 2n + 1 n 2 2n
1

=
=
n +1+1 n +1 n + 2 n +1
(n + 1)(n + 2)
(n + 1)(n + 2)

1
n-nebismieri mniSvnelobisaTvis dadebiTia e.i. an+1 an > 0
(n + 1)(n + 2)

mimdevroba zrdadia.
arseboben mimdevrobebi, romlebic arc klebadia da arc zrdadi, e.i.
aramonotonuri mimdevrobebi. magaliTad, mimdevroba romlis zogadi wevria

an = (1) n aramonotonuria.

{an }

mimdevrobas

ewodeba

zemodan

iseTi M ricxvi, rom nebismieri n N

SemosazRvruli,

Tu

arsebobs

sruldeba utoloba a n M , xolo

qvemodan SemosazRvruli, Tu an M .

{an }

mimdevrobas

ewodeba

SemosazRvruli,

Tu

is

erTdroulad

SemosazRvrulia qvemodanac da zemodanac. e.i. nebismieri n naturaluri

ricxvisaTvis samarTliania

m < an < M ,
sadac

M da

ricxvebi

n-sagan

damoukidebeli

mudmivebia.

am

utolobaSi niSani SeiZleba Seicvalos niSniT.

1
1
magaliTi 2. mimdevroba SemosazRvrulia, radgan 0 < < 1 ;
n
n
1
n
1

< 1;
magaliTi 3. mimdevroba
SemosazRvrulia, radgan
2 n +1
n +1
magaliTi 4. mimdevroba, romlis zogadi wevria

an =

1 + (1) n
2

Semo-

sazRvrulia.
marTlac, am mimdevrobis yoveli wevri tolia 0-is an 1-is.

a1 = 0, a2 = 1 a3 = 0, a 4 = 1,L

amitom 0 a n 1 .

magaliTi 5. mimdevroba {2n + 1} SemousazRvrelia zemodan.

radgan an = 2n + 1 , maSin an >0 da n-is zrdasTan erTad an usasrulod
izrdeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom nebismieri fiqsirebuli M > 0

ricsvisaTvis

miZebneba iseTi k nomeri, rom ak gadaaWarbebs M ricxvs e.i. ak > M

3. mimdevrobis dagrovebis wertili.

sadac an =

n
n +1

ganvixiloT mimdevroba

1 2 3
100
, , ,L ,
,L
2 3 2
101

maSin es mimdevrobaa
114

{an },

ganvixiloT wertili 1 da misi nebismieri midamo (1-;1+). vnaxoT

am mimdevrobis ramdeni wertili moxvdeba (1-;1+). SualedSi.

1 <

n
1
1
< 1 + <
< n > 1 .
n +1
n +1

aqedan, cxadia, rom aRniSnul midamoSi moxdeba mimdevrobis yvela wevri

dawyebuli

a N -dan, sadac

1
1
N = 1 + 1; 1 iT aRniSnulia

mTeli nawili, xolo am midamos gareT darCeba

wevrTa

sasruli

raodenoba.

aseT

wertilebs

a1 , a 2 ,L, a N

mimdevrobis

1 ricxvis
mimdevrobis
dagrovebis

wertilebi ewodeba.
ganxilul magaliTSi mimdevrobas hqonda mxolod erTi dagrovebis
wertili. dagrovebis wertilebis raodenoba SeiZleba metic iyos. ase,
magaliTad, mimdevrobas, romlis zogadi wevria an = (1) n +

1
ori dagrovebis
n

wertili aqvs. ganvixiloT magaliTi, romelSic mimdevrobis zogadi wevri

gamoiTvleba formuliT

1
1 + k , Tu n = 3k

1
a n = 2 + , Tu n = 3k 1
k
1
3 + k , Tu n = 3k 2

maSin am mimdevrobas eqneba sami dagrovebis wertili 1, 2 da3.

4. mimdevrobis zRvari.

ganvixiloT

wertili aris am mimdevrobis zRvari, Tu

gareT aris

{an }

{an }

mimdevroba. vityviT, rom a

a ricxvis nebismieri midamos

mimdevrobis wevrTa sasruli raodenoba. es garemoeba ase

Caiwereba:

a = lim an .
n

Tu mimdevrobas zRvari aqvs, maSin mas krebadi mimdevroba ewodeba;

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
cxadia, Tu a aris

ganSladi.

{an }

mimdevrobis zRvari, maSin (a-; a+) midamoSi

moxvdeba wevrTa usasrulo raodenoba, e.i. a dagrovebis wertilia. aqve

SevniSnoT,

rom

mimdevrobas,

rogorc

zemoT

vnaxeT

SeiZleba

hqondes

araerTi dagrovebis wertili, amitom bunebrivia SekiTxva: `mimdevrobis

115

dagrovebis wertili aris Tu ara misi zRvari?~

am SekiTxvaze pasuxs

iZleva Semdegi
Teorema 1: Tu mimdevrobas zRvari aqvs, is erTaderTia.

{an }

damtkiceba. dauSvaT sawinaaRmdegoi. vTqvaT

ori zRvari

a = lim an

da

vigulisxmoT, rom
ricxvebis midamoebi:

b = lim an ,
n

b>a

mimdevrobas aqvs

sadac b a .

ganvixiloT

(a ; a + ), (b ; b + ) .

ba
3

da aviRoT a da b

cxadia, rom es midamoebi ar

gadaikveTebian
(//////////////)
a

(//////////////)
b
nax.1

pirobiT

a = lim an ,
n

amitom

(a ; a + )

midamos

gareT

darCeba

am

midevrobis wevrTa sasruli raodenoba, maSasadame b ricxvi ar warmoadgens

mocemuli mimdevrobis zRvars, rac Cvens daSvebebs ewinaaRmdegeba. (ufro
metic, b ricxvi ar SeiZleba iyos am midevrobis dagrovebis wertilic ki)
Teorema damtkicebulia.
Teorema 2: Tu mimdevrobas zRvari aqvs, maSin is SemosazRvrulia.
damtkiceba:

mocemulia

a = lim an ,
n

maSin

ricxvis

nebismieri

- midamos gareT SesaZloa moxvdes am midevrobis wevrTa mxolod

sasruli raodenoba. aviRoT =1 da amovweroT (a-1;a+1) midamos gareT
moxvedrili wevrebi: vTqvaT maT Soris udidesis modulia M1. maSin aviRoT
M = max( a + 1; a 1; M 1 )

da cxadia, rom nebismieri n-saTvis

a n M Teorema

damtkicebulia. sazogadod Sebrunebuli Teorema ar aris samarTliani.

magaliTad an = (1) n SemosazRvrulia, magram mas zRvari ar gaaCnia (aqvs
ori dagrovebis wertili 1 da 1).

5. mimdevrobis zRvris arsebobis niSani. daumtkiceblad CamovayalibebT mimdevrobis arsebobis aucilebel da sakmaris niSans, romelsac
xSirad zRvris ganmartebadac xmaroben.

116

{an }

UTeorema 3: imisaTvis, rom a ricxvi iyos

mimdevrobis zRvari,

aucilebeli da sakmarisia, rom nebismieri >0 ricxvisTvis arsebobdes

iseTi naturaluri N() ricxvi, rom adgili hqondes utolobas
an a < ,
magaliTi 1.

n > N ( ) .

roca

davamtkicoT, rom

1
= 0.
n n

lim

gamoviyenoT zemoT Camoyalibebuli Teorema da aviRoT nebismieri >0.

ganvixiloT (;) Sualedi. maSin saaWiroa, rom sruldebodes piroba

<

1
<
n

cxadia, rom es utolobebi sruldeba maSin, roca

1
N ( ) = + 1 .

cxadia,

rom

n > N ( ) ,

Tu

maSin

1
<
n

n>

da <

. aviRoT

1
<
n

e.i.

sruldeba zRvris arsebobis aucilebeli da sakmarisi piroba, maSasadame

1
= 0.
n n

lim

6.

mimdevrobis

usasrulo

(arasakuTrivi)

zRvari.

vTqvaT,

{an }

ganSladi mimdevroba araa SemosazRvruli da mis wevrebs gaaCniaT Tviseba:

nebismieri

M>0 ricxvisaTvis moiZebneba iseTi N(M) ricxvi, rom

an > M

roca

n > N ( M ),

an

an < M

roca

maSin vityviT, rom Sesabamisad

n > N ( M ),

{an }

mimdevroba miiswrafvis +-ken an

- _ken da formalurad CavwerT

lim an = +

an

lim an = .
n

sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT pirvel SemTxvevaSi n- is usasrulod

zrdas mosdevs an ricxvebis SemousazRvrelad zrda, amitom isini gadaaWarbebn nebismier dadebiT ricxvs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi an
SemousazRvrelad

mcirdebian

da

naklebi

gaxdebian

ricxvebis

nebismierad

didi

modulis mqone uaryofiT ricxvze. am SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom an ganSladi

mimdevroba krebadia Sesabamisad

+-ken an --ken.

117

cxadia, rom ariTmetikuli an=a1+d(n-1) progresiisaTvis gveqneba

lim a n = +

roca d > 0.

lim a n =

an
SevniSnoT,
SemTxvevaSi

rom

a n 0 da a n + an a n ,

Tu

maSin

orive

1
= 0.
n a
n

lim

cxadia,

roca d < 0.

rom

arsebobs

ganSladi

SemousazRvreli

mimdevrobebi,

romlebic araa krebadi arc +-ken da arc --ken. magaliTad

an=(-1)nn2 araa

krebadi arc +-ken da arc --ken, radgan am mimdevrobaSi nebismieri nomris

Semdeg gvxvdeba, rogorc Zalian didi dadebiTi ricxvi (roca n luwia) ise
moduliT Zalian didi uaryofiTi ricxvi (roca n kentia).
Teorema 4:

lim bn = b ,
n

maSin

{an }

Tu

da

{bn }

mimdevrobebi krebadia da

{a n + bn }, {a n bn },

krebadia

an

bn

(am

lim an = a ,
n

ukanasknelSi

b0)

mimdevrobebi da adgili aqvs

1. lim (a n + bn ) = a + b; 2. lim a n bn = ab;

n

3. lim

an
bn

a
b

tolobebs.

damtkiceba. zRvris arsebobis niSnidan gamomdinareobs, rom

an a <
Tu

, roca

n > N ( ) da

bn b <

n > N ( ) .

, roca

N ( ) = max{N ( ), n > N ( )}

n > N ( ), sadac

maSin

erTdroulad

sruldeba

an a <

, da

bn b <

n > N ( )

roca

utolobebi. amitom

(an + bn ) a + b = (an a ) (bn b ) an a + bn b < +

2

= , roca

n > N ( ) ,

e.i.

lim(an + bn ) = a + b = lim an + lim bn .

n

analogiurad mtkicdeba danarCeni ori toloba.

rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, Tu mimdevrobas zRvari aqvs SemosazRvrulia,
magram yvela SemosazRvrul mimdevrobas zRvari ar gaaCnia. sainteresoa
118

romel SemosazRvrul mimdevrobas ar gaaCnia zRvari. am sakiTxze pasuxs

iZleva
vaierStrasis

Teorema:

nebismier

SemosazRvrul

monotonur

mimdevrobas aqvs zRvari.

Zalian xSirad saWiroa utolobaSi zRvarze gadasvla. am piroblemas
exeba Semdegi
Teorema 5.

a n < bn an

{an }

da

{bn }

krebadi mimdevrobebia

da yoveli n-saTvis

an bn , maSin

lim an lim bn .
n

Teorema 6. Tu lim a n = lim bn = c da yoveli n-saTvis

n

a n cn bn ,
maSin {cn } mimdevroba krebadia da

lim cn = c .
n

6-s uwodeben ori policielis Teoremas.

7. ricxvi e. umaRles maTematikaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs ricxvs,

romelsac e simboloTi aRniSnaven. es ricxvi ganisazRvreba, rogorc

{an }

midevrobis zRvari, romlis zogadi wevria

n

1
a n = 1 + ,
n
e.i.
n

1
lim an = lim1 + = e .
n
n
n

(1)

e ricxvi iracionaluri ricxvia da misi miaxloebiTi mniSvnelobaa

e 2,718281828459045L
TxuTmeti niSnis sizustiT. e ricxvs ewodeba neperis ricxvi.
(1) toloba xSirad gamoiyeneba konkretuli tipis zRvrebis gamoTvlis
dros. kerZod, (1) tolobis safuZvelze mtkicdeba, rom mimdevrobas

mb

a
1 +
m m=1

zRvari gaaCnia da

119

lim 1 +
m
m

mb

= e ab

(2)

sadac a da b nebismieri ricxvebia.

Tu logariTimis fuZe e ricxvia, maSin mas naturaluri logariTmi

log be = ln b .

ewodeba da aRiniSneba

lim 1 +
m

SemovtanoT

mb

1
= lim 1 +
m
m

m
=N.
a

aRniSvna

davamtkicod (2) formula. gveqneba:

cxadia,

m
ab
a

= lim 1 +
m
m

rom

roca

ab

m,

maSin

N .

maSasadame

lim 1 +
m
m

mb

= lim 1 +
m
m

ab

= e ab .

8. ricxviTi mwkrivi. mwkrivis jami. ricxviTi mimdevrobis cnebasTan

mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli ricxviTi mwkrivisa da mwkrivis jamis cnebebi.
ganvixiloT raime

{an }n=1

ricxviTi mimdevroba da SevadginoT Semdegi

gamosaxuleba:
a1 + a 2 + L + an + L

(3)

SevniSnoT, rom es gamosaxuleba aris formaluri jami, radgan masSi

Sesakrebebis ricxvi usasruloa da Sekrebis ganxorcieleba elementarul
maTematikaSi cnobili algoriTmebiT SeuZlebelia, (3) tipis usasrulo
raodenobis SesakrebTa formalur jams ricxviTi mwkrivi ewodeba. xolo an
ricxvebs mwkrivis wevrebi. an -s uwodeben mwkrivis zogad wevrs.
ismeba kiTxva: SeiZleba, Tu ara (3) gamosaxulebas mivaniWoT raime
azri?

am

kiTxvaze

pasuxis

gasacemad

mimdevroba:
120

SevadginoT

Semdegi

ricxvebis

S1 = a1
S 2 = a1 + a 2
S 3 = a1 + a 2 + a3
LLLLLLL L

S n = a1 + a 2 + L + a n

LLLLLLL L

miRebul

{S n }n=1

mimdevrobas (3) mwkrivis kerZo jamebis mimdevroba

ewodeba, xolo S n ricxvs n-uri kerZo jami. intuicia gvkarnaxobs, rom

rodesac n maSin S n jamSi Sesakrebad Seva (3) gamosaxulebis `TiTqmis
yvela wevri~. am mosazrebidan gamomdinare SemoviRoT Semdegi
gansazRvreba: Tu (3) mwkrivis kerZo jamebis

{S n }

mimdevrobas gaaCnia S

zRvari, rodesac n , maSin (3) mwkrivs ewodeba krebadi, xolo

lim S n = S
n

zRvars (3) mwkrivis jami ewodeba da igi ase Caiwereba

a1 + a2 + L + an + L = an = S .
n =1

Tu

{S n }

mimdevrobas ar gaaCnia zRvari, an lim S n = , maSin (3) mwkrivs

ewodeba ganSladi.

cxadia, rom Tu lim S n = S , maSin lim S n1 = S amitom

n

lim an = lim(S n S n1 ) = lim S n lim S n1 = S S = 0 .

n

amrigad, Tu mwkrivi krebadia, maSin misi zogadi wevri an 0, roca

n . es aris mwkrivis krebadobis aucilebeli piroba. maSasadame, Tu

lim an 0 mwkrivi ganSladia. magram es piroba ar aris sakmarisi mwkrivis

n

krebadobisaTvis.

1+

1 1
1
+ +L+ +L
n
2 3

magaliTad mtkicdeba, rom

e.w. harmoniuli mwkrivi

1
=0.
n n

ganSladia, miuxedavad imisa, rom lim an = lim

n

CamovayaliboT mwkrivis krebadobis ramdenime sakmarisi piroba:

121

Sedarebis niSani: vTqvaT

a
n =1

da

b
n =1

dadebiT wevrebiani mwkrivebia

(e.i. an > 0, bn > 0 ).

1.

Tu

mwkrivi

n =1

krebadia

da

yoveli

n-saTvis

a n bn ,

maSin

a
n =1

mwkrivi krebadia.

2. Tu

b
n =1

mwkrivi ganSladia da yoveli n-saTvis

a n bn , maSin

a
n =1

mwkrivic ganSladia.

dalamberis niSani:

vTqvaT, mocemulia

n =1

mwkrivi

da

lim
n

a n+1
=q.
an

1. Tu q<1, maSin mwkrivi krebadia;

2. Tu q >1,

maSin mwkrivi ganSladia

koSis niSani:

vTqvaT mocemulia

n =1

mwkrivi da lim n an = q
n

1. Tu q<1, maSin mwkrivi krebadia;

2. Tu q >1,
SevniSnoT,

maSin mwkrivi ganSladia

rom

dalamberisa

da

koSis

zemoT

Camoyalibebuli

Teoremebi q=1 SemTxvevaSi ver iZlevian pasuxs mwkrivis krebadobaze. aseT

SemTxvevaSi mwkrivis krebadobis dasadgenad saWiroa damatebiTi gamokvleva
(am sakiTxs aq ar SevexebiT).

davaleba:
I. SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. ras ewodeba obieqtTa mimdevroba? ricxvTa mimdevrobis mocemis ra
wesebi iciT?

122

2. rogor

mimdevrobas

ewodeba

zemodan

SemosaRvruli?

qvemodan

SemosaRvruli?
3. rogor

mimdevrobas

mimdevroba?

ewodeba

arazrdadi

zrdadi

mimdevroba?

mimdevroba?
araklebadi

klebadi

mimdevroba?

monotonuri?
4. ras niSnavs

( xn )n1

mimdevrobis zRvaria a ricxvi?

5. SemosazRvrulia Tu ara krebadi mimdevroba?

6. krebadia Tu ara yoveli

SemosazRvruli mimdevroba?

7. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom krebad mimdevrobas ori zRvari hqondes?

8. raSi mdgomareobs vaierStrasis Teorema?
9. ras ewodeba neperis e ricxvi?
10. ras ewodeba mwkrivi? mwkrivis zogadi wevri? mwkrivis jami?
11. raSi mdgomareobs mwkrivis krebadobis aucilebeli piroba?
12. raSi mdgomareobs koSisa da dalamberis niSani?

II. praqtikuli savarjiSoebi

1. dawereT mimdevroba maTi zogadi wevris mixedviT:
n

1.1

1
xn = ;
2

3 + ( 1)
;
n

x n = ( 1) (2n + 1) ;
n

1.2

1.5. x n =

1.9. a n = 2 + 5n ;

1.13. a n =

( 1)n+1 ;
n

1.6. x n =

1.10.

x n = cos n ;

n
2 ; 1.7. a = 1 ;
n
n +1
2 n

2n sin

an =

1.14. a n =

2. aCveneT, rom x n =

1.3

( 1)n ;
2

( 1)n+1 ;
3n

1.11. a n =

1.4 x n = n + ( 1) ;
n

1.8 a n = sin n ;
3

2n 1

; 1.12. a n = tg
;
3 + 5n
n+2

3
1.15. x n = n +1
2

2n + 1
mimdevrobis zRvari, roca n , aris 2.
n +1

ipoveT N , Tu = 0,1 ; = 0,01 ;

123

1
n

3. aCveneT, rom x n = 1 +

mimdevrobis zRvari, roca n , aris 1.

ipoveT N , Tu = 0,01 ;

= 0,1 ;

n
mimdevrobis zRvari, roca n , aris 1.
n +1

4. aCveneT, rom x n =

ipoveT N , Tu = 0,01 ;
5. aCveneT, rom

xn =

1
n2

nisaTvis

rogori

n , aris 0.

mimdevrobis zRvari, roca

Sesruldeba

1
p
n2

Tu

= 0,01 ;

funqciis

zRvris

utoloba,

= 0,001 ; = 0,0001 ;

$ 3 funqciis zRvari da uwyvetoba

1.

funqciis

zRvris

cneba.

ZiriTadi

Teoremebi

Sesaxeb. vidre funqciis zRvris mkacr maTematikur ganmartebas moviyvandeT,

ganvixiloT magaliTi.
vTqvaT,
krebads

f ( x) = x 2 .

Tu

ricxvisaken,

maSin

x argumenti gairbens rig mniSvnelobebs,

f (x )

funqcia

gairbens

gairbens

rig

mniSvnelobebs, krebads 4 ricxvisaken. amas SevniSnavT, Tu ganvixilavT

x 2 4 funqciis miaxloebiT mniSvnelobaTa Semdeg cxrils:

x

1,96

1,97

1,98

1,99

2,00

2,01

2,02

x 2 (miaxloebiT)

3,84

3,88

3,92

3,96

4,00

4,04

4,08

x 2 4 (miaxloebiT)

0,16

0,12

0,08

0,04

0,04

0,08

124

rac ufro axloa x argumentis mniSvneloba 2- Tan, imdenad mcirea

x2 4

sxvaobis absoluturi mniSvneloba.

mkacri

maTematikuri

msjelobiTac,

amaSi SeiZleba davrwmundeT

ganxiluli

davamtkicoT, rom ragind mcire dadebiTi

x=2

yovelTvis SeiZleba

cxrilis

gareSe.

ricxvic ar unda aviRoT,

wertilis Semcveli iseTi Sualedi gamoiyos, rom

am Sualedis yoveli wertilisaTvis Sesruldes utoloba:

x2 4 p
marTlac,

(1)

(1)

utoloba tolfasia ormagi utolobisa:

p x2 4 p

(2)

saidanac miviRebT:

4 p x2 p 4 +
4 p x p 4+

(3)

(gaviTvaliswineT x is mxolod dadebiTi mniSvnelobebi, radganac

y = x2

funqciis

wertilis

maxloblobaSi).

SualedSi,
utoloba
xolo
anu

yofaqceva

x=2

romelic

( = 0,1)

am

amgvarad,
wertils

( = 0,01)

gvainteresebs

(1)

utoloba

moicavs.

3,9 p x p 4,1

sruldeba

x 2 4 p 0,01 utoloba

SemTxvevaSi

mxolod

sruldeba

magaliTad,

(3)

x 2 4 p 0,1

1,98 p x p 2,02 ,

SualedSi, anu

sruldeba

x=2

3,99 p x p 4,01 SualedSi,

1,998 p x p 2,002 .
(3)

Sualedi aigeba geometriuladac. vTqvaT,

grafikis wertili, romlis abscisaa x=2

A aris

y = x 2 funqciis

(nax. 1).

y
C
y

A
B

A+

A
A-

B1 2 C1

125

x 0-

x0 x0+

nax. 1

am

wertilis

romlebic

nax. 2

orive

mxares

gavavloT

ori

horizontaluri

wrfe,

A wertilidan daSorebulia manZiliT. es wrfeebi gadakveTen

y = x 2 parabolis marjvena nawils B da C wertilebSi. Tu maTgan marTobebs

B1C1 monakveTs. swored es monakveTi

davuSvebT abscisTa RerZze, miviRebT

warmoadgens

4 ; 4+

Sualeds, romelic adre miviReT algebruli

gziT.
e.i. Tu x argumentisaTvis 2-is sakmaod axlo mniSvnelobebs SevarCevT,
maSin y = x 2 funqciis mniSvnelobani ragind mcired iqnebian gansxvavebuli
4 sagan. magaliTad, SeiZleba mivaRwioT imas, rom Sesruldes utolobani:

x 2 4 p 0,001 ,

x 2 4 p 0,0001

da a. S. aseT SemTxvevaSi bunebrivia ricxv

4 s ewodos y = x 2 funqciis zRvari, roca x miiswrafvis 2 isaken.

SegaxsenebT, rom wrfeze romelime
yovel Ria Sualeds, romelic aRniSnul x0
A

f (x )

ricxvs ewodeba

funqciis

x0

wertilis midamo ewodeba

wertils Seicavs.
zRvari

x0

wertilSi, Tu

ricxvisaTvis arsebobs iseTi dadebiTi ricxvi,

nebismieri dadebiTi
rom

f ( x) A p ,

0 p x x0 p ,

rodesac

(4)

simbolurad es aRiniSneba ase:

lim f ( x ) = A

(5)

x x0

f ( x) A ,

an

x x0 .

roca

SevniSnoT,

rom

damokidebulia -ze, amasTanave, sazogadod, igi mcirdeba

gamovarkvioT
viciT

f (x )

funqciis
gantoleba

zRvris

cnebis

dekartes

Oxy

midamo, sadac

midamo,

rogorc,

sistemis
A

mimarT

wertilis

nebismieri dadebiTi ricxvia. im SemTxvevaSi,

roca adgili aqvs (4) utolobas

]x0 ; x0 + [

koordinatTa

ricxvi

-Tan erTad.

Sinaarsi.

Oy RerZze aviRoT

gamosaxavs garkveul wirs (nax. 2).

]A ; A + [

geometriuli

Ox RerZze arsebobs x0 wertilis iseTi

rom am midamos yoveli x wertilisaTvis, romelic

126

gansxvavebulia x0 wertilisagan, f (x ) funqciis mniSvneloba

]A ; A + [
Seesabameba
(nax.

2),

y = f (x )

midamoSi. maSasadame,

]x0 ; x0 + [
garda

A wertilis

fuqciis grafiki, romelic

intervals, ar gamova daStrixuli ares gareT

SesaZlebelia,

grafikis

erTi

wertilisa,

romelic

Seesabamebodes x0 wertils.
daumtkiceblad moviyvanoT ZiriTadi Teoremebi funqciaTa zRvrebis
Sesaxeb.
1. mudmivi sididis zRvari TviT am mudmivi sididis tolia:

lim C = C

x x0

2. mudmivi mamravli SeiZleba zRvris niSnis gareT gamovitanoT:

lim [k f ( x ) ] = k lim f ( x )

x x0

x x0

3. funqciaTa jamis (sxvaobis) zRvari am funqciebis zRvarTa jamis

(sxvaobis) tolia:

lim [ f ( x ) ( x ) ] = lim f ( x ) lim ( x )

x x0

4. funqciaTa

x x0

x x0

namravlis zRvari am funqciebis zRvarTa namravlis

tolia:

lim [ f ( x ) ( x ) ] = lim f ( x ) lim ( x )

x x0

5.

ori

funqciis

x x0

Sefardebis

x x0

zRvari

am

funqciebis

Sefardebis tolia:

lim f ( x )
f ( x ) x x0
=
,
x x0 ( x )
lim ( x )

lim ( x ) 0 .
x x

lim

x x0

ganvixiloT magaliTebi funqciaTa zRvrebis sapovnelad.

magaliTi 1.

ipoveT

lim

x 4

3x 2
x+2

ganayofis zRvris Tvisebis ZaliT gveqneba:

(3 x 2) lim 3 x lim 2 3 lim x 2 3 4 2 5

3 x 2 lim
x4
x 4
lim
=
= x 4
= x4
=
=
x4 x + 2
lim ( x + 2)
lim x + lim 2
lim x + 2
4+2
3
x 4

magaliTi 2.

ipoveT

x4

x3 8
;
x2 x 2

lim

127

x4

x 4

zRvarTa

roca x 2 , mocemuli wiladis mricxvelica da mniSvnelic 0 . amitom

ganayofis zRvris Sesaxeb Teoremis uSualo gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba, magram
SesaZlebelia, rom Sevkveco mocemuli wiladi:

x 3 8 ( x 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 4)
=
= x2 + 2x + 4
x2
x2
amis Semdeg zRvari advilad gamoiTvleba.

x3 8
= lim ( x 2 + 2 x + 4) = 2 2 + 2 2 + 4 = 12
x2 x 2
x 2

lim

2. funqciis uwyvetoba da wyveta. funqciis calmxrivi zRvrebi.

funqciis

uwyvetoba

marjvnidan

da

marcxnidan.

funqciis

nazrdi.

ganvixiloT f (x ) funqcia gansazRvruli x0 wertilis midamoSi.

x0 wertilis midamoSi gansazRvrul

x0 wertilSi, Tu

f (x ) funqcias ewodeba uwyveti

f ( x 0 ) sasrulia da x0 wertilSi funqciis zRvari da

funqciis mniSvneloba Tanatolia:

lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 )

x x0

e.i.

yoveli

dadebiTi

dadebiTi ricxvi, rom

vTqvaT,
SesaZlebelia

f (x )
am

ricxvisaTvis

( f 0)

moiZebneba

iseTi

f ( x ) f ( x0 ) p , rodesac x x0 p .

funqcia

segmentis

gansazRvrulia

raime

x0

[a, b ]

wertilisa.

segmentze,

samarTliania

garda
Semdegi

gansazRvrebebi:

x0

wertils

ewodeba

f (x )

funqciis

wyvetis

wertili,

Tu

Sesrulebulia erT-erTi Semdegi pirobebidan:

1. x0 wertilSi

f (x ) funqcia ar aris gansazRvruli;

2. lim f ( x ) ar arsebobs;
x x0

3. x0 wertilSi

f (x ) funqcia gansazRvrulia, arsebobs lim f ( x ) , magram

x x0

lim f ( x ) f ( x0 ) . e.i. funqciis zRvari ar udris funqciis mniSvnelobas x0

x x0

wertilSi.
funqcias, romelsac [a, b ] segmentze aqvs wyvetis raime x0 wertili, am
segmentze wyvetili funqcia ewodeba.

128

magaliTi 3.

vTqvaT,

f ( x) =

mocemulia

1
x

funqcia. es funqcia

gansazRvrulia x is yvela mniSvnelobisaTvis, garda x=0 mniSvnelobisa.

x=0 wertilSi funqcia gansazRvruli ar aris. maSasadame, x=0 wertili

warmoadgens mocemuli f ( x ) =

ricxvs ewodeba

marjvena

x0

zRvari

arsebobs iseTi

1
funqciis wyvetis wertils.
x

]x0 ; b[

f (x )

intervalSi gansazRvruli

wertilSi,

Tu

yoveli

dadebiTi

funqciis

ricxvisaTvis

f 0 ricxvi, rom
f ( x) A p ,

0 p x x0 p ,

rodesac

am SemTxvevaSi weren ase:

lim f ( x ) = A .

x x0 +

f (x )

funqciis

simboloTi.

marjvena

f (x )

Tu

x0

zRvari

funqcia

wertilSi

gansazRvrulia

f ( x0 + ) = f ( x 0 ) , e.i. funqciis marjvena zRvari

mniSvneloba

am

wertilSi

Tanatolia,

x0

aRniSnaven

x0

wertilSic

da

wertilSi da funqciis

f (x )

maSin

f ( x0 + )

funqcias

ewodeba

marjvnidan uwyveti x0 wertilSi.

ricxvs ewodeba

marcxena

x0

zRvari

]a; x0 [

wertilSi,

arsebobs iseTi dadebiTi

f (x )

intervalSi gansazRvruli
Tu

yoveli

dadebiTi

funqciis

ricxvisaTvis

f 0 ricxvi, rom

f ( x) A p ,

0 p x0 x p ,

rodesac

am SemTxvevaSi weren ase:

lim f ( x ) = A .

x x0

f (x )

funqciis

simboloTi.

Tu

marcxena

f (x )

zRvari

funqcia

x0

wertilSi

gansazRvrulia

f ( x0 ) = f ( x 0 ) , e.i. funqciis marcxena zRvari

mniSvneloba

am

wertilSi

Tanatolia,

maSin

x0

aRniSnaven

x0

f ( x0 )

wertilSic

da

wertilSi da funqciis

f (x )

funqcias

ewodeba

marcxnidan uwyveti x0 wertilSi.

funqciis marjvena da marcxena zRvars funqciis calmxrivi zRvrebi
ewodeba.

zRvris ganmartebidan gamomdinareobs, rom Tu f (x ) funqcias aqvs

129

zRvari

x0

wertilSi,

maSin

arsebobs

funqciis

marjvena

da

marcxena

zRvrebi x0 wertilSi da es zRvrebi f (x ) funqciis zRvris tolia.

e.i. Tu

f (x ) funqcias x0 wertilSi ara aqvs romelime calmxrivi zRvari, an orive

calmxrivi zRvari arsebobs, magram isini erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian,
maSin x0 wertilSi funqcias ar eqneba zRvari. aqedan gamomdinareobs

f (x )

Teorema 6.

funqcias aqvs marjvena da marcxena zRvari

x0

wertilSi da isini Tanatolia, maSin funqcias eqneba zRvari x0 wertilSi

da igi calmxrivi zRvrebis saerTo mniSvnelobis tolia.
damtkiceba:

f ( x0 + ) = f ( x0 ) = A .

vTqvaT,

am tolobebis Tanaxmad,

f 0 ricxvi,

yoveli dadebiTi ricxvisaTvis arsebobs iseTi dadebiTi

rom

f ( x) A p ,

rodesac

0 p x x0 p ,

f ( x) A p ,

rodesac

0 p x0 x p .

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom

f ( x) A p ,

0 p x x0 p .

ricxvi aris f (x ) funqciis zRvari x0 wertilSi.

maSasadame, A

f (x )

amrigad,

rodesac

funqciis

aucilebelia da sakmarisi, rom

zRvris

arsebobisaTvis

x0

wertilSi

f (x ) funqcias hqondes Tanatoli marjvena

da marcxena zRvari.
analogiurad,
aucilebelia

da

f ( x0 + ) = f ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) .

f (x )

funqciis

sakmarisi,

rom

adgili

[a, b ]

segmentze, Tu igi uwyvetia

wertilSi

hqondes

tolobebs

]a, b[

intervalSi,

f (x ) funqcias ewodeba uwyveti

Tu igi uwyvetia am intervalis yovel wertilSi.

ewodeba uwyveti

x0

uwyvetobisaTvis

xolo

]a, b[

f (x ) funqcias
intervalSi da,

garda amisa a wertilSi uwyvetia marjvnidan, b wertilSi ki marcxnidan.

SemovitanoT funqciis nazrdis cneba. vTqvaT, h warmoadgens
intervalSi argumentis ori mniSvnelobis sxvaobas
aRniSnaven x

x x0 = h .

]a, b[

am sxvaobas

simboloTi (ikiTxeba `delta iqsi~) da ewodeba x argumentis

nazrdi. maSin f ( x 0 ) funqciis Sesabamis mniSvnelobaTa sxvaoba iqneba

130

f ( x 0 + x ) f ( x0 )
romelsac y = f (x ) funqciis nazrdi ewodeba da aRiniSneba y

simboloTi

(ikiTxeba `delta igreki~). e.i.

y = f ( x0 + x ) f ( x 0 )
Tu x0 -is nacvlad aviRebT

]a, b[

(6)

intervalSi nebismier x wertils, maSin

f (x ) funqciis nazrdi x wertilze iqneba

y = f ( x + x ) f ( x )

(7)

SevniSnoT, rom x cvladis win simbolo aRniSnavs am cvladis

nazrds, amitom x warmoadgens erT mTlian aRniSvnas da ara -s x ze
namravls.

vnaxoT

geometriulad.

ras

warmoadgens

argumentisa

vTqvaT, sibrtyeze agebulia

da

funqciis

y = f (x )

nazrdi

funqciis grafiki

(nax. 3).
ganvixiloT

argumentis

mniSvneloba iqneba

raime

mniSvneloba,

f (x ) . naxazze, Tu

funqciis

Sesabamisi

x=Om, maSin funqciis Sesabamisi

mniSvneloba gamoisaxeba Mm ordinatiT.

x + x = On

axla gadavideT axal

mniSvnelobaze. maSin funqciis

mniSvneloba am wertilSi iqneba f ( x + x ) , romelic naxazze nN ordinatiT

gamoisaxeba.

y
M

f(x)

f(x+x)

x
0

m
x+x
nax.

131

gavataroT M wertilze KM

monakveti Ox RerZis paralelurad Nn

wrfis gadakveTamde. maSin (nax. 3) -ze argumentisa da funqciis nazrdi

x = On Om = mn = MK

iqneba:

y = f ( x + x ) f ( x ) = nN mM = nN nK = KN .

3.

zogierTi

trigonometriuli

utoloba

da

maTi

gamoyeneba

zRvrebis gamoTvlisas. SesaniSnavi zRvrebi. davamtkicoT Semdegi

lema 1:

nebismieri x maxvili 0 p x p

kuTxisaTvis

sin x p x p tgx .

(8)

y
C
B
x

0
D

/2

0
nax. 4
damtkiceba:

nax.

vTqvaT, (nax. 4) ze

OA = OB = 1,

da AC

marTobebia OA sadmi. cxadia, OAB

wriuli

seqtoris

farTobze

naklebia,

AOB = x radians.

BD

samkuTxedis farTobi OAB

xolo

OAB

wriuli

seqtoris

farTobi, Tavis mxriv OAC samkuTxedis farTobze naklebia, magram

S OAB =

1
1
BD OA = BD ;
2
2

Tu

S seqt. OAB =

gaviTvaliswinebT,

1
x 1
sin x p p tgx .
2
2 2

OA 2
x
x = ;
2
2

rom

BD=sinx,

aqedan gamomdinareobs rom

S OAC =

1
1
OA AC = AC .
2
2

AC=tgx,

miviRebT

sin x p x p tgx .

(8) utolobis grafikul ilustracias warmoadgens ( nax. 5).

0;
2

SualedSi y=x funqciis grafiki y=sinx funqciis grafikis zemoT da amave

132

dros y=tgx funqciis grafikis qvemoT mdebareobs.

sin x p x

SevCerdeT

utolobaze ufro dawvrilebiT. Cven igi davamtkiceT im daSvebiT, rom

0pxp

magram aseT SemTxvevaSi x da sinx dadebiTia. amitom

sin x = sin x

sin x p x

da

x= x ,

utoloba SeiZleba Semdegi saxiT gadaiweros:

sin x p x

(9)

es utoloba marTebulia agreTve x is uaryofiTi mniSvnelobebisTvisac,

romlebic ;0
2
da

SualedSia moTavsebuli, radgan

sin( x ) = sin x = sin x

x = x .
(9)

utoloba

ase

gadavweroT

miiswrafvis, maSin ramdenadac

miisawrafvis.

kerZod,

sin x 0

sin x 0

sin x 0 p x .

naklebia

Tu

nulisaken

-ze, isic nulisaken

0,1; 0,01;

SeiZleba naklebi gaxdes, vidre

0,001 da a.S. sazogadod, ragind mcire dadebiTi ricxvic ar unda aviRoT,

yovelTvis SeiZleba imas mivaRwioT, rom Sesruldes sin x 0 p

utoloba.

amisaTvis saWiroa x is SerCeva ( ; ) SualedSi. es ki niSnavs, rom

lim sin x = 0

(10)

x 0

e.i.
amitom

sinus

x is zRvari, roca x 0 , nulis tolia. vinaidan,

miRebuli

Sedegi

arsebiTad

imas

niSnavs,

rom

y=sinx

0=sin0,

funqcia

uwyvetia, roca x=0.

lema 2:

nebismieri x maxvili kuTxisaTvis (gamosaxuli radianebiT)

1 cos x p x .

(11)

damtkiceba: saskolo kursidan cnobilia, rom

radgan

0 p sin

x
p 1,
2

amitom

sin 2

x
x
p sin .
2
2

lema 1-is Tanaxmad,

e.i.
1 cos x = 2 sin 2

x
x
x
p 2 sin p 2 = x
2
2
2

133

1 cos x = 2 sin 2

x
, magram
2
sin

x x
p .
2 2

Tu x kuTxe maxvilia, maSin x

1 cos x = 1 cos x .

maSin

x= x ,

da 1_cosx dadebiTia, amitom

(11) ase SeiZleba gadavweroT:

1 cos x p x

es

utoloba,

cxadia,

1 cos( x ) = 1 cos x

marTebulia

(12)

maSinac,

rodesac

x p 0,

vinaidan

x = x . (12) dan gamomdinareobs, rom

da

lim cos x = 1

(13)

x 0

kosinus x is zRvari, roca x 0 , erTis tolia. vinaidan,

e.i.
amitom

miRebuli

Sedegi

arsebiTad

imas

niSnavs,

rom

y=cosx

1=sin0,

funqcia

uwyvetia, roca x=0. exla davamtkicoT Semdegi Teorema:

Teorema 7.

sin x
funqciis zRvari aris erTi, rodesac x 0 . e.i.
x
lim
x 0

damtkiceba:
SeiZleba

vTqvaT,

CavTvaloT,

sin x p x p tgx .

x0

am

da

0pxp

rom

amasTan

sin x
=1
x

(14)

amave

dros

da

utolobaSi

dadebiTi

amitom
Semavali

lema
yvela

rCeva.

1-is

maSin

Tanaxmad

gamosaxuleba

dadebiTia. ganvixiloT sami wiladi

sin x
,
sin x

sin x
x

da

sin x
.
tgx

rogorc viciT. im wiladebs Soris romlebsac toli mricxveli aqvT, is

iqneba naklebi, romlis mniSvnelic metia. e.i.
sin x sin x sin x
f
f
x
tgx
sin x

an

1f

sin x
f cos x .
x

gavamravloT es utoloba wevr-wevrad (_1) ze, maSin utolobis niSnebi

mopirdapired Seicvleba

1 p

sin x
p cos x .
x

Tu am utolobis TiToeul wevrs mivumatebT 1 s miviRebT:

0 p 1

sin x
p 1 cos x ,
x

lema 2-is ZaliT gveqneba

134

0 p 1

sin x
p x.
x

radgan

xf0

da

sin x
f 0 , amitom
x

sin x
x

da x sidideebi ukanasknel

utolobaSi SeiZleba SevcvaloT maTi absoluturi mniSvnelobebiT. amis

Sedegad miviRebT, rom

sin x
p x . rac cxadia, SeiZleba Caiweros Semdegi
x

saxiT:
sin x
1 p x
x

(15)

(15) utoloba miviReT im pirobiT, rom x f 0 , magram igi marTebulia maSinac,

roca x p 0 , radgan

sin x
funqcia luwia da maSasadame
x
sin( x )
sin x
1 =
1 .
( x)
x

Tu x nulisaken miiswrafvis, maSin, rogorc es (15) dan Cans

sin x
1 miT
x

ragind mcirec unda iyos dadebiTi

ufro miiswrafvis nulisaken.

ricxvi, yovelTvis SeiZleba mivaRwioT imas, rom Sesruldes utoloba

sin x
1 p
x

amisaTvis saWiroa x is SerCeva ( ; ) SualedSi. es ki niSnavs, rom

lim
x 0

sin x
=1
x

ganvixiloT magaliTebi
magaliTi 4.

vipovoT

sin 3 x
x 0
x

lim

mocemuli wiladis mricxveli da mniSvneli gavamravloT 3-ze.

sin 3 x 3 sin 3 x
=
x
3x

SemoviRoT aRniSvna 3 x = y . cxadia

x 0 pirobidan gamomdinareobs, rom

agreTve y 0 . amitom
sin 3 x
3 sin 3 x
3 sin y
sin y
= lim
= lim
= 3 lim
= 3 1 = 3
x 0
x 0
y 0
y 0
x
y
y
3x

lim

135

magaliTi 5.

lim

vipovoT

1 cos x

x2

x 0

1 cos x
x
igiveobas, miviRebT: lim
= lim
1 cos x = 2 sin 2
x 0
x 0
2
x2

Tu gamoviyenebT

y=

SemovitanoT axali cvladi

2 sin 2

x2

x
2.

x = 2 y , maSin

1 cos x
2 sin 2 y 1
sin 2 y 1
sin y
sin y 1
1
=
=
= lim
lim
= 1 1 =
lim
lim
2
2
2
x 0
y 0 ( 2 y )
2 y 0 y
2 y 0 y y 0 y
2
2
x

lim

(14) s uwodeben SesaniSnav zRvars. $2.7 Si ganvixileT neperis ricxvi,

romelsac

agreTve

uwodeben

zRvars.

e.i.

gvaqvs

SesaniSnavi

romlebsac

pirobiTad

sin x
1. lim
=1
x 0
x

zRvrebi:

SesaniSnav

da

1
lim 1 + = e .
x
x

2.

bolo tolobidan gvaqvs, rom

x

3.

1
lim 1 + = e
x
x

da

lim (1 + x ) x = e .

4.

maTac agreTve uwodeben SesaniSnav zRvrebs.

