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Code No: W0103/R05

Set No. 1

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 SURVEYING (Civil Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) Describe plane Table intersection method with the help of neat sketches. Under what circumstances this method is resorted to. (b) Explain the various sources of errors in plane Table Surveying.

2. (a) Explain the procedure of chaining. How will you record the measurements of Chain Survey. Enumerate the points to be kept in view while booking the eld notes. (b) A Survey line BAC crosses a river, A and C being on the near and opposite banks respectively. A perpendicular AD 40m long is set out at A. If the bearings of AD and DC are 380 451 and 2780 451 respectively and the chainage at A is 862m. nd the chainage at C. [8+8] 3. A dumpy level was set up at C exactly mid way between two pegs A and B 100m apart. The readings on the sta when held on the pegs A and B were 2.250 and 2.025 respectively. The instrument was then moved and set up at a point D on the line BA produced, and 20m from A. The respective sta readings on A and B were 1.875 and 1.670. Calculate the sta readings on A and B to give a horizontal line of sight. [16] 4. With the help of neat sketches explain briey the theory of planimetercovering Zero circle, Multiplier constant and Instrument constant. [16] 5. What is Gales traverse table? Discuss the procedure for recording the various entries in the table. [16] 6. Derive an expression for the horizontal distance of a vertical sta from a tacheometer, if the line of sight is inclined. [16] 7. (a) List out dierent methods of setting out simple curves. Explain Rankines method of deection angles for setting out a simple curve. (b) Calculate the osets at 15m intervals along the tangents to set out a simple circular curve of 300m radius. [8+8] 8. (a) What is Geodetic Surveying? How it is dierent from Plane surveying. (b) Explain the importance of electronic surveying in the eld of surveying.[8+8]

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Code No: W0103/R05

Set No. 2

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 SURVEYING (Civil Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) Give a detailed classication of Surveys. (b) A line 3.2 km long is measured with a steel tape which is 20m under no pull at 30o C. The tape in section is 1/8 cm wide and 1/20 cm thick. If one half of the line is measured at a temparature of 40o c and the other half at 50o C and the tape is attached to a pull of 200N, nd the corrected total length of the line given the coecient of expansion is 11.5 106 per degree C, weight of tape per Cubic cm of steel = 0.77504N, and E = 2.1 105 N/mm2 . [7+9] 2. (a) Dene Dip, Magnetic Declination, Azimuth, Isogonic Lines. (b) The following bearings are observed with a compass. Where do you suspect local attraction. Find the correct bearings. F.B B.B Line AB 74o 00 254o 00 BC 91o 00 271o 00 o CD 166 00 343o 00 o DE 177 00 0o 00 EA 189o 00 9o 00 [8+8] 3. (a) Describe the test for the adjustments of level tube giving neat sketches. (b) Give the desired relation, object and necessity of the adjustment of level tube [10+6] 4. A railway embankment, 500m long has a width at formation level of 9m with side slopes of 2 to1. The ground levels at every 100m along the center line are given below. The embankment has a listing gradient of 1.2m per 100m and the formation level is 110.5 at zero chainage. Assuming the ground to be level across the centre line, compute the volume of earthwork. [16] Distance(m) Ground level(m) 0 107.8 100 106.3 200 110.5 300 111 400 110.7 500 112.2

J
i. ii. iii. iv.

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5. (a) Dierentiate between Transiting and swinging of the telescope. Face left and face right readings. Clamp screw and tangent screw. Telescope normal and telescope inverted.

(b) In a theodolite traversing, the distances are to be measured to a precision of 1 in 15,000. Determine the accuracy measurements. [12+4] 1 of 2

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Code No: W0103/R05

Set No. 2

6. A tacheometer was set up at a station A and the readings on a vertically held sta at B were 2.255, 2.605 and 2.955, the line of sight being at an inclination of +80 24. Another observation on the vertically held sta at B.M. gave the readings 1.640, 1.920 and 2.200, the inclination of the line of sight being +10 6. Calculate the horizontal distance between A and B, and the elevation of B if the R.L of B.M is 418.685 m. the constants of the instruments were 100 and 0.3. [16] 7. (a) List out dierent methods of setting out simple curves. Explain Rankines method of deection angles for setting out a simple curve. (b) Calculate the osets at 15m intervals along the tangents to set out a simple circular curve of 300m radius. [8+8] 8. (a) What is Geodetic Surveying? How it is dierent from Plane surveying.

(b) Explain the importance of electronic surveying in the eld of surveying.[8+8]

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Code No: W0103/R05

Set No. 3

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 SURVEYING (Civil Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) a) Explain clearly the points of dierence between the prismatic compass and Surveyors compass. (b) What are the sources of errors in compass Surveying and what precautions are to be taken to eliminate them. [8+8] 2. (a) Explain the procedure of chaining. How will you record the measurements of Chain Survey. Enumerate the points to be kept in view while booking the eld notes. (b) A Survey line BAC crosses a river, A and C being on the near and opposite banks respectively. A perpendicular AD 40m long is set out at A. If the bearings of AD and DC are 380 451 and 2780 451 respectively and the chainage at A is 862m. nd the chainage at C. [8+8] 3. What is the principle of the indirect methods of locating contours? Briey explain any 3 methods giving their merits and demerits [16] 4. (a) List the general methods of calculating are as, (b) Explain any one methods giving its advantages, limitation and suitability for a given type of work. [4+12] 5. (a) Draw a neat sketch of a transit theodolite and explain the functions of its various components. (b) In a traverse survey, the angular measurements were made with an error of 20. What is the relative accuracy in the linear measurements? [12+4] 6. The following readings were taken on a vertical sta with a tacheometer tted with an analytic lens: Sta station Bearing Vertical angle Sta reading A 340 20 +110 0.850 1.410 1.970 B 2020 50 -40 0.755 1.885 3.015 The value of k for the instrument is 100, calculate the dierence of level between A and B and the distance AB. [16] 7. (a) What are the elements of a simple circular curve. Give their relationships. (b) Two roads meet an angle of 1270 30 . Calculate the necessary data for setting out a curve of 15 chains radius to connect two straight portions of the road if it is intended to set out the curve by chain and osets only. Take length of chain as 30m [7+9] 1 of 2

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Code No: W0103/R05

Set No. 3

8. (a) Describe the object and methodology of Geodetic Surveying. (b) What impact did the creation of electronic angle measurement (like in Total Stations) have on surveying procedures? [8+8]

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Code No: W0103/R05

Set No. 4

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 SURVEYING (Civil Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) List out the dierent accessories of plane table Surveying. Also explain the purpose for which they are used. (b) State Three point problem in plane Table Surveying and describe how it is solved by Bessels method. [8+8] 2. (a) Explain compensating and cumulative errors in chain Surveying. (b) What are the Survey stations. How will you select them.

(c) A Survey line CD intersects a high building. To prolong the line beyond this obstacle, a perpendicular DE, 200m long is set out at D. From E, two lines EF and EG are set out at angles of 450 and 600 with ED respectively. Determine the length of EF and EG in order that the points F and G may lie on the prolongation of CD, and also nd the obstructed length DF. [4+4+8] 3. The following observations were made during the testing of a dumpy level: Instrument at A B Sta reading on A 1.702 2.146

Distance AB=150m Is the instrument in adjustment? To what reading should the line of collimation be adjusted when the instrument was at B? If the R.L of A=432.052, what should be the R.L. of B. [16] 4. A rectangular plot ABCD forms the plan of a pit excavated for road work. E is point of intersection of diagonals. Calculate the volume of excavation from the following data if length AB = 50m and BC = 80m: [16] Point A B C D E Original level 45.2 49.8 51.2 47.2 52.0 Final level 38.6 39.8 42.6 40.8 42.5 5. (a) Discuss the relationships between the various axes of a transit. (b) What are the dierent types of errors which can occur in theodolite surveying? How would you avoid them? [4+12] 6. (a) Explain how to determine the constants k and C of a tacheometer. (b) Two distances of 20 and 100 meters were accurately measured out and the intercepts on the sta between the outer stadia webs were 0.196 m at the former distance and 0.996 at the latter. Calculate the tacheometric constants. [8+8] 1 of 2