Semdeg

magaliTebSi

ganvixiloT

zRvrebi,

SeiZleba mniSvnelovani zRvrebi vuwodoT:

gamovTvaloT lim

magaliTi 6.

x 0

tgx
x

tgx
sin x
sin x 1
=
=

,
x
x cos x
x cos x

vinaidan

amitom miviRebT

tgx
sin x
1
sin x 1
= lim

lim
=1
= lim
x 0 x
x0
x

0
x

0
x
cos x
x cos x

lim

tgx
= 1.
x 0 x

lim

e.i.
magaliTi 7.

avRniSnoT

x 0

tgax
, sadac a 0 ;
x

ax = y , maSin gveqneba
lim
x 0

e.i.

lim

gamovTvaloT

tgy
tgax
tgy
tgy
= a lim
= lim y = lim a
= a 1 = a
y

0
y

0
y

0
x
y
y

a
lim
x 0

tgax
= a.
x

136

magaliTi 8.

gamovTvaloT

x 0

sin bx
sadac b 0 ;
x

sin bx
= b sadac b 0 .
x 0
x

lim

analogiurad miviRebT:
magaliTi 9.

lim

gamovTvaloT

tgax
sadac a 0, b 0
x 0 sin bx

lim

mricxveli da mniSvneli gavyoT x ze, sadac x 0 , miviRebT

tgax
tgax
x 0
x =a
=
lim
x 0 sin bx
sin bx b
lim
x 0
x
lim

magaliTi 10.

gamovTvaloT

SemoviRoT aRniSvna

tgax
a
=
x 0 sin bx
b

lim

e.i.

k
lim 1 +
x
x

k 1
= , maSin
x y
x

1
k
lim 1 + = lim 1 +
x
x
x
y

ky

y

1
= lim1 + = e k
y
y 0

k
lim 1 + = e k
x
x

e.i.
magaliTi 11.

gamovTvaloT

ln(1 + x )
x 0
x

lim

Tu visargeblebT logariTmis TvisebiT gveqneba

1
1

ln(1 + x )
= lim ln(1 + x ) x = ln lim (1 + x ) x = ln e = 1
x 0
x 0
x 0
x

lim

ln(1 + x )
=1
x 0
x

lim

e.i.
e.w. mniSvnelovan

zRvrebs

miekuTvneba, agreTve, Semdegi zRvruli

tolobebi, romelTa damtkicebac mkiTxvelisaTvis migvindia.

1+ x 1 1
1. lim
= ;
x 0
x
k
k

a x 1
= 1;
4. lim
x 0 x ln a
arcsin x
= 1;
x 0
x

7. lim

a x 1
2. lim
= ln a ;
x 0
x
5.

(1 + x ) n 1
lim
= 1;
x 0
nx
arctgx
=1
x 0
x

8. lim

137

ex 1
3. lim
= 1;
x 0
x
6. lim
x 0

log a (1 + x )
x

= log a e ;

davaleba:
I. SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. ras niSnavs, rom f (x ) funqciis zRvari x0 wertilSi aris A ricxvi?
2. moiyvaneT

gansazRvra

f (x ) funqciis

calmxrivi

zRvrebisa

x0

wertilSi.
3. ras

niSnavs,

rom

f (x ) funqcia

uwyvetia

x0

uwyvetia

[a, b ]

wertilSi?

uwyvetia

marjvnidan? uwyvetia marcxnidan?

4. ras

niSnavs,

rom

f (x ) funqcia

intervalSi?

]a, b[

segmentze?
5. ras niSnavs, rom f (x ) funqcia wyvetilia x0 wertilSi?
6. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom funqcia gansazRvruli iyos

x0

wertilSi,

magram iyos uwyveti? iyos wyvetili?

II. praqtikuli savarjiSoebi

1. aCveneT, rom

xn =

2n + 1
n +1

mimdevrobis zRvari, roca

n , aris 2.

ipoveT N , Tu = 0,1 ; = 0,01 ;

2. aCveneT, rom x n = 1 +

N , Tu

1
mimdevrobis zRvari, roca n , aris 1. ipoveT
n

= 0,1 ; = 0,01 ;

3. aCveneT, rom x n =

n
mimdevrobis zRvari, roca n , aris 1. ipoveT
n +1

N , Tu; = 0,01 ;
4. aCveneT, rom x n =

1
mimdevrobis zRvari, roca n , aris 0. rogori
n2

nisaTvis Sesruldeba
5.

1
p utoloba, Tu = 0,1 ; = 0,01 ;
n2

gamoTvaleT Semdegi zRvrebi:

138

lim

5.1.

lim

5.4.

lim

5.7.

5.10.

3x 2 + 4x 5
;
6x2 + 2x + 1

5.2.

2x4 x + 3
;
x3 8x + 5

5.5

lim

lim

x3 + 4x2
;
x 2 + x 12

5.14.

lim
lim

x
3 ;

sin
x

lim

5.23. lim1 +
x 0

x x
= 1;
2

x3

2
x ;
x +1

lim
x

x 2 + x 12
;
x2 5x + 6

lim

5.9.

x 3

5.12

2x2 9x + 4
;
x 2 + x 20

lim
x 4

x3 3x + 2
;
x4 4x + 3

tgbx
;
sin( ax + x 2 )

x2 5x + 1
;
3x + 7

lim

5.3.

5.6.

x 1
;
x 1

2x + 7 5
;
3 x

lim

x 0

lim
x 9

5.20.

2k
5.22. lim1 +
=1;
x 0
x

e3x 1
lim
;
x 0
6x

lim

x1

5.17.

x2
2x3

2
4
x
1
8
x
1
+

x1

3x4 4x3 + 1
;
x3 x2 x + 1

x 0

5.25

lim
5.11.

x1

5.19.

5.8.

x2 + x + 1 x

x3 2x2 4
;
x4 + 7x 1

lim

x2 1
;
x2 3x + 2

x 4

5.16.

2x2 x + 3
;
x3 8x + 5

x 2

5.13.

lim

lim

5.15.

x 2

5.18.

3x
5+ x 5 x

lim
x 0

5.21.

x 4 16
x 2

lim
x 0

1+ 2x 1
;
x

3x 1
;
x 0 5 x

5.24. lim

e x cos x
5.26. lim
x 0
x2

$4. elementarul funqciaTa klasi

funqciaTa
ganixilaven,

im

simravlidan,

gamoyofen

e.w.

romelsac

elementarul

elementaruli funqciebs warmoadgens Semdegi:

1.

y = C , sadac C mudmivia.

2.

y = x , sadac nebismieri namdvili ricxvia.

139

maTematikur
funqciebs.

analizSi
ZiriTadi

3.

y = ax

(a f 0, a 1) .

4. trigonometriuli funqciebi y = sin x ,

y = cos x,

y = ctgx, y = sec x ,

y = tgx ,

y = cos ecx .
5. Seqceuli

trigonometriuli

y = arcsin x ,

funqciebi

y = arccos x,

y = arctgx , y = arcctgx , y = arc sec x , y = arccos ecx .

y = f ( x ) funqcias ewodeba elementaruli funqcia, Tu

gansazRvreba:
igi

warmoidgineba

elementaruli
superpoziciaTa

erTi

formuliT,

funqciebisagan
sasrul

maTze

ricxvjer

romelic

Sedgenilia

ariTmetikuli

gamoyenebiT.

ZiriTadi

operaciebisa

amrigad,

da

elementaruli

funqciebi yovelTvis mocemulia analizurad.

x

elementaruli funqciebia, magaliTad y = ln cos x, y = ctgx arctgx , y = 2 x .

y = E ( x ) , sadac

araelementarulia funqcia
ricxvs,

vinaidan igi ase warmoidgineba y =

Teorema:

nebismieri

aRniSnavs udides mTel

y= x

x -s.

romelic ar aRemateba

E ( x)

funqcia elementarulia,

x 2 . mtkicdeba Semdegi

elementaruli

funqcia

uwyvetia

Tavis

gansazRvris areSi.
Cven davamtkicebT zogierTi elementaruli funqciebis uwyvetobas
Tavis gansazRvris areSi.
1.

ganvixiloT

funqciebi

gansazRvrulia

mniSvnelobebisaTvis,

y = sin x ,

funqciebi

anu

is

( ;+ )

y = cos x ,
yvela

rogorc

viciT,

namdvili

es

ricxviTi

SualedSi. aviRoT nebismieri namdvili

ricxvi x0 . wina paragrafSi moyvanili mtkicebis Tanaxmad, adgili eqneba

utolobebs

lim sin x = sin x0 ,

x x0

y = sin x da

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom

x0

x0

wertilze da vinaidan

y = sin x da

y = cos x

uwyveti

lim cos x = cos x0 .

x x0

y = cos x uwyveti funqciebia

iyo nebismieri namdvili ricxvi, amitom

funqciebia

Tavis

( ;+ )

gansazRvris

SualedSi.
2.

axla

y = sin x da

aviRoT

y = tgx

funqcia.

y = cos x uwyveti funqciebia

140

( ;+ )

vinaidan

tgx =

sin x
cos x

SualedSi, amitom

da
y = tgx

funqcia, rogorc

ori uwyveti funqciis fardoba uwyvetia yvalgan, sadac

mniSvneli ar udris nuls, anu igi uwyvetia yvelgan Tavis gansazRvris

areSi, xolo x k = (2 k + 1)

, k = 0,1, 2,K wertilebSi ar aris gansazRvruli.

analogiurad, y = ctgx funqcia uwyvetia yvelgan Tavisi gansazRvris areSi,

xolo x k = k , k = 0,1, 2,K wertilebSi ar aris gansazRvruli.

davaleba:
I. SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. ras ewodeba elementaruli funqcia?
2. romelia ZiriTadi elementaruli funqciebi?
3. moiyvaneT damtkiceba zogierTi elementaruli funqciebis uwyvetobisa
Tavis gansazRvris areSi.

II. praqtikuli savarjiSoebi

gamoikvlieT Semdegi funqciebidan romeli da sad ganicdis wyvetas

(aageT garfikebi):

1
;
x+3

1.

y = x2 ;

2.

y=

3.

y = ctgx ;

4.

1
y = sin .
x

$5. usasrulod mcire da usasrulod didi sidideebi.

usasrulod mcireTa Sedareba. ekvivalenturi usasrulod mcireeebi

141

1. usasrulod mcire da usasrulod didi sidideebi. x0 wertilis

midamoSi

f ( x)

gansazRvrul

funqcias

ewodeba

usasrulod

mcire

x0

wertilSi, Tu misi zRvari nulis tolia

lim f ( x ) = 0 .

x x0

es

imas

mniSvneloba,

niSnavs,

rom

garkveuli

usasrulod

droidan

aRebul, nebismierad mcire

mcire

dawyebuli,

sididis

naklebia

absoluturi

yovel,

winaswar

ricxvze da SemdegSiac aseTive rCeba. e.i.

rogoric ar unda iyos nebismierad mcire dadebiTi

ricxvi, garkveuli

droidan dawyebuli, usasrulod mcire x-sidide daakmayofilebs utolobas:

x p .
x0 SeiZleba iyos

+ an . Tu x0 = + , am arasakuTrivi wertilis

]a,+[

Sualedi, xolo Tu x0 = , maSin midamoa yoveli

midamoa yoveli

] , a[

Sualedi.

SevniSnoT, rom Zalian mcire sidide ar aris usasrulod

mcire sidide, vinaidan usasrulod mcire sidide cvladi sididea, Zalian

mcire sidide ki mudmivia.
funqciisa

lim f ( x ) = A ,

x x0

piriqiT, Tu
maSin A

zRvris

maSin

gansazRvrebidan

gamomdinreobs,

rom

Tu

f ( x ) A sxvaoba usasrulod mcirea x0 wertilSi. da

f ( x ) = A + ( x ) , sadac ( x ) usasrulos mcirea x0 wertilSi,

iqneba

f ( x)

funqciis zRvari

x0

wertilSi (zRvris gamosaxva

tolobis saSualebiT).

f ( x ) funqcias ewodeba usasrulod didi x0 wertilSi, Tu yoveli

dadebiTi A ricxvisaTvis arsebobs iseTi dadebiTi ricxvi, rom

f ( x ) f A , rodesac 0 p x x0 p .
am SemTxvevaSi davwerT

lim f ( x ) = .

x x0

amboben, rom cvladi sidide usasrulod didia, Tu misi absoluturi

mniSvneloba, garkveuli droidan dawyebuli metia yovel winaswar aRebul
nebismierad did dadebiT N

ricxvze da SemdegSiac aseTive rCeba. e.i.

rogoric ar unda iyos nebismierad didi dadebiTi N ricxvi, garkveuli

droidan dawyebuli usasrulod didi x-sidide daakmayofilebs utolobas:

142

x fN.
Teorema

1:

usasrulod

didi

sididis

Sebrunebuli

sidide,

usasrulod mcirea.

f ( x)

damtkiceba: vTqvaT,
davamtkicoT,

1
f ( x)

rom

nebismieri dadebiTi

usasrulod didi sididea

usasrulod

mcirea

f ( x) f

wertilSi.

aviRoT

x x0

, rodesac 0 p x x0 p .

1
p , rodesac 0 p x x0 p . e.i.
f ( x)

vRebulobT

wertilSi.

lim f ( x ) = + , amitom moiZebneba

ricxvi, radgan

iseTi dadebiTi ricxvi, rom

amave

x0

lim

x x0

aqedan

1
= 0.
f ( x)

avRniSnoT usasrulod mcire sidideTa zogierTi Tviseba.

Teorema 2. usasrulod mcireTa jami usasrulod mcirea (igulisxmeba,

rom SesakrebTa ricxvi sasrulia).

damtkiceba: vTqvaT, mocemulia ramdenime usasrulod mcire ricxviT n.
x1 , x 2 , K , x n . rogoric ar unda iyos nebismierad mcire dadebiTi

garkveuli
cvladi

droidan
xi p

mxriv gvaqvs

dawyebuli,

yveal

mocemuli

usasrulod

ricxvi,

mcire

xi

(i = 1, 2,K, n ) . da SemdegSic aseTive darCeba. magram meores

x1 + x 2 + L + x n x1 + x 2 + L + x n . e.i.

x1 + x 2 + L + x n . es ki

amtkiceb, rom x1 + x 2 + L + x n jami usasrulod mcirea.

aqedan uSualod gamomdinreobs, rom ori usasrulod mcires sxvaoba

usasrulod mcire iqneba an nuli. marTlac, vinaidan x1 x 2 = x1 + ( x 2 ) ,amitom
jamisaTvis debuleba damtkicebulia. da Tu orve usasrulod mcire tolia,
maSin maTi sxvaoba nulis toli iqneba.
Teorema

3.

mudmivi

sididisa

usasrulod mcirea.

143

da

usasrulod

mcires

namravli

damtkiceba: vTqvaT x usasrulod mcirea, xolo a nebismieri mudmivi

sidide. garkveuli droidan dawyebuli

x p

, sadac nebismierad mcire

dadebiTi ricxvia. magram radgan xa = x a , amitom miviRebT xa p . e.i.

Teorema 4. usasrulod mcireTa namravli usasrulod mcirea.

damtkiceba:

jerjerobiT

ganvixiloT

ori

x1 da
x1

mcire. cxadia, rom garkveuli droidan dawyebuli

mudmiv dadebiT sidideze naklebi, amasTanave

x2

x2

usasrulod

gaxdeba romelime

-is cvlilebis dros

dadgeba iseTi momenti, rodesac adgili eqneba utolobas

x2 p

, sadac

nebismierad mcire dadebiTi ricxvia.

x1 x 2 = x1 x 2 p a

axla ganvixiloT

= .

amrigad, x1 x 2 p .

advili dasamtkicebelia, rom ramdenic ar unda iyos usasrulod

mcire maTi namravli yovelTvis usasrulod mcire iqneba. kerZod. Tu yvela
mamravli

Tanatolia,

e.

i.

Tu

usasrulod

mcirea,

maSin

xn

-ic

usasrulod mcire iqneba, sadac n mTeli dadebiTi ricxvia.

Teorema 5. usasrulod mcire sidideTa Sefardeba SeiZleba iyos
rogorc usasrulod mcire, ise sasruli da usasrulod didic.
damtkiceba:

es

gamomdinareobs

Semdegi

magaliTebidan.

Tu

usasrulod mcirea. maSin Teorema 4 is Tanaxmad, x 2 -ic usasrulod mcire

x2
iqneba. Sefardeba
x

usasrulod mcirea, vinaidan igi x is tolia. axla

aviRoT romelime sasruli a sidide. Teorema 3 is Tanaxmad ax usasrulod

mcirea,
x
x2

ax
fardoba sasrulia, vinaidan igi a -s tolia. dasasrul aviRoT
x

fardoba; es usasrulod didia, vinaidan igi

usasrulod mcirea, maSin rogorc viciT

144

1
x

-is tolia da Tu x

1
usasrulod didi iqneba.
x

SevniSnoT, rom garda aq CamoTvlili SemTxvevbisa, SesaZlebelia

iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac usasrulod mcire sidideTa Sefardebas ara aqvs
zRvari. magaliTad, Tu Tu x usasrulod mcirea, maSin

x sin
agteRve usasrulod mcirea, magram

1
x

x sin

1
x

namravli

Sefardebas, romelic sin

1
x

-is

tolia ara aqvs zRvari. amrigad, rogorc gamoirkva ori usasrulod mcire
sidideTa Sefardeba ganuzRvrelobas warmoadgens.
Teorema 6. ori usasrulod didi sidideTa Sefardeba SeiZleba iyos
rogorc usasrulod didi, ise sasruli da usasrulod mcirec.
damtkiceba: es gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom ori usasrulod didi
sidideTa Sefardeba

y1
y2

SeiZleba ase warmovadginoT

y1
1

, magram es ukve

y2

ori usasrulod mcireTa fardobaa da amgvarad Teorema damtkicebulia.

aseve mtkicdeba Semdegi ori Tvisebac

Teorema

7.

usasrulod

mciresa

da

usasrulod

didis

namravli

SeiZleba iyos, rogorc usasrulod mcire, ise sasruli da usasrulod

didic.
Teorema 8. ori usasrulod didis sxvaoba SeiZleba iyos, rogorc
usasrulod didi, ise sasruli da usasrulod mcirec.
amrigad,
fardoba,

usasrulod

usasrulod

mcireTa

mcires

fardoba,

usasrulod

ori

didze

usasrulod
namravli

da

didis
ori

usasrulod didis sxvaoba ganuzRvrelobebs warmoadgens.

2.

usasrulod

mcireTa

Sedareba.

mcireeebi. Tu da usasrulod mcireTa

ekvivalenturi

usasrulod

fardoba usasrulod mcirea,

maSin -s ewodeba maRali rigis usasrulod mcire -s mimarT.

Tu da usasrulod mcireTa

fardoba usasrulod didia, maSin

-s ewodeba dabali rigis usasrulod mcire -s mimarT.

145

 da

Tu

usasrulod mcireTa

fardobis zRvari nulisagan

gansxvavebuli sasruli ricxvia, maSin da -s ewodeba erTi da imave

rigis usasrulod mcireebi.
zogjer
nulisagan

saWiroa

zustad

miswrafebisa

ganmarteba:

daxasiaTeba

meoresTan

erTi

SedarebiT.

usasrulod
amisaTvis

mciris

SemoviRoT

usasrulod mcires ewodeba k rigis usasrulod mcire

usasrulod mcires mimarT, Tu k da

erTi da imave rigis usasrulod

mcireebia.
magaliTad, Tu

2, 3,

usasrulod mcirea, maSin

Sesabamisad, meore, mesame da

arian

1
rigis usasrulod mcireebi -s mimarT.
4

da usasrulod mcireebs ewodeba ekvivalenturi, Tu lim

da

= 1 . Tu

ekvivalenturi usasrulod mcireebia, maSin weren ~ . cxadia,

rom Tu ~ , maSin ~ . xolo Tu ~ da ~ , maSin ~ .

magaliTad, sinx da x ekvivalenturi usasrulod mcireebia, rodesac
x 0 , radgan lim
x 0

sin x
= 1.
x

davamtkicoT

Teorema,

romelsac

gamoyeneba

aqvs

ori

usasrulod

mciris fardobis zRvris gamoTvlis dros.

Teorema 9. ori usasrulod mciris fardobis zRvari ar Seicvleba,
Tu am usasrulod mcireebs SevcvliT maTi ekvivalenturi usasrulod
mcireebiT.
damtkiceba: vTqvaT, da
dasamatkicebelia,
marTebulia

= ;

rom

toloba
aqedan

Tu
lim

usasrulod mcireebia da ~ , ~ .

arsebobs

= lim ;

lim

lim

maSin

Sefardeba

iarsebebs
ase

= lim lim lim = lim

146

lim

da

warmovadginoT

axla

moviyvanoT

zogierTi

ekvivalenturi

usasrulod

mciris

magaliTebi:
1.

sin x
= 1;
x 0
x

sin x ~ x , rodesac x 0 , vinaidan lim

tgx
= 1;
x 0 x

2. tgx ~ x , rodesac x 0 , vinaidan lim

3.

(1 + x ) 1 ~ x ,
lim

(1 + x ) 1

x 0

rodesac x 0 , sadac namdvili ricxvia,

vinaidan

= 1;
a x 1
lim
= 1;
x 0 x ln a

4. a 1 ~ x ln a , rodesac x 0 , vinaidan
x

5. e x 1 ~ x , rodesac x 0 , vinaidan

ex 1
= 1 ;(4-s kerZo SemTxvevaa).
x 0
x

lim

6. ln(1 + ) ~ , rodesac 0 , vinaidan

lim

arctgx ~ x , rodesac x 0 , vinaidan

9.

= 1;

arcsin x
= 1;
x 0
x

7. arcsin x ~ x , rodesac x 0 , vinaidan

8.

ln(1 + )

lim

arctgx
= 1;
x 0
x

lim

x
1 + x 1 ~ , rodesac x 0 , vinaidan
k

lim
x 0

1+ x 1
= 1.
x
k

davaleba:
I. SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT

1. ras ewodeba usasrulod mcire sidide x0 wertilSi?

2. ra damokidebuleba arsebobs usasrulod mcire da usasrulod did
sidideebs Soris?
3. Tu lim f ( x ) = A ,
x x0

4. vTqvaT,
xolo

maSin f ( x ) A sxvaoba rogori sididea x0 wertilSi?

f ( x ) = A + ( x ) , sadac ( x ) usasrulos mcirea x0 wertilSi,

A

mudmivia. ras warmoadgens maSin

wertili?

147

f ( x)

funqciisaTvis A

5. ras niSnavs, rom

usasrulod mcire maRali rigis usasrulod

mcirea usasrulod mcires mimarT?

6. ras niSnavs, rom da

usasrulod mcireebi erTi da imave rigis

usasrulod mcireebia?
7. moiyvaneT ekvivalenturi ori usasrulod mcires gansazRvra.
8. SesaZlebelia

Tu

ara

rom

ori

usasrulod

mcire

yovelTvis

SevadaroT?
9. rodis ewodeba -s k rigis usasrulod mcire usasrulod mcires
mimarT?
10. SeiZleba

Tu

ara

ori

usasrulod

mcires

fardobis

zRvris

gamoTvlisas mricxveli da mniSvneli SevcvaloT maTi ekvivalenturi

usasruld mcireebiT?

II. praqtikuli savarjiSoebi

1.

SeiswavleT x cvladis mimrT Semdeg usasrulod mcireTa rigi:

1.2. 3 x 3 ;

1.1. 2x;

1.3. 3 x ;

x 0 , maSin uCveneT qvemoTmoyvanili funqciebis cvalebadobis

2. Tu

xasiaTi:
2.1
2.4

ax;

2.2.

ctg

2.5.

1
4 x 2 3a 2

a
2x

tgx lg a ;

2.3.

1
;
tgx lg a

x
2.6. arcsin .
a

3. Tu x cvladi usasrulod didia, maSin uCveneT romelia usasrulod

mcire, sasruli ricxvi da usasrulod didi qvemo magaliTebidan:
3.1. x 2 ;

3.2.

3.5. ctg

1
; 3.6.
x

x 2 ;

sin

3.3

1
;
xa

4. gansazRvreT x

3.7

1
;
x

3.4.

1 + 6x ;

3.8.

1+

e x ;

4+

1
.
x

usasrulod mciris mimarT Semdegi gamosaxulebebis

rigi:
4.1.

tgx sin x ;

4.2.

1 cos x ;

4.3.

x 2 3x3 ;

148

4.4.

sin 3 x ;

4.5.

1
tg3 x
2

$ 6 moTxovnis,

miwodebisa da danaxarjis

funqciebi. wonasworobis fasi

sanam

ZiriTad

sakiTxze

gadavidodeT

mokled

gavmartoT,

ras

Seiswavlis mikroekonomika. SemovitanoT mikroekonomikis ganmarteba ise,

rogorc es aris ganmartebuli Tanamedrove ekonomikur leqsikonSi.
mikroekonomika

(berZ.

micros

mcire),

es

aris

ekonomikuri

mecnierebis sfero, romelic dakavSirebulia SedarebiT mciremasStabiani

ekonomikuri

procesebis,

subieqtebis,

movlenebis,

ZiriTadSi

sawarmos,

firmis, mewarmeTa da maT Soris sameurneo saqmianobasTan, ekonomikur

urTierTobebTan. mikroekonomikis yuradRebis centrSia mwarmoeblebi da
momxmareblebi, maT mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi warmoebis moculobis,
gayidvis,

yidvis,

gaTvaliswinebiT.

moxmarebis

mikroekonomika

fasebis,
aseve

danaxarjebis,

Seiswavlis

subieqtebis

mogebis
sabazro

moqmedebas, warmoebis procesSi maT urTierTobas, ganawilebas, gacvlas,

moxmarebas.

mikroekonomikis

Seswavlis

obieqtis

agreTve

urTierTobani

mwarmoeblebs, mewarmeebsa da saxelmwifos Soris.

Cven ganvixilavT mikroekonomikis or ZiriTad sferos romelTac ewodebaT

miwodeba

da

moTxovna.

Cveni

mizania

gavaanalizoT

sabazro

ekonomikis metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romlesac uwodeben miwodebisa da

moTxovnis wonasworobas.
SemoviRoT moTxovnisa da miwodebis funqciebis cneba.
vTqvaT, bazris moTxovna raime fiqsirebul nawarmze aris Q. cxadia, Q
ricxvi, romelic aRniSnavs moTxovnili nawarmis raodenobas da izomeba
(garkveuli

produqciis

Sesabamisi)

erTeulebiT.

avRniSnoT

erTeuli

produqciis sabazro fasi P simboloTi. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi

moTxovna Q

damokidebulia sabazro P fassze.

Q = f ( P) .

149

(1)

funqciis konkretuli saxe dgindeba an ekonomikuri Teriidan an

sabazro

monacemebidan.

(1)

tipis

damokidebulebas

funqcias da amis misaTiTeblad f -s

uwodeben

moTxovnis

indeqsad miaweren D asos:

Q = f D (P )

(2)

sazogadod f D SeiZleba Zalian rTuli funqcia iyos, SevniSnoT, rom

fD

damokidebulia P

sazogadod

produqciis PS

alternatiuli

fasze,

fassze,

momxmareblis Y

damatebiTi

Semosavalze

saqonlis Pc

fassze,

reklamis A danaxrjze da momxmarebelTa T gemovnebaze. Cven ganvixilavT, im

SemTxvevas, rodesac f D wrfivi funqciaa P-s mimarT, kerZod

Q = f D ( P) = a1 P + b1 ,
sadac a1 da

b1

raime

konkretuli

(3)

mudmivebia,

romlebsac

ekonomikaSi

parametrebs uwodeben. realur cxovrebaSi raime produqciaze fasis zrda

iwvevs am produqciaze moTxovnis Semcirebas e.i. (3) funqcia unda iyos
klebadi, es ki niSnavs, rom a1 <0. amitom Sesabamisi grafiki OP RerZis
dadebiT

mimarTulebasTan

blagv

kuTxes

Seadgens.

tradiciulad,

ekonomistebi moTxovnis funqcias weren ara (2) formiT, aramed

P = g D (Q )

saxiT. e.i. fass gamosaxaven, rogorc moTxovnis funqcias. es tolfasia, imis

rom (2) gantolebidan vipovoT P cvladi Q cvladis saSualebiT. amis
Sesabamisad grafikis agebis dros
hirizontalur RerZze ki- Q

vertikalur RerZze gadazomaven P fass,

moTxovnas. (3) wrfivi damokidebulebidan

martivad miviRebT
P = g D (Q ) = aQ + b,

sadac a =

1
,
a1

b=

(4)

1
SevniSnoT, rom radgan a1 < 0 amitom a < 0
b1

e.i.

(4)

funqcia klebadia. maSasadame misi grafiki OQ RerZTan Seadgens blagv

kuTxes. mas uwodeben moTxovnis wirs (wrfes). ekonomikuri Sinaarsidan
gamomdinare,

cxadia,

rom

P 0 daQQQ 0

amasTan

P=0

niSnavs,

rom

faqtobrivad produqcia ufasod eZleva yvela msurvels, xolo Q=0 niSnavs,

rom moTxovna gansaxilvel produqciaze ar arsebobs.

gavarkvioT (4)

gantolebaSi b parametris ekonomikuri Sinaarsi. cxadia, roca P=b maSin

Q=0 e.i., rodesac fasi aris b toli, maSin produqciaze moTxovna ar

150

aresebobs (raRac mizezis gamo, magaliTad maRali fasis gamo) amrigad b>0
da produqciis fasi bazarze SemosazRvrulia am b ricxviT. aseve cxadia,
rom rodesac

P=0 maSin Q =

b
b
> 0 . amitom
a
a

ricxvi miuTiTebs bazris

maqsimalur moTxovnas.
amocana 1. avagoT moTxovnis wiri, Tu moTxovnis funqciaa P = 3Q + 75 .
1. ras udris fasi, Tu moTxovnaa 23?
2. ras udris moTxovna, rodesac fasia 18?
3. rogor icvleba fasi moTxovnis erTi erTeuliT Semcirebisas?
moTxovnis wiris (wrfis) asagebad movZebnoT misi

OQ da OP RerZebTan

gadakveTis wertilebi: rodesac P=0 maSin Q=25; xolo Q=0, maSin P=75;
wrfe gadis (25;0)

e.i.

da (0;75) wertilebze (nax.1)

P
75

d
0

25

nax. 1

nax. 2

1. mocemuli moTxovnis funqcidan miviRebT: Tu Q=23; maSin

P= _323+75=6 e.i. am SemTxvevaSi produqciis fasia P=6.

2. rodesac P=18; maSin Q=19, e.i. rodesac fasia P=18, maSin moTxovnaa

Q=19;
3. rodesac moTxovnaa Q, maSin fasia

P= _ 3Q+75
amitom rodesac moTxovna iqneba Q-1, maSin fasi iqneba P1= _3(Q-1)+75=_3Q+78.
aqedan miviRebT P1_ P= (-3Q+78)-(-3Q+75)=3 anu P1=P+3. amrigad, Tu moTxovna
Semcirda erTi erTeuliT, maSin fasi izrdeba sami erTeuliT.
axla ganvixiloT miwodebis funqcia. igi amyarebs Sesabamisobas raime
produqciis erTeulis P fassa da amave produqciis Q raodenobas Soris,
151

romlis bazarze Setanasac gegmavs mwarmoebeli. ekonomikuri Teoria da

realuri cxovreba uCvenebs, rom fasis zrdas mosdevs miwodebis zrda.
amitom mowodebis funqcia

P = g S (Q )
zrdadi

funqciaa.

Cven

(5)

ganvixilavT

konkretul

SemTxvevas,

roca

igi

wrfivia, e.i.

P = g S (Q ) = cQ + d ,

(6)

sadac c da d mudmivebia, radganac miwodebis funqcia zrdadia, amitom

kuTxuri koeficienti c>0. radgan fasi yovelTvis dadebiTia, amitom d
parametric dadebiTia, e.i. c>0, d>0. aqedan vaskvniT, rom misi Sesabamisi
grafiki OQ RerZTan adgens maxvil kuTxes da OP RerZs kveTs d wertilSi
(nax.2)

am

grafiks

miwodebis

wiri

(wrfe)

ewodeba. zemoT

moyvanili

msjelobidan (ix. nax.3) gamomdinareobs, rom mwarmoebeli dadgmavs produqciis Setanas bazarze mxolod maSin Tu fasi gadaaWarbebs d sidides. avagoT
axla erTsa da imave OPQ sibrtyeze moTxovnis

LD da miwodebis LS

wirebi

(nax.3.)

P
P1

LLS P=cQ+d

A
P0

P2
0

QS(2)

Q0

L
LD _ P=aQ+b

QD(1) QS(1) QD(1)

nax. 3
CavataroT nax.3 -is analizi. ganvixiloT P1 fasis Sesabamisi B da C
wertilebi

LD

da LS wrfeebze. radgan B L p

da C Ls amitom P1 fass

Seesabameba QD(1) moTxovna da QS(1) miwodeba, amasTan QD(1) < QS(1) e.i. moTxovna
CamorCeba miwodebas. es ki niSnavs rom bazari gajerebuli miwodebuli
produqciiT da amitom es produqcia mTlianad ar gaiyideba. amrigad, am
SemTxvevaSi bazarze gvaqvs Warbi produqcia.
152

axla ganvixiloT P2 fasis Sesabamisi E LS da F LD wertilebi, cxa-

QD( 2 )

dia, rom P2 fass Seesabameba

QS( 2 )

moTxovna da

miwodeba, amasTan

QD( 2 ) > QS( 2 ) , e i. moTxovna Warbobs mowodebas, es ki niSnavs, rom moTxovna

mTlianad ver kmayofildeba da saqme gvaqvs produqciis deficitTan. es
orive varianti arasasurveli, sabazro ekonomikisaTvis.
ganvixiloT P0 fasis Sesabamisi situacia, mas Seesabameba

LS da LD

wrfeebis saerTo A wertili, romlis abscisaa Q0. bunebrivia, rom P0 fasis

Seesabamisi Q0 moTxovna

da Q0 miwodeba erTmaneTis tolia. e.i. moTxovna

emTxveva mowodebas. am SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom bazari gawonasworebulia.

(iyideba im raodenobis produqcia, ra raodenobac miewodeba bazars).

P0 fass

ewodeba wonasworobis fasi, Sesabamis Q0 wonasworobis

sidide (moculoba).
cxadia gawonasworebuli bazari warmoadgens idealur variants. igi
ganisazRvreba Semdegi sistemiT:

P = aQ + b,

P = cQ + d .
miRebul sistemis (Q0;P0) gansazRvravs moTxovnis

LD da LS

wrfeebis

saerTo A wertilis koordinatebs.

amocana 1. moTxovnisa da miwodebis funqciebi Sesabamisad mocemulia
tolobebiT
P = g D (Q ) = 2Q + 50

(7)

1
P = g S (Q ) = Q + 25,
2

(8)

sadac (7) gantolebaSi Q aris moTxovna, xolo (8) gantolebaSi miwodeba.

1. ganvsazRvroT wonasworobis fasi da wonasworobis sidide.

2. mTavrobam gadawyvita daawesos fiqsirebuli gadasaxadi 5 laris
odenobiT

produqciis

yovel

gayodul

erTeulze.

vipovoT

am

RonisZiebis gavlena bazris wonasworobaze.

1.

avagoT

LD da miwodebis
gadakveTis A
davadgenT

LS

wertilis

moTxovnis

wirebi (nax. 4). maTi

50
30
25

153

LS

10

koordinatebiT
wonasworobis fassa

LD
25

da wonasworobis sidides.

nax. 4

p = 2Q + 50,
p = 1 Q + 25.

2
sistemis amoxsniT miviRebT P0=30; Q0=10. amrigad, wonasworobis fasia,

P0=30;

wonasworobis sidide Q0=10.

2. Tu mTavroba daawesebs 5 lar fiqsirebul gadasaxads produqciis

yovel gayidul erTeulze, maSin moTxovnis

funqcia (7)

ucvleli darCeba,

miwodebis funqcia (8) ki Seicvleba. marTlac, Tu produqciis erTeuli P

larad iyideboda, rasac momxmarebeli firmas uxdida, axla ukve momxmareblis mier gadaxrili P laridan 5 lari saxelmwifos `miaqvs~, xolo P-5
lari rCeba firmas. amitom miwodebis funqciaSi P-s magier unda aviRoT P-5.
amis Sedeged miviRebT axali situaciis Sesabamis miwodebis funqcias

1
P 5 = Q + 25
2

anu

1
P = Q + 30 .
2

(9)

am funqciis Sesabamisi grafiki (nax. 4)-zea agebuli wyvetili xaziT. wonasworobis axali P01 -sa fasisa da wonasworobis Q01 axali sididis misaRebad
unda amovxsnaT sistema:

P = 2Q + 50,
P = 1 Q + 30.

2
miviRebT

P01 =34,

Q01 =8.

koordinatebia. (nax. 4).

eseni

wonasworobis

axali

wertilis

gavaanalizoT miRebuli efeqti, rac mTavrobis

aRniSnulma gadawyvetilebam gamoiwvia. jer erTi moTxovnis wiri ucvleli

154

darCa, xolo mowodebis wirma aiwia zemoT 5 erTeuliT, aman gamoiwvia

wonsworobis fasis gazrda P0=30 - dan P01 =34, amrigad, momxmareblisaTvis
4 lariT gaZvirda, garda amisa, firmam erTeuli produqciis gayidviT
miRebuli 34 laridan, 5 lari mTavrobas unda gadauxados, ris gamoc mas
29 lari, anu

1 lariT naklebi rCeba, vidre mTavrobis gadawyvetilebande

rCeboda. e.i. Catarebuli analizi gviCvenebs, rom mTavrobis gadawyvetilebam

Secvala bazris wonasworobis mdgomareoba. bazris axali wonasworobis
damyareba iwvevs produqciis 4 lariT gaZvirebas da miwodebas 10 dan 8
erTeulamde Semcirebas. garda amisa, 5 lariani gadasaxadi ase nawildeba:
4 lars ixdis momxmarebeli (radgan misTvis 4 lariT moxda gaZvireba),
xolo

erT

lars

(radgan

firma

firmis

Semosavalama

produqciis

erTeulze gaangariSebiT daiklo erTi lariT).

zemoT gadawyvetili amocanebi Seeesabameboda erTsaqonlian bazars,
e.i.

gansaxilveli

gansxvavebuli

(fasi, moTxovna, miwodeba)

ganvixiloT
urTierT

maxasiaTeblebi

damokidebulia bazris sxva produqtebisagan.

SemTxveva,

damoukidebulia,

produqciis

rodesac
e.i.

maTi

gvaqvs

ori

moTxovnis

produqti,

raodenobebi

romlebic
da

fasebi

gavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze e.w. ori saqonliani bazari.

amocana 2. bazarze Semodis ori urTierTdamokidebuli produqti. pirveli saxis produqtis moTxovnis da miwodebis funqciebia Sesabamisad

Q1 = 10 2 P1 + P2

(10)

Q1 = 3 + 2 P1

(11)

xolo meore saxis produqtisa ki aris

Q2 = 5 + 2 P1 2 P2

(12)

Q 2 = 2 + 3 P 2

(13)

P1 da P2 Sesabamisad pirveli da meore saxis produqtis erTeulis fasebia.

ganvsazRvroT am pirobebSi or saqonliani bazris wonasworobis fasebi da
wonaswobis moculobebi.
rogorc viciT wonasworoba niSnavs, rom moTxovna orive produqtze
emTxveva maT mowodebas.

radgan (10) tolobaSi Q1 moTxovnaa, (11) tolobaSi

ki miwodeba, maTi gatoleba gvaZlevs

10 2 P1 + P2 = 3 + 2 P1

anu

analogiurad (12) da (13)-dan miviRebT

155

4 P1 P2 = 13.

5 + 2 P1 2 P2 = 2 + 3P,,
2

anu

2 P1 5 P2 = 7.

miRebuli orive gantoleba unda Sesruldes erTdroulad. amitom miviRebT

sistemas:

4 P1 P2 = 13,
2 P 5 P = 7.
2
1
misi amonaxsnebia P1 = 4,

P2 = 3 romlebic wonasworobis saZiebeli fasebia,

maSin (11) da (13) tolobebidan miviRebT Q1 = 5, Q2 = 7 . isini wonasworobis

saZiebeli moculobebia, Sesabamisad pirveli da meore produqtisaTvis.

davaleba:
I. SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT

1. ras ewodeba moTxovnis funqcia da rogori saxe aqvs mas?

2. raze SeiZleba iyos damokidebuli moTxovnis funqcia? rogoria
moTxovnis funqciaSi parametrebis ekonomikuri Sinaarsi?
3. ras ewodeba miwodebis funqcia da rogori saxe aqvs mas? rogoria
miwodebis funqciaSi parametrebis ekonomikuri Sinaarsi?
4. moTxovnisa da miwodebis wirebis daxmarebiT axseniT ras niSnavs
bazarze Warbi produqcia? produqciis deficiti? wonasworoba?

II. praqtikuli savarjiSoebi

1. moTxovnis

funqcia

gamoisaxeba

moTxovnis funqciaa,

2. moTxovnis
gamoTvaleT

100
,
P+6

sadac

saqonlis fasia. gamoTvaleT moTxovna,

fasis zrda ra gavlenas axdens

fasis

Q=

P = 1 ; P = 1,5 ; P = 2 ; P = 2,5 . aageT moTxovnis

rodesac P fasi aris:

funqciis grafiki.

formuliT

funqcia

Semosavali

mocemulia

(amonagebi),

raodenobis gayidviT.

156

moTxovnaze?

formuliT

romelic

P=

miiReba

400
.
Q+5

Q=5

3. miwodebis funqcias aqvs saxe Q = 2 P , sadac P saqonlis fasia, Q

miwodebis sididea. gamoTvaleT miwodeba, roca P fasi aris: P = 2 ;

P = 4,5 ;

P = 6 . aageT miwodebis funqciis grafiki.

gavlenas axdens
4. mocemulia

miwodebaze?

moTxovnis

Q = 2P + 3 .

fasis zrda ra

garfikulad

wonasworobis fasi P0

funqcia

Q = 3 P + 15

warmoadgineT

da

orive

miwodebis
funqcia

funqcia

da

ipoveT

da raodenoba Q0 .

5. italielma ekonomistma vilfredo paretom gamoikvlia kapitalistur

sazogadoebaSi Semosavlebis ganawileba da miiRo formula

aRniSnavs

im

pirTa

Semosavali

aranakleb

-isa.

sadac

raodenobas,

romelTac

Semosavalia,

y=

a
,
xn

gaaCniaT

a da n

xolo

mudmivebia. vTqvaT:
5.1. a = 2 000 000 000 da n = 1,5 . ipoveT: a) im pirTa raodenoba, romelTa
Semosavali metia an toli 10 000 is.

b) umciresi Semosavali 100

yvelaze mdidar pirovnebas Soris.

a = 4 000 000 000 da n = 1, 2 . ipoveT: a) im pirTa raodenoba, romelTa

5.2

Semosavali metia an tolia 1 000 000 is. b) umciresi Semosavali

1 000 yvelaze mdidar pirovnebas Soris.
sawarmos mTliani danaxarjebis funqciaa CT (Q ) = 0,1Q 3 + 300Q , sadac

6.

saqonlis

raodenobaa,

CT

mTliani

danaxarjebia

fulad

erTeulebSi. gamoTvaleT mTliani da saSualo danaxarjebi, roca

warmoebuli

saqonlis

raodenoba

udris:

Q = 1;

miTiTeba: saSualo danaxarjebi gamoiTvleba SefardebiT

Q = 2;
CT
Q

Tavi V. diferencialuri aRricxvis elementebi da maTi

zogierTi gamoyeneba ekonomikur amocanebSi

1. funqciis warmoebuli. misi geometriuli da

ekonomikuri interpretacia.
157

Q = 3.

funqciis SeswavlisaTvis mTavari mniSvneloba eniWeba imas, rom Cven

gvqondes iseTi aparati, romelic daaxasiaTebs funqciis cvalebadobis
siCqares

argumentis

cvalebadobasTan

dakavSirebiT,

romelsac

didi

mniSvneloba aqvs funqcionaluri damokidebulebis bunebis Sesaswavlad.