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B 2.244 3.044

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Code No: W0103/R05

Set No. 4

7. (a) What is a compound curve. If in a compound curve, the direction of the two straights and one radius are known, deduce the formula for other radius. (b) Tabulate the necessary data to set out a right handed simple circular curve of 600m radius to connect two straights intersecting at a chainage of 3605m by Rankines method of deection angles. The angle of deection of the curve is 250 and the peg interval is 30m. [7+9] 8. (a) What is Geodetic Surveying? How it is dierent from Plane surveying. (b) Explain the importance of electronic surveying in the eld of surveying.[8+8]

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Code No: X0204/R05

Set No. 1

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ( Common to Electrical & Electronic Engineering and Electronics & Control Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a)

i. Distinguish between electric potential and potential dierence. ii. Express electric eld of static charges in terms of potential.

(b) Derive Poissons equation in electrostatics.

(c) In cylindrical co ordinates, the potential v = 500 V at r = 50 cm and the electric eld intensity E = 500 ar V/m at r = 1 m. Determine the location of (r, , z ) = K ar V /m. [6+6+4] the voltage reference if E r 2. (a) A conducting body is in the electric eld of static charges. Explain why the net electric eld at any point inside the conducting body will be zero. (b) Use the result of (a) to show that i. the net volume charge density at any point inside the conductor is zero, and ii. the conductor is an equipotential body. [8+4+4] C/m2 . Write the integral 3. (a) A certain volume of dielectric has a polarization P expression for the potential at any point due to this dielectric. Explain the dierent terms in this expression through a gure, (b) A spherical dielectric shell has its center at origin, and its internal and external radii are 49 cm and 50 cm respectively. The shell has a polarization of 3ar nC/m2 (spherical coordinates). Considering only the bound surface density on the outer surface, nd the potential of the dielecltric shell. [8+8] 4. (a) State Biot-Savarts law for the eld B due to a steady line current in free space. (b) Find the magnetic eld B at the center of the axis of a solenoid of radius R m, axial length m, and N turns per meter closely wound, which is carrying a steady current I A. 0 Ir 2 az T ). [4+12] (Hint: In gure 4b, magnetic eld B at P = 2(r2 +z 2 )3/2

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Code No: X0204/R05

Set No. 1

Figure 4b

5. (a) How Amperes current law diers from Biot - Savart Law.

(b) Evaluate the closed line integral of H from (5,4,1) to (5,6,1) to (0,6,1) to (0,4,1) to (5,4,1) using straight line segments, if H = 0.1y3 ax + 0.4x az A/m. [6+10] 6. (a) What is Amperes force law? Derive the expression.

(b) Two long parallel wires separated 2 meters apart carry currents of 50 A and 100 A respectively in the same direction. Determine the magnitude and direction of the force between them per unit length. [10+6] 7. Explain the term vector magnetic potential and obtain the expression for vector magnetic potential. [16] 8. (a) Explain the concept of Displacement current density (b) Find JD inside a large oil lled power capacitor where r = 6 and E = 100 sin [1.257* 10 - 6 (3*108 t - 2.45z)]ax kV/m.

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Code No: X0204/R05

Set No. 2

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ( Common to Electrical & Electronic Engineering and Electronics & Control Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) State and explain Coulombs law expressing the force between point charges in free space as a vector. (b) Find the electric eld at a point outside a sphere of radius R m which carries a uniform charge density C /m3 in free space. Use Gausss law. (c) Charges of -1 C and 2 C are located in free space at the origin and at (0,2,0) m respectively. Find the point on the line joining the charges where the electric eld is zero. [6+6+4] 2. (a) i. Dene capacitance. Express its units in 2 dierent ways. ii. As per the usual denition, show that a capacitance is always positive. iii. Sometimes, capacitance of a single conductor is referred to. What does this mean?

(b) Two large parallel conducting plates are separated by a distance 5 mm in air. The +ve and -ve terminals of a 100 V battery are connected, one terminal to each of the plates. The battery is then removed, and a plane conducting sheet, 2 mm thick, is introduced between the two plates parallel to them and without touching them.

i. Find the original potential dierence between the plates. ii. After the introduction of the conducting sheet will the potential dierence between the two outer plates increase or decrease? Explain. iii. Find the new potential potential dierence between the two outer plates. [8+8]

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C/m2 . Write the integral 3. (a) A certain volume of dielectric has a polarization P expression for the potential at any point due to this dielectric. Explain the dierent terms in this expression through a gure, (b) A spherical dielectric shell has its center at origin, and its internal and external radii are 49 cm and 50 cm respectively. The shell has a polarization of 3ar nC/m2 (spherical coordinates). Considering only the bound surface density on the outer surface, nd the potential of the dielecltric shell. [8+8] 4. (a) State Biot - Savarts law for the magnetic eld B due to a steady line current element in free space. Use superposition to obtain the eld of any line current conguration.

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Code No: X0204/R05

Set No. 2

(b) Steady current I A extends from the origin to z = m along the z-axis. Find the magnetic eld B at a distance y m from the origin along the y-axis. [6+10] 5. (a) State and explain Amperes circuital current law. (b) Given J = 103 sin ar A/m2 , nd the current passing through spherical shell of r = 0.2 m. [6+10] 6. In region 1, where r. (2ax - 3ay + az ) > 5, let r1 = 10 and in region 2 where r (2ax - 3ay + az ) < 5, let r2 = 2. B1 = 10ax + 20ay + 30az mT everywhere in region 1. (a) Find the angle 1 that B1 makes with the unit normal aN21 . (b) Find the angle 2 that B2 makes with the unit normal aN21 . 7. Let A = (3y2 - 2z) ax - 2x2 z ay + (x + 2) az Wb/m in free space. Find A and B. [16] 8. (a) State and explain Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. (b) If E = 200 e(4y - kt) ax V/m in free space, use Maxwells equation to nd H, knowing that all elds varying harmonically for which X E = - jH .[6+10]

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Code No: X0204/R05

Set No. 3

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ( Common to Electrical & Electronic Engineering and Electronics & Control Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) State and explain Coulombs law for the vector force between two point charges in free space. (b) Two straight lines, each of length m are situated parallel to each other in free space, with a distance y m between them. P is a point lying on the perpendicular bisector of the two lines, equidistant from the lines. If the lines carry charges of uniform density C/m and - C/m respectively, nd the net electric eld at P. [6+10] 2. (a) i. Dene capacitance. Express its units in 2 dierent ways. ii. As per the usual denition, show that a capacitance is always positive. iii. Sometimes, capacitance of a single conductor is referred to. What does this mean? i. Two large parallel conducting plates are separated by a distance d m in air. Find the capacitance per unit area. ii. A conducting sheet of thickness s m (s<d) is now introduced between the plates, parallel to them but not touching them. Find the new capacitance per unit area between the outer plates. [6+6+4]

(b)

3. (a) Dene polarization. Explain how a dielectric acquires polarization. (b) A long straight line of uniform charge density C/m is surrounded by an insulating medium out to a radius R m. Find D. Also nd the electric eld in the region outside the insulation. Explain why the electric eld cannot be found in the insulation region. [8+8] 4. Starting from Bit-Savarts law, nd the magnetic eld B at the center of a square loop of 5000 turns, carrying a steady current of 1 A. The area of the loop is 0.25 m2 and it is in free space in the yz-plane. [16] 5. (a) Explain the physical interpretation of curl. (b) The region 0 < z < 0.1 and 0.3 < z < 0.4 are conducting slabs carrying uniform current densities of 10 A/m2 in opposite direction. Find Hx at z = -0.04 &0.36. [6+10] 6. (a) What is torque? How torque and force are co-related? (b) Three innitely long parallel laments each carry 50 A in the az direction. If the laments lie in the x = 0 plane with a 2 cm spacing between wires, nd the vector force per meter on each lament. [8+8] 1 of 2

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Code No: X0204/R05 7. (a) Obtain the expression for inductance of a toroid.