1. funqciis warmoebuli.

vTqvaT, raime SualedSi mocemulia y = f ( x )

funqcia. am SualedSi aviRoT romelime x0 wertili da mivaniWoT mas x

x 0 da

nazrdi, romelsac argumentis nazrdi ewodeba. vigulisxmoT, rom

amasTan,

(x0 + x )

nazrdiT

wertili Zevs

Secvlisas

aRiniSneba

funqciac
simboloTi

x0

wertilis midamoSi. argumentis

miiRebs
da

Sesabamis

nazrds,

gamoiTvleba

romelic
formuliT

y = f ( x 0 + x) f ( x0 ) . funqciis saSualo nazrdi aris

y f ( x0 + x ) f ( x 0 )
=
x
x

(1)

rac axasiaTebs funqciis cvlilebis siCqares, rodesac argumenti icvleba

x0 _ dan

(x0 + x )

_ mde. rac ufro mcirea x (anu rac ufro axlosaa x

nulTan), miT ufro zustad aRwers es Sefardeba funqciis cvlilebis

siCqares

x0

wertilis uSualo maxloblobaSi. Tu arsebobs sasruli an

usasrulo zRvari

y
, anu rac igivea
x 0 x
lim

f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 )
y
= lim
x 0 x
x 0
x
lim

maSin am zRvars ewodeba

aRiniSneba y

y = f ( x ) funqciis warmoebuli x0 wertilSi da

an f ( x 0 ) simboloTi. zogjer y -s nacvalad weren - y x , amiT

xazgasmulia, rom warmoebuli aRebulia

x cvladiT.

maSasadame, funqciis warmoebuli ewodeba

argumentis

(2)

nazrdis

Sefardebis

zRvars,

funqciis nazrdisa da

rodesac

argumentis

nazrdi

nebismierad miiswarafis nulisaken.

Tu (2) zRvari sasrulia, maSin warmoebuls sasruli ewodeba, xolo
Tu

igi

usasruloa

warmoebuls

usasrulo

wertilSi warmoebuli warmoadgens ricxvs.

ewodeba.

amrigad,

mocemul

Tu raime Sualedis yovel

wertilSi arsebobs sasruli warmoebuli, maSin warmoebuli warmoadgens

158

x is

funqcias

mocemul

SualedSi.

funqciis

warmoebulis

gamoTvlis

operacias gawarmoeba ewodeba.

funqciis

marjvena

da

marcxena

warmoebuli

x0

wertilSi

ase

ganisazRvreba:
zRvrebs

lim

f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 )
x

x 0 +

lim

da

f ( x 0 + x ) f ( x 0 )
x

x 0

ewodeba Sesabamisad marjvena da marcxena warmoebulebi x0 wertilSi. es

warmoebulebi aRiniSneba f ( x0 + ) da f ( x0 ) simboloebiT.
advili

SesamCnevia,

f ( x)

rom

funqciis

warmoebadobisaTvis

x0

wertilSi aucilebelia da sakmarisi x0 wertilSi marjvena da marcxena

warmoebulebis Tanatoloba.
funqcias ewodeba warmoebadi

[a, b ]

segmentze, Tu igi warmoebadia am

segmentis yvela Siga wertilSi da a wertilSi funqcias aqvs marjvena

warmoebuli, b wertilSi _ marcxena.

y = f ( x ) funqciis warmoebuli x wertilSi

2. warmoebadi funqciebi.
ganisazRvreba, rogorc

zRvari

f ( x ) = lim

x 0

f ( x + x ) f ( x )
x

(3)

magram, rogorc cnobilia zRvrebi yovelTvis ar arseboben. swored amitom

arc warmoebuli arsebobs yovelTvis.
magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi funqcia f ( x ) = x . vaCvenoT, rom

f ( 0 )

am funqciis warmoebuli x=0 wertilSi

gansazRvruli ar aris.

marTlac warmoebulis gansazRvris Tanaxmad

f ( 0) = lim

x 0

x
0 + x 0
f ( 0 + x ) f ( 0)
= lim
= lim
x 0
x 0 x
x
x

Tu x ise miiswrafvis nulisaken, rom rCeba dadebiTi, maSin

x = x

lim

da

x 0
( x f 0 )

x
x

= 1.

Tu x ise miiswrafvis nulisaken, rom rCeba uaryofiTi, maSin

x = x

lim

da

x 0
( x p 0 )

159

x
x

= 1 .

(4)

Tu

(4)

tolobaSi

zRvari

iarsebebda,

maSin

igi

ar

iqneboda

damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor miiswarfis x nulisaken. sinamdvileSi ki

es ase ar aris. magram aqedan SesaZlebelia mxolod erTi daskvnis gakeTeba,
rom (4) tolobaSi zRvari ar arsebobs. e.i.
wertilSi

f ( x) = x

funqciisaTvis

x=0

warmoebuli ar arsebobs.

siZneles ar warmoadgens imis Cveneba, rom yvela danarCen wertilSi

f ( x) = x

funqciis

warmoebuli

arsebobs

(damtkiceba

mkiTxvelisaTvis

migvindia) da udris

1, Tu x f 0
f ( x ) =
1, Tu x f 0
f ( x)

funqcias

uwodeben

sasruli an usasrulo f ( x ) .
TiToeul

wertilSi

SualedSi.

magaliTad,

warmoebads

wertilSi,

Tu

arsebobs

Tu funqcia warmoebadia, romelime Sualedis

maSin
zemoT

amboben,

rom

ganxiluli

igi

warmoebadia

funqcia

SualedSi, romelic ar Seicavs x=0 wertils;

mTels

warmoebadia

y=x

am

yovel

funqcia yvelgan

warmoebadia.
aqve SevniSnavT, rom SesaZlebelia funqcia, romelic wyvetilia x=a
wertilSi, ar SeiZleba iyos warmoebadi am wertilSi.

e.i.

warmoebadi

SeiZleba iyos mxolod da mxolod uwyveti funqciebi. magram ise ar unda

vifiqroT, rom x=a wertilSi yoveli uwyveti funqcia warmoebadia am
wertilSi.

magaliTad

y= x

funqcia uwyvetia x=0 wertilSi.

magram

rogorc zemoT vaCveneT warmoebadi ar aris am wertilSi. arsebobs ufro

damajerebeli magaliTebic, rom funqcia SesaZloa yvelgan uwyveti iyos,
magram ar iyos warmoebadi (Cven aseT magaliTebs ar ganxilavT, radgan is

scildeba Cveni programis sazRvrebs).

3. warmoebulis geometriuli mniSvneloba. jer SemoviRoT mxebi

wrfis ganmarteba. Cven aqamde saqme gvqonda mxolod wrewiris mxebTan,
mocemul

M wertilSi

wrewiris

mxebs

vuwodebdiT

wrfes,

romelsac

wrewirTan erTi da mxolod erTi saerTo M wertili hqonda. magram aseTi

gansazRvra yvela mrudisaTvis ar aris marTebuli.

160

M2
M3

M1

B
M

P
N

nax. 1

nax. 2

magaliTad, bunebrivia CavTvaloT, rom AB wrfe Seexeba

MNP

mruds

M wertilSi (nax. 1). Tumca am mrudTan mas ara aqvs erTi, aramed ori
saerTo M

da

wertili. CD wrfes, piriqiT, mxolod erTi saerTo

wertili aqvs MNP mrudTan _ N wertili, magram sruliadac ar iqneba

bunebrivi, rom igi CavTvaloT mxebad MNP

mrudisadmi.

imisaTvis, rom ganvsazRvroT nebismieri mrudis mxebi mis romelime M

wertilSi (nax. 2). aviRoT am mrudze kidev erTi wertili M 1 da gavavloT
mkveTi MM 1 .

M
M/

M ///
M

//

nax. 3
Tu M 1 wertils vamoZravebT mocemul mrudze ise, rom igi usazRvrod
miuaxlovdes M wertils, maSin mkveTi ibrunebs M wertilis garSemo da
mimdevrobiT daikavebs MM 1 , MM 2 , MM 3 da a. S. mdebareobebs. MN mkveTis
zRvruli mdebareoba mogvcems mrudis mxebs M wertilSi.

161

mrudis mxebi M

gansazRvreba:
zRvrul

mdebareobas,

roca

mrudze

wertilSi ewodeba

M1

moZravi

MM 1

wertili

mkveTis

usazRvrod

uaxlovdeba M wertils.
mrudze moZravi M 1

wertils

uaxlovdeba

wertili SeiZleba usazRvrod uaxlovdebodes

sxvadasxva

mxridan.

magaliTad,

nax.

3-ze

wertili

wertils ara zemodan, rogorc es nax. 2-zea naCvenebi,

aramed qvemodan. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs sxva mkveTebTan MM , MM ,

MM da a. S., Tumca maTi zRvruli mdebareoba igive MN mxebia.

N

M1(x+x,y+y)

L
P

M(x,y)
K

x
x+x

nax. 4

vTqvaT,
grafiki.
M1 _

nax. 4-ze

warmodgenili

KL mrudi aris y = f ( x ) funqciis

aviRoT masze ori wertili: erTi

( x + x , y + y ) .

MM 1 P -Si MP = x ,

M koordinatebiT

(x,y) da

gavavloT abscisTa RerZis paraleluri MP monakveTi.

M 1 P = y. amitom

x
im kuTxis tangensis tolia,
y

romelsac MM 1 mkveTi adgens abscisTa RerZTan.

roca x 0 , M wertili

adgilze rCeva, xolo M 1 mrudis gaswvriv usazRvrod uaxlovdeba M s.

MM 1

mkveTi amasobaSi icvlis mimarTulebas. amasTan erTad icvleba

kuTxec da adgili aqvs tolobas

x
= tg .
y

zRvarze gadasvlisas MM 1

qorda daikavebs MN mxebis mdebareobas, Seadgens, ra abscisTa RerZTan

162

romeliRac

kuTxes. cxadia, am dros tg = lim tg .

tg =

magram

x 0

x
,
y

x
= y .
x 0 y

amitom tg = lim

amgvarad, y = f ( x ) funqciis warmoebuli

mxebis

daxris

kuTxis

tangenss,

x wertilSi warmoadgens im

romelic

gavlebulia

funqciis

grafikisadmi x abscisas mqone wertilze.

4. warmoebulis ekonomikuri azri. vTqvaT, Y aris ekonomikuri

sidide

(danaxarjebi,

amonagebi,

mogeba,...),

romelic

cvldis

Y = f ( x)

funqciaa da igi warmoebadia. am funqciis warmoebuls marJinaluri

anu

zRvruli funqcia ewodeba da aRiniSneba YzR. = f (x ) .

magaliTad,
danaxarjebi,

danaxarjebis

funqciis

warmoebuli

amonagebis funqciis warmoebuli aris

aris

zRvruli

zRvruli amonagebi da

a. S. ganvixiloT dawvrilebiT martivi ekonomikuri amocana marJinaluri

(zRvruli) amonagebis Sesaxeb.
mTliani

amonagebis

(TR ) = f (Q )

funqciis

grafiki

romelic gamosaxulia (nax. 5) _ze. naxazidan Cans, rom

funqciaa ( 0; b )

aris

f (Q )

wiri,

zrdadi

SualedSi.

(TR)
f(Q2+h)
f(Q2)

B
A

f(Q1+h)
f(Q2)

0 Q1 Q1+h a

Q2

Q2+h b

nax. 5
amasTan, igi ufro swrafad izrdeba ( 0; a ) SualedSi (oA wiri), vidre
SualedSi (AB wiri), am funqcias gaaCnia Semdegi ekonomikuri Sinaarsi.

163

( a; b )

Tu

SevadarebT

erTmaneTs

gayiduli

Q2 + h

SemTxvevaSi

_mde ( a; b )

amonagebis

erTi

da

imave

Q1 + h _mde ( 0; a ) SualedSi da Q2

raodenobiT zrdas Q1 raodenobidan

raodenobidan

saqonlis

SualedSi, davrwmundebiT, rom pirvel

cvlileba

(namati)

saqonlis

erTeulze

gaangariSebiT aris

f (Q1 + h ) f (Q1 )
,
h
xolo meore SemTxvevaSi

ki

f (Q 2 + h ) f (Q 2 )
.
h
naxazidan isic Cans, rom

f (Q1 + h ) f (Q1 ) f f (Q 2 + h ) f (Q 2 ) ,
amitom

f (Q1 + h ) f (Q1 ) f (Q 2 + h ) f (Q 2 )
f
h
h
gayiduli produqciis h raodenobiT

aqedan ki gamomdinareobs Semdegi:

gazrdisas mTliani amonagebis saSualo cvlileba (namati) produqciis

erTeulze gaangariSebiT ufro metia

( 0; a ) intervalis

Q1 wertilisaTvis,

vidre ( a; b ) intervalis Q2 wertilisaTvis. amrigad Sefardeba

f (Q + h ) f (Q )
h

(5)

aRwers mTliani amonagebis `cvlilebis siCqares~ produqciis erTeulze

gaangariSebiT, rodesac gayiduli produqciis raodenoba izrdeba Q Ddan

Q+h Dmde.

rac ufro mcirea h ricxvi, miT ufro zustad axasiaTebs

aRniSnuli

Sefardeba

maxloblobaSi.

f(Q)

funqciis

idealurad

zusti

gamosaxulebis zRvari, rodesac

Tu

es

marJinaluri

zRvari
anu

maxasiaTebeli

siCqares~
ki

iqneba

-s
(5)

h0 .

arsebobs,

zRvruli

`cvlilebis

maSin

amonagebi

mas

rogorc

ewodeba

da

zemoT

ganvmarteT

aRiniSneba

(MK)

simboloTi.

(MK ) = lim
h 0

f (Q + h) f (Q)
h

gavecnoT me-(5) da me- (6) saxis gamosaxulebebis geometriul Sinaarss.

164

(6)

(TR)

T
B

f(Q+h)

(TR)=f(Q)
A

f(Q)

Q+h

nax. 6
vTqvaT, mTliani Semosavlis (TR)=f(Q) funqciis grafiki (nax. 6) _ze
gamosaxuli wiria. maSin, cxadia, rom ABC _dan

f (Q + h ) f (Q ) BC
=
= tg
h
AC
amrigad,

(7)

(7) gamosaxuleba warmoadgens funqciis grafikis

A(Q ; f (Q ) ) da

B (Q + h; f (Q + h ) ) wertilebze gavlebuli mkveTis mier OQ RerZis dadebiT

mimarTulebasTan

Sedgenili

kuTxis

tangenss

(anu

AB

wrfis

kuTxur

koeficients). rodesac h 0 , maSin cxadia, rom B wertili miiswarfvis A

wertilisaken,

xolo

AB

mkveTi

wrfe

warmoadgens grafikis mxebs A wertilSi.

wrfisaken,

romelic

aseve, cxadia, rom am SemTxvevaSi

= BAC miiswrafis = TAC kuTxisaken.

rom

AT

amitom, tg tg .

SevniSnoT,

tg warmoadgens AT wrfis kuTxur koeficients.

amrigad, Tu arsebobs (6) zRvari, maSin (MK)

argumentis
funqciis

mniSvnelobisaTvis,

grafikis

(Q; f (Q ) )

ricxobrivad

wertilze

mTliani

gavlebuli

koeficientis tolia.

davaleba:
165

marJinaluri amonagebi,

mxebis

amonagebis
kuTxuri

SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT

10. ras ewodeba funqciis warmoebuli x0 wertilSi?

11. ras ewodeba funqciis sasruli warmoebuli? usasrulo warmoebuli?
marjvena

warmoebuli?

marcxena

warmoebuli?

warmoebadi

[a, b ]

segmentze?
12. raSi mdgomareobs warmoebulis geometriuli Sinaarsi?
13. raSi mdgomareobs warmoebulis ekonomikuri Sinaarsi?

praqtikuli savarjiSoebi:

1. ipoveT

y=f(x)

y = f ( x )

funqciis

a) y = x 2 , x0 = 1, x = 0,1
g)

x0

wertilSi,

d) y = sin x , x0 = 0, x =

argumentis x nazrdis Sesabamisi y nazrdi

x wertilSi, Tu:
y = ax + b;

$ 2

Tu

b) y = 4 x , x0 = 2, x = 0,5

y = lg x , x0 = 1, x = 9

2. ipoveT y=f(x) funqciis

nazrdi

y = ax 2 + bx + c;

y = ax;

y = ln x;

y = cos x;

y = sin x

gawarmoebis ZiriTadi wesebi. elementarul

166

funqciaTa warmoebulebis cxrili

vTqvaT,

u(x) da v(x) warmoebadi funqciebia, xolo C mudmivi ricxvia.

moviyvanoT gawarmoebis ZiriTadi wesebis damtkicebebi:

Teorema

1.

ori

funqciis

namravlis

warmoebuli

tolia

pirveli

funqciis warmoebulisa da meore funqciis namravls plus meore funqciis

warmoebulisa da pirveli funqciis namravli.
damtkiceba. vTqvT,

w( x ) = u ( x ) v ( x ) .

w(x)

funqcia ori u(x) da v(x) funqciis namravlia

CavweroT igive ufro mokled w = u v .

funqciebi warmoebadia. iqneba Tu

gvaqvs

vTqvaT, u(x) da v(x)

ara warmoebadi maTi namravli?

w = w( x + x ) w( x ) = u ( x + x ) v ( x + x ) u ( x ) v ( x ) ,

radgan

u ( x + x ) u ( x ) = u ,
u ( x + x ) = u + u ,

aqedan

v ( x + x ) v ( x ) = v
v ( x + x ) = v + v ,

maSasadame

w = (u + u )(v + v ) uv = uv + uv + vu + uv uv = uv + vu + uv
w
v
u u
=u
+v
+
v .
x
x
x x

amis gamo

rodesac, x 0 , miviRebT: u u ,

v v,

u
u ,
x

v
v .
x

vaCvenoT, rom Tu x 0 , maSin v 0 . marTlac

v =

v
x v 0 = 0 ,
x

amgvarad,

w
= u v + u v + u 0 = uv + u v .
x 0 x
lim

maSasadame, gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi namravlis warmoebuli arsebobs

da adgili aqvs tolobas:

(u v ) = u v + v u
Teorema 2.

(8)

mudmivi mamravli SeiZleba gavitanoT warmoebulis niSnis

gareT.
167

damtkiceba. ganvixiloT

g ( x ) = af ( x ) funqcia, sadac a raime ricxvia,

xolo f(x) nebismieri warmoebadi funqcia. vaCvenoT, rom

g ( x)

funqcia

warmoebadia da

g ( x ) = a f ( x )

(9)

marTlac,

g ( x + x ) g ( x ) af ( x + x ) af ( x )
f ( x + x ) f ( x )
.
=
= a
x
x
x
vinaidan f(x) nebismieri warmoebadi funqciaa, amitom
Sefardebis zRvari, rodesac

x 0

arsebobs da udris

f ( x + x ) f ( x )
x
f ( x ) . amitom

agreTve arsebobs zRvari

g ( x + x ) g ( x )
x 0
x
lim

da udris

a f ( x ) .

e.i. (9) toloba damtkicebulia.

Teorema 3. Tu

u(x) da v(x)

funqciebi warmoebadia, maSin maTi jamic

w( x ) = u ( x ) + v ( x ) warmoebadi iqneba, amasTan Sesruldeba toloba:

w( x ) = u ( x ) + v ( x ) .
e.i. ori funqciis jamis warmoebuli am funqciebis warmoebulTa jamis
tolia.
damtkiceba. gvaqvs

w( x ) = w( x + x ) w( x ) = [u ( x + x ) + v ( x + x ) ] [u ( x ) + v ( x ) ] =
= [u ( x + x ) u ( x ) ] + [v ( x + x ) v ( x ) ]
amitom

w u ( x + x ) u ( x ) v ( x + x ) v ( x )
=
+
x
x
x
vinaidan u(x) da v(x)

funqciebi warmoebadia, amitom arsebobs maTi zRvrebi:

u ( x + x ) u ( x )
= u ( x )
x 0
x
lim

da

v ( x + x ) v ( x )
= v ( x ) .
x 0
x
lim

maSasadame arsebobs zRvaric

w
= w ( x ) .
x 0 x
lim

amrigad,

w( x ) = u ( x ) + v ( x )
168

(10)

miviReT

ori

funqciis

jamis

warmoebulis

formula.

amgvaradve

vRebulobT ori funqciis sxvaobis warmoebulis formulas:

[u ( x ) v ( x ) ] = u ( x ) v( x )

(11)

Tumca is SeiZleba jamis warmoebulis formulaze daviyvanoT, Tu

u ( x) v( x)

gamosaxulebas

ganvixilavT,

rogorc

jams

u ( x ) + ( v ( x ) )

da

gamoviyenebT Teorema 2-s.

SevniSnoT,

rom

Teorema-3

marTebulia

SesakrebTa

nebismieri

ricxvisaTvis:

(u1 + u 2 + L + u n ) = u1 + u 2 + L + u n
vTqvaT, u da v aris x argumentis raime funqciebi da cnobilia am

funqciebis
vipovoT

u
v

da

warmoebulebi. ibadeba kiTxva, SeiZleba Tu ara

Sefardebis warmoebuli im wertilebSi, sadac v noli ar

gaxdeba? am amocanis amosaxsnelad SevasruloT Semdegi gardaqmnebi.

u ( x + x ) u ( x ) u + u u uv + vu uv uv vu uv

=
=
= 2
v ( x + x ) v ( x ) v + v v
v ( v + v )
v + v v
amis gamo

u ( x + x ) u ( x )

1
v
v ( x + x ) v ( x )
u
= 2
v u .

x
x
v + v v x
ramdenadac u da v funqciebi warmoebadi arian, maSin arsebobs zRvrebi:

u
= u
x 0 x
lim

v
= v . garda amisa,
x 0 x
lim

da

x = v 2 + vv 0 = v 2
lim v 2 + v v = lim v 2 + v
x 0
x 0
x

amitom arsebobs zRvaric

u ( x + x ) u ( x )

v ( x + x ) v ( x ) u
lim
= , romelic
x 0
x
v
u v v u
- is tolia.
v2
amgvarad Cven davamtkiceT Semdegi

169

Teorema
wertilebSi,

4.

Tu

sadac

da

funqciebi

gansxvavdeba

warmoebadi

u
v

nulisagan,

arian,

maSin

Sefardeba

im

agreTve

warmoebadia da

u u v v u
=
v2
v

im

funqciebis

gasawarmoeblad,

romlebsac

vxvdebiT

praqtikaSi,

sargebloben ubralo, magram mniSvnelovani formulebiT, romelTa zepirad

codna aucilebelia. axla swored gadavdivarT am formulebis gamoyvanaze.
1. mudmivi sidide funqciis kerZo saxea, rodesac argumentis yovel
mniSvnelobas funqciis erTi da igive ricxviTi mniSvneloba Seesabameba.
maSasadame, roca arguments mivcemT nazrds, mudmivi C sidide ucvleli
darCeba. amgvarad, misi nazrdi nulis tolia. nulis x Tan fardoba
yovelTvis nulia rogoric ar unda iyos x da amgvarad, zRvrisaken
gadasvlisas nulis mniSvnelobas miviRebT. formulebiT es ase Caiwereba:
vTqvaT, raime X SualedSi mocemulia funqcia y = f ( x ) = C , sadac C mudmivia.
vipovoT am funqciis warmoebuli. aviRoT

X Sualedis Siga x wertili, x

nazrdi imdenad mcire SegviZlia aviRoT, rom

x+x miekuTvnos agreTve X

Sualeds. amitom

y = f ( x + x ) f ( x ) = 0 da

maSasadame,

y
= 0.
x

X Sualedis yovel Siga x wertilSi

e.i.

aqedan lim

x 0

y
= 0.
x

f ( x ) = 0 . amrigad, mudmivi

sididis warmoebuli nulis tolia.

2.

vipovoT

f ( x + x ) = x + x .

f ( x) = x
amitom,

funqciis

warmoebuli.

f ( x) = x ,

gvaqvs:

y = f ( x + x ) f ( x ) = ( x + x ) x = x ,

maSasadame,

y x
y
=
= 1 . aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom y = lim
= lim 1 = 1 . e.i. im funqciis
x 0 x
x 0
x x

warmoebuli, romelic damoukidebeli cvladis tolia udris erTs.

3.

vipovoT

f ( x + x ) = ( x + x ) 2 .

f ( x) = x 2

funqciis

warmoebuli.

gvaqvs:

f ( x) = x 2 ,

amitom,

y = f ( x + x ) f ( x ) = ( x + x ) 2 x 2 = x 2 + 2 xx + ( x ) 2 x 2 = 2 xx + ( x ) 2 ,

maSasadame,

y
= 2 x + x . aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom
x

170

y = lim

x 0

funqciis

y
= lim ( 2 x + x ) = lim 2 x + lim ( x ) = 2 x + 0 = 2 x .
x 0
x 0
x x0

2x

warmoebuli

is

tolia

(pirveli

e.i.

ori

f ( x) = x 2

magaliTisagan

gansxvavebiT, aq warmoebuli x zea damokidebuli).

4. xarisxovani funqciis warmoebuli. zemoT davamtkiceT, rom ( x ) = 1 ,

( x 2 ) = 2 x . Tu gamoviyenebT Teoremas ori funqciis namravlis warmoebulis

Sesaxeb advilad miviRebT x is sxva nebismieri sxva naturaluri xarisxis
warmoebuls. magaliTad

(x ) = (x

x = x 2 x + x 2 ( x ) = 2 x x + x 2 1 = 3 x 2 ;

(x ) = (x

x ) = (x 3 ) x + x 3 ( x ) = 3 x 2 x + x 3 1 = 4 x 3 ;

(x ) = (x

x ) = (x 4 ) x + x 4 ( x ) = 4 x 3 x + x 4 1 = 5 x 4 .

) ( )

imisaTvis,

rom

y = xn

vipovoT

funqciis

warmoebuli,

saWiroa

maCvenebeli koeficientad aviRoT, xolo x is maCvenebli erTiT davwioT.

e.i.

(x ) = n x
n

mxolod

n 1

. xarisxovani funqciis warmoebulis es wesi marTebulia ara

naturaluri,

SemTxvevaSi:

(x ) = x

aramed
,

nebismieri

da

cnobili

formulis

maCveneblis

(x f 0) .

5. sinusis da kosinusis warmoebuli.

mivceT x s nazrdi x

namdvili

vTqvaT,

y = sin x . vipovoT

y .

maSin y + y = sin ( x + x ) . aqedan, y = sin ( x + x ) sin x

_

x
x

miviRebT y = 2 sin
cos x +
,
2
2

sin A sin B = 2 sin

maSasadame

A B
A+ B
cos
2
2

y
=
x

_is

Tanaxmad,

x
2 cos x + x , saidanac
x
2

sin

x
x

sin
sin 2

2 lim cos x + x = 1 cos x = cos x .

cos x +
y = lim
= lim
x 0
2 x 0 x x 0
2

x
2
2

amgvarad,

(sin x ) = cos x
sruliad

cos A cos B = 2 sin

analogiurad,
A+ B
A B
sin
2
2

kosinusebis

gamoyenebiT, miviRebT
171

sxvaobis

formulis

cos x = sin x
vTqvaT,

6. tangensisa da kotangensis warmoebulebi.

y=

sin x
cos x

da

y = tgx , maSin

wiladis gawarmoebis wesis Tanaxmad

cos x cos x sin x ( sin x ) cos 2 x + sin 2 x

1
sin x
.
y =
=
=
=
2
2
cos x
cos x
cos 2 x
cos x

e.i.

(tgx ) =

1
cos 2 x

analogiuri msjelobiT miiReba, rom

(ctgx ) =

1
sin 2 x

7. maCvenebliani funqciis warmoebuli.

maCvenebliani

funqcia.

am

funqciis

ganvixiloT y = a x

warmoebulis

sapovnelad

(a f 0, a 1)
vatarebT

Cveulebriv gardaqmnebs
y = ax ,

gadavideT zRvarze, roca

zRvari

y + y = a x + x = a x a x ,

au 1
lim
= ln a ,
u 0
u

x 0

da mxedvelobaSi miviRoT SesaniSnavi

a x 1
= a x ln a . e.i.
y = a lim
x 0
x

(a ) = a
x

ln a

(e neperis ricxvia)

(e ) = e
x

8. logariTmuli funqciis warmoebuli.

vTqvaT, y = ln x . aqac vatarebT

y + y = ln ( x + x ) ,

Cveulebriv gardaqmnebs

x
ln 1 +

y
x

=
.
x
x

x + x
x
y = ln ( x + x ) ln x = ln
= ln 1 +
,
x
x

miRebul

tolobaSi

SesaniSnavi zRvari

y
a x 1
= ax
x
x

miviRebT

roca a=e, maSin lne=1, amitom

y = a x a x a x = a x a x 1 ,

gadavideT

zRvarze

a (1 + z )
= 1 , gveqneba
z 0
z

lim

172

da

mxedvelobaSi

miviRoT


x
x
ln 1 +
ln 1 +

1
x
x

1
= lim
= .
y = lim
x 0
x 0 x
x
x
x

e.i.

(ln x ) = 1 .
x

elementarul funqciaTa warmoebulebis cxrils aqvs Semdegi saxe

( ) = n x

4. (e ) = e ;

1. C = 0 C = const;

( ) = a

3. a x

2. x n

lna;

5. (log a x ) =

1
;
xlna

1
;
cos 2 x

11. (arcsinx ) =

13. (arctgx ) =

,n R

1
6. (lnx ) = ;
x

8. (cosx ) = sinx

7. ( sinx ) = cosx;

9. (tgx ) =

n 1

10. (ctgx ) =

12. (arccosx ) =

1 x2

1
;
sin 2 x

1
;
1 + x2

14. (arcctgx ) =

1
1 x2

1
;
1 + x2

davaleba:
SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1.

moiyvaneT

funqciis

jamis,

sxvaobis,

namravlisa

da

fardobis

warmoebulTa gamosaTvleli formulebi.

2. amowereT ZiriTadi elementaruli funqciebis warmoebulebis cxrili.

praqtikuli savarjiSoebi:

173

1.

y=f(x)

ipoveT

y = f (x )

funqciis

a) y = x 2 , x 0 = 1, x = 0,1
g)

wertilSi,

d) y = sin x, x 0 = 0, x =

argumentis x nazrdis Sesabamisi y nazrdi

x wertilSi, Tu:

y = ax + b;

y = ax 2 + bx + c;

y = ax;

y = ln x;

y = cos x;

y = sin x

3. gamoTvaleT Semdegi funqciebis warmoebulebi:

b) f (16) , Tu f ( x ) = x x

1. a) y = 7

cos x
b) y ( ) , Tu y ( x ) =
1 sin x
6
1
b) y = 16 ( x )
x

2. a) y = x 8
3. a) y = x 15
4. a) y = 6x 7

b)

5. a) y = ax q
6.

b)

a) y = 5 x 3

14. a) y =

4x4 3 x2
x

y( x) =

arctgx
1 + x2

1
2x 2
1 sin x
b) f ( x ) =
1 + cos x
f ( x) = x 2

b) f ( x ) = e x log 5 x

g) f ( x) = x 2

1
2x 2

g) f ( x ) = 4 x cos x
g)

y=

4x4 3 x2

4
+ 3x
x

x2
tgx
g) f ( x ) =
1 x2
2
1
g) f ( x ) = x 9
3 x2
2
9
2x
x
3
g) y =
ln 3 arctgx
3

g) y=x -9x +15x-3

x3
5x6
2
1

+ x4
b) y ( x ) = tgx ln x g) y =
2
1 x2
x
x3
1 x
cos x
3
2
16. a) y (3) , Tu y =
b) y ( x ) =
g) y=x -6x +9x-3
1 sin x
1+ x
1
17. a) y (8) , Tu y = 3 x
b) f ( x ) = x + 7 x 2 + 5 5 x 4
x

15. a) y = 6 x 2 +

$ 3

Tu

b) y = 4 x , x 0 = 2, x = 0,5

y = lg x , x0 = 1, x = 9

2. ipoveT y=f(x) funqciis

x0

nazrdi

funqciis diferenciali. diferencialis umartivesi

174

Tvisebebi. diferencialis geometriuli

1. diferencialis gansazRvra.

mniSvneloba.

warmoebulis cnebasTan mWidros aris

dakavSirebuli diferencialis cneba (`diferenciali~ laTinuri sityvaa da

niSnavs sxvaobas).
vTqvaT, y = f (x ) aris raime funqcia, romelsac garkveul x wertilSi
aqvs f (x ) warmoebuli, warmoebulis gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad
y
= f ( x ) = y .
x 0 x
lim

radgan cvladsa da mis zRvars Soris sxvaoba usasrulod mcirea,

y
y
x

amitom

roca x 0

da

usasrulod mcirea, roca x 0 . davuSvaT, rom

y
= + y
x

y
y = ,
x

saidanac

y = x + y x

(1)

= x sidide ufro maRali rigis usasrulod mcirea, vidre misi

mamravlebi (kerZod, vidre x ), rogorc ori usasrulod mciris namravli.
amgvarad,

y = y x +
Tu

(2)

y 0 , maSin marjvena nawilSi pirveli Sesakrebi imave rigis

usasrulod mcirea, rogorc x , xolo meore Sesakrebi ufro maRali

rigisaa. amitom mcire x

nazrdis SemTxvevaSi meore Sesakrebi naklebi

mniSvnelobisaa, vidre pirveli. am pirvel Sesakrebs (miuxedavad imisa y 0

Tu ara) uwodeben funqciis diferencials, ufro zustad, am cnebas aqvs
aseTi
gansazRvreba:
am

y = f (x ) funqciis diferenciali x wertilSi ewodeba

wertilSi funqciis y = f (x ) warmoebulisa da argumentis nebismieri

x nazrdis namravls.

`de igrek~,

diferenciali aRiniSneba

dy an df (x )

(ikiTxeba

`de ef iqs~) simboloTi. e.i.

dy = y x

175

(3)

dy

amgvarad,
da

diferenciali damokidebulia or sidideze: x wertilsa

nazrdze.

kerZod,

y = f ( x) = x ,

Tu

f ( x ) = 1 .

gvaqvs

ris

gamoc

dx = x , amitom

bunebrivia, rom

dy = y dx = f ( x ) dx
e.i.

funqciis

diferenciali

tolia

(4)

funqciis

warmoebulisa

da

argumentis diferencialis namravlis.

vTqvaT, y = sin x , maSin dy = d (sin x ) = (sin x ) dx

maSin dy = e x dx = e x dx

( )

da dy = cos xdx .

Tu y = e x ,

da a.S.

(4) tolobidan gvaqvs

f ( x ) = y =

dy
dx

(5)

maSasadame, funqciis warmoebuli udris funqciis diferencialisa da

argumentis diferencialis fardobas.
dy
dx

simbolo

ikiTxeba ase: `de igrek de iqsiT~.

laibnicis simbolos,

dy
dx

-s uwodeben

xolo y -s lagranJis simbolos.

mtkicdeba Semdegi Teoremebi:

Teorema 1:
gansxvavebuli

Tu

sasruli

eqvivalenturia

y = f (x )

funqcias x wertilSi aqvs nulisagan

warmoebuli,

maSin

f (x )

funqciis

nazrdi

dy = f ( x ) x diferencialisa, rodesac x 0 .

SeniSvna: Tu

f ( x ) = 0 , maSin dy = 0 , magaram y nazrdi rogorc wesi,

nulisagan gansxvavebulia. maSasadame, y

da dy sidideTa eqvivalenturoba

irRveva, rodesac f ( x ) = 0 .
Tu funqciis nazrdi SeiZleba warmovidginoT (1) formuliT, maSin x
wertilSi

y = f (x ) funqcias

Teorema 2:

diferencirebadi ewodeba.

imisaTvis, rom y = f (x ) funqcia diferencirebadi iyos x

wertilSi, aucilebelia da sakmarisi, is am wertilSi iyos warmoebadi.

amrigad, erTi cvladis funqciis warmoebadoba da diferencirebadoba
erTmaneTis eqvivalenturia.
Tu y = f (x ) funqcia diferencirebadia x wertilSi, maSin igi uwyvetia
amve wertilSi. Sebrunebuli winadadeba samarTliani ar aris.

176

vinaidan y = dy + , amitom funqciis dy diferenciali da misi nazrdi

usasrulod mcireTi, romelic ufro

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba

maRali

rigisaa,

miaxloebiT

vidre

tolobas

x .

y ~ dy .

misi

ugulvebelyofiT

miRebul

tolobas

miviRebT

didi

Semdeg

gamoyeneba

aqvs

miaxloebiT gamoTvlebSi.
Tu u ,v da w

2.

funqciis

y = f (x )

funqcia

warmoebadi funqciebia, maSin adgili aqvs tolobebs:

1. dC = 0

2. d (u + v + w ) = du + dv + dw

3. d (uv ) = udv + vdu

4. d (Cu ) = Cdu

u udv vdu
5. d =
dv 2
v

6. df (u ) = f (u ) du , u = ( x )

diferencialis

geometriuli
x

diferencirebadia

warmoadgens

geometriulad

y = f (x ) wiri

(nax. 1).

mocemuli

mniSvneloba.

wertilSi.
funqciis

gamovarkvioT

diferenciali.

N
Q
M

nax. 1

naxazidan Cans, rom

y = aM , x = ab = MP ,

y = bN bP = PN ,

funqciis diferenciali ase warmogvidgeba

dy = f ( x ) x = tg MP .

177

vTqvaT

f ( x ) = tg .

ras

avagoT

magram

y = f (x )

MPQ samkuTxedidan gvaqvs tg MP = PQ , maSasadame dy = PQ . amrigad

funqciis

diferenciali

geometriulad

warmoadgens

mxebis

wertilis ordinatis nazrds.

magaliTad, vipovoT

f ( x) = 3 x 3 5 x 2 + 15 funqciis diferenciali:

dy = (3 x 3 5 x 2 + 15) dx = (3 x 2 5)dx

davaleba:
SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. ras ewodeba funqciis diferenciali?
2. CamoayalibeT funqciis diferencialis geometriuli arsi.

praqtikuli savarjiSoebi:

1. ipoveT Semdegi funqciebis diferenciali:

1. y = 6x 7
4. y = ax q
7. y = 5 x 3

tgx
1 x2
2
1
6. f ( x ) = x 9 2 3 x 2
9
2x

arctgx
1 + x2
1
5. f ( x) = x 2 2
2x
1 sin x
8. f ( x ) =
1 + cos x

2.

y( x) =

3. f ( x ) =

178

$4. Seqceuli

funqciis warmoebuli. rTuli funqciis

warmoebuli. maRali rigis warmoebulebi. laibnicis formula.

1.

Seqceuli

funqciis

funqciis

dy
dx

funqciis

warmoebulis

warmoebuli.

vTqvaT,

mocemulia

y = f (x )

warmoebuli da saWiroa amis mixedviT Sebrunebuli x = ( y )

gamoTvla.

vinaidan

am

ukanasknel

SemTxvevaSi

damoukidebeli cvladis rols y asrulebs, amitom x funqciis warmoebuli

unda iyos

dx
; magram rogorc Cveulebrivi wiladi, Cven SegviZlia es
dy

warmoebuli ase warmovadginoT:

dx
1
=
dy dy
dx

(1)

amgvarad, Tu cnobilia pirdapiri funqciis

Sebrunebuli

funqciis

dx
dy

warmoebuli

dy
dx

warmoebuli, maSin

gamoiTvleba

(1)

formuliT.

mtkicdeba Semdegi
Teorema:

vTqvaT,

[a; b ]

segmentze arsebiTad zrdadi da uwyveti

y = f (x ) funqcia warmoebadia segmentis Siga x0 wertilSi. Tu

f (x )

x = ( y ) aris

funqciis Seqceuli funqcia, maSin igi warmoebadia Sesabamis

y0

wertilSi da marTebulia toloba

( y 0 ) =

1
f ( x 0 )

(1)

1. arcsinx da arccosx funqciebis gawarmoeba: vTqvaT,

y = arcsin x ,

maSin

(1) is Tanaxmad

179

x = sin y .

dy
1
1
1
=
=
=
;
dx dx d sin y cos y
dy
dy

vinaidan,

funqciis

SualedSi, amitom

Sebrunebis

cnebis

Tanaxmad,

icvleba

,
2 2

da maSasadame, cos y = 1 sin 2 y . xolo sin y ,

cos y f 0

Tanaxmad aRebuli gantolebisa, aris x, amitom:

dy
1
1
=
=
;
dx
1 sin 2 y
1 x2

maSasadame,
d arcsin x
1
=
dx
1 x2
d (arcsin x ) =

da

dx
1 x2

axla vTqvaT,

y = arccos x ,

x = cos y .

maSin

(1) is Tanaxmad
dy
1
1
1
=
=
=
;
dx dx sin y
sin y
dy

vinaidan, funqciis Sebrunebis cnebis Tanaxmad,

amitom

sin y f 0

da maSasadame,

y icvleba

sin y = 1 cos 2 y . xolo

aRebuli gantolebisa, aris x, amitom:

d arccos x
1
=
dx
1 x2
dx

d (arccos x ) =

da

1 x2

2. arctgx da arcctgx funqciebis gawarmoeba: vTqvaT,

y = arctgx ,

maSin

x = tgy .

maSin, cxadia
dy
1
1
=
=
;
1
dx dx
dy cos 2 y

magram
180

(0, )

SualedSi,

cos y , Tanaxmad

1
cos 2 y + sin 2 y
=
= 1 + tg 2 y
cos 2 y
cos 2 y

xolo tgy , Tanaxmad aRebuli gantolebisa, aris x, amitom:

darctgx
1
=
dx
1+ x2
d (arctgx ) =

da

dx
.
1+ x2

axla vTqvaT,
y = arcctgx ,

x = ctgy .

maSin

Tanaxmad zogadi wesebisa:

dy
1
1
=
=
;
1
dx dx

dy
sin 2 y

magram
1
sin 2 y + cos 2 y
=
= 1 + ctg 2 y
2
2
sin y
sin y

vinaidan tgy , Tanaxmad aRebuli gantolebisa, aris x, amitom:

darcctgx
1
=
dx
1+ x2
d (arctgx ) =

da

2. rTuli funqciis warmoebuli.

sadac u Tavis mxriv aris
cnobilia,

dx
.
1+ x2

vTqvaT, mocemulia funqcia

f (u ) ,

x-is funqcia: u = g (x ) . maSin, rogorc CvenTvis

f ( g (x ) ) funqcias ewodeba x argumentis rTuli funqcia. Tu

argumentis raime x mniSvnelobebisaTvis u = g (x ) funqcia warmoebadia, xolo

u-s saTanado mniSvnelobisaTvis warmoebadia f (u ) funqciac, maSin arsebobs
F ( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) rTuli funqciis warmoebuli da adgili aqvs tolobas.

F ( x ) = [ f ( g ( x ) )] = f (u ) u = g ( x ) g ( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x )

(2)

mtkicdeba Semdegi
Teorema: vTqvaT,

y = f (u ) , sadac

u = g (x ) . Tu argumentis raime x

mniSvnelobebisaTvis u = g (x ) funqcia diferencirebadia, xolo u-s saTanado

mnisvnelobisaTvis

y = f (u )

funqciac

diferencirebadia,

maSin

rTuli y = f [g (x ) ] funqciis warmoebuli da marTebulia toloba

181

arsebobs

dy dy du
=

dx du dx

( 2* )

e.i. rTuli funqciis warmoebuli udris mocemuli funqciis warmoebuls

damxmare

cvladiT,

gamravlebuls

damxmare

cvladis

warmoebulze

damoukidebeli cvladiT.
SeniSvna
rodesac

1:

(2)

funqcia

formula

SeiZleba

warmodgenilia

ara

gavavrceloT

ori,

aramed

im

SemTxvevazec,

ramdenime

funqciis

erTobliobis saSualebiT. magaliTad, Tu

u = (v ) ,

y = f (u ) ,

v = (x )

maSin
dy dy du dv
=

dx du dv dx

rTuli

funqciisaTvis

(*)

ZiriTad

elementarul

funqciaTa

warmoebulebis cxrili ase gadaiwereba

( ) = n u u,

2. (a ) = a lna u;
n1

1 un

n R

( ) = e

4. (log a u ) =

3. e u

1
u;
ulna

1
u;
cos 2 u
1

10. (arcsinu ) =
u;
1 u2

8. (tgu ) =

magaliTi 1.

1
u;
sin 2 u
1

11. (arccosu ) =
u;
1 u2

9. (ctgu ) =

1
u;
1 + u2

vipovoT

u;

1
5. (lnu ) = u;
u

7. (cosu ) = sinu u

6. ( sinu ) = cosu u;

12. (arctgu ) =

13. (arcctgu ) =

f ( x) = x 3 + 1

1
u;
1 + u2

funqciis warmoebuli.

amoxsna: SemoviRoT aRniSvnebi:

f (u ) = u
maSin (2)

da

u = g ( x) = x 3 + 1 ,

formulis gamoyenebiT miviRebT

F ( x ) = f ( u ) u = g ( x ) g ( x ) =
magaliTi 2.

vipovoT

( u ) u= x3+1 (x

y = cos 3 (1 + x 4 )

182

1
3x 2

+1 =
3x 2 =
2 u u = x3 +1
2 x3 + 1

funqciis warmoebuli.

y = u3 ,

amoxsna:

v = 1+ x4

u = cos v ,

rTuli funqciis gawarmoebis (*) wesis Tanaxmad

dy
= 3u 2 ,
du

dv
= 4x3
dx

du
= sin v ,
dv

maSasadame,
dy
= 3u 2 ( sin v ) 4 x 3 = 12 cos 2 x (1 + x 4 ) sin(1 + x 4 ) x 3 .
dx

SeniSvna 2:
rTuli

funqciis

warmoebulis gamoTvlaSi ZiriTadi roli miekuTvneba

gawarmoebis

wess.

rTuli

funqciis

gasawarmoeblad

Semogvaqvs damxmare cvladebi. magaliTad,

y = tg 5 x

rTuli funqcia u da v damxmare cvladebis saSualebiT ase warmovadginoT:

1

y = u2,

u = tgv ,

v = 5x

rac saSualebas gvaZlevs gamoviyenoT rTuli funqciis gawarmoebis (*)

wesi. studentma unda miaRwios am wesis gamoyenebis srul gagebas. amis
Semdeg damxmare cvladebis SemoReba saWiro ar aris da am cvladebis
SemouReblad unda SevZloT funqciis warmoebulis moZebna. axla y = tg 5 x
funqcia ase gavawarmooT:
1
1
dy
1
1
1
5
1

(5 x ) =
= (tg 5 x ) 2 = (tg 5 x ) 2 (tg 5 x ) =

2
dx
2

2 tg 5 x cos 5 x
2 tg 5 x cos 2 5 x

3.

maRali

rigis

warmoebuli.

cxadia,

y=f(x)

funqciis

f (x)

warmoebuli isev x cvladis funqciaa. Tu f(x) funqcias aqvs warmoebuli,

maSin am warmoebuls ewodeba f(x) funqciis meore rigis warmoebuli da
aRiniSneba f ( x) an

y simboloTi.

Tu meore rigis warmoebuls gaaCnia

warmoebuli, maSin mas uwodeben mesame rigis warmoebuls da aRniSnaven

f ( x) an

y simboloTi.

sazogadod, (n_1) rigis warmoebulis warmoebuls

ewodeba n-uri rigis warmoebuli da aRiniSneba f n ( x) an

y n simboloTi.

SevniSnoT, rom meoTxe rigis warmoebulidan dawyebuli miRebuli

aRniSvnebi

y ( 4 ) = f ( 4 ) ( x ),

imisaTvis, rom ganvasxvaoT

y ( 5 ) = f ( 5 ) ( x ),K , y ( n ) = f ( n ) ( x ) .
y (n)

frCxilebi

warmoebuli y n xarisxisagan.
183

iwereba

Tu y = f (x ) da x = dx x argumentis nazrdia,

y ( n ) (dx )

dx n )

weren

namravls

maSin (aq

y = f (x )

ewodeba

(dx )n

funqciis

nacvlad

n rigis

diferenciali da aRniSneba d n y an d n f (x ) simboloTi

d n y = y ( n ) dx n

f n ( x) = y ( n ) =

saidanac
magaliTad, vipovoT

(3)

dny
.
dx n

f ( x) = 3 x 3 + 2 x 2 3x + 1

funqciis mesame rigis

warmoebuli. TanamimdevrobiTi gawarmoebiT miviRebT

f ( x) = 9 x 2 + 4 x 3,

4.

f ( x) = 18 x + 4,

f ( x) = 18 .

rTuli funqciis umaRlesi rigis diferenciali.

aviRoT y = f (u )

funqcia, sadac u damoukidebeli cvladia. maSin

d 2 y = f (u ) du 2

(4)

axla vTqvaT, rom u aris x is funqcia u = (x ) , maSin du = ( x ) dx .

movZebnoT

mocemuli

rTuli

funqciis

meore

rigis

diferenciali

cvladiT. gvaqvs:
d 2 y = d ( dy ) = d [ f (u ) du ] = [ f (u ) du ]du + f (u ) d ( du ) = f (u ) du 2 + f (u ) d 2 u , e.i.
d 2 y = f (u ) du 2 + f (u ) d 2 u

(5)

aqedan Cans, rom ganxilul or SemTxvevas Soris gansxvaveba aris.

roca u aris damoukidebeli cvaldi, maSin gvaqvs (4) toloba, Tuki u
damokidebulia x-ze, gveqneba (5) toloba.

5. laibnicis formula. cxadia, algebruli jamis gawarmoebis wesi

ucvlelad

gadaitaneba

nebismieri

rigis

warmoebulebze,

magram

sayuradReboa ori funqciis namravlis mimdevrobiTi gawarmoeba. mtkicdeba

Semdegi Teorema:
Teorema: Tu raime X SualedSi

u = u ( x ) da v = v ( x ) funqciebs aqvs

yvela rigis warmoebuli n rigamde CaTvliT, maSin y = uv namravlsac aqvs

yvela rigis warmoebuli n rigamde CaTvliT da marTebulia toloba
y ( n ) = u ( n ) v + nu ( n 1) v +

n ( n 1) ( n 2 )
n ( n 1) L ( n k 1) ( n k ) ( k )
u
v + L +
u
v + L + uv ( n )
2!
k!

(6) formulas ewodeba laibnicis formula.

magaliTi 3.

gamovTvaloT y = x sin ax

184

n uri rigis warmoebuli.

(6)

amoxsna:

laibnicis

u ( n ) = a n sin ax + ,
2

formulaSi

u = sin ax da v = x .

aviRoT

maSin

v = 1 , v = v = L = v ( n ) = 0 . amitom (6) formulis Tanaxmad

( n 1)
n

y ( n ) = a n 1 ax sin ax +
+ n sin ax +
2
2

davaleba:
SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. rogor gamoiTvleba Seqceuli funqciis warmoebuli?
2. rogor gamoiTvleba rTuli funqciis warmoebuli?
3. amowereT rTuli funqciis warmoebulis formula.
4. ras

ewodeba

warmoebuli?

funqciis

me-2

rigis

warmoebuli?

me-3

rigis

n uri rigis warmoebuli?

5. ras ewodeba funqciis n uri rigis diferenciali?

6. rogor

gamoiTvleba

rTuli

funqciis

umaRlesi

rigis

diferenciali?
7. amowereT (zepirad) laibnicis formula.

praqtikuli savarjiSoebi:
I.

gamoTvaleT Semdegi funqciebis warmoebulebi:

1. y = ln sin

2x + 3
+ sin 2 x
x +1

x
2
7. y = ln
1 + sin 2 x
tg

x
a

y = (a 2 x 2 ) 2

5. y = x ln x x

4. y = (1 + tgx ) 4

10. y = arctg

2.

6.

1
8. y = tg 3 x + tgx
3

3. y = ln(ln tgx ) arcsin( e x )

y=

9. y = 1 + x 2 arctgx ln( x +

11. y = x ln( x 2 + 1) 2 x + 2 arctg

185

x 1 cos x
1
ln tg
2
2 2 sin 2 x

x2
2

12.

y = 3 ctg

x 2 + 1)
x

x2 +1 + x

13. y = ln

x +1 x

16. y = ln( x 2 +

18.

+ ln(1 + 2 x )

y = 5

x 4 + 1 ) + sin 3 5 x cos 5 3 x
1 x 2

+ e

20. y = x ln x + ln(1 x)

26.

arctgx

y=5

y =

1
y = ln cos x
3

31.

y = ln

x 1 +

3
arctg
4

arctg 2 x

x2 1

arcsin

x 1
x +1
2

25. y = e cos x sin x

ln cos arctg

29.

3x + 2
4x2
2

y=

1 2 x (3 sin 3 x + 2 cos 3 x )
x
+ arctg
e
13
1 x2

23. y = (1 + tg x ) e

22. y = arcsin 2 x + a x
24.

y=

19.

21.

xa
1
ln
2a x + a

y=

15.

17. y = 1 + x 2

x 2 1

arctg

1
x
arctg
a
a

14. y =

ex e
2

27. y = 3

+ ln x

30. y = e

sin x 2
x

32. y =

ln

x 1

ln

x2

x +2
5

sin 3 2 x 2

x
+4
2
x

5tg

x
x 4 +1

x5 + 2

arctg ln

x 3 2 cos x
x + 14 4

II. ipoveT:
33. f (1) , Tu f ( x) = 7 x ln x
35. y (3) , Tu y =

1 x
1+ x

37. y (8) , Tu y =

34. y (2) , Tu y = 3 sin

x
4

36. y ( ) , Tu y = ln sin x

III. gamoTvaleT Semdegi funqciebis II rigis warmoebulebi:

38.
41.
44.
46.

5x6
2

+ x4
y = 6x +
x
x3
1 x
y (3) , Tu y =
1+ x

x3
1
39 y ( x ) = tgx ln x
40. y =
2
1 x2
cos x
3
2
42. y ( x ) =
43. y=x -6x +9x-3
1 sin x
1
y (8) , Tu y = 3 x
45. f ( x ) = x + 7 x 2 + 5 5 x 4
x
arctgx
3
2
f (1) , Tu f ( x) = 7 x ln x
47. y =
48. y=2x -15x +36x
1+ x2
2

186

$ 5. warmoebulis umartivesi gamoyenebani

gawarmoebis ZiriTadi wesebis gacnobis Semdeg SesaZlebloba gvaqvs

davamtkicoT diferencialuri aRricxvis ZiriTadi Teoremebi, romelTac
didi gamoyeneba aqvT. SemovitanoT Semdegi ganmartebebi:

f (x ) funqcias aqvs lokaluri maqsimumi x0 wertilSi, Tu arsebobs

x0

wertilis

iseTi

midamo,

rom

x x0

yoveli

-saTvis

am

midamodan

sruldeba utoloba
f ( x0 ) f f ( x ) .

xolo, x0 wertils ewodeba lokaluri maqsimumis wertili.

analogiurad, ityvian, rom

f (x )

funqcias aqvs fardobiTi minimumi

x0 wertilSi, Tu arsebobs x0 wertilis iseTi midamo, rom yoveli x x0 -

saTvis am midamodan sruldeba utoloba

f ( x0 ) p f ( x ) .

xolo, x0 wertils ewodeba lokaluri minimumis wertili.

maqsimumisa da minimumis wertilebs uwodeben eqstremumis wertilebs,
xolo funqciis mniSvnelobebs am wertilebSi funqciis eqstremumebs.

1.

fermas

Teorema

funqcia warmoebadia

[a; b ]

(eqstremumis

aucilebeli

piroba):Tu

f (x )

SualedSi da amasTanave, Sualedis romelime

Siga wertilze igi aRwevs Tavis udides an umcires mniSvnelobas, maSin

aRniSnul wertilze funqciis warmoebuli nulis tolia. e.i.
f ( ) = 0

damtkiceba:

marTlac,

(1)

simartivisaTvis

warmoadgens funqciis udides mniSvnelobas

SemoviRoT,

[a; b ]

rom

f ( )

SualedSi. vinaidan

Sualedis Siga wertilia, amitom sakmaod mcire h sididisaTvis adgili

eqneba pirobas:

f ( + h ) f ( ) 0 .
e.i.

rogoric

ar

unda

iyos

mcire

sidide,

f ( + h ) f ( )

sxvaoba

aradadebiTia. maSasadame,
f ( + h ) f ( )
0,
h

187

roca

hf0

(2)

da
f ( + h ) f ( )
0,
h

hp0

roca

(3)

axla, radgan funqcia SualedSi warmoebadia, amitom Tu gadavalT zRvarze,

rodesac h 0 , miviRebT:
f ( ) = lim
h 0

f ( + h ) f ( )
0
h

f ( ) = lim

da

h 0

f ( + h ) f ( )
0
h

es ki moxdeba mxolod maSin, roca f ( ) = 0 . e.i.

2.

rolis

Teorema: Tu

f (x )

funqcia

uwyvetia

daxurul

[a; b ]

SualedSi, amasTan warmoebadia SigniT da garda amisa, f ( a ) = f (b ) = 0 , maSin

am Sualedis SigniT moiZebneba x -is erTi mainc iseTi mniSvneloba, sadac

f (x ) funqciis warmoebulis mniSvneloba iqneba noli. e.i.

f ( ) = 0

damtkiceba: Tu

f (x )

(4)

funqcia mudmiv mniSvnelobas inarCunebs

[a; b ]

SualedSi, maSin misi warmoebuli Sualedis yovel wertilze iqneba nuli,

e.i. f ( x ) = 0 da rolis Teorema TavisTavad cxadia. axla Tu f (x ) funqcia

[a; b ]

SualedSi ar aris mudmivi, maSin funqciis an

umciresi

mniSvneloba

uTuod

mniSvnelobisagan. maSasadame,
wertilze miaRwevs an M

unda

udidesi an

f ( a ) = f (b )

gansxvavdebodes

funqcia Sualedis romelime Siga

f (x )

udides an

umcires mniSvnelobas, magram

fermas Teoremis Tanaxmad, aRniSnul wertilze f ( ) = 0 . e.i.

geometriulad
warmoebadia

[a; b ]

rolis

Teorema

ase

gamoiTqmeba:

Tu

funqcia

SualedSi da saTanado grafikis ordinatebi a da b

wertilebze tolia, maSin

[a; b ]

Sualedis Sig iarsebebda erTi mainc iseTi

wertili, sadac mrudis mxebi Ox RerZis paraleluria.

3. koSis Teorema:

[a; b ]

Tu f (x ) da

(x ) ori uwyveti funqciaa daxurul

SualedSi da warmoebadi yvela Siga wertilze, garda amisa, (x )

warmoebuli Sualedis Sig arsad ar xdeba nuli, maSin adgili aqvs Semdeg
tolobas:

188

f (b ) f ( a ) f ( )
=
(b ) ( a ) ( )

(5)

sadac, erT-erTi mniSvnelobaa [a; b ] -s SigniT.

damtkiceba: marTlac, ganvixiloT damxmare funqcia:
F ( x ) f ( x ) f ( a ) P[ ( x ) ( a ) ] ,

sadac, P jerjerobiT ucnobi mudmivia. es funqciebi warmoebadia da, garda

amisa, F ( a ) = 0 ; axla SevarCioT P mudmivi ise, rom adgili hqondes agreTve
pirobas: F (b ) = 0 ; e.i.
f (b ) f ( a ) P[ (b ) ( a ) ] = 0

saidanac
P=

f (b ) f ( a )
(b ) ( a )

(6)

radgan F (x ) funqcia warmoebadia da akmayofilebs pirobebs:

F (a) = 0

da

F (b ) = 0 ,

amitom rolis Teoremis ZaliT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom

SigniT moiZebneba erTi mainc iseTi

[a; b ]

mniSvneloba, sadac

Sualedis

F ( ) = 0 ; Tu

gamovTvliT F (x ) warmoebuls, miviRebT

F ( x ) f ( x ) P ( x ),
da, maSasadame, unda arsebobdes iseTi , rom

f ( ) P ( ) = 0,
saidanac, P =

f ( )
. Tu am tolobaSi CavsvamT (6)-s, gveqneba
( )
f (b ) f ( a ) f ( )
=
(b ) ( a ) ( )

a p p b.

sadac

SeniSvna: is garemoeba, rom moTavsebulia

SeiZleba agreTve Caiweros ase:

[a; b ]

Sualedis SigniT,

= a + (b a ) , sadac

erTze naklebi

dadebiTi ricxvia (marTlac, rodesac = 0 , maSin cxadia, = a ; xolo Tu

= 1 , maSin = b ; yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi moTavsdeba a -sa da b s Soris).

e.i. 0 p p 1 .

189

4. lagranJis Teorema:

f (x ) funqcia uwyvetia

Tu

[a; b ]

SualedSi

da warmoebadia yvela Siga wertilze, maSin adgili aqvs tolobas

f (b ) f ( a ) = (b a ) f ( ) ,

(7)

a p p b.

sadac
damtkiceba:

marTlac,

koSis

TeoremaSi

miviRoT

( x) x ,

maSin

( x ) = 1 . maSasadame, ( x ) 0 piroba [a; b ] SualedSi Sesrulebuli iqneba da

Cven gveqneba:
f (b ) f ( a ) f ( )
=
,
1
ba
f (b ) f ( a ) = (b a ) f ( ) ,

aqedan,

a p pb
a p p b . e.i.

vuCvenoT, rom Tu [a; b ] segmentis yovel wertilze igivurad

Sedegi 1:
f ( x ) 0 , maSin

f (x )

funqcia aris mudmivi. marTlac, aseT SemTxvevaSi

Sualedis yoveli ori x1 da x 2 mniSvnelobisaTvis gveqneba

f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) = ( x 2 x1 ) f ( ) = 0
f ( x 2 ) = f ( x1 ) ,

aqedan

rac amtkicebs SualedSi f (x ) funqciis mudmivobas. e.i.

Sedegi 2:
maSin

f (x )

Tu

[a; b ]
(x )

da

segmentis yovel wertilze igivurad f ( x ) (x ) ,

funqciebi

erTmaneTisagan

mxolod

mudmiviT

gansxvavdeba. marTlac, Tu avRniSnavT F ( x ) f ( x ) ( x ) , maSin, cxadia, F (x )

igivurad nuli iqneba segmentis yovel wertilze, da wina Sedegis ZaliT
miviRebT F ( x ) f ( x ) ( x ) const , saidanac f ( x ) = ( x ) + const .

lagranJis

Teoremas

martivi

geometriuli

interpretacia

aqvs.

marTlac, ganvixiloT mrudi:

y = f (x ) .
aviRoT masze ori

da

wertili, romlebic a da b abscisebs

Seesabameba. MNP samkuTxedidan miviRebT (nax.1)

NP
= tgNMP ,
MP

190

f (b ) f ( a )
= tgNMP
ba

e.i.

(8)

f ( ) -is toli unda

lagranJis Teoremis Tanaxmad, me- (8) toloba

[a; b ]

iyos. magram es
mxebis

sakuTxo

SualedSi mrudis erT-erT wertilze gavlebuli

koeficientia.

maSasadame,

lagranJis

Teoremas

is

geometriuli Sinaarsi aqvs, rom [a; b ] SualedSi moiZebneba erTi mainc iseTi
Q wertili

y = f (x ) mrudze, sadac mxebi MN qordis paraleluria.

y
Q

P
f(a)

f(b)

nax. 1
dasasrul, SevniSnoT, rom vinaidan me-(7) formulaSi Sedis f (b ) f ( a )

f (x )

sxvaoba, romelic

funqciis nazrds (sasrulo) warmoadgens, amitom

lagranJis Teoremas xSirad sasrulo nazrdis Teoremas uwodeben.

5.
advilia

funqciis

zrdadoba

nebismieri

da

warmoebadi

klebadoba.
funqciis

warmoebulis

zrdadobisa

da

saSualebiT
klebadobis

Sualedebis moZebna. mtkicdeba Semdegi

Teorema 5: Tu
SualedSi, maSin

f (x )

funqciis

f (x )

warmoebuli dadebiTia

[a; b ]

f (x ) funqcia monotonurad zrdadia am SualedSi, xolo

Tu warmoebuli uaryofiTia am SualedSi, maSin f (x ) funqcia monotonurad

klebadi am SualedSi.
moviyvanoT am Teoremis geometriuli interpretacia: y = f (x ) funqciis
warmoebuli, roca x = x 0 , im mxebis kuTxuri koeficientis tolia, romelic
gavlebulia y = f (x ) funqciis grafikis im wertilze, romlis abscisa x0 -ia.
piroba

f ( x ) f 0

aRniSnavs, rom gansaxilvel SualedSi mxebTa kuTxuri

191

koeficientebi dadebiTia. magram es SesaZlebelia mxolod imSemTxvevaSi,

roca mxebTa mier Ox RerZis dadebiT mimarTulebasTan Sedgenili kuTxeebi
maxvilia (nax. 2).

maSin

maRla

es

miemarTeba.

y = f (x ) funqciis grafiki x is zrdisas sul

ki

niSnavs,

rom

funqcia

y = f (x )

monotonurad

izrdeba.

nax. 2

nax. 3

max

max

y=x2-4x+3

min
0
-1

x1

nax. 4

f ( x ) p 0

x3

x4

nax. 5

SemTxveva, roca
piroba

x2

min

[a, b ]

SualedSi

f ( x ) p 0 , analogiurad ganixileba.

y = f (x )

funqciis grafikisadmi gavlebul

niSnavs, rom

mxebTa kuTxuri koeficientebi uaryofiTia. magram es SesaZlebelia im

SemTxvevaSi,

roca

mxebTa

mier

Ox

Sedgenili kuTxeebi blagvia (nax. 3).

RerZis

dadebiT

mimarTulebasTan

maSin y = f (x ) funqciis grafiki x is

192

zrdisas sul dabla da dabla miemarTeba. es ki niSnavs, rom funqcia

y = f (x ) monotonurad klebulobs.
f ( x) = x 2 4 x + 3

magaliTad, ganvsazRvroT

funqciis zrdadobisa da

klebadobis Sualedebi.

gvaqvs: f ( x ) = 2 x 4 . rodesac x f 2 , f ( x ) f 0 , xolo

rodesac x p 2 , f ( x ) p 0 .

maSasadame f ( x ) = x 2 4 x + 3 funqcia zrdadia, roca

x f 2 da klebadia, roca x p 2 (ix. nax. 4).

6.

warmoebulis

gamoyeneba

funqciis

lokaluri

eqstremumis

sapovnelad. funqcias raime SualedSi SeiZleba hqondes erTi an ramodenime

maqsimumi da minimumi (nax. 5), an ar hqondes eqstremumi.
rogor davadginoT, aqvs Tu ara funqcias eqstremumi da Tu aqvs,
rogor vipovoT igi? amisaTvis, cxadia unda visargebloT fermas TeoremiT:
Tu

wertili aris

wertili,

y = f (x ) warmoebadi funqciis lokaluri eqstremumis

f (x )

maSin

warmoebuli

am

wertilSi

xdeba

nulis

toli:

f ( a ) = 0 . rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, funqciis warmoebulis nulTan toloba

eqstremumis arsebobis mxolod aucilebeli pirobaa da ara sakmarisi.
SeiZleba funqciis warmoebuli raime wertilSi nulis toli iyos, magram
am

wertilSi

funqcias

eqstremumi

ar

hqondes.

mivceT

am

naTqvams

geometriuli interpretacia.
y

nax. 6

nax. 7

vTqvaT, x = a wertili aris y = f (x ) funqciis lokaluri maqsimumis

wertili (nax. 6). maSin am funqciis grafikis im wertilze gavlebuli mxebi,
romlis

abscisaa

koeficienti

a,

nulis

Ox

RerZis

tolia,

paraleluri

magram,
193

rogorc

iqneb.

am

mxebis

cnobilia,

es

kuTxuri
kuTxuri

koeficienti f (a ) -s toli unda iyos. maSasadame, f ( a ) = 0 . analogiuri axsna

aqvs im SemTxvevas, roca x = a wertili aris y = f (x ) funqciis lokaluri
minimumis wertili (nax. 7). xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom

f ( a ) = 0

miRebuli piroba Seexeba mxolod x = a wertilSi warmoebad funqciebs.

SevniSnoT, rom funqcias lokaluri eqstremumi SeiZleba hqondes im
wertilzec, romelzec warmoebuli ar arsebobs.

wertilebs, romlebzec

funqcias SeiZleba hqondes eqstremumi, kritikuli wertili ewodeba.

magaliTad,
eqstremumi x =

f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c

funqcias gaaCnia erTaderTi lokaluri

b
wertilSi. amaSi vrwmundebodiT mocemuli kvadratuli
2a
2

samwevridan sruli kvadratis gamoyofiT

b
b 2 4 ac

ax + bx + c = a x +
.

2a
4a

b
2
advili Sesamowmebeli, rom f
= 0 . marTlac, vinaidan f ( x ) = ax + bx + c ,
2a
b
amitom f ( x ) = 2 ax + b da amitom f
= 0.
2a

bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: Tu viciT, rom x = a aris y = f (x ) funqciis

lokaluri eqstremumis wertili, rogor ganvsazRvroT, ra saxis eqstremums
iZleva

igi _ maqsimums Tu minimums?

vTqvaT, f ( x ) p 0 ,

roca x p a ,

wertilis maxloblobaSi

f (x )

xolo f ( x ) f 0 , roca x f a . maSin x = a

funqcia klebadia a -s marcxniv mdebare

wertilebSi, xolo zrdadia a -s marjvniv mdebare wertilebSi (nax. 7). am

SemTxvevaSi x = a wertili aris lokaluri minimumis wertili. Tu f ( x ) f 0 ,
roca

xpa

da

marcxniv

mdebare

klebadi.

am

f ( x ) p 0

roca

wertilebSi

SemTxvevaSi

x=a

f (x )

x f a , maSin piriqiT,

zrdadi

iqneba,

wertili

xolo

iqneba

funqcia a -s
-s

lokaluri

marjvniv

maqsimumis

wertili iqneba (sur. 6).

e.i.

f (x ) warmoebuli x = a wertilSi nulad iqceva da, amasTan, am

wertilze gadasvlisas igi niSans icvlis `_~ - dan `+~ -ze, maSin a wertili
am funqciis lokaluri minimumis wertili iqneba. Tu

f (x )

warmoebuli

x = a wertilSi nulad iqceva, xolo am wertilze gadasvlisas igi niSans

icvlis `+~- dan `_~ -ze, maSin a wertili

maqsimumis wertili iqneba.
194

f (x )

funqciis lokaluri

f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c

magaliTad,

x=

nulad iqceva, roca

2 ax p b , 2 ax + b p 0 .

amgvarad,

b
. vTqvaT,
2a

xolo Tu x f
a f 0,

Tu

funqciis

f ( x ) = 2 ax + b

warmoebuli

a f 0 , maSin, Tu

xp

b
, gveqneba:
2a

b
, miviRebT 2 ax f b , 2 ax + b f 0 .
2a
x=

maSin

b
2a

wertilze

gadasvlisas

f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c funqciis warmoebuli niSans icvlis `_~ - s `+~ -ze. amitom

x=

b
2a

wertili am funqciis lokaluri minimumis wertilia. studentebs

vandobT

damoukideblad

ganixilon

SemTxveva,

warmoebulis saSualebiT darwmundnen, rom x =

rodesac

ap0

da

b
wertili am SemTxvevaSi
2a

aris f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c funqciis lokaluri maqsimumis wertili.

y
y=x3

nax.
ar

unda

vifiqroT,

rom

Tu

f ( a ) = 0 ,

x=a

wertili,

rogorc

avRniSneT, uTuod lokaluri eqstremumis wertilia. magaliTad,

funqciisaTvis gveqneba:

zemoT
f ( x) = x 3

f ( x ) = 3 x 2 da amitom f ( 0) = 0 . magram, rogorc es am

funqciis grafikidan Cans (nax. 8).

x = 0 wertili ar aris arc lokaluri

minimumis wertili da arc lokaluri maqsimumis wertili. es imiT aixsneba,

rom x = 0 wertilze warmoebuli f ( x ) = 3 x 2 nulad iqceva ise, rom niSans ar
icvlis.

rogorc

x p 0 -is,

damtkiceba, rom Tu

ise

x f 0-

f ( a ) = 0 , xolo
195

isaTvis
x=a

f ( x ) f 0 .

SeiZleba

wertilze gadasvlisas

imis

f (x )

warmoebuli

niSans

ar

icvlis,

x=a

maSin

wertili

minimumis wertilia da arc lokaluri maqsimumis.

f (x )

funqciis
ewodeba,

warmoebuli

xolo

funqciis

nulad

iqceva,

mniSvnelobebs

arc

wertilebs, sadac f (x )

stacionaruli

am

lokaluri

wertilze

wertilebi
am

funqciis

stacionaruli mniSvnelobebi.
e.i.

arsebobs eqstremumis sakmarisi piroba ori saxiT:

x0 kritikul wertlze gadasvlisas warmoebulma f (x ) -

I piroba. Tu

ma niSani Seicvala plusidan minusze, maSin am wertilze funqcias aqvs

Tu x0

maqsimumi.
niSani

Seicvala

kritikul wertlze gadasvlisas warmoebulma

minusidan

plusze,

maSin

am

wertilze

f (x ) -ma

funqcias

aqvs

minimumi. Tu warmoebuli niSans ar icvlis, maSin funqcias eqstremumi ara

aqvs.
II piroba. Tu

x0

kritikul wertlze meore rigis warmoebuli

uaryofiTia, e.i. Tu f ( x0 ) p 0 , maSin am wertilze funqcias aqvs maqsimumi da

y max = f ( x0 ) . Tu

x0 kritikul wertlze meore rigis warmoebuli dadebiTia,

e.i. Tu f ( x0 ) f 0 , maSin am wertilze funqcias aqvs minimumi da y min = f ( x0 ) .

zemoTqmulidan

gamomdinare,

eqstremumze

gamokvlevis

algoriTmi

ase

Camoyalibdeba:
1. vipovoT y = f (x ) funqciis gansazRvris are D ( f ) .
2. vipovoT f (x ) da amovxsnaT gantoleba f ( x ) = 0 da davadginoT sad ar
arsebobs f (x ) . amiT miviRebT kritikul wertilebs.
3. gamovikvlioT kritikuli wertilebi I da II pirobis saSualebiT. Tu
x0 maqsimumis wertilia, maSin y max = f ( x0 ) , Tu x0 minimumis wertilia,

maSin y min = f ( x0 ) .

7.

funqciis

grafikis

amozneqiloba

da

Cazneqiloba.

gadaRunvis

wertili. funqciis grafikis asimptotebi. SemovitanoT Semdegi

gansazRvreba: funqciis grafiks ewodeba amozneqili (Cazneqili) raime
SualedSi, Tu misi yvela wertili mdebareobs grafikis nebismieri mxebis
qvemoT (zemoT) (nax. 9., nax. 10). mtkicdeba Semdegi
Teorema
pirobebi):

Tu

(grafikis

y = f (x )

amozneqilobisa

funqcias

aqvs

196

da

raime

Cazneqilobis
SualedSi

sakmarisi

meore

rigis

warmoebuli da

f ( x0 ) 0

( f ( x0 ) 0 )

am Sualedis yvela wertilSi, maSin

funqciis grafiki amozneqilia (Cazneqilia) am SualedSi.

gansazRvreba: gadaRunvis wertili ewodeba grafikis iseT wertils,
romelic amozneqilobas yofs Cazneqilobisagan. mtkiceba Semdegi
Teorema 7 (gadaRunvis wertilis arsebobis sakmarisi piroba): Tu x0
wertilSi

funqcias

warmoebuli

amave

aqvs

pirveli

wertilSi

rigis

nulia,

warmoebuli,
f ( x0 ) = 0

e.i.

da

meore
x0

rigis

wertilze

gadasvlisas f ( x0 ) niSans icvlis, maSin M 0 ( x 0 , f ( x 0 ) ) aris y = f (x ) funqciis

grafikis gadaRunvis wertili

(nax. 11, nax. 12).

Cazneqili

amozneqili

nax. 9

nax. 10

nax. 11
vTqvaT,

nax. 12
aris

y = f (x )

funqciis grafikis wertili. Tu am

wertilis erTi koordinati mainc absoluturi sididiT usasrulobisaken

miiswrafis, maSin vityviT, rom

M wertili miiswrfis usasrulobisaken. am

197

SemTxvevaSi Zneli warmosadgenia grafikis saxe, magram mainc xerxdeba am

siZnelis

daZleva

umartivesi

grafikis

Sesadarebeli

SedarebiT

grafikia

romelime

wrfe.

cnobil

grafikis

im

grafikTan.

Stos

formis

Seswavla, romlis wertilis erTi koordinati mainc usasrulod izrdeba,

xdeba asimptotis saSualebiT.

f (x )

gansazRvreba:

funqcis

grafikis

miiswrafis

nulisaken,

ewodeba

grafikis M

romelsac is Tviseba aqvs, rom manZili

wrfemde

asimptoti

roca

wertili

wrfes,

wertilidan am
usasrulobisaken

miiswrafis, anu usasrulod Sordeba koordinatTa saTaves. arsebobs sami

saxis asimptoti:

o vertikaluri, romlis gantolebaa x = a

(nax. 13),

o horizontaluri, romlis gantolebaa y = b (nax. 14).

o daxrili, romlis gantolebaa y = kx + b ,
k = lim
x

f ( x)
x

(*)

da b = lim[ f ( x ) kx ]
x

sadac

(**) (nax. 15).

SeniSvna: Tu (*) an (**) zRvrebidan erT-erTi mainc ar arsebobs, maSin

y = f (x ) funqcias daxrili asimptoti ara aqvs.

y

horizontaluri
asimptoti

vertikaluri
asimptoti

nax. 14

y
M

nax. 13

daxrili
asimptoti

sur. 15
198

davaleba:
SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. CamoayalibeT diferencialuri aRricxvis ZiriTadi Teoremebi.
2. ras ewodeba lokaluri maqsimumis, minimumis wertilebi?
3. ras ewodeba fardobiTi maqsimumis, minimumis wertilebi?
4. ras ewodeba eqstremumis wertlebi? kritikuli wertilebi?
5. CamoayalibeT eqstremumis sakmarisi piroba.
6. CamoayalibeT grafikis amozneqilobisa da Cazneqilobis sakmarisi
pirobebi.
7. ras ewodeba funqcis grafikis asimptoti?
8. ras ewodeba gadaRunvis wertili? CamoayalibeT gadaRunvis wertilis
arsebobis sakmarisi piroba.

praqtikuli magaliTebi:
1. gamoikvlieT funqcia eqstremumze:
a) y =

1 3
x x 2 3x
3

g) y = x + 1 +

1
x 1

b)

y = ex 1

d)

y = ln x +

2. ipoveT funqciis grafikis

1
x

amozneqilobis, Cazneqilobis Sualedebi

da gadaRunvis wertilebi:
a) f ( x ) = x 4 12 x 3 + 48 x 2 50

b) f ( x ) = e x

g) f ( x ) = 3 x 5 5 x 4 + 3 x 2

d) f ( x ) = x 4 + x 2 + e x

3. ipoveT funqciis grafikis

a) y =

x2
x2 + 8

b) y =

asimptotebi

2x 1

( x 1)2

199

$ 6.

ganuzRvrelobaTa gaxsna. lopitalis wesi

vTqvaT, F (x ) funqcia gansazRvruli ar aris x = a wertilSi, magram

zRvari

aqvs,

rodesac

xa.

aseTi

zRvris

moZebnas

ganuzRvrelobaTa

gaxsna ewodeba.

1.

0
ganuzRvrelobebi. davamtkicoT Semdegi
0

Teorema (lopitalis):

vTqvaT, f (x ) da g (x ) funqciebi gansazRvrulia

a wertilis raime modamoSi. Tu

1.

f (a) = g (a) = 0 ,

2.

f (a ) da g (a ) arsebobs, amasTan g ( a ) 0 ,

maSin arsebobs

lim
x a

f ( x)
da adgili aqvs tolobas
g ( x)
lim
xa

lim f ( x ) = 0

damtkiceba: radganac,
vigulisxmoT, rom

f ( x ) f ( x )
=
g ( x ) g ( x )

xa

da

(1)

lim g ( x ) = 0 , amitom SegviZlia

x a

f ( a ) = 0, g ( a ) = 0 . am pirobebSi

f (x ) da

g (x )

funqciebi

uwyvetia a wertilSi. a wertilis aRniSnul midamoSi aviRoT raime x

wertili. koSis formulis Tanaxmad
f ( x ) f ( a ) f ( c )
,
=
g ( x ) g ( a ) g ( c )

sadac

a p c p x.

radgan f ( a ) = 0, g ( a ) = 0 , amitom gveqneba

f ( x ) f ( c )
=
g ( x ) g ( c )

cxadia, Tu
amitom

lim
ca

x a , maSin c a . pirobis Tanaxmad arsebobs lim

xa

f ( c )
f ( x )
= lim
-is
x

a
g ( c )
g ( x )

magaliTi 1:

(2)

da

f ( x )
,
g ( x )

(2) tolobis Tanaxmad marTebulia (1).

ln (1 + x )
;
x 0
sin x

vipovoT lim

200

amoxsna:

Tanaxmad

aq gvaqvs

1
ln (1 + x )
1
lim
= lim 1 + x = = 1 .
x 0
x 0 cos x
sin x
1

magaliTi 2:

2.

0
saxis ganuzRvreloba. lopitalis Teoremis
0

lim
x2

x 2 7 x + 10
2x 7
3
= lim
= ;
2
x2
2x
4
x 4

saxis ganuzRvreloba.

SeniSvna: SeiZleba davamtkicoT, rom

saxis

amave xerxiT SeiZleba

ganuzRvrelobis gaxsna:
magaliTi 3:

ex
ex
ex
ex
lim
lim
lim
=
=
=
= + ;
x + x 3
x + 3 x 2
x + 6 x
x + 6
lim

magaliTi 4:

ln sin x
cos x sin 2 x
cos x 2 cos 2 x
ln sin x
= lim
lim
:
=
= lim
= lim
x 0 ln sin 2 x
x 0 ln sin 2 x
x 0 sin x
sin 2 x x 0 2 cos 2 x sin x

sin 2 x
2x
= lim
= 1.
x 0 2 sin x
x 0 2 x

= lim

3.
maSin

0 saxis ganuzRvreloba. vTqvaT,

f ( x) g ( x)

x=a

namravli

lim f ( x ) = 0
xa

wertilSi

mogvcems

da

lim g ( x ) = ,
xa

saxis

ganuzRvrelobas. igi kvlav SeiZleba gavxsnaT lopitalis wesiT. marTlac,

lim f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim
xa

xa

es ukanaskneli ki warmoadgens

f ( x)
.
1
g ( x)

saxis ganuzRvrelobas. es ki gaixsneba

lopitalis wesiT.
magaliTi 5:

vipovoT

lim e a e x tg .
xa
2a

amoxsna:

201

 ex
ea e x
x

lim e a e x tg = lim
= lim
=
xa
x xa 2 x 1
2a xa

ctg
sin

2a
2a
2a

4.

2a

lim e x sin 2
xa

x
2a

2a

e a sin 2

saxis ganuzRvreloba.

Tu

2a

ea .

lim f ( x ) =

da

xa

lim g ( x ) = ,
xa

maSin lim[ f ( x ) g ( x ) ] saxis ganuzRvrelobas. am saxis ganuzRvrelobis

xa

gaxsna xdeba

0
saxis ganuzRvrelobamde dayvaniT. marTlac
0
1
1

g ( x) f ( x)
lim[ f ( x ) g ( x ) ] = lim
;
xa
xa
1
f ( x) g ( x)

magaliTi 6:

vipovoT

lim ctgx
x 0
x

1
2
x tgx
1

cos 2 x = lim cos x 1 =

= lim
lim ctgx = lim
x 0
x 0
x 0 x + cos 2 xtgx
x
x x 0 xtgx

tgx +
cos 2 x
1

amoxsna:

= lim
x 0

2 cos x sin x 0
sin 2 x
= lim
= = 0.
x 0 1 + cos 2 x
x + cos x sin x
2

5.

1 ,0 0 , 0

saxis ganuzRvrelobebi.

am tipis ganuzRvrelobebis

gaxsna daiyvaneba 0 saxis ganuzRvrelobis gaxsnamde Semdegi formulis

gamoyenebiT

[ f ( x ) ]g ( x ) = e g ( x ) ln f ( x ) , ( f ( x ) f 0 ) .
x

magaliTi 7:

gamovTvaloT

2a
;
lim cos
x
x

amoxsna:

SemoviRoT aRniSvna

2a
,
y = cos
x

saidanac

202

maSin

ln y = x ln cos 2 ax 1 .

ln cos 2 ax 1
a
x
lim
=
=

1
x
2 x ctg 2 ax 1
x

lim ln y = lim x ln cos 2 ax 1 = lim

x

sin 2 2 ax 1
1
sin 2 2 ax 1
= lim
= a lim
x
2 x
x 1
2 ax 1

= a.

davaleba:
SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. ras ewodeba ganuzRvrelobis gaxsnis lopitalis wesi?
2. rogor SeiZleba gavxsnaT

saxis ganuzRvreloba?

ganuzRvreloba?
3. rogor SeiZleba gavxsnaT 1 ,0 0 , 0 saxis ganuzRvrelobebi?

praqtikuli magaliTebi:
gamoTvaleT zRvari lopitalis wesiT:
1.

da
saxis ganuzRvrelobis gaxsna
0

x2
a) lim 3
x2 x 8
ex 1
x 0 cos x 1

g) lim

b)

ex 1
lim
x 0 sin x

d)

lim

ln x
x 0 ln sin x

2. 0 , , 1 ,0 0 , 0 saxis ganuzRvrelobis gaxsna

b) lim x 2 e x

a) lim x ln x

x 0

d) lim(sin x )

tgx

x 0

g) lim x x
x 0

e) lim tgx
x 0
x

203

saxis

$ 7. zRvruli (marJinaluri) amonagebi. danaxarji da mogeba.

zRvruli (marJinaluri) midrekileba dazogvisa
da moxmarebisadmi
1. zRvruli (marJinaluri) amonagebi.

marJinaluri amonagebi

(MR)

gansazRvrulia tolobiT
( MR ) = lim

Q 0

sadac,

(TR)=f(Q)

f (Q + Q ) f (Q )
Q

aris mTliani amonagebis funqcia. aq Q aris moTxovna,

anu gayiduli produqciis raodenoba. Tu es zRvari arsebobs, cxadia, rom

igi aris

f(Q)

funqciis warmoebuli. amrigad moviReT, rom

( MR ) =

d (TR )
= (TR )
dQ

(1)

e.i. marJinaluri amonagebi aris mTliani amonagebis funqciis warmoebuli

moTxovnis

cvladiT.

xSirad

marJinalur

amonagebs

gansazRvraven,

rogorc mTliani amonagebis cvlilebas, rodesac moTxovna Q izrdeba erTi

erTeuliT. aseT midgomas vuwodoT marJinaluri funqciis miaxloebiTi
gamoTvla argumentis (moTxovnis) erTi erTeuliT gazrdis meTodiT da
avRniSnoT igi (MR ) simboloTi. ganvixiloT mTliani amonagebis
funqciis grafiki (nax. 1)

(TR)
T
B
A
C
0

Q+1

nax. 1
rogorc ukve viciT
( MR ) = f (Q ) = tgTAC = TC

xolo
204

(TR)=f(Q)

( MR ) = f (Q + 1) f (Q ) = BC = tgBAC
(MR )

(MR ) da

aqedan Cans, rom

sideeebs Soris sxvaoba

TB

monakveTis sigrZe, garkveul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba sulac ar iyos Zalian

mcire.

amitom

sizustis

marJinaluri amonagebis
magaliTi 1:

(1)

TvalsazrisiT,

umjobesia

visargebloT

ganmartebiT.

moTxovnis funqciaa

1. vipovoT mTliani amonagebis

P = 60 Q

(TR)=f(Q) funqciis gamosaxuleba da misi

marJinaluri funqcia;
2. gamovTvaloT marJinaluri amonagebis funqciis mniSvneloba, roca Q=50
3. gamovTvaloT mTliani amonagebis funqcia argumentis Q=50 da Q=51
mniSvnelobebisaTvis.

( MR ) = f (51) f (50)

SevadaroT

da

(MR )

marJinaluri amonagebi Q=50 mniSvnelobebisaTvis.

amoxsna: 1 . gamoviyenoT mTliani amonagebis formula
(TR)=QP

(2)

(TR ) = QP = ( 60 Q ) Q = 60 Q Q 2 ,

miviRebT

misi

Sesabamisi

marJinaluri

funqcia iqneba
( MR ) =

d (TR )
= f (Q ) = 60 2Q
dQ

2. marJinaluri funqciis mniSvneloba, rodesac Q=50 gamoiTvleba

Semdegi tolobiT:

( MR ) = f (50) = 40
3. rodesac

Q=50 da Q=51, maSin mTliani amonagebisaTvis Sesabamisad

f(50)=500

miviRebT

da

f(51)=459.

amitom mTliani amonagebis cvlileba,

rac mosdevs Q raodenobis erTi erTeuliT gazrdas, gamoiTvleba sxvaobiT

( MR ) = f (51) f (50) = 41

amrigad,

miviReT,

marJinaluri

rom

funqciis

moTxovnis
zusti

cvladis

sidide

(-40)

Q=50

da

mniSvnelobebisaTvis
marJinaluri

funqciis

miaxloebiTi mniSvneloba (- 41) ar emTxveva erTmaneTs.