Set No. 3

(b) A solenoid of 10 cm in length consists of 1000 turns having the cross section radius of 1 cm. Find the inductance of solenoid. What is the value of current required to maintain a ux of 1 mWb in the toroid. Take r = 1500. [8+8] 8. If = 0, = 2.5o and = 10o determine whether following pairs of eld satisfy Maxwells equation or not. (a) E = 2y ay v/m, H = 5x ax A/m (b) E =100 sin 6 * 107 t sin z ay V/m, H = - 0.1328 cos 6 * 107 t cos z ax A/m. [8+8]

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Code No: X0204/R05

Set No. 4

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ( Common to Electrical & Electronic Engineering and Electronics & Control Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) Derive Poissons and Laplaces equations. (b) The innite zx-plane carries a uniform surface charge density and is in free space. Find the potential in the region y > 0, by solving Laplaces equation, given that the potential at y = 0 is 100 V; and at y = 1 m it is 0 V. Also nd the charge density on the plane. [Hint: For y > 0; the electric eld will be only in the y - direction]. [8+8] 2. (a) i. Dene capacitance. Express its units in 2 dierent ways. ii. As per the usual denition, show that a capacitance is always positive. iii. Sometimes, capacitance of a single conductor is referred to. What does this mean?

(b) Two large parallel conducting plates are separated by a distance 5 mm in air. The +ve and -ve terminals of a 100 V battery are connected, one terminal to each of the plates. The battery is then removed, and a plane conducting sheet, 2 mm thick, is introduced between the two plates parallel to them and without touching them.

i. Find the original potential dierence between the plates. ii. After the introduction of the conducting sheet will the potential dierence between the two outer plates increase or decrease? Explain. iii. Find the new potential potential dierence between the two outer plates. [8+8]

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3. (a) Obtain the electrostatic boundary conditions for the normal components of the electric eld at the boundary of a linear dielectric and free space the boundary surface having no externally placed charge. (b) The region y < 0 contains a dielectric with relative permittivity 2.5, while the region y > 0 is free space. The electric eld in the region y < 0 is (-30ax + 50ay +70az ) V/m. Find the polarization in the region y < 0. Find D in the region y > 0, assuming D to be uniform in this region. ( There is no externally placed charge on the y=0 plane). [8+8] 4. (a) State Biot-Savarts law for the eld B due to a steady line current in free space. (b) Find the magnetic eld B at the center of the axis of a solenoid of radius R m, axial length m, and N turns per meter closely wound, which is carrying 1 of 2

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Code No: X0204/R05 a steady current I A. (Hint: In gure 4b, magnetic eld B at P =

Set No. 4
0 Ir 2 az 2(r2 +z 2 )3/2

T ).

[4+12]

Figure 4b

5. (a) State and explain Amperes circuital current law.

(b) Given J = 103 sin ar A/m2 , nd the current passing through spherical shell of r = 0.2 m. [6+10] 6. Explain the nature and behavior of magnetic material. Dene and explain the term magnetization. [16] 7. (a) Explain the terms scalar and vector magnetic potentials. What is the role of these quantities in solution of magnetic elds? Give the units and expressions for these potentials. (b) Given the vector magnetic potential A = ( s4 )az Wb/m in cylindrical system. Calculate the ux crossing the surface = /2, 1 < s < 2m, 0 < z < 5m. [8+8] 8. (a) State and explain Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. (b) If E = 200 e(4y - kt) ax V/m in free space, use Maxwells equation to nd H, knowing that all elds varying harmonically for which X E = - jH .[6+10]

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Code No: X0304/R05

Set No. 1

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 THERMODYNAMICS ( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Automobile Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. A gas expands according to the equation PV=100, where P is the pressure in KPa and V is the specic volume in m3 /kg. The initial pressure of the gas is 1000 KPa and the nal pressure is 500 KPa. The gas is then heated at constant volume back to its original pressure of 1000 KPa. Determine the work of combined process. Also sketch the process on P-V coordinates. [16] 2. (a) What are the practical diculties associated with the use of ideal gas thermometer? (b) A new temperature scale in Degree N is desired with freezing point at 1000 N and the boiling point at 4000 N. Establish a correlation between degrees Centigrade and degrees N. What will be the absolute temperature at 00 N? [6+10] 3. (a) State the limitations of rst law of thermodynamics. (b) What is a thermal energy reservoir?