2. danaxarji da mogeba. saSualo amonagebi (AR) moTxovnis Q doneze,

anu gayiduli saqonlis Q raodenobisaTvis ganisazRvreba tolobiT
( AR ) =

(TR )
Q

205

(3)

(2)

formulis

gamoyenebiT,

sadac

P = g D (Q )

aris

moTxovnis

funqcia,

miviRebT
( AR ) =

P Q
= P = g D (Q )
Q

(4)

e.i. saSualo amonagebi emTxveva moTxovnis funqcias.

mTliani

danaxarjis

fiqsirebuli

(TC)
(FC)

(mudmivi)

funqcia,

romelic

danaxarjisa

da

warmodgindeba

mTliani

cvalebadi

K(Q) _Ti. e.i.

danazarjis jamis saxiT, avRniSnoT

(TC ) = K (Q ) = F (C ) + V (C ) Q
(VC) aris

sadac,

produqciis erTeulis warmoebisaTvis saWiro cvalebadi

danaxarji, xolo Q warmoebuli produqciis raodenoba.

Cveni mizania davaxasiaToT danaxarjis K funqciis cvlilebis siCqare
Q raodenobis cvlasTan dakavSirebiT. vTqvaT,

warmoebuli produqciis
warmoebuli

produqciis

raodenoba

Sesabamisi danaxarji iqneba

gaizarda

raodenobiT,

maSin

K (Q + Q ) . e. i. warmoebuli produqciis Q

nazrds Seesabameba warmoebis danaxarjis nazrdi: K (Q ) = K (Q + Q ) K (Q ) .

amitom warmoebis danaxarjis saSualo nazrdi warmoebuli produqciis
erTeulze gaangariSebiT gamoiTvleba SefardebiT
K (Q )
Q

Sefardebis

zRvars, rodesac

K (Q )
.
Q

Q 0 , ewodeba warmoebis

marJinaluri anu zRvruli (MC) danaxarji:

( MC ) = lim

Q 0

amrigad,

marJinaluri

d (TC )
K (Q )
= K ( Q ) =
dQ
Q

K (Q ) ,

danaxarji

romelic

(5)
gamoTvlilia

raodenobis produqciisaTvis, gamosaxavs warmoebis danaxarjis cvlilebas

sawarmoebeli produqciis erTeulze gaangariSebiT

K K (Q ) Q = dK (Q )

(6)

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom warmoebis xarjebis nazrdi miaxloebiT udris

warmoebis marJinaluri danaxarjisa da produqciis nazrdis namravls, anu
danaxarjis

funqciis

diferencials.

aqac

SegviZlia

SemoviRoT

marJinaluri funqciis miaxloebiTi mniSvnelobis gamosaTvlelad formula,

206

romlelic Seesabameba argumentis (warmoebuli produqciis raodenobis)

erTi erTeuliT gazrdisas miRebuli cvlilebis dadgenas:
( MC ) = (TC ) = K (Q ) = K (Q + 1) K (Q ) K (Q ) 1

(7)

es Tanafardoba miiReba (6) tolobidan, Tu davuSvebT, rom Q = 1 .

ekonomikaSi

(MC )

sidides uwodeben danaxarjs, romelic saWiroa

produqciis (Q+1) _e erTeulis warmoebisaTvis. rogorc vxedavT, es sidide

garkveuli miaxloebiT udris marJinalur
magaliTi 2:

danaxarjs.

vTqvaT, warmoebis saSualo danaxarjis (AC)

mocemulia Semdegi tolobiT ( AC ) = 2Q + 6 +

funqcia

13
Q

a. vipovoT marJinaluri danaxarjis (MC) funqcia.

b. rogori iqneba marJinaluri danaxarjis saSualebiT gamoTvlili
sruli danaxrjis cvlileba, Tu warmoebuliproduqciis raodenoba
15-dan 12 erTeulamde mcirdeba? rogoria AaRniSnul situaciaSi
mTliani danaxarjis zusti cvlileba?
a.

amoxsna:
(TC)

pirvel

rigSi

(TC )
,
Q

amitom

( AC ) =

funqcia

gaTvaliswinebiT

martivad

unda

vipovoT

mTliani

(TC ) = ( AC ) Q .

danaxarjis

magaliTis

pirobis

(TC ) = K (Q ) = 2Q 2 + 6Q + 3 .

davaskvniT

(5) tolobis Tanaxmad, marJinaluri danaxarjis funqciisaTvis miviRebT

( MC ) =

b.

radgan

warmoebuli

d (TC )
= K ( Q ) = 4Q + 6
dQ

produqciis

raodenoba

Q=15

klebulobs

Q + Q = 12 erTeulamde, amitom Q = 12 5 = 3 .

cvlilebis

Sesabamisi

warmoebis

gamosaTvlelad gamoviyenoT (6)

mTliani

formula.

erTeulidan
argumentis am

danaxarjis

cvlilebis

miviRebT

(TC ) K (15) ( 3) = ( 4 15 + 6) ( 3) = 198

amrigad,

aRniSnuli

meTodiT

miviRebT,

rom

danaxarji

daiklebs

198

erTeuliT. gamovTvaloT exla mTliani danaxarjis zusti cvlileba igive

pirobebSi:
(TC ) = K (12) k (15) = 2 12 2 + 6 12 + 13 ( 2 15 2 + 6 15 + 13) =
= 2(12 2 15 2 ) + 6(12 15) = 2 ( 81) 6 ( 3) = 162 18 = 180

207

miRebuli Sedegebis Sedareba gviCvenebs, rom mTliani danaxarjis zust da

miaxloebiT mniSvnelobebs Soris sxvaoba 18 erTeulia.
mogebis funqcia

gamoiTvleba Semdegi formuliT

(Q ) = (TR ) (TC ) ,
sadac (TR) aris mTliani amonagebi, xolo (TC)

mTliani danaxarji. aq Q

aris

raodenoba.

relizebuli

(gayiduli)

produqciis

produqciis

realizaciisaTvis Q raodenobiT gazrdas Seesabameba mogebis nazrdi

(Q ) = (Q + Q ) (Q ) ,
amitom,

mogebis

saSualo

nazrdi

sarealizacio

erTeulze

(Q )
.
Q

gaangariSebiT gamoiTvleba SefardebiT

(Q )
Q

produqtis

Sefardebis zRvars, rodesac

Q 0 , ewodeba zRvruli an

marJinaluri mogeba. Tu funqcia warmoebadia, maSin

(Q )
= ( Q )
Q 0 Q

lim

(8)

amrigad, marJinaluri mogeba, romelic gamoiTvleba Q raodenobis

sarealizacio
(nazrds)

produqciisaTvis,

sarealizacio

gamosaxavs

produqciis

mogebis

erTeulze

myisier

cvlilebas

gaangariSebiT.

(8)

_dan

gamomdinareobs, rom mogebis nazrdi miaxloebiT gamoiTvleba formuliT

(Q ) (Q ) Q = d (Q )
e.i.

mogebis

nazrdi

MmiaxloebiT

udris

(9)
marJinaluri

mogebisa

funqciis

sarealizacio produqciis nazrdis namravls, anu mogebis

diferencials.

Tu

Q = 1 , maSin
= (Q + 1) (Q ) (Q ) 1

(10)

e.i. mogebis nazrdi, romelic Seesabameba realizebuli produqciis erTi

erTeuliT

gazrdas

garkveuli

miaxloebiT,

SegviZlia

CavTvaloT

marJinaluri mogebis tolad.

magaliTi 3:
(FC)=100

lari,

produqciis warmoebis fiqsirebuli (mudmivi) danaxarjia

xolo

cvalebadi

danaxarji

produqciis

erTeulze

Seadgens (VC)=3 lars. moTxovnis funqcia P=200-Q

a. vipovoT marJinaluri mogebis funqcia;
b. daaxloebiT, rogor Seicvleba mogeba relizebuli produqciis erTi
erTeuliT gazrdisas, Tu aRebul momentSi produqciis ralizaciis
208

donea

80

erTeuli.

gamovTvaloT

mogebis

zusti

cvlileba

da

SevadaroT miRebul miaxloebiT mniSvnelobas.

amoxsna:

a.

radgan

cnobilia

mudmivi

danaxarji

da

erTeuli

produqciis warmoebis cvalebadi danaxarji, mTliani danaxarjis funqcia

(TC ) = ( FC ) + (VC ) Q = 100 + 3 Q . amocanis pirobidan gamomdunareobs,

iqneba

rom mTliani amonagebi gamoiTvleba formuliT

(TR ) = P Q = ( 200 Q ) Q = 200 Q Q 2

amitom mogebis funqciisaTvis miviRebT

(Q ) = (TR ) (TC ) = 200 Q Q 2 (100 + 3Q ) = Q 2 + 197Q 100

viciT, rom marJinaluri mogeba aris mogebis funqciis warmoebuli. amitom
marJinaluri mogeba iqneba (Q ) = 2Q + 197
b.

amocanis meore kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad SevniSnoT, rom am

Q = 80 da Q = 1

SemTxvevaSi

(80) (80) 1 = 2 80 + 197 = 37 .

gamoviyenoT (9) toloba:

amrigad,
erTeuliT
(lariT).

Tu

metis

mogebis miaxloebiTi cvlilebis mosaZebnad

aRebul
gayidva

momentSi
mogebas

iyideba

gazrdis

80

erTeuli,

daaxloebiT

masin

37

erti

erTeuliT

Q = 1 .

gamovTvaloT mogebis zusti nazrdi, Tu

(80) = (81) (80) = 812 + 197 81 ( 80 2 + 197 80 100) = 36

vxedavT, rom mogebis cvlilebis miaxloebiT da zust mniSvnelobebs Soris

sxvaobaa erTi erTeuli.

3.

zRvruli

(marJinaluri)

midrekileba

dazogvisa

da

moxmarebisadmi. exla gamovikvlioT, Tu rogoria moxmarebis xarjebisa da

danazogis

cvlilebaTa

tendencia

erovnuli

Semosavlis

cvlilebasTan

dakavSirebiT, risTvisac gamoviyenoT warmoebulis cneba.

moxmarebisa da danazogis
S(Y) iT.

funqciebi avRniSnoT, Sesabamisad, C(Y) da

vigulisxmoT, rom vixilavT martiv models da Y erovnuli

Semosavli gamoiyeneba mxolod moxmarebis xarjebisa da danazogisaTvis. e.i.

Y= C(Y)+ S(Y)

cxadia,

rom

erovnuli

moxmarebis

funqciisa

erovnuli

Semosavlis

da

Semosavlis

danazogis

erT

(11)

funqciis

erTeulze

SefardebebiT:

209

cvlilebas

cvlilebebi,

gadaangariSebiT

mosdevs
romlebic

gamoiTvleba

C (Y )
Y

es

S (Y )
Y

da

Sefardebebi gviCveneben C da S

(Y , Y + Y )
zRvrebs,

intervalSi, anu maTi cvlilebis tendenciebs. am SefardebaTa

Y 0 ,

rodesac

zRvruli

`cvlilebis saSualo siCqares~

midrekileba

ewodebaT,

(miswrafeba)

Sesabamisad,

marJinaluri

anu

MPC

da

momxmareblebisadmi

marJinaluri anu zRvruli midrekileba (miswrafeba) dazogvisadmi

MPS.

C (Y )
= C (Y )
Y 0 Y

MPC = lim

(12)

S (Y )
MPS = lim
= S (Y )
Y 0
Y
Tu gavawarmoebT (11) tolobis orive mxares Y cvaldiT da gamoviyenebT

(12)

tolobebs, miviRebT

MPC + MPS = C (Y ) + S (Y ) = 1
magaliTi 4:

(13)

moxmarebis funqcia mocemulia tolobiT:

C (Y ) = 0,01 Y 2 + 0, 2 y + 50

MPC da MPS, rodesac Y=30.

vipovoT

gavaanalizoT miRebuli Sedegi.

amoxsna: moxmarebis funqciis warmoebuli gvaZlevs MPC marJinalur

MPC = C (Y ) = 0,02Y + 0, 2 , Tu Y=30.

midrekilebas momxmareblisadmi.

MPC = 0,02 30 + 0, 2 = 0,8

marJinaluri

midrekileba

dazogvisadmi

MPS = 1 - MPC = 0,2 .

gamovTvaloT (13) formulis gamoyenebiT

maSin

MPS

miRebuli

Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom Tu erovnuli Semosavlis done 30 erTeulia, maSin

misi gazrda erTi erTeuliT gamoiwvevs moxmarebis gazrdas daaxloebiT 0,8
erTeuliT, xolo dazogvis gazrdas _ daaxloebiT 0,2 erTeuliT. amrigad,
erovnuli

Semosavlis

aRniSnul

doneze

midrekileba

momxmareblisadmi

ufro didia, vidre dazogvisadmi.

davaleba:
SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. gansazRvreT

marJinaluri

amonagebi.

amonagebis meorenairi ganmarteba.

210

moiyvaneT

marJinaluri

da(MR)* sideebs Soris.

2. geometriulad aCveneT sxvaoba (MR)

3. ganmarteT saSualo amonagebis sidide moTxovnis Q donisaTvis.

4. gansazRvreT warmoebis marJinaluri anu zRvruli (MC) danaxarji.
5. amowereT

marJinaluri

funqciis

miaxloebiTi

mniSvnelobis

gamosaTvleli formula.
6. ganmarteT zRvruli anu

marJinaluri mogeba.

7. amowereT mogebis nazrdis miaxloebiTi gamosaTvleli formula.

8. amowereT formula, romelic amyarebs kavSirs moxmarebis zRvrul
midrekilebasa da dazogvis zRvrul midrekilebas Soris.

praqtikuli savarjiSoebi:
1. mocemulia mTliani amonagebis funqcia =100Q-Q2

a) vipovoT marJinaluri amonagebis funqcia;

b) vTqvaT,

aRebul

cvlilebebs

momentSi

ganicdis

produqciaze

(TR) mTliani

moTxovnaa

amonagebi,

Tu

Q=60.

ra

moTxovna

gaizrdeba 2 erTeuliT?
2.

warmoebis

warmoebuli

yoveldRiuri

produqciis

K (Q ) = 100Q + 0,1Q 2 ,

danaxarji,

moculobaze,

romelic

damokidebulia

ganisazRvreba

formuliT

0 Q 100 . vipovoT warmoebis zRvruli (marJinaluri)

danaxarji, Tu warmoebis moculoba tolia:

a) 3 erTeulis;
b) 5,5 erTeulis.
miaxloebiT

ramdeniT

gaizrdeba

warmoebis

xarjebi,

rodesac

produqcia izrdeba:
g) 200 erTeulidan 200,5 erTeulamde?
d) 800 erTeulidan 800,5 erTeulamde?
SeadareT g) da d) punqtebis pasuxebi warmoebis xarjebis zust
nazrdebs.

211

$ 8. funqciis elastikuroba. moTxovnilebis elastikuroba

fasis mixedviT. miwodeba da miwodebis elastikuroba. sruli da
saSualo danaxarjebis elastikuroba
1.

funqciis

gamovTvaloT

damokidebuli

damoukidebeli
gamovTvaloT

elastikuroba.
cvladis

warmoebulis

cvladis
nazrds.

damokidebuli

cvladis

daxmarebiT

nazrdi,
bevr

romelic

amocanaSi

namatis

SeiZleba
Seesabameba

moxerxebulia

procenti

(SefardebiTi

nazrdi), romelic Seesabameba damoukidebeli cvladis namatis procents,

amaa mivyavarT funqciis elastikurobis cnebamde (zogjer mas uwodeben
fardobiT warmoebuls).

y = f (x ) funqcia. davuSvaT, rom damoukidebeli cvladis

mocemulia
nazrdia

x , xolo damoukidebeli x cvladis SefardebiTi nazrdi

x
.
x

damokidebuli cvladis Sesabamisi nazrdi aris y = f ( x + x ) f ( x ) , xolo

y
.
y

damokidebeli cvladis SefardebiTi nazrdia

cvladis)

SefardebiTi

nazrdis

SefardebiT nazrdTan aris

es

Sefardeba

Sefardeba

funqciis (damokidebeli

damoukidebeli

cvladis

y x
:
.
y
x

gviCvenebs,

ramdenjer

didia

funqciis

SefardebiTi

nazrdi argumentis SefardebiT nazrdze. es SeiZleba, agreTve, CavweroT

Semdegi saxiT:
y x y x
=

:
y
x
x y

(1)

y = f (x ) funqciis warmoebuli, maSin

Tu arsebobs

y x
y x x
x dx
y x
= lim
= lim
:
= f ( x ) =
x 0 y
x x0 x y y x0 x y
y dy

lim

(2)

zRvars,

damoukidebeli

y = f (x )

e.i.

cvladis

rodesac damoukidebeli
funqciis elastikuroba

funqciis

SefardebiTi

nazrdis

cvladis nazrdi
x cvladis mimarT.

212

SefardebiTi

nazrdisa

Sefardebis

x 0 ,

(2)

ewodeba

da

zRvars,

y = f (x )

y = f (x )

funqciis

elastikuroba

Ex ( y)

aRiniSneba

simboloTi.

maSasadame,
Ex ( y) =

x dx

y dy

(3)

elastikuroba x cvladis mimarT aris funqciis miaxloebiTi procentuli

nazrdi, romelic Seesabameba damoukidebeli cvladis 1% -iT gazrdas.
magaliTi 1:

y=3x-6

gamoTvaleT funqciis elastikuroba

amoxsna: elastikurobis ganmartebis ZaliT gvaqvs:

Ex ( y) =

x dx
x
3x
x

=
3 =
=
y dy 3( x 2)
3x 6 x 2

Tu, magaliTad, x=10, maSin funqciis elastikuroba aris

10
10 5
=
=
10 2 8 4

es niSnavs. rom Tu x cvladi gaizarda 1% -iT, maSin y gaizrdeba

magaliTi 2:

gamoTvaleT funqciis elastikuroba

5
%-iT.
4

y = 1+ 2x x2

amoxsna: elastikurobis ganmartebis ZaliT gvaqvs:

Ex ( y) =

x dx
x
2x 2x2

=
(
2

2
)
=
x
y dy 1 + 2 x x 2
1+ 2x x2

Tu, magaliTad, x=1, maSin funqciis elastikuroba aris

2 1 2 12
=0
1 + 2 1 1

es niSnavs. rom Tu x cvladi gaizarda 1% -iT (1-da, 1,01 mde), maSin

damoukidebeli cvladis mniSvneloba ar Sicvleba (daaxloebiT).

2. moTxovnilebis elastikuroba fasis mixedviT.

mocemul saqonelsa

da mis fass Soris arsebuli funqcionaluri damokidebuleba (im pirobiT,

rom

sxva

saqonlis

fasi,

myidvelTa

Semosavali

da

moTxovnilebaTa

struqtura mudmivi sidideebia) saSualebas gvaZlevs fasi ganvsazRvroT

saTanadod

gansazRvruli

moTxovnilebis

mixedviT.

magram,

mTel

rig

ekonomikur gamokvlevebSi, aucilebelia ganvsazRvroT ara moTxovnilebis

sidide,

aramed

moTxovnilebis

cvlileba,

gamowveuli

fasebis

gansazRvruli cvlilebiT. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, saWiroa ganvsazRvroT

moTxovnilebis
moTxovnilebs

elastikuroba

fasis

mimarT.

q damokidebulia P fasisagan

213

vigulisxmoT,

rom

q = f (P )
P

vTqvaT,
nazrdi.

fasis

(1)

q moTxovnilebis Sesabamisi

fasis nazrdia, xolo

fardobiTi

cvlileba

aris

fardobiTi cvlilebaa

q
.
q

Sefardeba

q P
:
q P

fardobiT

roca

cvlilebas,

saqonlis

P
,
P

fasi

xolo

moTxovnilebis

gamosaxavs moTxovnilebis
izrdeba

erTi

procentiT.

moTxovnilebis elastikuroba fasis mimarT ewodeba zRvars

q P
q P P
q P dq
= lim
= lim
E P ( q ) = E c = lim
:
=
P 0 q

0
P
P q dP

P q q

(2)

da, maSasadame,
Ec =

moTxovnilebis

P dq
.

q dP

elastikuroba

(3)

fasis

mimarT,

daaxloebiT

gansazRvravs, Tu rogor icvleba moTxovnileba saqonelze, roca misi fasi

izrdeba

1%

-iT.

umravles

SemTxvevaSi

moTxovnilebis

funqcia

aris

klebadi, radganac saqonlis fasis gazrdiT moTxovnileba masze mcirdeba.

maSasadame, aseT SemTxvevaSi
dq
p0
dP

imisaTvis,

rom

avicdinoT

uaryofiTi

ricxvebi,

moTxovnilebis

elastkurobis Seswavlis dros moRebulia, rom

Ec =

Tu

P dq

q dP

(4)

E c f 1 , e.i. Tu fasebis 1% -iT gazrda iwvevs moTxovnilebis

Semcirebas, maSin amboben, rom moTxovnileba elastikuria.

Tu

E c = 1 , e.i. Tu fasebis 1% -iT gazrda iwvevs moTxovnilebis 1% -iT

Semcirebas, maSin amboben, rom moTxovnileba neitraluria.

Tu

0 p E c p 1 , e.i. Tu fasebis 1% -iT gazrda iwvevs moTxovnilebis 1%

-ze metiT Semcirebas, maSin amboben, rom moTxovnileba araelastikuria.

magaliTi

3:

Tu

moTxovnilebis

funqcia

moTxovnilebis elastikuroba etoleba

Ec =

P dq
P
P

=
( 1) =
q dP
10 P
10 P

214

aris

q=10-P,

maSin

Tu P=2, maSin
Ec =

es

niSnavs,

rom

moTxovnilebis

fasi

2-ia,

2 1
=
8 4

maSin

fasis

1%

-iT

gazrda

gamoiwvevs

1
% -iT Semcirebas.
4

magaliTi 4:

q=

Tu moTxovnilebis funqcia aris

C
P

(C mudmivia),

maSin moTxovnilebis elastikuroba etoleba

Ec =

P dq
P C
2
2

= P P =1
C P2
q dP
P

maSasadame, es moTxovnileba fasis ukuproporciulia, maSin nebismieri

fasisaTvis, moTxovnilebis elastikuroba erTis tolia.

3. miwodeba da miwodebis elastikuroba. miwodebaSi igulisxmeba

romelime saqonelis raodenoba, romelic gankuTvnilia erTeul droSi
gasayidad.
aris

rogorc wesi, romelime saqonlis miwodeba mocemul periodSi

fasis

zrdadi

funqcia.

yvela

sxva

danarCen

erTnair

pirobebSi

miwodeba mocemuli fasis dros ufro metia, vidre miwodeba naklebi fasis
dros.

magram

aris

SemTxvevebi,

roca

miwodeba

izrdeba

fasebis

SemcirebasTan erTad. magaliTad xorblis fasis dacema xSirad aizulebs

glexs, gazardos miwodeba, Tu mas surs gansazRvruli Semosavlis miReba.
vTqvaT,

S = S (P ) aris miwodebis funqcia, P

S Sesabamisi miwodebis nazrdi.

xolo miwodebis fardobiTi nazrdi

fasis nazrdia, xolo

fasis SefardebiTi nazrdi aris

P
,
P

S
.
S

zRvars
S P dS P
S P
S P P
= lim
=
= S
E P ( S ) = E P = lim
:
= lim
P 0 S
P P0 P S S P 0 P q dP q

ewodeba

(5)

miwodebis elastikuroba fasis mimarT. maSasadame, miwodebis

elastikuroba fasis mimarT daxloebiT gansazrvravs miwodebis naxrds

procentebSi,

1% -iT gazrdis dros.

215

4.

sruli

awarmoebs

da

saSualo

romeliRac

danaxarjebis

saqonlis

elastikuroba. Tu sawarmo

erTeuls

da

gansazRvrulia

srul

danaxarjTa funqcia, maSin srul danaxarjTa elastikuroba aris:

Ex ( K ) = EK =

da,

maSasadame,

srul

dK x dK K
=

dx K
dx x

danaxarjTa

elastikuroba

(6)
aris

zRvruli

danaxarjebis fardoba.

K
_ saSualo danaxarjis elastikuroba Seadgens:
x

dK
dK
x
K
K
2
x
x d
x
x dK
dx
dx
E x ( ) = E =
=

=
1 = EK 1
2
2
k
dx K
K dx
x
x
x
x

da, maSasadame, saSualo danaxarjTa elastikuroba erTeuliT mcire srul

danaxarjTa elastikurobaze.
Tu E K = 1 , maSin saSualo danaxarjTa elastikuroba tolia
e.i.

nulis.

E = 0 , rac imas niSnavs, rom saSualo danaxarjebi mudmivia. aqedan

gamomdinareobs, rom
x

dK
K =0
dx

an

dK K
=
x
dx

(7)

maSasadame, Tu srul danaxarjTa elastikuroba erTis tolia, maSin sruli

zRvruli danaxarjebi tolia sruli saSualo danaxarjebisa.

davaleba:
SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. raSi mdgomareobs warmoebulis ekonomikuri azri?
2. ras ewodeba warmoebis zRvruli danaxarji?
3. ganmarteT ras ewodeba zRvruli mogeba.
4. CamoayalibeT funqciis elastikurobis cneba.
5. CamoayalibeT moTxovnilebis elastikuroba fasis mimarT.
6. ra SemTxvevaSia moTxovnileba neitraluri?
7. rodisaa moTxovnileba araelastikuri?
216

8. ganmarteT miwodebiselastikuroba fasis mimarT.

9. ganmarteT srul danaxarjTa elastikuroba.
10. CamoayalibeT saSualo danaxarjTa elastikuroba.

praqtikuli savarjiSoebi:
1.

srul

danaxarjTa

mruds

aqvs

saxe

K=6log(1+3x).

gansazRvreT

zRvrul danaxarjTa mrudi.

2.

daamtkiceT, rom Tu

E x [ f ( x )]

aris f(x) funqciis elastikuroba,

maSin xf(x) funqciis elastikuroba, aris E x [ f ( x )] + 1

3.

y=x3-1

gamoTvaleT

funqciis

elastikuroba.

elastikurobis maCvenebeli, roca: a) x=1

4.

y = e5x

gamoTvaleT

funqciis

elastikurobis maCvenebeli, roca:

5.

y = 5 log x

gamoTvaleT

y = ax + b

gamoTvaleT

ipoveT

funqciis

b) x=0 g) x=2

funqciis elastikuroba. ipoveT funqciis

elastikurobis maCvenebeli, roca:

6.

funqciis

b) x=5

elastikuroba.
a) x=1

ipoveT

funqciis

a) x=10

b) x=e g) x=e4

elastikuroba,

sadac

da

da

mudmivebia.
7.

y = ax m

gamoTvaleT

funqciis

elastikuroba,

sadac

mudmivebia.
8.

romeliRac saqonlis miwodebis funqcia aris

moTxovnilebis funqciaa
fasi.

e.i.

fasi,

romlis

q=

S=

20 + 4 P 2
, xolo
1 + 10 P

25 P 4 P 2
. gansazRvreT wonasworobis
1 + 10 P

drosac

moTxovnileba

da

miwodeba

wonaswordeba, agreTve moTxovnilebis elastikuroba da miwodeba

am fasisaTvis.

217

$ 9. ekonomikuri amocanebi funqciis eqstremumis gamokvlevaze

magaliTi 1:

dawesebuleba TveSi amzadebs produqciis x erTeuls.

warmoebis finansuri dagroveba dakavSirebulia gamoSvebuli produqciis x

moculobasTan formuliT:
A = 0,01x 3 + 300 x 500

vipovoT warmoebuli:
A = 0,03 x 2 + 300

aqedan gamomdinare, A p 0 , Tu 0,03 x 2 + 300 p 0 , anu

3 x 2 30000 f 0 , saidanac

x 2 10000 f 0

x f 100 .

utoloba sruldeba, roca x p 100 an

maSasadame, Tu produqciis gamoSveba gadaaWarbebs 100 erTeuls, maSin

warmoebis finansuri dagroveba iklebs.
magaliTi 2:

vigulisxmoT, rom romelime saqonlis moTxovnileba

ganisazRvreba am saqonlis fasiT Semdegi formuliT

q = f ( p)
sadac, p saqonlis fasia, xolo q- Sesabamisi moTxovnileba. mosaxleobis
saerTo danaxarji am saqonelze (amonagebi saqonlis gayidviT) Seadgens

u = pq ,

xolo zRvruli mogeba aris

p
q ) .
q

u = q + pq = q (1 +

vinaidan moTxovnilebis alstikuroba fasis mimarT aris

Ec =

p
q
q

amitom vRebulobT
u = q (1 E c )

(1)

es gantoleba gansazRvravs damokidebulebas saqonlis gayidviT miRebul

mogebsa da moTxovnilebas Soris. (1) gantolebidan SeiZleba gavakeToT
Semdegi daskvnebi:
1. Tu E c >1,

fasis

maSin u p 0 , e.i. Tu moTxovnileba elastikuria, maSin

momatebiT,

saqonlis

mcirdeba.

218

gayidviT

miRebuli

Semosavali

2. Tu

maSin u = 0 , u mudmivia. es niSnavs, rom neitraluri

E c =1,

moTxovnilebis

dros

saqonlis

gayidviT

miRebuli

Semosavali

pq=C, saidanac

damokidebulia ar aris fasze. am SemTxvevaSi

c
, sadac c mudmivia. maSasadame, neitraluri moTxovnilebis
p

q=

dros misi sidide fasis ukuproporciulia.

maSin u f 0 , e.i. Tu moTxovnileba araelastikuria,

3. Tu 0 p E c p 1 ,

maSin fasis momatebiT Semosavali izrdeba

naTqvamidan gamomdinareobs, rom mocemuli saqonlis moTxovnilebis
elastikurobis

codniT,

SegviZlia

gamovarkvioT

fasis

cvlilebiT

gamowveuli Semosavlis sidide.

magaliTi

3:

damaxasiaTebelia

monopolisturi

kapitalizmisaTvis,

dawesebuleba,

amzadebs

romeliRac

romelic
produqts.

monopolistur dawesebulebas ainteresebs maqsimaluri mogeba. am

mizans,

rom miaRwios, mas SeuZlia:

1. gazardos warmoeba fasebis Seucvlelad;
2. warmoeba

datovos

ucvlelad,

xolo

fasebi

Seufardos

moTxovnilebas;
3. fasebi datovos ucvlelad, xolo warmoebis moculoba Seufardos

moTxovnilebas;
vigulisxmoT, rom
saqonlis

erTeuls.

monopolisturi sawarmo
maSin

fasi,

romlis

amzadebs mocemuli

drosac

moTxovnileba

erTeulis tolia, vTqvaT, ase ganisazRvreba p=p(x). K(x) iT

warmoebis

mTliani

maSin mogeba

danaxarjebi

z=u(x)-K(x)

erTeuli

produqciis

avRniSnoT

dsamzadeblad.

x is funqcia. e.i.

aris, agreTve,

z=xp(x)-K(x)

warmoebis mogeba iqneba maqsimaluri, Tu SenarCunebulia ori piroba:

z = 0,
pirveli

z p 0

pirobidan gamomdinareobs, rom

u ( x ) K ( x ) = 0
e.i.

u ( x ) = K ( x ) .
aqedan

gamomdinare,

warmoebas

SeuZlia

maqsimaluri

mogebis

miReba

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac zRvruli mogeba tolia zRvruli danaxarjebis.

219

im

meore

pirobidan gamomdinareobs, rom

u ( x ) K ( x ) p 0
e.i.

u ( x ) p K ( x ) .
es niSnavs, rom warmoeba miiRebs maqsimalur mogebas, Tu zRvruli mogebis
zrdis tempi naklebia zRvruli danaxarjebis zrdis tempze.
magaliTi 4:

mocemulia:

1. saSualo danaxarjebis funqcia ( x ) = x

2. moTxovnilebis funqciaa p=10-3x.
gamoiangariSeT warmoebis moculoba, romlis drosac Semosavali iqneba
maqsimumi.

K = x x = x 2 , xolo zRvruli mTliani

mTliani danaxarji Seadgens

danaxarjia

dk
= 2 x . mTliani Semosavali aris
dx

zRvruli mTliani Semosavali Seadgens

warmoebuli

d 2k
= 2,
dx 2

du
= 10 6 x . movZebnoT meore rigis
dx

d 2u
= 6 . adgili aqvs utolobas
dx 2

maSasadame, mogeba iqneba maqsimaluri, Tu x =

fasi Seadgens:

u = xp = x (10 3 x ) = 10 x 3 x 2 .

p = 10 3

5 25
,
=
4 4

5
, saidanac monopolisturi
4

maSin saSualo danaxarjebi Seadgenen

5
, xolo sruli danaxarjebia:
4
K = x =

5 5 25
.
=
4 4 16

zRvruli Semosavali aris

u = px =

25 5 125
=
,
4 4 16

xolo maqsimaluri Semosavalia

z =uk =

d 2u d 2 k
p 2 .
dx 2
dx

125 25 100 25

=
=
.
16 16 16
4

220

davaleba:
praqtikuli savarjiSoebi:
1. mTliani
(x

danaxarjebis

produqciis

funqcias

moculobaa)

aqvs

saxe:

gamoTvaleT,

K=x3-6x2+15x

warmoebis

rogori

moculobis dros iqneba saSualo danaxarjebi minimaluri.

2. siTxis gadasazid V moculobis mqone rezervuars aqvs cilindris
forma. rogori unda iyos cilindris zomebi, rom mis dasamzadeblad
saWiro masalis Rirebuleba iyos minimaluri.
3. gansazRvreT funqciis eqstremumi:

a)

y = x3 x 2 5x + 1

y = xe x

b)

g) y = x 2 e x
4. konservis qilas unda hqondes cilindris forma da 1dm3 moculoba.
gamoTvaleT,

rogori

unda

iyos

misi

fuZis

radiusi,

rom

misi

zedapiris farTobi iyos minimaluri.

5.

radiusian

sferoSi

Caxazulia

cilindri.

gamoTvaleT

cilindris fuZis r radiusi, romlis drosac gverdiTi zedapiros

farTi maqsimaluria.

$ 10. ori cvladi funqciis zRvari da uwyvetoba. kerZo

warmoebulebi, sruli diferenciali

1. ori cvladis funqcia. ori cvladis funqciis zRvari. Cven xSirad

vxvdebiT

iseT

amocanebs,

mravali

damoukidebeli

mravalsaqonliani

bazris

romelTa

gadawyveta

cvladis

funqciaTa

maxasiaTeblebi

SesaZlebelia
Teoriis

damokidebulia

mxolod

daxmarebiT.
TiToeuli

saqonlis moTxovnasa da fasze, rasac bunebrivad mivyavarT erTze meti

cvladis funqciamde.

221

aseT damokidebulebaTa Sesawavlad unda SemoviRoT mravali cvladis

funqciis

cneba.

simartivisaTvis

SeviswavloT

SemTxveva,

rodesac

cvladebis raodenoba oris tolia.

gansazRvreba

1.

ganvixiloT

vTqvaT, (x,y)

cvladi.

ori

urTierTdamoukidebeli
D areSi. Tu

wyvili icvleba raRac

da

(x,y) wyvilis

yovel mniSvnelobas D aredan, Seesabameba garkveuli z mniSvneloba, maSin

amboben, rom

aris ori damoukidebeli x da y

cvladebis funqcia,

romelic gansazRvrulia D areSi.

x da y
z

xolo

cvladebs uwodeben argumentebs, anu damoukidebel cvladebs,

damokidebel

cvlads,

anu

funqcias.

ori

cvladis

funqcias

simbolurad avRniSnavT:

z = f ( x, y ) ,
gansazRvreba 2.

da a.S.

D ares ewodeba z = f ( x , y ) funqciis gansazRvris are.

magaliTi 1: gansazRvreT
3x-y

z=F(x,y),

z=3x-y

funqciis gansazRvris are.

_ analizur gamosaxulebas azri aqvs x da y

_is nebismieri

mniSvnelobebisaTvis, amitom mocemuli funqcia gansazRvrulia mTel Oxy

sibrtyeze.
gansazRvreT z = 1 x 2 y 2 funqciis gansazRvris are.

magaliTi 2:

analizuri gamosaxuleba
mniSvnelobebisaTvis,
mocemuli

roca

funqciis

1 x2 y2

gansazRvrulia x da y

1 x2 y2 0

ganasazRvris

are

anu

iqneba

x2 + y2 1.

_is im

maSasadame,

erTeulradiusiani

centriT koordinatTa saTaveSi, xolo misi sazRvari

wre,

x2 + y2 = 1

wrec

wertilis

midamo

ekuTvnis gansazRvris ares.

SemovitanoT
x

ewodeba

da

cneba.

Oxy

cvladebis

sibrtyis
im

M 0 ( x0 , y 0 )

mniSvnelobaTa

simravles,

romlebic

akmayofileben pirobas:
x x0 p ,

sadac,

y y0 p

nebismierad mcire dadebiTi ricxvia.

vityviT. rom Z=f(x,y)

funqcias M 0 ( x 0 , y 0 )

wertilze zRvarad aqvs A

ricxvi, Tu yovel nebismier f 0 Seesabameba iseTi mcire f 0 ricxvi, rom,

roca x x0 p ,

y y 0 p , maSin adgili aqvs utolobas:

222

f ( x, y ) A p

(1)

am garemoebas ase Caweren:

lim f ( x, y) = A

xx0
yy0

vTqvaT, Z= f(x,y) funqcia gansazRvrulia M 0 ( x 0 , y 0 )

da TviT m0 wertilzec.

f(x,y)

amboben, rom

is raime midamoSi

funqcia uwyvetia argumentTa

x0 da y 0 mniSvnelobebisaTvis (f(x,y)funqcia uwyvetia M 0 ( x 0 , y 0 ) wertilze),

Tu yovel winaswar aRebul nebismierad mcire f 0 ricxvs iseTi f 0

ricxvi Seesabameba, rom yvela

da

mniSvnelobebisaTvis, romlebic

akmayofileben pirobas:
x x0 p ,

y y0 p ,

maSin adgili aqvs utolobas:

f ( x, y ) f ( x0 , y 0 p

an, Tu avRniSnavT:
nazrdebia), maSin

x x 0 = x

da

y y 0 = y

(2)
( x

da

argumentebis

(2) utoloba Semdegnairad gadaiwereba

f ( x0 + x , y 0 + y ) f ( x0 , y 0 p ,

roca x p , y p

(3)

e.i. Tu funqcia uwyvetia, maSin argumentis usasrulod mcire nazrdebs

funqciis usasrulod mcire nazrdebi Seesabameba.

me_(3)

piroba SegviZlia

Semdegi saxiTac gadavweroT:

lim f ( x, y) = f (lim x, lim y)

f(x,y)

amboben, rom

(4)

funqcia uwyvetia romelime D areSi, Tu igi

uwyvetia am aris yovel wertilze.

Tu (3) an (4) pirobas adgili ara aqvs, aseT SemTxvevaSi f(x,y) funqcia
wyvetilia M 0 ( x 0 , y 0 ) wertilSi.
magaliTi

mniSvnelobisaTvis,
araviTari
(an

azri.

mxolod

z=

3.

radgan,
Tumca,

y-is)

x2 y2
x2 + y2

funqcia

x = y = 0,

roca

Tu

funqcias,

z-s

maSin

ganvixilavT,
maSin

mniSvnelobisaTvis.

223

igi

wyvetilia
funqcias

rogorc

uwyvetia

( x = 0, y = 0)
ara

mxolod
x=0

(an

aqvs
x-is

y = 0)

funqciis uwyvetobidan gamomdinare uSualod gamomdinareobs, rom, Tu

f(x,y) funqcia uwyvetia orive cvladis mimarT erTdroulad, maSin igi

aucileblad uwyveti iqneba TiToeuli cvladis mimarT cal-calke, magram

Sebrunebul daskvnas sazogadod adgili ara aqvs. e. i. mravali cvladis
funqcia uwyveti SeiZleba iyos TiToeuli argumentis mimarT cal-calke,
magram igi ar aRmoCndeba uwyveti erTdroulad yvela cvladis mimarT. risi
dasturicaa ganxiluli magaliTi.
z= f(x,y) funqcia wyvetilia M 0 ( x 0 , y 0 ) wertilSi, Tu

1. igi gansazRvrulia

M 0 wertilis nebismier midamoSi, garda TviT m0

wertilisa.
M 0 wertilis raime midamos yovel wertilSi,

2. igi gansazRvrulia

lim f ( x, y )

magram ar arsebobs zRvari

3. igi gansazRvrulia

M 0 wertilis raime midamoSi da arsebobs zRvari

lim f ( x , y ) f ( x 0 , y 0 )

lim f ( x , y ) , magram

x x0
y y0

x x0
y y0

z = x 2 + y 2 uwyvetia nebismieri x da y_isaTvis

magaliTi 4. funqcia
Oxy sibrtyidan.

marTlac,

x x0
y y0

z = ( x + x ) + ( y + y ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 2 x x + 2 y y + x 2 + y 2 ,
2

lim z = 2 x 0 + 2 y 0 + 0 2 + 0 2 = 0

maSasadame,

x 0
y 0

magaliTi

5.

funqcia

z =

2 xy
x + y2

gansazRvrulia

mTel

sibrtyeze garda x=y=0 wertilisa. ganvixiloT misi z mniSvneloba

Oxy

y = kx

(k = const ) wrfis gaswvriv. cxadia, rom

z =

2 kx 2
2k
=
= const .
2
2 2
1+ k2
x +k x

rogorc vxedavT z funqcia mudmivia yovel wrfeze, romelis gadis

koordinatTa saTaveze da igi damokidebulia am wrfis

k _ sakuTxo

koeficientze. amitom zRvariTi mniSvneloba damokidebulia im wrfeze,

romelzedac

vmoZraobT

Oxy

sibrtyeSi.

es

ki

imas

niSnavs,

rom

igi

wyvetilia O(0,0) wertilSi. cxadia igi uwtvetia Oxy sibrtyis sxva nebismier
wertilSi.
224

ganvixiloT ori cvladis

z=f(x,y)

funqcia

gansazRvruli raime

(5)

areSi. CavTvaloT y mudmivad, e.i.

davtovoT igi ucvlelad (mudvivad) da ganvixiloT z, rogorc mxolod x_is

funqcia. axla x cvlads mivceT x nazrdi, maSin
nazrds, romelic

x z _ iT avRniSnoT. e. i.

z-ic

miiRebs saTanado

x z = f ( x + x, y ) f ( x, y) ;

x z sidides ewodeba aRebuli funqciis kerZo nazrdi

x_iT.

Tu

arsebobs zRvari

xz
f ( x + x, y ) f ( x, y )
= lim
x 0 x
x 0
x
lim

maSin am zRvars ewodeba f(x,y)

z
f
,
x
x

aRniSnaven Sesabamisad

x_iT da mas

funqciis kerZo warmoebuli

f x ( x , y ) -iT.

an

e.i.

z
f
f ( x + x, y) f ( x, y)
=
= f x ( x , y ) = lim
x 0
x
x
x
y_iT;

analogiurad ganimarteba kerZo warmoebulebi

(6)

gveqneba

f (x, y + y) f (x, y)
z
f
=
= f y ( x , y ) = lim
y 0
y
y
y
magaliTi 6:

vTqvaT, mocemulia funqcia:

z = f ( x, y ) =

kerZo

(7)

warmoebulebis

x2 + y2 ;

vipovoT

ganmartebis

z
x

da

Tanaxmad

z
.
y

gawarmoebis

wesebi

ucvlelia, mxolod rodesac vawarmoebT erT-erTi cvladiT, maSin meore

rCeba ucvleli _ mudmivi.

maSasadame, gveqneba

z
x2 + y2 x
=
=
x
2 x2 + y2

x
x

+ y

z
x2 + y2 y
=
=
y
2 x2 + y2

y
x

+ y2

ganvmartoT mravali cvladis funqciis kerZo diferencialebi.

f x ( x , y ) x

namravls,

an,

rac

igivea

z
x
x

gamosaxulebas,

sadac

x aris x argumentis nazrdi, ewodeba f ( x , y ) funqciis kerZo diferenciali

x_iT da mas aRniSnaven

dxz =

z
x
x

225

(8)

z x , maSin

kerZod, Tu

dx = x , amitom (8) toloba SeiZleba ase

CavweroT

dxz =

z
dx
x

(9)

analogiurad ganimarteba z funqciis kerZo diferenciali y-iT, e.i.

dyz =

z
dy
y

(10)

iseve, rogorc erTi cvladis SemTxvevaSi, funqciis sruli diferenciali

ewodeba

funqciis

nazrdis

mTavar

nawils.

roca

es

diferenciali

arsebobs, igi udris yvela argumentis mimarT kerZo diferencialTa jams

da aRiniSneba dz -iT. e.i.

z
z
dx +
dy = f xdx + f xdy
y
x

dz =
z = arctg

magaliTi 7.

z
= arctg
x

x
y

=
x

z
= arctg
y

x
y

=
y

x
y

1
x
1 +
y

ipoveT

( )

1
x
1 +
y

x
,
y

( )
x
y

(11)

dz

1
y2
y
= 2
= 2
*
,
2
x + y
y
x + y2

y2
x
= 2
* 2
2
x + y
y

x
= 2
x + y2

maSasadame

dz =

2.

meore

rigis

uwyveti funqcia

= f x ( x, y )
x

ydx xdy
x
y
dy =
dx 2
2
2
x2 + y2
+ y
x + y

kerZo

z = f ( x, y ) .
da

= f y ( x, y )
y

warmoebulebi x_iT da y_iT.

mxriv,

warmoebulebi: ganvixiloT ori cvladis

warmoadgenen x da y

iyos

misi

pirveli

rigis

kerZo

sazogadod, es kerZo warmoebulebi, Tavis

cvladebis

funqciebs.

ase,

rom

SegviZlia

ganvixiloT am kerZo warmoebulebis kerZo warmoebulebi. pirveli rigis

kerZo warmoebulebis kerZo warmoebulebs ewodeba f(x,y) funqciis meore
rigis kerZo warmoebulebi. ori cvladis funqciis SemTxvevaSi gveqneba
oTxi meore rigis warmoebulebi da isini aRiniSneba ase:
226

 z 2 z

= f x2 ,
=

2
x x x
z
2z
=

y z
yx

f xy

da

f yx

= f yx ,

z
2z

=
xy
y

z 2 z

= f y2
2
y y

= f xy

ewodeba Sereuli warmoebulebi.

z = f ( x , y ) funqciis (n-1) - rigis kerZo warmoebulebis

sazogadod,

warmoebuls ewodeba n - rigis kerZo warmoebuli da aRiniSneba ase:

n 1 z

n 1
x

nz
=
n ,
x

n 1 z

n 1
x

nz
=
n 1
yx

da a.S.

rogorc vxedavT ori cvladis funqciis SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs ori meore

rigis Sereuli warmoebulebi: f xy

pirobebSia isini erTmaneTis toli?

Svarcis Teorema:
da meore

rigis

Tu

da

f yx . bunebrivad ismis amocana: ra

am kiTxvaze pasuxs gvaZlevs

f(x,y) funqcia uwyvetia da aqvs uwyveti pirveli

warmoebulebi, maSin marTebulia toloba:

2z
xy

2z
yx

meore rigis Sereuli warmoebulebi ar aris damokidebuli gawarmoebis

Tanamimdevrobaze.

(aq

warmoebuls, aRebuls jer

2z
xy

warmoadgens

y _iT da Semdeg

funqciis

x _iT,

2z
yx

meore

rigis

ki piriqiT).

davaleba:
SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. ras ewodeba ori cvladis funqcia?
2. ras ewodeba ori cvladis funqciis zRvari?
3. ras ewodeba ori cvladis funqciis uwyvetoba?
4. ras ewodeba funqciis kerZo nazrdi?
5. moiyvaneT ori cvladis funqciis kerZo
227

warmoebulis ganmarteba?

6. ras ewodeba ori cvladis funqciis

7. ras

ewodeba

ori

cvladis

sruli diferenciali?

funqciis

meore

rigis

kerZo

warmoebulebi?
8. rogor aRiniSneba ori cvladis funqciis

meore rigis kerZo

warmoebulebi?
9. moiyvaneT Svarcis Teorema.

praqtikuli savarjiSoebi:

1. gamoTvaleT zRvrebi:
a)

lim (3 x 2 2 x 2 y )

b) lim

x 1
y 1

x 1
y 0

x2 y2
x2 + y2

g) lim
x 0
y 0

xy + x 2 + y + x
xy + x + y 2 + x

2. ipoveT wyvetis wertilebi

xy

a) f ( x , y ) = x 2 + y 2
0

( x , y ) ( 0, 0 )
( x , y ) = ( 0, 0 )

b)

x2 + y2
f ( x, y ) = 2
y x2

3. ipoveT Semdeg funqciaTa pirveli rigis kerZo warmoebulebi da

sruli diferenciali
x2 + y2
y2

a)

f ( x, y ) =

d)

f ( x , y ) = xy x 2 y 3 + y

ipoveT:

f xx ,

a) f ( x , y ) = x 2 y 4

b)

f xy ,

f yy ,

f ( x, y ) = x 2 y 2

e) f ( x , y ) = e x + y

g) f ( x , y ) = 1 + xy
v)

f yx

b) f ( x , y ) = e 2 x +3 y

228

g)

f ( x, y ) = e x y

f ( x , y ) = ln xy x 2 y 3

$. 11

ori cvladis funqciis eqstremumi. pirobiTi eqstremumi.

lagranJis mamravlTa meTodi.

1. ori cvladis funqciis eqstremumi. pirobiTi eqstremumi. vTqvaT,

z = f ( x , y ) funqcia gansazRvrulia raime D areSi da wertili M 0 ( x0 , y 0 ) D .
amboben,

rom

z = f ( x, y )

M0 wertilSi

funqcia

aRwevs

maqsimums

(mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs SedarebiTi maqsimumi), Tu adgili aqvs utolobas:

f ( x 0 + h, y 0 + k ) f ( x 0 , y 0 ) p 0 ,

z = f ( x , y ) funqcia

rogoric ar unda iyos mcire h da k sidideebi; piriqiT

M0

wertilSi aRwevs minimums, Tu adgili aqvs utolobas:

f ( x 0 + h, y 0 + k ) f ( x 0 , y 0 ) f 0 ,

rogoric ar unda iyos h da k; (nax. 1, 2)

f(x0,y0)

f(x0,y0)
((x0,y0), f(x0,y0))

((x0,y0), f(x0,y0))

y0

x0

y0

M0(x0,y0),

M0(x0,y0),

nax. 1

Teorema1:

nax. 2

imisaTvis, rom

M 0 ( x0 , y 0 )

wertilze

z = f ( x, y )

funqcias

hqondes maqsimumi an minimumi, maSin aucilebelia, rom

f x ( x0 , y 0 ) = 0

da

f y ( x0 , y 0 ) = 0

(1)

iseT M 0 ( x 0 , y 0 ) wertilebs, romlebic akmayofileben (1) gantolebaTa

sistemas,

kritikuli

wertilebi

ewodeba.

wertilebsac uwodeben.
229

maT,

agreTve,

stacionarul

aRniSnuli

Teorema

gviCvenebs,

rom

eqstremumis

wertilebi

unda

veZeboT kritikul wertilebs Soris. SevniSnoT, rom iseve, rogorc erTi

cvladis funqciebisaTvis, aqac pirveli rigis kerZo warmoebulebis nulTan
toloba warmoadgens eqstremumis arsebobis aucilebel pirobas.
CamovayaliboT eqstremumis arsebobis sakmarisi pirobebi: SemovitanoT
aRniSvnebi:

A = f x 2 ( x0 , y 0 ) ,

C = f y 2 ( x0 , y 0 )

B = f xy ( x0 , y0 ) ,

Tu stacionalur M 0 ( x 0 , y 0 ) wertilSi z = f ( x , y ) funqcias

Teorema 2:

aqvs uwyveti meore rigis kerZo warmoebulebi, maSin

AC B 2 f 0

1.

f ( x , y ) aqvs maqsimumi, Tu

2.

f ( x , y ) aqvs minimumi, Tu

3.

f ( x , y ) funqcias arc minimumi aqvs da arc maqsimumi, Tu AC B 2 p 0

da A p 0 ;

AC B 2 f 0

da A f 0 ;

gamovikvlioT x 3 + y 3 3 xy = 0

magaliTi 1:

funqcia maqsimumsa da

minimumze.
a)

vipovoT kritikuli wertilebi:

= 3x 2 3 y = 0

z
2
= 3 y 3x = 0

y
miRebuli sistemis amoxsna gvaZlevs Semdeg or kritikul wertils

(x1 = 1; y1 = 1)

(x 2 = 0; y 2

da

= 0)

b). vipovoT meore rigis warmoebulebi:

2z
= 6x ;
x 2

g) gamovikvlioT

(1,1)

2z
= 3
xy

2z
= 6y ;
y 2

wertilis xasiaTi

A = (6 x ) x =1 = 6 ;
y =1

B = ( 3) x =1 = 3 ;
y =1

AC B 2 = 36 9 = 27 f 0 ;
maSasadame

(1,1)

gamovikvlioT meore

x =1
y =1

y =1

A = 6 f 0;

wertilSi funqcias aqvs

z min = x 3 + y 3 3 xy

C = (6 y ) x=1 = 6 ;

minimumi da

= 13 + 13 3 1 1 = 1

(0,0) wertilis xasiaTi:

A=0, B=-3, C=0;

AC B 2 = 9 p 0

maSasadame, mocemul wertilze funqcias arc minimumi aqvs da arc maqsimumi.

230

praqtikaSi
mravali

xSirad
cvladis

argumentebi

gvxvdeba

amocanebi,

funqciis

akmayofileben

romlebSic

eqstremumi

raime

iseT

damatebiT

saWiroa

moiZebnos

situaciaSi,

rodesac

pirobebs.

aseT

amocanebs

ewodebaT pirobiTi eqstremumis amocanebi.

2.

lagranJis

mamaravlTa

meTodi.

SeviswavloT

ori

cvladis

funqciis pirobiTi eqstremumis moZebnis lagranJis mamaravlTa meTodi.

vTqvaT,

z = f ( x, y )

mosaZebnia

funqciis

eqstremumi,

rodesac

damoukidebeli cvladebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia Semdegi pirobiT

g ( x, y ) = 0
am ukanasknel tolobas zogjer uwodeben bmis gantolebas. SemoviRoT
axali

damxmare

funqcia

F ( x, y , ) ,

romelic

gansazRvrulia

Semdegi

F ( x , y , ) = f ( x , y ) + g ( x , y ) .

tolobiT:

F ( x, y , )

_s uwodeben lagranJis funqcias, xolo

-s lagranJis

mamaravls.
imisaTvis, rom vipovoT im M wertilis x da y koordinatebi, romlebic
akmayofileben

g ( x , y ) = 0 gantolebas da romlisTvisac z = f ( x , y ) funqciis

SeiZleba hqondes pirobiTi maqsimumi an minimumi, saWiroa gamovTvaloT

F ( x , y , ) funqciis kerZo warmoebulebi x, y da

cvladebiT. amisaTvis

amovxsnaT sistema:

Fx ( x , y , ) = f x ( x , y ) + g x ( x , y ) = 0

Fy ( x , y , ) = f y ( x , y ) + g y ( x , y ) = 0

F ( x , y , ) = g ( x , y ) = 0

(2)

miRebuli sistema warmoadgens pirobiTi eqstremumis arsebobis aucilebel

pirobas.
M 0 ( x0 , y 0 )

wertils,

x0

romlis

y0

da

koordinatebi

akmayofileben (2) sistemas, uwodeben pirobiT eqstremumis stacionalur

wertils

bmis

cxadia,
M 0 ( x0 , y 0 , 0 )

g ( x , y ) = 0 gantolebis mimarT.
rom

Tu

wertili

( x0 , y 0 , 0 )

warmoadgens

aris

(2)

sistemis

lagranJis

amonaxsni,

F ( x, y , )

maSin

funqciis

stacionalur wertils.
axla moviyvanoT pirobiTi eqstremumis arsebobis sakmarisi pirobebi:
vTqvaT, ( x0 , y 0 , 0 ) aris (2) sistemis amonaxsni.

231

amasTan, vgulisxmobT, rom

f(x,y)

da g(x,y)

funqciebs M 0 ( x0 , y 0 ) wertilSi aqvT meore rigis kerZo

warmoebulebi. SevadginoT Semdegi determinanti

g x ( x 0 , y 0 )

g y ( x0 , y 0 )

= g x ( x0 , y 0 )

Fxx ( x 0 , y 0 , 0 )

Fxy ( x0 , y 0 , 0 )

g y ( x0 , y 0 )

Fxy ( x 0 , y 0 , 0 )

Fyy ( x 0 , y 0 , 0 )

mtkicdeba, rom Tu

> 0 , maSin z=f(x,y) funqcias

aqvs pirobiTi minimumi, xolo

(3)

M 0 ( x 0 , y 0 ) wertilSi

< 0 , maSin z=f(x,y) funqcias

M 0 ( x0 , y 0 )

wertilSi aqvs pirobiTi maqsimumi.

davaleba:
SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. ras ewodeba ori cvladis funqciis

maqsimumis wertili?

2. ras ewodeba ori cvladis funqciis

minimumis wertili?

3. ras ewodeba eqstremumis wertilebi da eqstremumebi?

4. moiyvaneT eqstremumis arsebobis aucilebeli piroba.
5. ras ewodeba stacionaluri wertilebi?
6. ras ewodeba kritikuli wertilebi?
7. moiyvaneT eqstremumis arsebobis sakmarisi pirobebi.
8. ras ewodeba pirobiTi eqstremumis amocanebi?
9. moiyvaneT

pirobiTi

eqstremumis

moZebnis

lagranJia

meTodi.

praqtikuli savarjiSoebi:
1. ipoveT mocemul funqciaTa kritikuli wertilebi:
a) z = ( x 1) + 2 y 2
2

g)

b)

z = x 2 xy + y 2 2 x y

z = x 4 + y 4 + 4 xy 2 y 2 + 2 x 2

d)

z = xy 1 x 2 y 2

2. gamoTvaleT Semdeg funqciaTa eqstremumebi:

a) f ( x , y ) = 5 x 4 + y 4 2 y 2 + 2 x 2

b) f ( x , y ) = 2 x 2 + xy + 2 y 2
232

mamravlTa

g) f ( x , y ) = x 3 + y 3 + 3 x 4 y + 7

d) f ( x , y ) = xy ( x y ) + y 2 4 y

3.

meTodis

lagranJis

mamaravlTa

gamoyenebiT

ipoveT

eqstremumebi:

f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 + y 2
a)

x+ y =4

f ( x , y ) = x 2 + xy 4 y 2
b)

x + y = 4

f ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 + xy + y 2 + x
g)

2x + y 3 = 0

f ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 + xy y 2 + 3 x + y
d)

2 x + 3 y + 11 = 0

233

pirobiTi

Tavi VI. integraluri aRricxvis elementebi da maTi

zogierTi gamoyeneba ekonomikur amocanebSi

$1.

ganusazRvreli integralis ganmarteba. ZiriTadi Tvisebebi.

ZiriTadi integralebis cxrili. uSualo integreba

1.

pirveladi funqcia. rogorc viciT diferencialuri aRricxvis

ZiriTad

amocanas

Seadgens

aRebuli

funqciis

warmoebulis

an

diferencialis moZebna. axla davsvaT Sebrunebuli amocana. saxeldobr:

vTqvaT, mocemulia romelime
vipovoT

is

F (x )

funqcia,

f (x )

funqcia gansazRvruli raime SualedSi.

romlis

warmoebulia

f (x ) ,

an

sxvagvarad,

vipovoT is funqcia, romlis diferencialia

f ( x ) dx . iseT F (x ) funqcias,

f (x )

funqcia an diferencialad

romelsac warmoebulad aqvs mocemuli

f ( x ) dx , Tu aseTi arsebobs, maSin mas ewodeba

pirveladi

funqcia.

integraluri

aRricxvis

f (x ) -is pirvelyofili an
ZiriTad

sagans

Seadgens

mocemuli funqciis mixedviT misi pirvelyofilebis aRdgena. aq bunebrivad

ismis sakiTxi: ra pirobebs unda akmayofilebdes

f (x ) funqcia, rom misi

pirveladebis arsebobdes da mas Semdeg rac viciT, rom

pirveladi

arsebobs,

rogor

msjelobiT, rom kerZod, Tu

vipovoT

igi.

jer

f (x )

vuCvenoT

funqciis

TvalsaCino

f (x ) funqcia uwyvetia romelime SualedSi,

maSin mas yovelTvis eqneba pirvelyofili. marTlac aviRoT mrudi (nax. 1),
romlis gantolebaa:

y = f (x )

(1)

P M/
M Q
M0

S
N0
0

nax. 1
234

N/

M0
x

iyos am mrudis mkvidri wertili a abscisiT, xolo M cvladi wertili

abscisiT.

N 0 M 0 MN

mrudwirovani

trapeciis

farTobi,

cxadia,

warmoadgens x is garkveul funqcias; avRniSnoT igi S (x ) -iT; davamtkicoT,

rom swored

S (x )

funqcia aris

f (x ) -is pirvelyofili; amisaTvis x s

mivceT x nazrdi. M iyos mrudis wertili, romlis abscisa aris x+x,

maSin S ( x + x ) S ( x ) iqneba

NMM N nakvTis farTobi. naxazidann aSkarad

Cans, rom adgili aqvs utolobas

mx S ( x + x ) S ( x ) Mx ,
sadac m da M aris

[x, x + x ]

f (x )

funqciis umciresi da udidesi mniSvnelobani

SualedSi. gavyoT es utoloba x ze da gadavideT zRvarze,

rodesac x miiswrafis nulisaken; radgan f (x ) funqcia uwyvetia, amitom m

da M miiswrafis f (x ) -saken da maSasadame
dS ( x )
= f ( x)
dx

amgvarad,

damtkiceba

S (x )

farTobi

emyareba

f (x )

yofila

TvalsaCino

(2)
funqciis

geometriul

(es

pirvelyofili

mosazrebebs

mrudisa

da

farTobis Sesaxeb. arsebiTad aq mxolos isaa garkveuli, rom Tu am

mrudwirul

trapeciasTan

dakavSirebulia

is

garkveuli

adivituri

funqcia (farTobi), am ukanasknelis warmoebuli aris f (x ) funqcia).

es msjeloba naTelyofs agreTve, rom
yovelTvis

arsebobs,

roca

f (x )

f (x ) funqciis pirvelyofili

uwyvetia.

amgvarad,

geometriuli

TvalsazrisiT pirvelyofili warmoadgens im farTobs, romelic zemodan

SemosazRvrulia y = f (x ) mrudiT, qvemodan Ox RerZis

(a, x )

monakveTiTa da

gverdebidan saTanado ordinatebiT.

axla vTqvaT, F (x ) aris

f (x ) funqciis pirvelyofili. SeviswavloT

arsebobs Tu ara imave f (x ) funqciis sxva pirvelyofili da rogori saxe

aqvs mas. Tu (x ) aris f (x ) funqciis sxva romelime pirvelyofili, maSin
cxadia, adgili aqvs tolobas

( x ) = F ( x ) = f ( x ) ,
magram

lagranJis

Teoremis

Sedegis

Tanaxmad,

TuU

or

funqcias

aqvs

erTnairi warmoebuli, maSin isini erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian mxolod

mudmiviT, amitom f (x ) funqciis yovel sxva (x ) pirvelyofils aqvs saxe
235

( x) = F ( x) + C
sadac, C mudmivia.

F ( x) + C

amrigad,

gamosaxuleba, sadac C nebismieri mudmivia, aris

f (x ) funqciis pirvelyofilis zogadi saxe.

zemoT moyvanili mtkicebebi Teoremebis saxiT ase Camoyalibdeba:
Teorema 1:

Tu F(x) funqcia f(x) funqciis pirveladia raime SualedSi,

maSin F(x)+C funqcia agreTve f(x) funqciis pirveladia mocemul SualedSi,

sadac C nebismieri mudmivia.
Teorema 2: raime SualedSi

uwyvet funqcias aqvs pirveladi funqcia

am SualedSi.
Teorema 3: Tu

F (x ) da (x ) warmoadgenen f(x) funqciis pirvelad

funqciebs raime SualedSi, maSin moiZebneba iseTi

mudmivi, rom am

SualedSi adgili eqneba tolobas: ( x ) = F ( x ) + C . e. i. f(x) funqciis ori

pirveladi

funqcia

erTmaneTisagan

mxolod

mudmivi

SesakrebiT

gansxvavdeba.
gansazRvreba: f(x) funqciis yvela pirvelad funqciaTa erTobliobas
ewodeba

ganusazRvreli

integrali

f(x)

funqciidan

da

aRiniSneba

simboloTi

f ( x ) dx .

simbolos ewodeba integrebis niSani;

f(x) _s integralqveSa funqcia;

f(x)dx_s ki integralqveSa gamosaxuleba.

Tu F(x) funqcia aris f(x) funqciis romelime pirveladi funqcia, maSin

weren:

f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + C

Tu f(x) funqcias (a,b) intervalSi aqvs pirveladi, maSin amboben, rom

f(x)

integrebadia

am

intervalSi.

mocemuli

funqciidan

ganusazRvreli

integralis moZebnas funqciis integreba ewodeba.

Cvem qvemoT SeviswavliT zogad wesebs sxvadasxva diferencialisaTvis
ganusazRvreli

integralis

mosaZebnad;

magram,

amasTanave,

yvelgan

funqciaTa iseT klasTan gveqneba saqme, romlis integreba elementarul

funqciebSi

sasruli

saxiT

xdeba.
236

e.i.

iseT

funqciebTan,

romelTa

pirvelyofili

gamoisaxeba

sasruli

saxiT

elementaruli

funqciebis

saSualebiT.
unda

aRiniSnos,

rom

xSirad

garegnulad

martivi

integrali

ar

gamoisaxeba elementarul funqciebSi sasruli saxiT. aseTia magaliTad,

integralebi:

dx
lnx

sinx
dx ,
x

cosx
dx ,
x

dx ,

sinx

dx ,

cosx

dx

da sxv.
ra Tqma unda es imas ar niSnavs, rom es integralebi ar arseboben;
piriqiT,

SeiZleba

garkveulad

iTqvas,

rom

es

integralebi

arseboben

(radgan, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, yovel uwyvet funqcias aqvs pirvelyofili),

mxolod isini ar gamoisaxebian sasruli saxiT elementaruli funqciebiT
da

TviTon

warmoadgenen

elementaruli

funqciebiT

axal
ar

funqciebs.

gamoisaxeba,

rodesac

mokled

amboben,

integarli
rom

igi

umaRlesi transedentuli funqciaa. sasruli saxiT ar amoixsneba Semdegi

integralebic:

e
x

x
n

dx ,

sinx
dx ,
xn

cosx
dx
xn

2. ganusazRvreli integralis

1.
2.
3.

me-3

f (x) dx =

(n

= 1 , 2 , K , ) da sxv.

ZiriTadi Tvisebebi:

f(x) + C ;

anu

d
f (x) dx = f(x) + C ;
dx

df(x) dx =

anu

f(x) + C

d df(x) dx = f(x) + C

[ f(x) g(x)] dx = f(x)dx g(x)dx

4.

Af(x) dx = A f(x)dx + C

5.

[ f(x) dx ] = f(x) + C

Tviseba

marTebulia

( A = const, A 0 )

SesakrebTa

raodenobisaTvis.

237

nebismieri

sasruli

3.

ZiriTad

warmoebulTa

integralTa

cxrilis

cxrili.

gamoyenebiT

elementaruli

martivad

funqciebis

miviRebT

ZiriTadi

integralebis Semdeg cxrils:

1.

1 dx

3.

x
a dx =

= x+C

ax
+C
lna

5.

sinx dx = -cosx + C

7.

cos

dx

11.

es

dx

sin

arctgx + C
dx
=
1 + x 2 - arcctgx + C

dx
= ln x + C
x

12.

miiReba

uSualo

vuCvenoT,

rom

magaliTd,

x a
2

x a

aRricxvis

rom

ln x + x 2 a 2

ZiriTadi

davrwmundeT

= ln x + x 2 a 2 + C ,

= ln x + x 2 a 2 + C

dx
2

= -ctgx + C

dx

diferencialuri

SebrunebiT.

sakmarisia
x a2

cosx dx = sinx + C

dx = e x + C

10.

marTebulobaSi

6.

arcsinx + C
=
1 - x 2 - arccosx + C

tolobis

8.

formulebi

formulebis

4.

= tgx + C

dx

9.

2.

x +1
x dx = + 1 + C, 1

funqciis

Semdegi
amisaTvis

warmoebuli

aris

; marTlac rTuli funqciis gawarmoebis wesis Tanaxmad, gveqneba

(ln[x +

1+

x2 a2

]) = x +

x2 a2
x a
2

1
x a2
2

4. uSualo integreba. integrali zogierTi martivi diferencialidan

SeiZleba

pirdapir

gamovTvloT

diferencialur

aRricxvaSi

wess

uSualo

uwodeben

saSualebas

gavZlevs

im

wesebis

gamovimuSaveT.

integrebis

wess.

sxvadasxva

SevasruloT:

238

gamoyenebiT,

integralis

romlebic

gamoTvlis

aseT

zemoT

moyvanili

formulebi

SemTxvevaSi

uSualo

integreba

magaliTi 1:

gamovTvaloT integrali

amoxsna:

(6 x

+ 3x

+ 1 ) dx

me-3 da me-4 Tvisebisa da

me-3 da me-4 formulebis Tanaxmad

x4
x3
x4
6x + 3 x + 1 dx = 6 x dx + 3 x dx + dx = 6
+ 3 + x + C = 3 + x3 + x + C
2
4
3

magaliTi 2:

gamovTvaloT integrali

+ 4 cos x dx
x

amoxsna:
1

7
dx
3

23 x x + 4 cos x dx = 2 x 3 dx 7 x + 4 cos xdx = 2 x 3 x 7 ln x + 4 sin x + C

magaliTi 3:

gamovTvaloT integrali

(5 cos t + 2 sin t )dt

(5 cos t + 2 sin t )dt = 5 cos tdt + 2 sin tdt = 5 sin t 2 cos t + C

amoxsna:
magaliTi 4:

gamovTvaloT integrali

x (1 + x ) dx
3 3

amoxsna:

x (1 + x ) dx = x (1 + 3 x
3 3

= x 2 dx + 3 x 5 dx + 3 x 8 dx + x 11 dx =
magaliTi 5:

+ 3 x 6 + x 9 dx = x 2 + 3 x 5 + 3 x 8 + x11 dx =
x 3 1 6 1 9 1 12
+ x + x + x
3 2
3
12

gamovTvaloT integrali

sin

dx

1 x2
3

amoxsna:

sin
magaliTi 6:

dx
dx
dx = 2 2 3
= 2ctgx 3 arcsin x = C

sin x
1 x2
1 x2
3

gamovTvaloT integrali

sin

1
x cos 2

dx
x

amoxsna:

1
sin 2 x + cos 2 x
1
1
dx
=
sin 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x dx = cos 2 x dx + sin 2 x dx = tgx ctgx + C
239

magaliTi 7:

gamovTvaloT integrali

x2
1 + x 2

dx

amoxsna:

x2
1 + x 2

1
1
1+ x2 1

dx =
dx = 1
dx =x arctgx + C
dx = dx
2
2
1+ x
1+ x2
1+ x

sazogadod, imis Sesamowmeblad, sworad aris gamoTvlili integrali

Tu

ara,

unda

mivmarToT

gawarmoebas;

Tu

integralis

warmoebuli

integralqveSa funqciis tolia, maSin integrali sworad aris gamoTvlili.

davaleba:
SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. ras ewodeba pirveladi funqcia?
2. moiyvaneT Teorema pirveladi funqciis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
3. moiyvaneT Teorema pirveladi funqciis erTaderTobis Sesaxeb.
4.

moiyvaneT

ganusazRvreli integralis ganmarteba.

5. ras ewodeba integralqveSa funqcia? integralqveSa gamosaxuleba?

6. moiyvaneT ZiriTadi integralebis cxrili.
7. CamoTvaleT integralis Tvisebebi.

praqtikuli savarjiSoebi:
gamoTvaleT integralebi;
1.

4.

xe

x
x

x dx
dx

2.

5.

x dx

ax
a (1 +
) dx
x4
x

240

3.

e x dx

ex
6. e (1 2 ) dx
x
x

7.

2
tg xdx

8.

10. (
1+ x2
12.

14.

(sin

3
1 x2

2
ctg x dx

) dx

x
x
+ cos ) 2 dx
2
2

2 cos

1
3 3x

dx

1 sin 3 x
sin 2 x dx

11.

2 sin

13.

x
dx
2

9.

15.

x
dx
2

(1 x )2 dx
x

$ 2. ganusazRvreli integralis gamoTvlis xerxebi

1. Casmis xerxi. integralis gamoTvlis dros xSirad sasargebloa

integralis qveS arsebuli cvladis (zogjer am cvlads integrebis cvlads
uwodeben) magier axali cvladis Semotana. amas is azri aqvs, rom zogierT
SemTxvevaSi axali cvladis SemotaniT integralqveSa gamosaxuleba imdenad
martivdeba, rom igi ukve cnobil saxemde daiyvaneba. e.i. SesaZlebelia

f ( x ) dx

_is integreba gamartivdes axali t cvladis SemotaniT, romelic x

cvladTan dakavSirebulia saTanadod SerCeuli damokidebulebiT

vTqvaT,

x=g(t)

a p g ( t ) p b , roca

funqcia

ptp

uwyvetad
da

warmoebadia

f(x) uwyvetia

(a , b )

( , )

x=g(t).

intervalSi,

intervalSi , maSin

adgili aqvs tolobas:

f ( x ) dx = f [g (t ) ]g (t ) dt
es aris integralqveSa cvladis gardaqmnis formula. mas xSirad Casmis
xerxs uwodeben.
vTqvaT,

F ( x ) = f ( x ) ,

maSin

F [g (t ) ]

iqneba

pirveladi:

(F [g (t ) ]) = Fx[ g (t )] g (t ) = f [g (t ) ]g (t )
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom
241

f [g (t ) ]g (t )

funqciis

 f [g (t ) ]g (t ) dt = F [g (t ) ] = F ( x ) + C = f ( x ) dx
magaliTi 1:

ln 2 x
x dx

gamovTvaloT

amoxsna: gamoviyenoT Casma: lnx=t , maSin

dx
= dt
x

da

ln 2 x
13
1 3
2
x dx = t dt = 3t + C = 3 ln x + C
magaliTi 2:

gamovTvaloT

amoxsna: gamoviyenoT Casma: x =

1
dx ,
+ b2 x2
a
t , maSin
b

a 0, b 0 .
dx =

a
dt da gamosaTvleli
b

integrali miiRebs saxes:

1
1
a 2 + b 2 x 2 dx = a 2

b
dt
1 a
1
1
bx
=
bx 2 a 2 1 + t 2 = ab arctgt + C = ab arctg a + C
1+
a
dx

zogjer, nacvlad x = g (t )

t = (x) Casma.

Casmisa, ufro mizanSewonilia gamoviyenoT

magaliTad, Tu gamosaTvlelia integrali

( x)

( x) dx ,
maSin, Tu t = (x) , saidanac

dt = ( x)dx

( x)

( x) dx =
magaliTi 3:
amoxsna:

gamovTvaloT

da

dt
= ln t + C = ln ( x) + C
t

tgxdx

gvaqvs

tgxdx =

sin xdx cos x = t

dt
= = ln t + C = ln cos x + C
cos x sin xdx = dt
t

analogiurad miviRebT, rom

ctgxdx = ln sin x + C

242

magaliTi 4:

gamovTvaloT

amoxsna:

a b x
2

dx =

a b2 x2
2

dx ,

bx
=t
dx
a
=
=
2
a
dx = dt
bx
1
b
a

1
a

a
dx
bx
1
1
dt
1
1
= b
=
= arcsin t + C = arcsin + C
b
a
a 1 t2 b 1 t2 b
magaliTi 5:

gamovTvaloT

1
dx ,
b2 x2

amoxsna:

a
=

1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
+
dx =
dx +
dx =
dx =

2 2
2 a a + bx a bx
2 a a + bx
2 a a bx
b x

1 d ( a + bx )
1 d ( a bx )
1
1
1
a + bx
ln a + bx
ln a bx =
ln

2 ab
2 ab
2 ab
2 ab
2 ab a bx
a + bx
a bx

magaliTi 6:
amoxsna:

gamovTvaloT

a 2 x 2 dx ,

movaxdinoT cvladTa gardaqmna

x = a sin t ,

aqedan,

dx = a cos tdt t = arcsin

x
a

a 2 x 2 = a cos t

maSasadame,

a 2 x 2 dx = a 2 cos 2 tdt = a 2
=

Tu

a 2t 2 a 2
a 2 t 2 a 2 sin 2t
+
=
+
+C
tdt
cos
2
2
4
2
4

davubrundebiT isev

magaliTi 7:

a2
a2
1 + cos 2t
dt =
dt
+
cos 2tdt =
2
2
2

x cvlads, miviRebT

a 2 x 2 dx =

x
1 2
2
2
a arcsin + x a x + C
2
2

gamovTvaloT integrali

I =

dx
x2 + k

sadac k nebismieri ricxvia.

243

y = x 2 + k , gvaqvs:

amoxsna: SemoviRoT aRniSvna

xdx

dy =

x +k
2

xdx
y

dx dy
=
y
x

aqedan

Tu visargeblebT proporciis erT-erTi TvisebiT, gveqneba:

dx dx + dy d ( x + y )
=
=
y
y+x
x+ y
maSasadame

I =

dx
d ( x + y)
=
= ln x + y + C
y
x+ y

amrigad,

Tu

dx

I =

= ln x + x 2 + k + C .

x2 + k

k=a2, maSin miRebuli formula ase gadaiwereba

dx

xolo Tu

x +a
2

= ln x + x 2 + a 2 + C

k=-a2, maSin

2. nawilobiTi

dx
x a
2

= ln x + x 2 a 2 + C

integreba.

vTqvaT, u=u(x)

da v=v(x) raime SualedSi

uwyvetad warmoebadi funqciebia, maSin gvaqvs:

d (uv ) = udv + vdu

saidanac

udv = d (uv ) vdu

movaxdinoT tolobis orive mxaris integreba, miviRebT:

udv = uv vdu
ukanasknel

tolobas

ewodeba

formula saSualebas gvaZlevs

vdu

nawilobiTi

udv

integrebis

formula.

es

integralis gamoTvla daviyvanoT

-is gamoTvlaze, romelic SeiZleba ufro martivi aRmoCndes vidre

pirveli.

244

qvemoT

mocemulia

diferencialebi,

romelTa

integreba

saWiroa

nawilobiTi integrebis xerxiT. frCxilebSi miTiTebulia, Tu rogor unda

SevarCioT u funqcia da dv diferenciali.

1. P(x)sinmxd x, (u = P(x), dv = sinmxdx)

2. P(x)cosmxdx, (u = P(x), dv = cosmxdx)
(u = lnx, dv = P(x)dx)

3. P(x)lnxdx,

4. P(x)arcsinxdx, (u = arcsinx, dv = P(x)dx)

5. P(x)arctgxdx, (u = arctgx, dv = P(x)dx)
6. P(x)e x dx,

magaliTi 8:
amoxsna:

7. e x sinmxdx,

u = e x , dv = sinmxdx an

u = sinmx, dv = e x dx

8. e x cosmxdx,

u = e x , dv = cosmxdx an

u = cosmx, dv = e x dx

gamovTvaloT

dv = x dx ,

x ln xdx = ln x

magaliTi 9:
amoxsna:

ln xdx ,

sadac 1

SemovitanoT aRniSvnebi:

u=lnx da
gveqneba:

(u = P(x), dv = e x dx)

du =

dx
x

da

x cos xdx ,

x = u , dx = du

cos xdx = dv , v = cos xdx = sin x

x cos xdx = x sin x sin xdx = x sin x + cos x + C

magaliTi 9:
amoxsna:

gamovTvaloT

gveqneba

dv = xdx,

v = x dx =

1
1
x +1
x +1

x
dx
=
nx

x + C

+1 +1
+ 1 ( + 1)2

gamovTvaloT

gveqneba

maSin

xarctgxdx ,

u = arctgx ,
v = xdx =

dx
= du
1+ x2

1 2
x
2
245

x +1
+1

 xarctgxdx =

1 2
1 x 2 dx 1 2
1 x 2 + 1 1dx
=

=
x arctgx
x
arctgx
2
2 1+ x2 2
2 1+ x2

x2
x 1
1 2
1
1
dx
= x arctgx dx +
arctgx + arctgx + C
=
2
2
2
2 1+ x
2
2 2

davaleba:
SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. axseniT, raSi mdgomareobs Casmis xerxi?
2. moiyvaneT nawilobiTi integrebis formula.

praqtikuli savarjiSoebi:
1. Casmis xerxiT ipoveT Semdegi integralebi:

1.

3.

cos 2 x
sin x cos x dx

5.

7.

cos

9.

12.

14.

1 + x

dx

x tgx 1

dx

arctgx
dx
1 + x2

sin x cos x
sin x + cos x dx
ln 2 x
x dx

2.

4.

sin x
1 + 3 cos x dx

1 + 4 sin x cos xdx

1 x

(arcsin

6.

8.

1
x) 2 1 x 2

sin 2 x

1 + sin 2 x

13.

1
dx
x ln x

15.

ex
e x + 1dx

dx

246

dx

dx

10.

dx

11.

sin x

cos xdx

2. nawilobiTi integrebis xerxiT ipoveT Semdegi integralebi:

16.

x ln xdx

18.

ln xdx

x sin xdx

17.
19.

xa

dx

$ 3. zogierTi transcedentuli funqciebis integreba

rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, algebrul funqciaTa integreba rTul

amocanas warmoadgens; amasTanave, algebrul funqciaTa mxolod viwro
klasis

integreba

SeiZleba

elementarul

funqciebSi.

Tu

es

iTqmis

algebrul funqciaTa integralis mimarT, miT umetes igi SeiZleba iTqvas

transcedentul

funqciaTa

integralis

Sesaxeb

da,

amgvarad,

transcedentuli

funqciebis bolomde integreba mxolod mcireoden kerZo

SemTxvevebSia SesaZlebeli. Cven mxolod am SemTxvevebs gavecnobiT. qvemoT

moyvenil Casmebs zogjer trigonometriul Casmebs uwodeben.

1. yoveli integrali

R[g ( x)]g ( x)dx

sadac R aris g(x) uwyvetad warmoebadi argumentis racionaluri funqcia,

t=g(x) Casmis gamoyenebiT miiyvaneba t cvladis mimarT racionaluri funqciis

integralis gamoTvalze.
marTlac,

R[g ( x)]g ( x)dx =

a) ganvixiloT integrali

g ( x) = t
g ( x)dx = dt

= R(t )dt

R(sin x )cos xdx ,

sadac R aris sinx _is racionaluri funqcia.

zemoT

mogvcems:

sin x = t

R(sin x )cos xdx = cos xdx = dt = R(t )dt

ase, magaliTad
247

moyvanili msjeloba,

sin x = t
dt
cos xdx
=
=
= arctgt + C = arctd (sin x) + C
2
x cos xdx = dt
1+ t 2

1 + sin
b)

ganvixiloT

R(cos x )sin xdx ,

integrali

cos x = t

R(cos x )sin xdx = sin xdx = dt

dx

R(tgx) cos

g)

gveqneba

= R(t )dt
t=tgx CasmiT miiyvaneba

integralis gamoTvla

aq

racionaluri funqciis integrebamde:

dx

R(tgx) cos

= R(t )dt

ase magaliTad,

dx
tg x cos 2 x =
3

tgx = t
1
1
dx
= t 3 dt = t 4 + c = tg 4 x + c
= dt
4
4
cos 2 x

2. axla ganvixiloT Semdegi saxis integrali

R (sin x , cos x )dx ,

sadac

integrali tg

aris

sinx

x
=t
2

Casmis saSualebiT miiyvaneba t cvladis racionaluri

da

cosx

argumentebis

racionaluri

funqciis integralis gamoTvlamde. an rogorc amboben,

axdens

gamosaTvleli

integralis

funqcia.

aRniSnuli Casma

racionalizacias.

am

Casmis

gansaxorcieleblad gavixsenoT saskolo programis cnobili formulebi:

x
x
x
x
x
2 sin cos
2 sin cos
2tg
2
2 =
2
2
2 = 2t
sin x =
=
x
x
x
x
1+ t 2
2 x
cos 2 + sin 2
cos 2 1 + tg 2 1 + tg
2
2
2
2
2
x
sin 2
2
cos x =
x
cos 2 + sin 2
2

cos 2

x cos 2 x 1 tg 2

2
2 =
x
x
cos 2 1 + tg 2
2
2

x
1 tg 2
2
=
x
2
1 + tg
2

x
2
2 = 1 t
x 1+ t2
2

garda amisa Casmidan miviRebT:

x
= arctgt ,
2

x = 2arctgt

da amitom

amrigad, gvaqvs:
248

dx =

2dt
1+ t2

es

 2 1 t2
(
)
R
x
x
dx
R
sin
,
cos
=

1 + t 2 , 1 + t 2

2

dt
2
1+ t

am tolobis marjvena nawilSi gvaqvs integrali t cvladis racionaluri

funqciidan.
magaliTi 1:

dx

4 sin x + 3 cos x + 5

gamovTvaloT integrali

ganxiluli Casmis gamoyeneba mogvcems:

x
=t
dx
2
=
=
4 sin x + 3 cos x + 5
2 dt
dx =
1+ t2
tg

dt

(t + 2 )

1
+C =
t+2

2 dt
dt
=
1+ t2
2
2 dt 1 t 2 = 2 2t + 8t + 8
4
+3
+5
1+ t2
1+ t2
1
+C
x
tg + 2
2

3. gamovTvaloT integralebi:

sin x cos xdx,

sin x sin xdx

da

cos x cos xdx,

sadac

gveqneba:

sin( + ) x + sin( ) x
1
1
dx = sin( + ) xdx + sin( ) xdx =
2
2
2
cos( + ) x cos( ) x
=

+C
2( + )
2( )

1.

sin x cos xdx =

2.

sin x sin xdx = 2 cos( ) xdx 2 cos( + ) xdx =

3.

cos x cos xdx = 2 cos( ) xdx + 2 cos( + ) xdx =

sin( ) x sin( + ) x

+C
2( )
2( + )

sin( ) x sin( + ) x
+
+C
2( )
2( + )

4. ganvixiloT Semdegi saxis integrali

sin

x cos n xdx ,

a) Tu n=2k+1 kenti naturaluri ricxvia, maSin SemovitanoT aRniSvna

sinx=t, maSin

sin

cosxdx=dt. da miviRebT
x cos n xdx = sin m x cos 2 k +1 xdx = sin m x cos 2 k x cos xdx =

= sin m x 1 sin 2 x

cos xdx = t m 1 t 2

249

dt

b) Tu m=2k+1 kenti naturaluri ricxvia, maSin SemovitanoT aRniSvna

cosx=t, maSin

sin

-sinxdx=dt, sinxdx=-dt . da miviRebT

x cos n xdx = sin 2 k +1 x cos n xdx = sin 2 k x cos n x sin xdx =

= cos n x 1 cos 2 x

magaliTi 2:
radgan m=5,

sin

x sin xdx = t n 1 t 2

cosx=t, maSin

dt

x cos 4 xdx

-sinxdx=dt, sinxdx=-dt . da miviRebT

x cos 4 xdx = sin 4 x cos 4 x sin xdx =

sin

gamovTvaloT integrali

amitom

(1 cos x )

cos 4 x sin xdx =

1
2
1
= 1 t 2 t 4 dt = t 4 dt + 2 t 6 dt t 8 dt = t 5 + t 7 t 9 + C =
5
7
9
1
2
1
= cos 5 + cos 7 cos 9 + C
5
7
9

g)

Tu

da

dadebiTi

luwi

ricxvebia,

maSin

cos 2 x =

1 + cos 2 x
2

vsargeblobT

trigonometriuli igiveobebiT

sin x cos x =

1
sin 2 x ,
2

sin 2 x =

1 cos 2 x
2

romelTa safuZvelzec SesaZlebelia sinx isa da cosx-is xarisxebis daweva

d) m+n=0 da n da m mTeli ricxvebia, maSin mocemuli integrali
SeiZleba dayvanil iqnas Semdeg integralebze

tg

xdx ,

(m f 0)

ctg

an

pirvel SemTxvevaSi avRniSnavT tgx=t, maSin

dx =

meore SemTxvevaSi avRniSnavT

dx =

sec 2 xdx = dt

t m dt
1+ t2

cos ec 2 xdx = dt

ctgx=t, maSin

dt
dt
=
2
cos ec x
1+ t 2
n
ctg xdx =

magaliTi 3:

(n f 0)

dt
dt
dt
=
=
sec 2 x 1 + tg 2 x 1 + t 2
m
tg xdx =

amitom

xdx

amitom

t n dt
1+ t2

gamovTvaloT integrali

aq m+n=0, amitom

250

sin

x cos 3 xdx

3
3
sin x cos xdx =

sin 3 xdx
t 3 dt
t

3
=
tg
xdx
=
= t
dt =

3
2
2
cos x
1+ t
1+ t

1 2 1
1
1
t ln(t 2 + 1) + C = tg 2 x ln(tg 2 x + 1) + C
2
2
2
2

davaleba:
SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. raSi mdgomareobs universaluri Casma?
2. CamoTvaleT

sin

x cos n xdx integralis gamoTvlis kerZo SemTxvevebi

3. romeli igiveobebiT vsargeblobT

sin x cos xdx, cos x cos xdx, sin x sin xdx

saxis

integralebis

gamoTvlisas.

praqtikuli savarjiSoebi:
gamoTvaleT Semdegi integralebi:

1.

4.

sin 9 x sin 3 xdx

sin 2 x cos 3 xdx

7.

sin

11.

1
1 + sin x dx

xdx

sin 2 x

15.

cos

19.

1 + cos x dx,

22.

1
5 3 cos x dx

dx

1 cos x

2.
5.

cos

8.

12.
16.

sin

xdx

cos 3 x cos 2 xdx,

xdx

9.

1
sin x dx

sin
20.
23.

tg

6.

xdx

17.

1 sin x
dx
cos x

21.

sin 3 x cos 7 xdx

251

sin

14.

xdx

x cos 2 xdx

cos

10.

1
cos x dx

13.

x cos 3 xdx

sin

3.

xdx
1

1 cos x dx,
cos 3 x
sin 5 x dx,
18.

cos

5 + 4 sin x dx
24.

cos 2 x cos 4 xdx,

xdx

$ 4. kvadratuli samwevris Semcveli zogierTi

diferencialis integreba

1. ganvixiloT integrali
I =
a 0, b, c

sadac

dx
,
ax + bx + c
2

namdvili ricxvebia. amisaTvis gamovideT Semdegi

igiveobidan:

ax 2 + bx + c =

1
(2ax + b )2 b 2 4ac
4a

)]

maSin,

I =

2ax + b = t
dx
dx
dt
dt = 2 2
.
a
4
=
=
2
2

2
dx
=
ax + bx + c
t b 2 4ac
(2ax + b ) b 4ac
2a

aqedan cxadia, rom integrali mTlianad damokidebulia

samwevris b 2 4ac

b 2 4ac = 0 ,

a)

maSin gveqneba

b 2 4ac f 0 ,

b)

I = 2

diskriminantze.

dt
,
t k2
2

amitom

ax 2 + bx + c

ganvixiloT SemTxvevebi:

I = 2

SegviZlia

2
2
dt
= +C =
+C;
2
2ax + b
t
t
avRniSnoT

k 2 = b 2 4ac

gveqneba

integralqveSa funqcia warmovadginoT Semdegi saxiT:

1
1
1 1
1
=
=

2
(t k )(t + k ) 2k t k t + k
t k
2

maSasadame,

I = 2
g)

1 dt
1 dt
1
1
1 tk
dt
=

= ln t k ln t + k + C = ln
+C
2
k tk k t+k k
k
k t+k
t k
2

b 2 4ac p 0 ,
I = 2

maSin

b 2 4ac = k 2

dt
z
2
= arctg + C =
2
k
k
z +k
2

sabolood

252

da

2
4ac b

arctg

2ax + b
4ac b 2

+C


2
+ C,

2ax + b

dx
2ax + b b 2 4ac
2
=
+ C,
ln

ax 2 + bx + c
2
2ax + b + b 2 4ac
4ac b

2
2ax + b
+ C,
arctg

2
4ac b 2
4ac b
amrigad, rodesac ax 2 + bx + c samwevris

Tu b 2 4ac = 0
Tu b 2 4ac f 0
Tu b 2 4ac p 0

diskriminanti nulis tolia,

maSin integrali warmoadgens racionalur funqcias; roca igi dadebiTia,

maSin integrali aris logariTmuli funqcia; xolo roca diskriminanti
uaryofiTi ricxvia, maSin integrali gamoisaxeba arktangens funqciiT.

ganvixiloT magaliTebi
magaliTi 1:

2x

1
1
1
dx
dx
2
(
)
(
)
x
d
x
3
3
=
=
+
+
=

+C

2( x + 3)
+ 12 x + 18 2 ( x + 3)2 2

magaliTi 2:

x+4
1
1
dx
dx
d (x + 4)
arctg
=
+C
=
=
x 2 + 8 x + 32 ( x + 4 )2 + 16 2 ( x + 4 )2 + 16 4
4
magaliTi 3:

1
1
dx
dx
dx
d (x + 2)
x+2 3
= 2
=
=
ln
=
+C
2
2
+ 4x +1
x + 4x + 4 3
(x + 2) 3 2 (x + 2) 3 2 3 x + 2 + 3

2. gamovTvaloT integrali
I =

dx
ax 2 + bx + c

a0

sadac

am integralis mosaZebnad ganvixiloT ori SemeTxveva

a) a f 0 . am SemTxvevaSi kvadratuli samwevri ase warmovadginoT

ax 2 + bx + c =

(2ax + b )2 + (4ac b 2 )
4a

maSasadame,

I =

2 a

(2ax + b )2 + (4ac b 2 )

2ax + b = t
a
dt =
dx =
a
2a

253

dt

t 2 + 4ac b 2

a
a

dt

t 2 + 4ac b 2

miviReT wina magaliTSi ganxiluli integrali, romlis Tanaxmad

davubrundeT

I=

1
a

dt

t + 4ac b
2

ln(t + t 2 + 4ac b 2 + C .

x cvlads, miviRebT:

Zvel

2ax + b

+ ax 2 + bx + c + C =
ln 2 a
a
2 a

1 2ax + b
=
+ ax 2 + bx + c + C1
ln
a 2 a

ln (2ax + b ) + 4a(ax 2 + bx + c) + C =

sadac,

C1 = C +

( )

ln 2 a .

b) a p 0 . am SemTxvevaSi kvadratuli samwevri ase warmovadginoT

ax

(b
+ bx + c =

4ac (2ax + b )
,
4a
2

maSasadame,

I = 2 a
=

1
a

(b

dx
2

4ac (2ax + b )

arcsin

(b

t
2

4ac

+C =

2ax + b = t
dt
a
dt =
=

dx =
2
2
a
4
ac
b
t

2a
1
(2ax + b )
arcsin
+C
a
b 2 4ac

amrigad,

1 2ax + b

ln
+ ax 2 + bx + c + C1 ,

dx
a 2 a

=
2
(
)
1
2

+
ax
b
ax + bx + c
+ C,
arcsin
a
b 2 4ac

rodesac a f 0
rodesac a p 0

magaliTi 4:

dx
x + 6 x + 13
2

(x

d ( x + 3)

( x + 3)

+4

dx
2

+ 6x + 9 + 4

= ln x + 3 +

254

dx

( x + 3 )2 + 4

( x + 3 )2 + 4

+C

magaliTi 5:

dx

3 2x x

5 2 x 3x 2

1
3

4 (1 + x ) 2

= arcsin

dx

4 (1 + x ) 2

1+ x
+C
2

gamovTvaloT:

dx

4 1+ 2x + x

d (1 + x )

=
magaliTi 6:

dx

dx

5 2
x x2
3 3

dx

16 1

+ x
9 3

d + x
3

1
+x
1
1
3x + 1
3
=
+C =
+C
arcsin
arcsin
2
4
4
3
3
16 1

+ x
3
9 3

davaleba:
SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT

1. rogori

gamosaxuleba

ax 2 + bx + c

miiReba

samwevris

srul

kvadratamde SevsebiT?
2. rogori saxis integralze daiyvaneba

ax

3. rogori saxis integralze daiyvaneba

ax

4. rogori

saxis

integralze

dx
, roca b 2 4 ac = 0
+ bx + c
dx
, roca b 2 4 ac 0
+ bx + c

daiyvaneba

dx
ax + bx + c
2

b 2 4 ac 0

praqtikuli savarjiSoebi:

1.

dx
x + 8x + 1
2

2.

dx
+ 3 x 10

3.

255

dx
7 x + 10

4.

dx

( x 1)

+4

roca

5.

9.

dx
+ 2x + 3

6.

dx

12.

dx

5x x 1
2

10.

8 + 6x 9x2

4x

13.

dx
+ 4x + 5

7.

dx
dx

14.

x + x +1

1 ( 2 x + 3)
11.

x2 + 2x + 2
2

dx

8.

dx

2 6x + 9x2

dx

2 3x 4 x 2
dx

x + 8x + 4
2

$ 5. racionaluri funqciebis integreba

gansazRvreba:

Pn ( x )

ori

Qm ( x )

da

mravalwevris

fardobas

racionaluri funqcia ewodeba:

Pn ( x ) a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x 2 + ... + a n x n
.
R( x ) =
=
Qm ( x ) b0 + b1 x + b2 x 2 + ... + bm x m

(1)

zogadobis SeuzRudvelad SegviZlia vigulisxmoT, rom is akmayofilebs

Semdeg pirobebs:
1. Pn ( x ) da Qm ( x ) mravalwevrebs saerTo fesvebi ar gaaCniaT. Tu maT
aqvT saerTo fesvebi, maSin maT saerTo mamravli eqnebaT da SegviZlia masze
SevkvecoT.
2.

Pn ( x ) mravalwevris xarisxi naklebia Qm ( x ) mravalwevris xarisxze.

3.

b0 = 1 .

Cveni mizania gamovTvaloT integrali

R(x )dx .
Tu n m, maSin mricxvelis mniSvnelze gayofiT miviRebT

R(x ) = q(x ) +
sadac

q(x )

mravalwevria,

(x )

Q( x )

(x )

Q(x )

wesieri wiladia, e.i.

naklebia Qm ( x ) -is xarisxze. gveqneba:

256

(x ) -is xarisxi

 (x )

R(x )dx = q(xdx ) + Q(x )dx

q(x )dx

sadac
I.

uSualod gamoiTvleba.

Q(x )

maravalwevrs

Q ( x ) -is fesvebi

aqvs

namdvili

da

martivi

fesvebi..

vTqvaT,

a,b,c,,l namdvili ricxvebia, maSin umaRlesi algebridan

cnobilia, rom

Q ( x ) = ( x a )( x b ) + L + ( x l ) ,
maSin es wiladi ase warmoidgineba:

P( x )
A
B
C
L
=
+
+
+ L+
Q( x) x a x b x c
x l
II. mravalwevris fesvebi namdvilia, magram jeradi.
vTqvaT, Q ( x ) -is fesvebi
jeradobis maCveneblebia
dadebiTi ricxvebia).

a,b,c,,l

, , ,K,

namdvili ricxvebia, xolo maTi

ricxvebi (cxadia

, , ,K,

mTeli

am SemTxvevSi marTebulia toloba:

A0
A 1
A1
P( x )
P( x )
L
=
=
+
+
+
+
Q( x) ( x a) ( x b) K( x l ) ( x a) ( x a) 1
xa
+

B0
( x a)

B1
( x a) 1

+ L+

B 1
xa

+ L+

L0
( x a)

L1
( x a) 1

+ L+

L 1
xa

amgvarad, miviReT, rom racionaluri funqiis integreba daiyvaneba

yovelTvis

elementarul

funqciaTa

integrali

racionaluri

funqciidan

ukanasknel

tolobaSi

monawile

integrebaze.
aiReba
ucnobi

amitom

amboben,

elementarul

rom

funqciebSi.

koeficientebi

SeiZleba

ganisazRvros e.w. koeficientTa gatolebis xerxiT, romlis Sinaarsi qvemoT

magaliTebze iqneba gaSuqebuli.
magaliTi 1.

gamovTvaloT integrali

x 2 + 2x + 6
(x 1)(x 2)(x 4)dx .

amoxsna: integralqveSa funqcia daiSleba Semdegi saxiT:

x 2 + 2x + 6
A
B
c
,
=
+
+
(x 1)(x 2)(x 4) x 1 x 2 x 4
saidanac mniSvnelisagan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg miviRebT:

x 2 + 2 x + 6 = A( x 2 )( x 4 ) + B( x 1)( x 4 ) + c( x 1)( x 2 ) .
x 2 + 2 x + 6 = ( A + B + c )x 2 + ( 6 A 5 B 3c )x + (8 A + 4 B + 2c ) .
257

am

igiveobis

xarisxebis

marcxena

da

koeficientebi

marjvena
gautoloT

nawilebis

erTmaneTs;

miviRebT

cvladis

Tanatoli

gantolebaTa

Semdeg sistemas:

A+ B +C =1

6 A 5 B 3C = 2
8 A + 4 B + 2C = 6

miRebuli sistemis amonaxsnebia

A = 3,

B = 7,

C = 5.

amrigad integralqveSa funqciis daSlas aqvs Semdegi saxe:

x 2 + 2x + 6
3
7
5
.
=

+
(x 1)(x 2)(x 4) x 1 x 2 x 4
e.i.

x2 + 2x + 6
dx
dx
dx
( x 1)( x 2 )( x 4 )dx = 3 x 1 7 x 2 + 5 x 4 =

= 3 ln x 1 7 ln x 2 + 5 ln x 4 + C =
= ln

magaliTi 2.

(x 1)2 (x 4)5
(x 2)7

+C.

gamovTvaloT integrali

x2 +1

(x 1) (x + 3)dx
3

amoxsna:

x2 +1

(x 1) (x + 3) (x 1)
3

(x 1)

C
D
,
+
x 1 x + 3

x 2 + 1 = A(x + 3) + B( x 1)( x + 3) + C ( x 1) ( x + 3) + D( x 1)
2

miRebul tolobaSi, Tu dauSvebT x = 1, miviRebT 2 = 4 A,

dauSvebT, rom x = 3, miviRebT 10 = 64 D,

D=

1
, xolo Tu
2

5
;
32

amis Semdeg koeficientTa SedarebiT miviRebT:

amrigad, integralqveSa funqciis daSlas aqvs Semdegi saxe:

258

A=

C=

5
,
32

3
B= .
8

x2 +1

(x 1) (x + 3)
3

2( x 1)

8( x 1)

5
5

32( x 1) 32( x + 3)

maSasadame,

x2 +1
1
dx
3
dx
5
dx
5
dx
(x 1)3 (x + 3) d x = 2 (x 1)3 + 8 (x 1)2 + 32 (x 1) 32 (x + 3) =
=

1 d ( x 1) 3 d ( x 1) 5 d ( x 1) 5 d ( x + 3)
+
+

=
2 ( x 1)3 8 ( x 1)2 32 ( x 1) 32 ( x + 3)
=

1
3
5

+
ln x 1 ln x + 3 + C
2
4( x 3) 8( x 1) 32

davaleba:
SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT

1. rogori saxiT SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnes racionaluri funqcia?

P( x)
funqcia, roca Q(x) mravalwevrs aqvs martivi
Q( x)

2. rogor iSleba
fesvebi?
3. rogor iSleba

P( x)
funqcia, roca Q(x) mravalwevrs aqvs namdvili
Q( x)

jeradi fesvebi?
4. ra saxis integralebze daiyvaneba

P( x)

Q ( x )dx

integralis gamoTvla?

praqtikuli savarjiSoebi:

1.

2x 1

( x 1)( x 2)dx

2.

( x + 1)( x + 3)( x + 5)dx

259

3.

dx
2
( x 2)

( x 1)

x5 + x4 8
x 3 4 x dx

4.

5.

2 x 2 3x 3
7.
dx
( x 1)( x 2 2 x + 5)

x 8
dx
4x2 + 4x

dx
8. 3
x +1

9.

6.

3x + 2

x ( x + 1)

dx

x 5 dx
x3 1

$ 6. gansazRvruli integralis cneba. niuton-laibnicis

formula. gansazRvruli integralis gamoTvlis xerxebi.

1. gansazRvruli integralis cneba:

cnobilia

mxolod

iseTi

brtyeli

elementaruli geometriidan

figurebis

gamoTvla,

romlebic

SemosazRvrulia wrfeTa monakveTebiTa da wrewirebis rkalebiT. nebismieri

brtyeli figuris farTobis gamoTvla SeiZleba integraluri aRricxvis
gamoyenebiT.

maTematikuri

analizis

erT-erTi

umniSvnelovanesi

cneba

gansazRvruli integrali istoriulad dakavSirebulia rkalis sigrZis,

figuris

farTobisa

da

sxeulis

moculobis

gamoTvlis

amocanebTan.

amasTan dakavSirebiT moviyvanoT warsulis erTi saintereso ambavi - 1613

wels avstriis samefo karis maTematikossa da astrologs iohan keplers
qorwili hqonda da ramodenime kasri Rvino SeiZina. Rvinis yidvisas metad
gaaoca im garemoebam, rom

gamyidveli kasris tevadobis gasagebad mxolod

manZils zomavda Rvinis Casaxmeli Wrilidan kasris uSores wertilamde.

aseTi gazomva, xom savsebiT ar iTvaliswinebda kasris formas! kepleri
uceb mixvda, rom es iyo metad saintereso maTematikuri amocana: kasris
moculobis gaangariSeba ramdenime gazomviT. am amocanaze fiqris dros man
ipova

ara

marto

kasris

gamosaTvleli

formula,

aramed

agreTve

formulebi erTmaneTisagan iseTi gansxvavebuli sxeulebis moculobisa,

rogoricaa limoni, vaSli, komSi da TviT Turquli Calmac ki. es iyo
pirveli gadadgmuli nabiji integralur aRricxvaSi. magram miuxedavad
amisa, integraluri aRricxvis Semqmnelebi arian isaak niutoni da gotfrid
260

laibnici.
xolo

pirvelis

meorisaSi

naSromebSi

ki

ganxilulia
sanam

gansazRvruli.

ganusazRvreli

integrali,

gansazRvruli

integralis

uSualo gamoTvlaze gadavidodeT, gamovTvaloT mrudwiruli trapeciis

farTobi.

Oxy sibrtyeze

ganvixiloT

SemosazRvrulia Ox RerZiT,

raime D

x=a, x=b wrfeebiTa (a<b)

f(x) funqcia uwyvetia da dadebiTi

sadac

figura,
da y=f(x)

[a,b] segmentze.

romelic
wiriT,

aseT figuras

mrudwiruli trapecia ewodeba.

(D)

nax. 1
bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: ras vuwodoT D

figuris farTobi da rogor

vipovoT es farTobi. am mizniT davyoT [a,b] segmenti n nawilad wertilebiT:

a = x 0 p x1 p L p x n = b

miviRebT segmentebs

[a, x1 ], [x1 , x 2 ], K, [xn1 , b]

avRniSnoT

x k = x k x k 1

_Ti

x1 , x 2 , L , x n

ricxvebs

Soris

(1)
udidesi,

sadac

(k=1,2,,n).
y
B
A

xk-1 k xk
nax. 2
segmentTa miRebul sistemas vuwodoT [a,b] segmentis danawileba.
cxadia, rom yovel ricxvs Seesabameba uamravi danawileba. ganvixiloT
261

[xk 1 , xk ],

(1) sistemis nebismieri

wertili

x=k

(nax. 2).

farTobia

S= f(k )xk.

y=f(x)

wrfe gadakveTos

f(k ).

romlis ordinatia

segmenti da masze aviRoT nebismieri k

wiris Mk

wertilSi,

maSin naxazze daStrixuli marTkuTxedis

Tu aseT konstruqcias CavatarebT yovel

[xk 1 , xk ],

f(k )xk SevkrebT, gveqneba:

segmentisaTvis da miRebul

= f ( k ) x k

(2)

k =1

am jams ewodeba [a,b] segmentze f(x) funqciis integraluri jami, romelic,

cxadia warmoadgens D

figuris farTobis

miaxloebiT mniSvnelobas.

cxadia, integraluri jami damokidebulia rogorc danawilebaze, aseve k

wertilebis SerCevaze.

2.

gansazRvruli

integralis

cneba.

gansazRvruli

integralis

Tvisebebi:SemovitanoT Semdegi
I ricxvs ewodeba integraluri

gansazRvreba:
yoveli

f0

ricxvisaTvis

monakveTis yoveli

[x k 1 , xk ]

arsebobs

iseTi

f0

jamis zRvari, Tu
ricxvi,

rom

[a,b]

_ danawilebisaTvis da nebismieri k wertilisaTvis

monakveTze, roca

p ,marTebulia utoloba:
I p

am SemTxvevaSi weren:
n

I = lim f ( k )xk ,
0

k =1

cxadia, I ricxvi, Tu is arsebobs, damokidebulia mxolod

[a,b]

monakveTze da ar aris damokidebuli [a,b]

f(x) funqciasa da

monakveTis dayofis wesze

da k wertilis arCevaze. am zRvars ewodeba f(x) funqciis gansazRvruli

integrali [a,b] monakveTze da aRiniSneba simboloTi:
b

f ( x)dx
a

b-mde f(x)dx).

(ikiTxeba: integrali a-dan

amrigad, f(x) funqciis gansazRvruli integrali warmoadgens am funqciis

integraluri jamis zRvars:
b

f ( x)dx = lim f ( k )xk

0

262

k =1

(3)

a da

b ricxvebs integrebis sazRvrebi ewodeba: a _ s qveda sazRvari,

b_ s ki zeda.
cvladi.

f ( x)

integralqveSa funqcia, xolo x _s saintegracio

[a,b] monakveTze f(x) is integraluri jamis zRvari,

Tu arsebobs,

ityvian rom, f(x) funqcia integrebadia rimanis azriT [a,b] _ze.

b

f ( x)dx

SevniSnoT, rom integrali

damoukidebelia integrebis x

cvladze, e.i. SegviZlia davweroT:

b

f ( x)dx = f (t )dt = f (u )du

ganvixiloT [0,1] monakveTze gansazRvruli e.w. dirixles funcia:

0,
f ( x) =
1,

roca x iracionaluria
roca x racionaluria

maSin [0,1] segmentis nebismieri _ danawilebisaTvis gvaqvs

roca k iracionaluria

0,
1,

= lim f ( k )xk =
0
k =1

roca k racionaluria

amitom am funqciis integraluri jamis zRvari ar arsebobs. e.i. dirixles

funqcia araa integrebadi. aqedan gamomdinare bunebrivia ismis kiTxva:
rogori funqciaa integrebadi?
Teorema 1:

Tu f(x) funqcia uwyvetia [a,b] _ze, maSin igi integrebadia

am Sualedze.

gansazRvruli integralis Tvisebebi

1.

= f(x)dx .

f(x)dx

2.

f(x)dx

= 0.

3.

c f(x)dx

4.

= c f(x)dx
a

[ f(x)

+ g(x) ]dx =

f(x)dx

g(x)dx
a

5. Tu

f(x) g(x),

maSin

263

f(x)dx

g(x)dx
a

6. Tu f(x) mTel [a, b ] - ze akmayofilebs pirobas m f(x) M,

b

sadac m da M mudmivebia, maSin m(b a) f(x)dx M(b a)

a

7.

f(x)dx f(x)dx
a

[a, b ] - ze

k wertili,

f(x)dx = f(x)dx + f(x)dx

8. Tu a p c p b, maSin
9. Tu f(x)

maSin am monakveTSi

arsebobs iseTi

rom
b

f ( x ) dx = ( b a ) f ( )
a

me-

Tvisebas

saSualo

mniSvnelobis

Teorema

ewodeba.

yvela

zemoT

CamoTvlil TvisebaSi igulisxmeba, rom ganxiluli funwciebi integrebadia

[a,b] _ze. davamtkicoT, magaliTad me-9 Tviseba.
avRniSnoT m da M iT

f(x) funqciis, Sesabamisad umciresi da udidesi

mniSvneloba [a,b] _ze. maSin

b

m(b a) f(x)dx M(b a) .

a

amrigad,

[a,b]

monakveTze

uwyveti

funqciis

1
aqedan m
f(x)dx M
b a a
Tvisebis

ZaliT

arsebobs

iseTi

wertili, rom
b

1
f(x)dx = f ( ),
b a a

saidanac

f(x)dx = (b a) f ( )
a

3. Teorema integralis zeda sazRvriT gawarmoebis Sesaxeb. niutonlaibnicis formula. Tu f(x) funqcia uwyvetia [a,b] segmentze, maSin igi
integrebadia yovel [a,x] qvesegmentze,

sadac

a p x pb.

SemoviRoT

aRniSvna
x

( x ) = f (t ) dt
a

sadac

warmoadgens x is funqcias. marTebulia Semdegi

Teorema 2:

Tu (x) funqcia warmoebadia

tolobas:

264

[a,b] ze, maSin adgili aqvs

 ( x ) = f ( x )

damtkiceba: mivceT x s nazrdi x ise, rom x + x [a, b ] , maSin

x + x

( x + x ) =

x + x

f (t )dt = f (t )dt +

f (t )dt

amitom gveqneba:
x + x

( x + x) ( x) =

f (t ) dt = x f ( ),

sadac

( x, x + x)

saidanac

( x + x) ( x)
= f ( ) = f ( x)
x 0
x 0
lim

(x)

maSasadame

aris

f(x)is

e.i.

( x) = f ( x)

erT-erTi

pirveladi.

amitom

( x) = F ( x) + C , sadac F(x) aris f(x)is raime pirveladi . e.i.

x

f (t )dt = F ( x) + C
a

vTqvaT x=a, maSin

F(a)=C ,amrigad
x

f (t )dt = F ( x) F (a)
a

kerZod, Tu aviRebT x=b, miviRebT:

b

f (t )dt = F (b) F (a)

a

amrigad,

Cven

davamtkiceT

maTematikuri

analizis

erT-erTi

upirvelTaganesi Teorema, romelsac niuton-laibnicis Teorema (formula)

ewodeba. e. i. samarTliania:
Teorema 3:
erTi

pirveladi,

Tu f(x) funqcia uwyvetia [a,b] _ze da F(x) aris misi erTmaSin

adgili

aqvs

niuton-leibnicis

formulas.

am

formulas xSirad ase weren:

a

f ( x)dx = F ( x)

am

formulis

Tanaxmad

= F (b) F (a )

(4)

gansazRvruli

integralis

ricxviTi

mniSvneloba tolia ganxiluli funqciis pirveladi funqciis x=b da x=a

wertilebze mniSvnelobebis sxvaobisa.

265

magaliTi 1:

x dx
2

gamovTvaloT integrali

radgan f ( x) = x 2 funqciis pirveldi funqcia:

amoxsna:

2
x dx =

x3
3

amitom
3

x3
x
dx
=
1
3
2

33 13 27 1 26
=
=
3 3
3 3 3
2

magaliTi

2:

amoxsna:

gveqneba:

ln x
dx
x
1

gamovTvaloT integrali

ln x
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1
1 2
1 x dx = 1 ln xd (ln x) = 2 ln x 1 = 2 ln 2 2 ln 1 = 2 ln 2 2 0 = 2 ln 2

4.

cvladis

gardaqmna

gansazRvrul

integralSi

(Casmis

xerxi).
b

vTqvaT, f(x) funqcia integrebadia [a,b] _ze. ganvixiloT integrali

f ( x)dx .
a

am integralis gamosaTvlelad zogjer xelsayrelia x cvladi SevcvaloT

axali

cvladiT,

romelic

_Tan

garkveul

damokidebulebaSia.

daumtkiceblad moviyvanoT Semdegi

Teorema 4: Tu,

f(x) funqcia integrebadia [a,b] _ze da x = (t ) funqcia

uwyvetad warmoebadia

t [ , ]

da

[ , ]

segmentze, amasTanve

a (t ) b , roca

( ) = a, ( ) = b , maSin
b

f ( x)dx = f [ (t )] (t )dt
a

magaliTi 3:

gamovTvaloT integrali

amoxsna:

266

a 2 x 2 dx, a f 0

x = a sin t , ( x = 0) (t = 0)

a 2 x 2 dx =

dx = a cos tdt , ( x = 0) (t =

= a cos t a cos tdt =

2

1 + cos 2t
a 2 sin 2t 2 a 2
dt =
=a
t + 2 = 4
2
2
0
2

magaliTi 4:

I = x 1 + x 2 dx

gamovTvaloT integrali

amoxsna:
1

2
x 1 + x dx =
0

1+ x2 = t 2

( x = 0) (t = 1)

xdx = tdt ( x = 1) (t = 2 )
t3
=
3

( 2 ) 1 = 2
=
3

= t tdt = t 2 dt =
1

2 1
3

5. nawilobiTi integrebis xerxi. Tu u(x) da v(x) uwyvetad warmoebadi

funqciebia

[a,b] _ze, maSin marTebulia nawilobiTi integrebis formula

b

udv

= uv
a

vdu
a

(u ( x)v( x) ) = u ( x)v( x) + u ( x)v( x)

marTlac, Tu movaxdenT
nawilis integrebas a _dan

tolobis orive

b_mde , miviRebT

(uv)dx = u vdx + u ( x)v( x)dx ,

b

uv = vdu + udv
saidanac
b

udv = uv
nawilobiTi
rTuli

saxis

integrebis

integralis

vdu .
a

formula

gamoTvla

integralis gamoTvlamde.

267

zogjer

daviyvanoT

saSualebas
ufro

gvaZlevs

martivi

saxis

magaliTi 5:

x sin xdx

gamovTvaloT integrali

amoxsna:

x = u sin xdx = dv

x sin xdx = dx = du

v = cos x

= (-x cos x )

+ cos xdx = cos 0 cos 0 0 + sin x

2
2
0

=1

davaleba:
SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. rogor ganisazRvreba mrudwiruli trapeciis farTobi?
2. ras ewodeba gansazRvruli integrali?
3. moiyvaneT gansazRvruli integralis Tvisebebi?
4. moiyvaneT niuton-laibnicis formula.
5. raSi mdgomareobs Casmis xerxi?
6. moiyvaneT

nawilobiTi

integrebis

formula

integralSi.

praqtikuli savarjiSoebi:

1.

dx
0 cos x

dx
5.
2
1 ( x + 1)

dx
6. 2
0 x +4

4.

x 2 dx
7.
2
0 1+ x
9

x (1 + x ) dx

11.

8.

268

( x 1) dx
x 1

( x + 2)
0

0,5

10.

2
( x 2 x + 2) dx

3.

dx
9. 2
0 x 1

xdx

2.

dx
1 x2

dx

gansazRrul

Casmis xerxiT gamoTvaleT Semdegi integralebi

12.

dx
3

x +1

13.

1 x 2 dx

ex
0 1 + e 2 x dx

14.

15.

xdx
2 + 4x2

nawilobiTi integrebis xerxiT gamoTvaleT Semdegi integralebi

16.

x ln xdx

17.

x sin xdx

e4

20.

7
sin xdx

21.

4
sin xdx

18.

19.

dx
x ln x

cos

xdx

10

22.

2 0 ,1 x

dx

gamoTvaleT im figuris farTobi, romelic SemosazRvrulia Semdegi

wirebiT:
23.

y = x3 ,
1
,
x2

24.

y=

25.

y = e3 ,

26.

y = x2 + 2 ,

y = 0,

x = 1,

x=3

y = 0,

x = 27 ,

x=3

y = 0,

x = ln 7 ,

y = 1 x2 ,

x = ln 12

x = 0,

x =1

269

$ 8. gansazRvruli integralis gamoyeneba ekonomikaSi

ekonomikuri Teoriis maTematikur modelebSi Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba
iseTi amocanebi, romlebSic saWiroa moiZebnos funqcia, Tu cnobilia misi
wamoebuli. faqtiurad, aseTi tipis amocanebSi saqme gvaqvs gawarmoebis
Seqceul operaciasTan, romelsac, rogorc es zemoT avRniSneT, integrebis
operacia ewodeba.

1. momxmareblis danazogi mocemul doneze vaWrobisas. moTxovnis

funqcia P = f D (Q ) warmoadgens erTeuli produqciis fass, rodesac iyideba

Q raodenobis moxmarebis produqcia (anu, rodesac moTxovna produqciaze

Seadgens Q erTeuls). igi, rogorc cnobilia

P

P=fD(Q)

P=fD(Q)
( Q0, P0)

( Q0, P0)

P0

P0
Q0

0 Q1Q2 Q3 Qi Qi+1 Qn-2 Qn-1 Qn

nax. 1

P = f D (Q )

nax. 2

funqciis Sesabamis grafiks ewodeba moTxovnis mrudi

vTqvaT, Q0 raodenobis moTxovnis dros erTeulis fasi aris P0, e.i.

(nax. 1).

P0 = f D (Q0 ) .

davyoT

wertilebiT

[0, Q0]

(nax. 2)

Sualedi

tol

nawilad

QiQ

(i=1,2,,n)

0 = Q1 p Q2 p K p Qn 1 p Qn = Q0 . avRniSnoT TiToeuli

qveintervalis sigrZe Q simboloTi

Q = Q1 = Q2 Q1 = L = Qi Qi 1 = Qn Qn 1 =

f D (Q1 )

mTliani

da iyideba Q = Q1 =

gadasaxadis

Tanxa

Q1 erTeulis tolia. e.i. erTeulis

vTqvaT, moTxovna produqciaze

fasia

Q0

Q0
n

raodenobis

raodenobis
270

produqcia. maSin

produqciis

SesaZenad

f D (Q1 ) Q

sididis tolia. cxadia, rom saqonelze Q0

igive Q raodenobis produqciis

rodesac erTeulis fasia P0 = f D (Q0 ) .

SesaZenad saWiroa

P0 Q

Tanxa.

moTxovnis dros,

myidvelis danazogi meore SemTxvevaSi

pirvelTan SedarebiT Semdegi sxvaobis tolia:

f D (Q1 ) Q P0 Q = ( f D (Q1 ) P0 )Q
es danazogi Seesabameba [0, Q1] Sualeds.
exla, vTqvaT, produqciaze moTxovna aris Q2.

f D (Q2 )

da iyideba Q =

Q0
n

= Q2 Q1

raodenobis

e.i. erTeulis fasia

produqcia. analogiuri

msjelobis Sedegad, myidvelis danazogi Semdegi sxaobis toli iqneba:

f D (Q2 ) Q P0 Q = ( f D (Q2 ) P0 )Q
es danazogi Seesabameba [Q1, Q2,] Sualeds.
sruliad analogiurad moviRebT, rom danazogi [Q2, Q3,] SualedSi aris

( f D (Q3 ) P0 )Q .

danazogi

[Q3,Q4,]

SualedSi

( f D (Q4 ) P0 )Q .

aris

am

procesis gagarZelebiT miviRebT, rom danazogi [Qn-2, Qn-1,] SualedSi aris

( f D (Qn1 ) P0 )Q

da

( f D (Qn ) P0 )Q .

TuU SevkrebT am danazogebs, miviRebT jamur danazogs

bolos,

[Qn-1,

danazogi

Qn,]

SualedSi

aris

[0,Q0,] SualedSi
n

( f
i =1

(Qni ) P0 )Q ,

(1)

romelic geometriulad gamosaxavs (nax. 2) ze daStrixuli marTkuTxedebis

farTobTa jams.

P0

P=fD(Q)

P=fD(Q)

(Q0,P0)

Q0

Q0

nax. 3

nax. 4
271

Tu

ganvixilavT

(1)

gamosaxulebis

zRvars,

rodesac

da

gavixsenebT gansazRvruli integralis ganmartebas, cxadi gaxdeba, rom (1)

jami uaxlovdeba Semdeg integrals:

CS = D (Q0 , P0 ) =

Q0

( f

(Q ) P0 )dQ

(2)

romelsac
vaWrobisas.

ekonomistebi

uwodeben

momxmareblis

Q0.

danazogs

(CS - Consumers surplus _ momxmareblis danazogi).

geometriulad

es

integrali

Seesabameba

im

figuris

farTobs,

romelic SemosazRvrulia P RerZiT, moTxovnis mrudiTa da P=P0

(nax. 3). ekonomikurad

CS = D (Q0 , P0 )

Tanxis danazogs produqciis Q0

P0 .

fasia

doneze

wrfiT

sidide gamosaxavs momxmareblis mier

raodenobis SeZenisas, rodesac erTeulis

sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, momxmarebels

Q0

raodenobis

produqcia SeeZlo eyida ara erTbaSad P0 fasad, aramed nawil-nawil. aseTi

Sesyidvis dros momxmarebeli, rasakvirvelia, yidulobs Q0
produqcias, magram mas exarjeba ufro meti, vidre

raodenobis

Q0 P0 Tanxa. swored am

gansxvavebas aRwers CS = D (Q0 , P0 ) momxmareblis danazogi.

2.

mwarmoeblis

amonagebis

nameti

garkveul

doneze

vaWrobisas.

P = f S (Q ) aRwers kavSirs mwarmoeblis

rogorc viciT, miwodebis funqcia

mier bazarze gatanili saqonlis Q Q

raodenobasa da P fass Soris.

rogorc viciT miwodebis funqcia zrdadi funqciaa da mis grafiks ewodeba

miwodebis mrudi.
vTqvaT, produqciis erTeulis fasia
raodenobis produqcias, cxadia, rom
Semosavali iqneba Q0 P0 .

P0

da mwarmoebeli yidis Q0

P0 = f S (Q0 ) , maSin mwarmoeblis sruli

CavataroT struqturulad igive msjeloba, rac

wina punqtSi gvqonda. davyoT [0, Q0] Sualedi n tol nawilad QiQ (i=1,2,,n)
wertilebiT
0 = Q1 p Q2 p K p Qn 1 p Qn = Q0

avRniSnoT TiToeuli qveintervalis sigrZe Q simboloTi

Q = Q1 = Q2 Q1 = L = Qi Qi 1 = Qn Qn 1 =

272

Q0
n

[Qi,Qi+1,]

ganvixiloT

segmenti.

raodenobis produqcia, rom gaeyida

f S (Qi +1 ) Q .

iqneboda
fasad

gayidviT

mwarmoeblis

Semosavlis

f S (Qi +1 )

Q = Qi +1 Qi =

Q0
n

fasad, maSin Semosavali

Q raodenobis produqciis P0 = f S (Q0 )

igive

mwarmoeblis

mwarmoebels

Semosavali

nameti

am

P0 Q .

aris

SemTxvevaSi

cxadia,

gamoiTvleba

rom

Semdegi

sxvaobiT

P0 Q f S (Qi +1 ) Q = ( P0 f S (Qi +1 ) )Q ,
romelic geometriulad Seesabameba (nax. 5) ze [Qi,Qi+1,] segmentis zemoT
daStrixul marTkuTxedis farTobs.

P0

(Q0,P0)

fS(Qi+1)

0 Q1Q2

Qi Qi+1 Qn-1 Qn

nax. 5

Tu

amovwerT

[0, Q1 ], [Q1 , Q2 ],K, [Qn2 , Qn1 ], [Qn1 , Qn ]

yvela

segmentis

Sesabamis `nametebs~ da SevkrebT, miviRebT mwarmoeblis Semosavlis jamur

namets:

(P0 f S (Q1 ) )Q + (P0 f S (Q2 ) )Q + L + (P0 f S (Qn1 ) )Q + (P0 f S (Qn ) )Q =

n

= ( P0 f S (Qi ) )Q.
i =1

Tu

ganvixilavT

am

gamosaxulebis

zRvars,

rodesac

da

gavixsenebT gansazRvruli integralis ganmartebas, cxadi gaxdeba, rom

aRniSnuli jami uaxlovdeba Semdeg integrals:
273

PS = S (Q0 , P0 ) =

Q0

(P

f S (Q ) )dQ

(3)

romelsac

ekonomistebi

im

momxmareblis

(PS - Producers surplus).

doneze vaWrobisas.
Seesabameba

uwodeben

figuris

farTobs,

miwodebis mrudiTa da P=P0

romelic

amonagebis

namets

Q0.

geometriulad es integrali
SemosazRvrulia

P RerZiT,

wrfiT (nax. 6).

P0

(Q0,P0)

P=fD(Q)

Q0

nax. 6

ekonomiurad
`jamur~

S (Q0 , P0 )

gamosaxavs

namets, rodesac produqciis

raodenobis produqcia.
gaeyida Q0
nawil.

sidide

mwarmoeblis

amonagebis

erTeulis fasia P0 da iyideba Q0

sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, mwarmoebels

SeeZlo

raodenobis produqcia ara erTbaSad P0 fasad, aramed nawil-

aseTi

araerTjeradi

gayidvisas

rasakvirvlia

gaiyideboda

Q0

raodenobis produqcia, magram Semosavali iqneboda ufro naklebi, vidre

Q0 P0

Tanxa. swored am gansxvavebas aRwers

amonagebis nameti.

274

PS = S (Q0 , P0 )

momxmareblis

davaleba:
SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. ras ewodeba momxmareblis danazogi?
2. moiyvaneT momxmareblis danzogis geometriuli warmodgena?
3. ras ewodeba mwarmoeblis amonagebis nameti da rogor gamoiTvleba
igi?
4. moiyvaneT

mwarmoeblis

amonagebis

nametis

geometriuli

warmodgena?

praqtikuli savarjiSoebi:

1.

vTqvaT,

moTxovnis

funqciaa

P = f D (Q ) = 5

Q
10

vipovoT

(CS)

momxmareblis danazogi, rodesac vaWrobis done Q0 = 30 -is tolia. aageT

moTxovnis mrudi
2.

da gamosaxeT momxmareblis danazogi farTobis saxiT.

vTqvaT,

moTxovnis

funqciaa

P = f D (Q ) = 5

Q
10

vipovoT

(CS)

momxmareblis danazogi, Tu produqciis erTi erTeuli iyideba 20 larad.

3. gamoTvaleT (PS)

mwarmoeblis amonagebis nameti, Tu miwodebis

funqciaa P = f S (Q ) = 5 + 0,01Q 2 , xolo vaWroba xdeba Q0 = 30 -is doneze. aageT

Sesabamisi naxazi

da gamosaxeT mwarmoeblis amonagebis nameti farTobis

saxiT.
4.

miwodebis

vipovoT (PS)

funqcia

mocemulia

P = f S (Q ) = 5 + 0,1 Q

formuliT.

mwarmoeblis amonagebis nameti, Tu Tu produqciis erTi

erTeulis fasia 10 lari.

5.

mwarmoebeli kviraSi yidis 1000 televizors. TiToeuls 450 larad.

marketingi

aCvenebs,

rom

10

lariT

fasis

Semcireba

iwvevs

gayiduli

televizorebis raodenobis zrdas kviraSi 100 erTeuliT. ipoveT moTxovnis

funqcia da gamoTvaleT (CS)

momxmareblis danazogi, Tu vaWrobis done

Q0 = 400 -is tolia. igulisxmeba, rom moTxovnis funqcia wrfivia.

275

$ 9. arasakuTrivi integralis cneba. arasakuTrivi

integralebis gamoyeneba ekonomikur amocanebSi

1.

arasakuTrivi

integralis

cneba.

aqamde

Cven

yvelgan

vgulisxmobdiT, rom gansazRvrul integralSi integralqveSa f(x)

funqcia

[a,b]

segmentze

sazRvrebi

iyo

uwyvet

funqcias

sasruli

warmoadgenda

sidideebi.

magram

da

integrebis

xSirad

aWiro

xdeba

da

iseTi

integralebis ganxilvac, rodesac integralis sazRvrebi usasruloa an

integralqveSa funqcia Sualedis romelime wertilze ganicdis wyvetas.
aseT

SemTxvevebSi

integrals

arasakuTrivs

uwodeben.

ganvixiloT

es

SemTxvevebi:

a) SemTxveva, rodesac integralis sazRvrebi usasruloa.

funqcia uwyvetia
maSin

am

f(x)

(a ,+ )

zRvars

vTqvaT,

SualedSi da da arsebobs

ewodeba

arasakuTrivi

zRvari

lim f ( x ) dx ,

a - dan + - mde

integrali

f ( x ) dx -dan da aRiniSneba

f ( x ) dx

simboliTi. e.i.

f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx
b

(1)

am

SemTxvevaSi

amboben,

rom

f ( x ) dx

integrali

arsebobs,

anu

krebadia, xolo
winaaRmdeg

f(x) funqcias ewodeba integrebadi

SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac

aRniSnuli

zRvari

(a ,+ )
ar

SualedSi.

arsebobs

anda

usasruloa, amboben, rom

f ( x ) dx

ganSladia.

analogiurad, vTqvaT, f(x)

funqcia gansazRvrulia

da integrebadia nebismier [a,b] segmentze (a<b).

( , b )

SualedSi

Tu arsebobs zRvari

lim

f ( x ) dx ,

maSin am zRvars ewodeba f(x) funqciis arasakuTrivi integrali

( , b )

SualedSi da aRiniSneba Semdegi simboliTi:

276

f ( x ) dx = lim

f ( x ) dx

(2)

Tu f(x)

b) SemTxveva, rodesac integralqveSa funqcia ganicdis wyvetas.

( ,+ )

funqcia gansazRvrulia

arasakuTrivi

integralebi

SualedSi da arsebobs

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx ,

da

sadac a fiqsirebuli namdvili

ricxvia, maSin maT jams ewodeba

arasakuTrivi integrali da aRiniSneba

f ( x ) dx

e. i.

f ( x) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx

(3)

cxadia, rom
+

f ( x ) dx = lim

e.i.

sasruli

integralebs

zRvrebis

uwodeben

f ( x ) dx

(4)

a
b + a

arsebobis

arasakuTriv

SemTxvevaSi

integralebs.

arseboben, an usasruloni arian,

Tu

(1),
es

(2)

da

(4)

zRvrebi

ar

maSin zemoT ganxilul integralebs

ewodeba ganSladi arasakuTrivi integralebi.

+

magaliTi 1:

dx

gamovTvaloT

amoxsna:
+

b
dx
dx
1 b
1
=

lim
=
lim
+ 1 = 1
1 x 2 b+ 1 x 2 = blim

+
x 1 b+ b

2. Semosavlis nakadis mimdinare Rirebulebis gansazRvra.

Tu (1)

formulaSi b , maSin miviRebT arasakuTriv integrals

r
t
100

f (t )dt

(5)

romelic ekonomikurad warmoadgens uvado Semosavlis f(t) nakadis sawyis

Rirebulebas.
sxva sityvebiT, (5) formuliT mocemuli sidide gamosaxavs im sawyis
Tanxas,

romelic

ganakveTiT

unda

(uwyveti

gaizardos
daricxvis

sargeblis
wesiT),

277

wliuri

rom

drois

rTuli

r% -iani

yoveli

ta

momentisaTvis gvqondes Semosvlis f(t) nakadi. es ki imas niSnavs, rom k uri

k

Tk =

(k>a) wlisaTvis gveqneba Semosavali

f (t )dt .

k 1

Cven

viciT,

rom

sargeblis

wliuri

r% -iani

rTuli

ganakveTiT

dabandebisas uwyveti daricxvis SemTxvevaSi A laris toli sawyisi Tanxa t

wlis Semdeg iZleva Ae

r
t
100

lars.

vTqvaT, A aris is Tnaxa, romelic unda

davabandoT sargeblis wliuri rTuli r% -iani ganakveTiT, rom uwyveti

daricxvis

SemTxvevaSi

wlis

Semdeg
r

aRniSnulis Tanaxmad gveqneba

A1e 100 = 1 .

ewodeba

anu

laris

mimdinare

miviRoT

lari.

A1 = e

aqedan

diskontirebuli

r
t
100

maSin
.

zemoT

am Tanxas

Rirebuleba.

igive

pirobebSi , A laris mimdinare Rirebuleba ki gamoiTvleba gamosaxulebiT

B=e

r
t
100

magaliTad,

diskontirebuli

9
t
100

1000e

Rirebuleba

= e 0 , 45 0,64 (lari) ,

9
t
100

r%=9,

Tu

maSin

wlis

laris

dabandebis

mimdinare

SemTxvevaSi

anu

iqneba:

xolo 1000 laris mimdinare Rirebuleba iqneba

= 1000e 0 , 45 640 (lari) .

axla

davuSvaT,

rom

Sesabamisi

sargebeli

dabandebul

Tanxas

ericxeba ara erTbaSad _ saboloo Tanxis saxiT, aramed drois raRac t=a
momentidan (wlidan)

drois raRac t=b momentamde (wlamde) uwyvetad f(t)

intensivobiT (Tu drois

daricxvis
sidides

f(t)

intensivoba

ewodeba

mimdinare

t momentSi mimdinare Tanxaa F(t) sidide, maSin

gamoiTvleba

Semosavlis

F(t) Tanxa

drois

nakadi

formuliT:
drois

[a,b]

f ( t ) = F ( t ) .
SualedSi.

t[a,b] momentisaTvis

drois

am

f(t)

cxadia,

gamoiTvleba

Semdegi formuliT:
b

F (t ) = f (t ) dt

(6)

imisaTvis,

rom

gamovTvaloT

[a,b]

SualedSi

Rirebuleba, moviqceT Semdegnairad. davyoT drois

n nawilad

t i ( i = 0,1, 2, K , n ) wertilebiT, sadac

a = t 0 p t1 p t 2 p K p t n 1 p t n = b .

TiToeuli nawilis sigrZe avRniSnoT

278

t _ iT.

Semosavlis

nakadis

[a,b] Suledi

davyoT

t = t j t j 1 =

t = t j 1

cxadia,
daaxloebiT

( j = 1,K, n ) ,
t = tj

momentidan

f (t j )t ,

iqneba

Semdeg sidides

ba
n

r
t
100

romlis

f (t j )t .

(7)

momentamde

mimdinare

Semosavali

Rirebuleba

utoldeba

es aris sawyisi Tanxa, romelic mimdinare

momentSi unda dabanddes sargeblis wliuri rTuli r% -iani ganakveTiT,

imisaTvis, rom
amrigad,

f (t j )t

t j wlis Semdeg mogvces

Semosavlis

nakadis

Tanxa.

mimdinare

Rirebuleba

drois

[a,b]

SuledSi miaxloebiT gamoiTvleba Semdegi jamiT:

n

r
t
100

j =1

am jamis zRvari, rodesac

f (t j )t .

(8)

n , uaxlovdeba integrals,
r

e 100 f (t )dt

(9)

romelsac

ewodeba

Semosavlis

f(t)

nakadis

sawyisi

(diskontirebuli)

Rirebuleba, Seesabameba sargeblis wliur rTul r% -ian ganakveTs uwyveti

daricxvis

SemTxvevaSi

t=a

momentidan

(wlidan)

drois

raRac

t=b

momentamde (wlamde). amrigad, (5) formuliT mocemuli sidide gamosaxavs im

sawyis

Tanxas,

gaizardos

romelic

sargeblis

mimdinare

wliuri

t=0

rTuli

momentidan

r%

-iani

dawyebuli

ganakveTiT

unda

(uwyveti

daricxvis wesiT), rom man uzrunvelyos F(t) Semosavali (sargebeli)

t[a,b]

momentisaTvis. am tipis gamoTvlebs udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, magaliTad,

satransto fondebisa da kompaniebis moRvaweobaSi.
magaliTi 2:

satransto fondi aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelwliurad

ixdis Tanxas 8 000

ganakveTis

laris intensivobiT, sargeblis wliuri rTuli 10%

(uwyveti daricxvis wesiT) gadaxda iwyeba 5 wlis Semdeg.

a) vipovoT satransto fondis sawyisi Rirebuleba;

b) vipovoT fondis sidide 3 wlis Semdeg.

amoxsna: a) aq Semosavlis nakadi mudmivia f(x)=8 000. satransto fondis
sawyisi Rirebulebis dasadgenad gamoviyenoT (1) formula, romelSic Cveni
amocanis

pirobebis

Sesabamisad:

a=5,

Rirebulebis Semdeg mniSvnelobas

279

b=15

da

r=10.

miviRebT

sawyisi

 e 0,1t 15
1
1
0 ,1t
e
dt
8000
8000

=
= 8000

30672,04
5
3
e
0,1 5
e

15

es aris is sawyisi Tanxa, rac unda hqondes satransto fonds sawyis

momentSi,

rom

man

yovelwliurad 8 000

wlis

Semdeg

SeZlos

10

wlis

ganmavlobaSi

laris gadaxda.

b) fondis sawyisi Tanxa 30672,04 lari sami wlis Semdeg gaxdeba

10

30672,04e 100 41402,92 lari , radgan am SemTxvevaSi t=3 (wels) da r=10%.

magaliTi 3:

invenstori ganusazRvreli vadiT yovelwliurad iRebs

Tanxas 5 000 dolaris intensivobiT. gamovTvaloT im Semosavlis sawyisi

Rirebuleba, Tu diskontireba xdeba sargeblis wliuri rTuli 6 % -iani
ganakveTiT uwyveti daricxvis wesis safuZvelze.
amoxsna:

aRniSnuli

usasrulo

vadiani

Semosavlis

sawyisi

Rirebuleba unda gamovTvaloT (2) iT, sadac f(t)=5 000, a=0 da r=6.

k = e

0 , 06 t

1 0 , 06 t b
5000 dt = 5000 lim e 0 , 06 t dt = 5000 lim
e
0 =
b +
b +

0,06
0

100
100 100 0 , 06 b
= 5000 lim

e
= 5000
83333,33

b +
6
6
6

amrigad,

magaliTSi

mocemuli

Semosavlebis

nakadis

sawyisi

Rirebulebaa daaxloebiT 83333 lari.

davaleba:
SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. ras ewodeba Semosavlebis nakadis mimdinare Rirebuleba?
2. ras ewodeba Semosavlebis nakadis mimdinare Rirebuleba drois
SualedSi?
3. rogor

gamoiTvleba

SualedSi

Rirebuleba?

280

Semosavlis

nakadis

mimdinare

4. ras ewodeba arasakuTrivi integarlebi

(a, + ), ( , b )

da

( ,+ )

SualedSi?
5. rogor

gamoiTvleba

Semosavlis

nakadis

mimdinare

Rirebuleba

SemousazRvreli vadiT?

praqtikuli savarjiSoebi:
1.

satrasto fondi 5 wlis

intensivobiT.

ganmavlobaSi ixdis Tanxas 2000 laris

sargeblis

wliuri

rTuli

ganakveTia

12

(uwyveti daricxvis wesiT). gadaxda iwyeba pirvelive wlidan.

ipoveT satrasto fondis diskontirebuli Rirebuleba.
2.

satrasto

fondma

unda

imoqmedos

10

wlis

ganmavlobaSi

da

Semdgomi 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi unda ixados Tanxa 12 000 laris

intensivobiT. sargeblis wliuri rTuli ganakveTia 11% (uwyveti
daricxvis wesiT). ipoveT satrasto fondis Tanxa pirveli 5 wlis
ganmavlobaSi.
3.

satrasto fondma unda imoqmedos dReidan 8 wlis ganmavlobaSi

da ixdis Tanxas 10 000 laris intensivobiT Semdgomi 7 wlis
ganmavlobaSi. sargeblis wliuri rTuli ganakveTia 12% (uwyveti
daricxvis wesiT). ipoveT:
a)

satrasto fondis sawyisi Rirebuleba

b) satrasto fondis sidide pirveli 5 wlis Semdeg.

g) satrasto fondis sawyisi Rirebuleba, Tu nacvlad 7 wlisa
igi moqmedebs mudmivad (SemousazRvreli drois ganmavlobaSi)
4.

fexburTeli aformebs saxelfaso kontraqts. pirobebis Tanaxmad

igi miiRebs Tanxas, romelic izrdeba Tanabrad, uwyvetad da
wrfivad wliuri 1 000 000

laridan da aRwevs wliur 4 000 000

lars 4 wlis Semdeg. amitom misi xelfasi t wlis Semdeg aris

F (t ) = 1 +

1
t
2

Rirebuleba,

(milioni
romelic

lari).

ipoveT

Seesabameba

281

kontraqtis

sargeblis

wliuri

sawyisi
rTuli

8% -iani ganakveTiT uwyvet daricxvas. (miTiTeba: isargebleT imiT,

rom xelfasis zrdis siCqarea (intensivoba) F (t ) =

5.

vTqvaT,

1
)
2

sargeblis wliuri rTuli ganakveTia 10% (uwyveti

daricxvis wesiT). ras udris uvado mudmivi 5 000 laris nakadis

sawyisi Rirebuleba?
6.

gamoTvaleT arasakuTrivi integralebi:

+

1.

( x + 3)
2

dx

(2 x 3 )

2.

dx
2

4.

e dx
x

5.

282

x ln

2x

(1 + x ) dx

3.

dx

2 2

Tavi VII. diferencialur gantolebaTa Teoriis elementebi

da maTi zogierTi gamoyeneba ekonomikur amocanebSi

$ 1. diferencialuri gantolebani

1. zogadi cnebebi. SemovitanoT Semdegi gansazRvrebebi: gantolebas,

romelic Seicavs damoukidebel cvladebs, am cvladebis ucnob funqciebs
da ukanasknelTa sxvadasxva rigis warmoebulebs, ewodeba diferencialuri
gantoleba.

diferencialuri

gantoleba

aris

Cveulebrivi,

Tu

masSi

Semavali ucnobi funqciebi damokidebulia mxolod erT damoukidebel

cvladze.
gantoleba

F ( x , y , y , y , K y ( n ) ) = 0
sadac y

aris x

is

gantolebas

erTi

ramdenimea,

xolo

funqcia,

ucnobi

warmoadgens

funqciiT.

damoukidebel

(1)
Cveulebriv

roca

ucnob

cvladTa

diferencialur

funqciaTa

ricxvi

erTi,

ricxvi
masTan

diferencialur gantolebaTa ricxvi udris ucnob funqciaTa ricxvs, maSin

gvaqvs Cveulebriv diferencialur gantolebaTa sistema. magaliTad Semdegi
gantolebani:

dy dz
dm y d nz

=0
x
y
z
K

,
,
,
,
,
,
,
1
dx dx
dx m dx n

m
n
x , y , z , dy , dz , K , d y , d z = 0
1
dx dx
dx m dx n

(2)

warmoadgens Cveulebriv diferencialur gantolebaTa sistemas, sadac y da

z cvladebi x ze damokidebuli ucnobi funqciebia.

Tu gantoleba Seicavs ramdenime damoukidebeli cvladis ucnobi
funqciis

kerZo

warmoebulebs,

maSin

aseT

gantolebas

kerZowarmoebulebiani gantoleba ewodeba.

diferencialuri

gantolebis

rigi

warmoebulebis udides rigs.

283

ewodeba

gantolebaSi

Semavali

y 3 y + 2 y = x

magaliTad,

gantoleba

meore rigis Cveulebrivi

2
d 2z
2 d z
a
= 0 meore rigis
xolo gantoleba
dx 2
dx 2

diferencialuri gantolebaa,

kerZowarmoebuliani diferencialuri gantolebaa.

diferencialuri gantolebis amoxsna niSnavs im funqciaTa monaxvas,
romelnic

mocemul

gantolebas

akmayofilebs,

xolo

TviT

funqcias,

romelic akmayofilebs mocemul diferencialur gantolebas, ewodeba am

gantolebis

amonaxsni.

diferencialuri

agreTve diferencialuri gantolebis

gantolebis

amonaxsns

ewodeba

integrali.

Tu gvaqvs pirveli rigis Cveulebrivi diferencialuri gantoleba

F ( x , y , y ) = 0

y = f ( x, y )

an

(3)

maSin y funqcias, romelic gansazRvrulia tolobiT

F ( x, y , C ) = 0 ,

(4)

sadac C nebismieri mudmivia, ewodeba (3) gantolebis zogadi amonaxsni,

rodesac

mudmivis

F ( x , y , y ) = 0,

gamoricxva

F F
+
y = 0
x
y

Semdegi

gvaZlevs

gantolebebis

(3)

sistemidan

gantolebas

an

mis

eqvivalenturs.
analogiurad ganimarteba n uri rigis diferencialuri gantolebis
zogadi amonaxsni.

y funqcias, romelic gansazRvrulia tolobiT:

F ( x , y , C1 , C 2 , K C n ) = 0

(5)

sadac, C1 , C 2 , K C n mudmivebia, ewodeba (1) gantolebis zogadi amonaxsni, Tu

(5)

gantolebidan

da

misi

uri

rigis

warmoebulebidan

C1 , C 2 , K C n

mudmivebis gamoricxviT miviRebT (1) gantolebas an mis eqvivalenturs,

sxvanairad (1) gantolebis zogadi amonaxsni iqneba

y = ( x , C1 , C 2 , K C n )
am

zogadi

amonaxsnidan

miiReba

uamravi

(6)
kerZo

amonaxsnebi,

Tu

C1 , C 2 , K C n mudmivebs mivaniWebT raime kerZo ricxviT mniSvnelobebs.

geometriulad

(6)

zogadi

amonaxsni

warmoadgens

wirTa

ojaxs,

damokidebuls n _ parametrze, xolo am ojaxSi Semaval wirebs xSirad

integralur wirebs uwodeben.

284

koSis

amocana.

(3)

diferencialuri

gantolebisaTvis

ZiriTadi

amocana (koSis amocana) ase Camoyalibdeba: vipovoT (3) gantolebis iseTi

amonaxsni y=(x), romelic akmayofilebs pirobas: y = y 0 , roca x = x 0 , anu

y 0 = ( x 0 ) . am pirobas sawyis pirobas uwodeben. geometriulad es imas

niSnavs, rom vipovoT iseTi integraluri wiri, romelic mocemul M 0 ( x 0 , y 0 )
wertilze gadis. koSis amocanis amoxsnis arsebobisa da erTaderTobis
pirobebs iZleva Semdegi Teorema.
koSis Teorema.

Tu

y = f ( x, y ) diferencialuri gantolebis marjvena

mxare f ( x , y ) da misi kerZo warmoebuli f y ( x , y ) uwyvetia

( x0 , y 0 ) wertilis

raime midamoSi, maSin gantolebas aqvs erTaderTi amonaxsni, romelic

akmayofilebs sawyis pirobas: y = y 0 , roca x = x 0 .

2. pirveli rigis Cveulebrivi diferencialuri gantoleba. pirveli

rigis Cveulebrivi diferencialuri gantolebis zogadi saxea

F ( x, y ,
Tu es gantoleba

dy
dx

dy
)=0
dx

(7)

warmoebulis mimarT pirveli xarisxisaa, maSin igi

SeiZleba ase gadaiweros

M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy = 0 .
roca

(8)

diferencialuri

gantoleba

iseTia,

(8)
rom

wevrTa

saTanado

dajgufebiT miiRebs saxe:

M ( x ) dx + N ( x ) dy = 0

(9)

sadac M aris mxolod x is funqcia, xolo N ki mxolod y isa, aseT

gantolebas ewodeba diferencialuri gantoleba gancalebuli cvaldebiT.
misi amonaxsni miiReba uSualo integrebiT:

M ( x) dx + N ( x ) dy = C
sadac, C integrebis mudmivia.
magaliTi 1:
amoxsna:

amovxsnaT gantoleba

( x + 1) dx + ( y 2) dy = 0

mocemuli gantolebis uSualo integreba gvaZlevs:

( x + 1) dx + ( y 2) dy = C
aqedan,

285

( x + 1) 2 ( y 2) 2
+
=C
2
2
( x + 1) 2 + ( y 2) 2 = 2C

anu

y = 2 2C ( x + 1) 2 .

saidanac,

es aris mocemuli gantolebis zogadi

amonaxsni.
Tu

(8)

gantoleba

iseTia,

M ( x, y )

rom

da

N ( x, y )

funqciebis

M ( x , y ) = X 1 ( x )Y1 ( y ) da N ( x , y ) = X 2 ( x )Y2 ( y ) , maSin

warmodgena SeiZleba ase:

gantoleba

X 1 ( x )Y1 ( y ) dx = X 2 ( x )Y2 ( y ) dy = 0

daiyvaneba

gantolebamde

gancalebuli

(10)

cvladebiT.

amisaTvis

(10)

gantolebis orive mxare gavyoT X 2 ( x )Y1 ( x ) gamosaxulebaze.

magaliTi 2:
amoxsna:

( x + 1) ydx ( y 1) xdy = 0

amovxsnaT gantoleba

cvladTa gancalebis mizniT gantolebis orive mxare gavyoT

xy ze miviRebT:

y 1
x +1
dx
dy = 0 .
x
y

movaxdinoT integreba

x +1
y 1
dx
dy = C
x
y

saidanac

x + ln x y + ln y = ln C ,

ln

xy
= y x = ln e y x
C

xy = Ce y x

y=

Ce y x
.
x

maSasadame,
da

es aris zogadi amonaxsni.

3. erTgvarovani gantoleba: diferencialur gantolebas

M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy = 0

(11)

uwodeben erTgvarovan gantolebas, Tu M ( x, y ) da

N ( x, y )

erTi da imave

rigis erTgvarovani funqciebia. aseTi saxis diferencialuri gantolebani

amoixsneba

Semdegi

CasmiT:

y=xt.

am

CasmiT

erTgvarovani

daiyvaneba diferencialur gantolebamde gancalebadi cvladebiT.

magaliTi 3:

amovxsnaT gantoleba

286

y 2 dx + ( x 2 xy ) dy = 0

gantoleba

amoxsna:

mocemuli

aRniSvna y=xt.

gantoleba

erTgvarovania,

amitom

SemoviRoT

aqedan dy=xdt+tdx. am mniSvnelobebs, Tu CavsvamT mocemul

gantolebaSi, gveqneba:

t 2 x 2 dx + ( x 2 tx 2 )(tdx + xdt ) = 0
x 2 tdx + x 3 (1 t ) dt = 0

anu

axla cvaldTa gancalebis mizniT tolobis orive mxare gavyoT tx 2 -ze.

miviRebT:

dx (1 t ) dt
+
=0
x
t
Tu movaxdenT integrebas, miviRebT:

anu

dx
(1 t ) dt
+
=C
t
x

lnx+lnt-t=C, potencirebis Sesrulebis Semdeg moviRebT: tx = Ce t . axla

y

davubrundeT

cvlads,

aRniSvnidan

t=

gvaqvs:

y
.
x

maSasadame,

zogad

y = Ce x .

amonaxsns eqneba saxe:

4. pirveli rigis wrfivi gantoleba. diferencialur gantolebas,

romelic wrfivia ucnobi funqcisa da misi pirveli rigis warmoebulis
mimarT ewodeba pirveli rigis wrfivi diferencialuri gantoleba. misi
zogadi saxea

dy
+ P( x) y = Q( x)
dx
sadac, P(x)

da

Q(x)

warmoadgens

x is

(12)

mocemul

gantolebis amonaxsni veZeboT ori u(x) da v(x)

uwyvet

funqciebs.

am

funqciis namravlis saxiT:

y = uv , sadac u da v saZiebeli funqciebia x cvladebisa. am funqciebis

moZebniT miiReba (12) gantolebis zogadi amonaxsni Semdegi saxiT:

y = e P ( x ) dx c + Q ( x )e P ( x ) dx dx

(13)

es aris (12) gantolebis zogadi amonaxsni.

magaliTi 4:
amoxsna:

amovxsnaT gantoleba

dy y
= 2x2
dx x

1
mocemul gantolebaSi P ( x ) = ,
x

(13) formuliT, gveqneba

287

Q ( x ) = 2 x 2 . visargebloT

y=e

dx

ln x
2
x
c
2
x
e
dx = e
+

dx
x

c + 2 x 2 e ln x dx

dx

= x ( c + x 2 )
y = x c + 2 x 2
x

amgvarad, zogadi amonaxsnia

5.

meore

rigis

y = x 2 + cx .

erTgvarovani

diferencialuri gantoleba.

mudmivkoeficientebiani

gantolebas

y + py + q = 0
p

sadac

da

wrfivi

mudmivebia,

ewodeba

(14)

meore

rigis

erTgvarovani

mudmivkoeficientebiani wrfivi diferencialuri gantoleba.

kvadratul

gantolebas

k 2 + pk + q = 0
ewodeba

(14)

gantolebis

maxasiaTebeli

(15)
gantoleba.

(15)

gantolebis

amonaxsnebzea damokidebuli (14) gantolebis zogadi amoxsnebi, saxeldobr,

ganvixiloT SemTxvevebi:
1. maxasiaTebeli gantolebis k1
maSin

kerZo

amonaxsnebi

damoukidebelia, radgan

iqneba

k 2 fesvebi namdvilia da k1 k 2 .

da

y1 = e k1 x ,

romlebic

wrfivad

y1
= e ( k 1 k 2 ) x const , amitom (14) gantolebis zogadi
y2
y = c1e k1 x + c2 e k 2 x ,

amonaxnaxsni iqneba

y2 = e k2 x

sadac

c1 da c2

nebismieri

mudmivebia.

y 5 y + 6 y = 0

magaliTi 5:
amoxsna:

e.i.

da

da

k2 = 3 .

y 2 = u ( x )e k1 x

k 2 fesvebi k1 = k 2 namdvilia da

y1 = e k1 x . meore kerZo amonaxsni

erTi kerZo amonaxsni iqneba

veZeboT Semdegi saxiT

k1 = 2

y = c1e 2 x + c2 e 3 x

2. maxasiaTebeli gantolebis k1
jeradi.

k 2 5k + 6 = 0 ,

maxasiaTebeli gantolebaa

sadac, u (x )

funqciaa. gawarmoebiT moviRebT:

y 2 = u e k1 x + k1ue k1 x = e k1 x (u + k1u )
y 2 = e k1 x (u + 2 k1u + k12 u )
am gamosaxulebis (4) _Si SetaniT miviRebT:
288

jerjerobiT ucnobi

e k1 x [u + ( 2k1 + p )u + ( k12 + pk1 + q )u ] = 0

radagan
amisa

k1 maxasiaTebeli gantolebis fesvia, amitom

k1 = k 2 =

gantoleba

p
,
2

k12 + pk1 + q = 0 .garda

2 k1 + p = 0 . e.i. u (x ) -is misaRebad saWiroa amoixsnas

u = 0 .

integrebiT miviRebT u=Ax+B, sadac A

mudmivebia. kerZod, SeiZleba aviRoT A=1

da B=0,

da B nebismieri

gveqneba

u=x. amgvarad,

meore kerZo amoxsnad SeiZleba aviRoT

y2

y 2 = xe k1x .

y1

= x = const

saZiebeli zogadi amonaxsni ase Caiwereba

y = e k1 x (c1 + c 2 x )

(16)

sadac c1 da c 2 nebismieri mudmivebia.

y + 4 y + 4 = 0

magaliTi 6:
amoxsna:

(k + 2 )2 = 0 .

maxasiaTebeli gantolebaa k 2 + 4 k + 4 = 0 ,

amitom

(16) formulis ZaliT zogadi amonaxsni iqneba

y = e 2 x (c1 + c 2 x )

6. maRali rigis diferencialuri gantoleba. n (n>1) uri rigis

diferencialur gantolebas aqvs saxe

F ( x , y , y , y , K , y ( n ) ) = 0

(17)

sadac x damoukidebeli cvladia, y am cvladis ucnobi funqciaa, xolo

y , y , y , K , y ( n )

ucnobi

funqciis

warmoebulebi.

Tu

(17)

gantoleba

amoxsnadia y ( n ) -is mimarT, maSin

y ( n ) = f ( x , y , y , y , K , y ( n 1) )
am

gantolebisaTvis,

ise,

rogorc

pirveli

(18)
rigis

gantolebisaTvis,

marTebulia
Teorema 1:
cvladebis

Tu (18)

uwyveti

gantolebis marjvena nawili

funqciaa

Caketil D areSi, romelic Seicavs

x0

(n+1)

raime

ganzomilebian

( x0 , y 0 , y 0 , y 0 , K , y 0

( n 1)

x, y , y , y , K , y ( n 1)
SemosazRvrul
wertils, maSin

wertilis garkveul midamoSi arsebobs am gantolebis iseTi

amonaxsni, rom

( x0 ) = y 0 , ( x0 ) = y 0 ,K, ( n1) ( x0 ) = y 0( n 1)
289

y = (x )

f ( x , y , y , y , K , y ( n 1) ) funqciis pirveli rigis kerZo warmoebulebi

rodesac

y , y , y , K , y ( n 1)

cvladebis mimarT uwyvetia D areSi, maSin aseTi amonaxsni

erTaderTia.

x0

sadac

y 0 , y 0 , y 0 , K , y 0

da

y = y 0 , y = y 0 , y = y 0 , K , y ( n 1) = y 0

x = x 0 , maSin

pirobebs, roca

pirobebi ewodebaT. x0

( n 1)

winaswar

mocemuli

ricxvebia

( n 1)

sawyisi

ricxvs ewodeba damoukidebeli argumentis sawyisi

y 0 , y 0 , y 0 , K , y 0

mniSvneloba, xolo ricxvebs

warmoebulebis sawyisi mniSvnelobebi.

(18)

( n 1)

ki amonaxsnisa da misi

gantolebis iseTi amonaxsnis

moZebnis amocanas, romelic mocemul sawyis pirobebs akmayofilebs koSis

amocana ewodeba.

n uri rigis diferencialuri gantolebis zogadi

gansazRvreba:

amonaxsni (zogadi integrali) ewodeba

y = ( x, c1 , c 2 , K , c n )

(19)

funqcias, romelic akmayofilebs (18) gantolebas

c1 , c 2 , K , c n

nebismieri

ginda

mniSvelobisaTvis.

amis

garda,

rogoric

mudmivebis

iyos

sawyisi

pirobebi

y = y 0 , y = y 0 , y = y 0 , K , y ( n 1) = y 0

x = x0 ,

( n 1)

(20)

nebismieri c1 , c 2 , K , c n mudmivebi SeiZleba ise SevarCioT, rom (19) funqcia

akmayofilebdes (20) sawyis pirobebs.

gansazRvreba:

uri

rigis

diferencialuri

gantolebis

im

amonaxsns, romelic mocemul sawyis pirobebs akmayofilebs (18) gantolebis

kerZo amonaxsni ewodeba.
(17) gantolebis integrebis amocanas ewodeba

sasazRvro amocana.
sasazRvro

amocana,

warmoebulis

Tu

saZiebeli

mniSvnelona

mocemulia

funqciisa
ara

da

erTi

SesaZlebelia,

x = x0

misi

wertilisaTvis,

rogorc koSis amocanaSia, aramed romelirac fiqsirebuli intervalis

boloebze.

ufro

zogad

SemTxvevaSi

ki

saZiebeli

funqciisa

da

misi

warmoebulebis mniSvneloba mocemulia orze met wertilSi (SesaZlebelia

intervalze).

SevniSnoT,

rom

sasazRvro

amocanas

yovelTvia

ara

aqvs

amonaxsni da Tu es amonaxsni arsebobs, maSin bevr SemTxvevaSi igi ar aris

erTaderTi.

290

davaleba:
SeamowmeT Teoriuli masalis codna Semdegi kiTxvebis saSualebiT
1. ras ewodeba diferencialuri gantoleba?
2. ras niSnavs diferencialuri gantolebis amoxsna?
3. ras ewodeba diferencialuri gantolebis rigi?
4. rogori

saxe

aqvs

pirveli

rigis

Cveulebriv

diferencialur

gantolebas?
5. rogor

gamoiTvleba

pirveli

rigis

wrfivi

diferencialuri

gantoleba?
6. ras ewodeba maRali rigis diferencialuri gantoleba?
7. ras ewodeba maRali rigis diferencialuri gantolebis sasazRvro
amocana?

praqtikuli savarjiSoebi:
dy
= ex
dx

1. a) ( x 2 yx 2 ) y + y 2 + xy 2 = 0

b)

(1 + e x ) y

2. a) (1 + x 2 ) dy y (1 + y 2 ) dx = 0

b)

y sin x y ln y = 0

3. a) ( 2 y x ) dx ( 2 x y ) dy = 0

b)

x cos

4. a)

dy y
= 2x2
dx x

b)

y
y

dy = y cos x dx
x
x

( x 1) y + y x 3 + x 2 = 0 g) y 5 y + 6 y = 0

291

$ 2. diferencialuri gantolebis cnebis gamoyeneba

ekonomikur amocanebSi.

1.

warmoebis

Teoriis

Teoriis

erT-erTi

ekonomikuri

done

ZiriTadi
maSin

kanoni.

ZiriTadi

kanoniT:

miiRweva,

isargebleT

warmoebis

rodesac

warmoebis

yvelaze

saSualo

da

maRali
zRvruli

danaxarjebi tolia da daadgineT mTliani danaxarjebis funqciis saxe.

warmoebis mTliani danaxarjebi aRiniSneba CT (Q ) , sadac Q saqonlis
raodenobaa.

saSualo

C M (Q )

danaxarjebi

aris

mTliani

dagnaxarjebis

Sefardeba damzadebuli saqonlis raodenobasTan. e.i. C M (Q ) =

CT (Q )
Q

, xolo

zRvruli danaxarjebi aris mTliani danaxarjebis funqciis warmoebuli

saqonlis

raodenobiT,

e.i.

C m (Q ) = CT (Q ) .

warmoebis

Teoriis

ZiriTadi

kanonis Tanaxmad gvaqvs:

C M (Q ) = C m (Q ) , anu

CT ( Q )
Q

= CT (Q ) .

miviReT pirveli rigis wrfivi diferencialuri gantoleba. amovxsnaT igi.

gvaqvs (simoklisaTvis T indeqss ar vwerT):

C ( Q ) dC ( Q )
=
Q
dQ

dC dQ
,
=
C
Q

anu

ukanaskneli vaintegroT

aqedan
CT (Q ) = kQ .

lnC=lnkQ
e.i.

dC
dQ
=
.
C
Q
C=kQ.

anu
danaxarjebi

mTliani danaxarjis funqcia aris

damzadebuli

saqonlis

raodenobis

pirdapirproporciulia.

2. wonasworobis fasis gansazRvra. ganvixiloT ekonomikuri amocana:

dasawyisSi saqonlis fasi iyo 36 lari t kviris Semdeg fasi, rogorc drois
funqcia, gaxda

P(t)

lari. vTqvaT, moTxovnis funqciaa

Q = 120 2 P + 5
xolo miwodebis funqciaa
292

dP
,
dt

S = 30 + 3 P + 50

dP
.
dt

gansazRvreT wonasworobis fasi:

1. t kviris Semdeg;
2. t=3 kviris Semdeg;
3. t=6 kviris Semdeg.
wonasworobis fasi miiRweva, roca moTxovna gautoldeba miwodebas:

Q=S
e.i.

120 2 P + 5

dP
dP
= 30 + 3 P + 50
dt
dt

miviReT I rigis wrfivi diferencialuri gantolebaPP-s mimarT. amovxsnaT

igi. gamartivebiT miviRebT

45

dP
= 5 P + 150
dt

1
dP
= ( P 30 )
9
dt

anu

cvladTa gancalebiT miviRebT:

1
dP
= dt .
9
P 30

vaintegroT orive mxare:

P 30 = 9 ,

saidanac

ln

dP

1
P 30
= t
C
9
1

t
P 30
=e 9
C

anu

P = Ce

sabolood

1
t
9

+ 30.

C mudmivis gansazRvris mizniT gamoviyenoT sawyisi piroba, roca t=0,

maSin

P=36.

CavsvaT, miviRebT:

36 = Ce + 30
0

pasuxi:

1.

P = Ce

1
t
9

C=6

e.i.

+ 30;

2. P=34,3

roca t=3;

3. P=33,1

roca t=6;

293

P = 6e

1
t
9

+ 30.

gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. r. danelia, j. rogava wrfivi algebrisa da analizuri geometriis mokle
kursi, Tbilisi 1997.
2. r. danelia. matricebi. Tbilisi. `inteleqti~. 1997.
3. r. danelia, n. CxaiZe, i. gogsaZe maTematika ekonomistebisaTvis (saleqcio
kursi, naw. I) Tb. 2002.
4. n. durgliSvili umaRlesi maTematikis amocanaTa krebuli. ganaTleba
1977.
5. m. elizbaraSvili umaRlesi maTematika (amocanebi da savarjiSoebi)

2002.

6. a. zeragia umaRlesi maTematika t. 1-2, Tbilisi 1985.

7. g.

TavarTqilaZe,

a.

doliZe,

n.

xvedeliZe,

d.

Sengelia

maTematika

ekonomistebisaTvis. Tbilisi 2000.

8. s. Tofuria, v. xoWolava, n. maWaraSvili, d. giorgaZe, a. kvaliaSvili.
wrfivia

algebrisa

da

analizuri

geometriis

elementebi.

Tbilisi.

`ganaTleba~. 1988.
9. a. krinski maTematika ekonomistebisaTvis. Tbilisi 1974.
10. n. musxeliSvili analizuri geometriis mokle kursi. Tbilisi. `gamomc.
teqnika da Sroma~. 1951.
11. z. nacvliSvili, g. tabiZe, r. danelia, j. giorgobiani, m. kublaSvili.
diskretuli maTematikis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi. `ganaTleba~. 1990.
12. d.

natroSvili,

m.

usaneTaSvili,

l.

giorgaSvili,

g.

jaSiaSvili

maTematika ekonomistebisaTvis. Tbilisi 1999.

13. a. ruxaZe. umaRlesi maTematika I da II t. 1985.
14. vl. WeliZe,

e. wiTlanaZe maTematikuri analizis kursi. t. I-II. `Tbilisis

universitetis gamomcemloba~. Tb. 1989.

15. .. . . . 1979.
16. . . . .
.. . . . 1978.
17. . . . . . 1977.
18. . . . . 1976.
19. . ., .. . . .
1988.

294

20. . ., .. .
. . 1980.
21. .. . . . 1974.
22. . . . 2000 .

23. . . . . . 1971.
24. .. . . . 1971.
25. .. . . . 1972.
26. . . . . . 1997
27. .. . . . 1971.
28. . . . , 1998 .

29. . . . . 1978.
30. .. . , 2000 .

31. .. . . . 1978.
32. .. . . . 1963.
33. .. . . .. . . 1978.
34. .. . I I. . . 1963.
35. Brian D. Bunday Basic Linear Programming. Edward Arnold. 1989.
36. David Gale. The Theory of Linear Economic Models. Me Granv Hill Book Company. Inc.
1990.
37. Economic Applications of the Theory of Grafs. By Giuseppe Avando Badino University of
Urbinom. Italy. 1962.
38. Hallam D. Economic Modelling of Agricultural Commodity Markets. Rout ledge, London.
1990.
39. Jundge G. G., Grtiffiths W.E., Jill R.C., Lutkepohl H. and Lee T.C. The Theory and Practice of
Econometrics. 2nd end John Wiley & Sons. New York. 2002.
40. Maddala G.S. Introduction to Econometrics. 2nd end. Macmillan Publishing Co. New York.
1992.
41. Reinfeld N.V., Vogel W.R. Mathematical Programming. Prentice-Hall. Inc. Englewood Cliffs.
New York. 2001.
42. Robert O. Ferguson and Lauren F. Sargent. Linear Programming: Fundamentals

and

Applications. McGraw- Hill Book Company. Inc. New York, Toronto, London. 1958.
43. Saul G. Gass Linear Programming. Methods and Applications. McGraw- Hill Book Company.
Inc. New York, Toronto, London. 1958.

!
!
!
295

tbsDfwj!
!
!
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------simravleTa Teoria. maTematikuri induqciis meTodi.
kombinatorika. finansuri maTematikis elementebi

winasityvaoba

Tavi I.

$1. elementaruli cnebebi simravleTa Teoriidan ------------------------------------------

$2 maTematikuri induqciis meTodi da kombinatorikis elementebi -------------$3. procentebis gamoTvla ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------$ 4 dikontireba. jamuri (dagrovili) sargebeli. grZelvadiani kreditebis
dafarva. dafarvis koeficienti. anuiteti --------------------------------------------------$ 5 investiciebis Sefaseba da Sedareba ----------------------------------------------------------

10
16
25
34

Tavi II. wrfivi algebris elementebi.wrfivi algebris elementebis

zogierTi gamoyeneba ekonomikur kvlevebSi
$
$
$
$
$

1. matricTa Teoriis elementebi --------------------------------------------------------------------2. magaliTebi informaciis matriculi saxiT warmodgenaze ----------------------3 determinantebi. Sebrunebuli matrica. matricis rangi -------------------------4 wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema ----------------------------------------------------------------------5 matricTa algebris gamoyeneba ekonomikaSi -----------------------------------------------

42
49
53
62
70

Tavi III. analizuri geometriis elementebi. analizuri geometriis

elementebis zogierTi gamoyeneba ekonomikur amocanebSi.
$ 1 wrfe sibrtyeze ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------$ 2 meore rigis wirebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------$ 3 wrfivi funqciebi ekonomikur amocanebSi ---------------------------------------------------

Tavi IV. maTemtikuri analizis Sesavali. funqciis cnebis

ekonomikur amocanebSi

79
87
94

gamoyeneba

$1 funqcia ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------$2 ricxviTa mimdevroba. mimdevrobis zRvari. ricxvaTa mwkrivi -------------------$3 funqciis zRvari da uwyvetoba ---------------------------------------------------------------------$4. elementarul funqciaTa klasi -------------------------------------------------------------------$5. usasrulod mcire da usasrulod didi sidideebi. usasrulod
mcireTa Sedareba. ekvivalenturi usasrulod mcireeebi --------------------------$ 6 moTxovnis, miwodebisa da danaxarjis funqciebi. wonasworobis fasi ---

102
111
124
139
140
148

Tavi V. diferencialuri aRricxvis elementebi da maTi zogierTi

gamoyeneba ekonomikur amocanebSi
$1. funqciis warmoebuli. misi geometriuli da ekonomikuri interpretacia
$ 2 gawarmoebis ZiriTadi wesebi. elementarul funqciaTa warmoebulebis
cxrili ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------$3.
funqciis
diferenciali.
diferencialis
umartivesi
Tvisebebi.
diferencialis geometriuli mniSvneloba ---------------------------------------------$4. Seqceuli
funqciis warmoebuli. rTuli funqciis warmoebuli.
maRali rigis warmoebulebi. laibnicis formula ----------------------------------$ 5. warmoebulis umartivesi gamoyenebani --------------------------------------------------------$ 6. ganuzRvrelobaTa gaxsna. lopitalis wesi ----------------------------------------------

296

157
166
147
178
186
199

$ 7. zRvruli (marJinaluri) amonagebi. danaxarji da mogeba. zRvruli

(marJinaluri) midrekileba dazogvisa da moxmarebisadmi ------------------------------$ 8. funqciis elastikuroba. moTxovnilebis elastikuroba fasis mixedviT.
miwodeba
da
miwodebis
elastikuroba.
sruli
da
saSualo
danaxarjebis elastikuroba ----------------------------------------------------------------------$ 9. ekonomikuri amocanebi funqciis eqstremumis gamokvlevaze --------------------$ 10. ori cvladi funqciis zRvari da uwyvetoba. kerZo
warmoebulebi,
sruli diferenciali ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------$ 11 ori cvladis funqciis eqstremumi. pirobiTi eqstremumi. lagranJis
mamravlTa meTodi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Tavi

VI.

integraluri aRricxvis elementebi

gamoyeneba ekonomikur amocanebSi

da

maTi

203

211
217
220
228

zogierTi

$1.

ganusazRvreli
integralis
ganmarteba.
ZiriTadi
Tvisebebi.
ZiriTadi integralebis cxrili. uSualo integreba ---------------------------------$ 2. ganusazRvreli integralis gamoTvlis xerxebi ---------------------------------------$ 3. zogierTi transcedentuli funqciebis integreba ------------------------------------$ 4. kvadratuli samwevris Semcveli zogierTi diferencialis integreba --$ 5. racionaluri funqciebis integreba -----------------------------------------------------------$6.
gansazRvruli
integralis
cneba.
niuton-laibnicis
formula.
gansazRvruli integralis gamoTvlis xerxebi ------------------------------------------$ 8. gansazRvruli integralis gamoyeneba ekonomikaSi ----------------------------------$ 9. arasakuTrivi integralis cneba. arasakuTrivi integralebis gamoyeneba
ekonomikur amocanebSi -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

233
240
246
251
255
259
269
275

Tavi VII. diferencialur gantolebaTa Teoriis elementebi da maTi

zogierTi gamoyeneba ekonomikur amocanebSi
$ 1. diferencialuri gantolebani ---------------------------------------------------------------------$ 2. diferencialuri gantolebis cnebis gamoyeneba ekonomikur amocanebSi -

282
291

gamoyenebuli literatura ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

293

297