(c) An engine operating on a Carnot cycle works with in temperature limits of 600 K and 300 K. If the engine receives 2000 KJ of heat, evaluate the work done and thermal eciency of the engine. [6+2+8] 4. (a) Dene saturation temperature state the eect of pressure on saturation temperature. (b) Steam at 18 bar is throttled to 1 bar and the temperature after throttling is found to be 1500 C calculate the initial dryness fraction of steam. [8+8] 5. (a) State the characteristics of. i. An isothermal and ii. An adiabatic expansion (b) One kg of ideal gas is heated from 200 C to 960 C. Assuming R = 287 J / kg. K and = 1.18 for the gas, nd out i. Specic heat ii. Change in internal energy and iii. Change in enthalpy.

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[7+9]

6. A mixture of ideal gases consists of 3 kg of Nitrogen and 5 kg of carbon dioxide at a pressure of 4 bar and temperature of 250 C .Find (a) mole fraction of each constituent 1 of 2

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Code No: X0304/R05 (b) equivalent molecular weight of the mixture (c) Equivalent gas constant of the mixture (d) Partial pressure and partial volumes (e) volume and density of the mixture (f) Cp &Cv of the mixture.

Set No. 1

[16]

7. (a) What is a cycle? What is the dierence between an ideal and actual cycle. (b) Derive an expression for eciency of Brayton cycle in terms of pressure ratio. [8+8] 8. A 5 ton vapour compression refrigeration system using ammonia work between 400 C and 100 C temperatures. There is no sub cooling of liquid and the gas is dry and saturated at athe end of compression. calculate C.O.P and ow rate of refrigerant. Properties of Ammonia are as follows: [16] Temp 100 C 400 C Enthalpy kJ/kg Liquid(h) Vapour(Hs ) 154.0 1450 390.5 1490 EntropykJ/kg Liquid(1 ) Vapour(1 ) 0.8296 5.735 1.6440 5.156

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Code No: X0304/R05

Set No. 2

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 THERMODYNAMICS ( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Automobile Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) What are dierent forms of work energy? Explain each briey. (b) Why does free expansion have zero work transfer? [10+6]

2. (a) What are the practical diculties associated with the use of ideal gas thermometer? (b) A new temperature scale in Degree N is desired with freezing point at 1000 N and the boiling point at 4000 N. Establish a correlation between degrees Centigrade and degrees N. What will be the absolute temperature at 00 N? [6+10] 3. Two reversible heat engines A and B are arranged in series. Engine A rejects heat directly to engine B. A receives 200 KJ at a temperature of 4210 C from the hot source while engine B is in communication with a cold sink at a temperature of50 C. If the work output of A is twice that of B nd (a) intermediate temperature between A and B and (b) eciency of each engine.

4. (a) Explain briey the following processes as applied to steam.

(b) A vessel having a volume of 0.6 m3 contains 3.0 kg of liquid water and water vapour mixture in equilibrium at a pressure of 0.5 MPa calculate [6+10] i. Mass and volume of liquid ii. Mass and volume of vapour. 5. 1 kg of air at 1.2 bar pressure and 180 C is compressed isentropic ally to 7 bars. Find the nal temperature and the work done. If the air is cooled at the upper pressure to the original temperature of 180 C ,what amount of heat is rejected and what further work of compression is done. [16] 6. (a) Dene i. Humidication ii. Dehumidication iii. sensible heating

i. Constant volume heating and cooling ii. Constant pressure heating.and cooling

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Code No: X0304/R05

Set No. 2

(b) Avessel of 6m3 capacity contains two gases ?A? and ?B? in proportion of 45% respectively at 300C.If the value of ?R? for the gases is 0.288 Kj /kg. k and 0.295 Kj /kg. K and if the total weight of the mixture is 2 kg, calculate i. Partial presser ii. The mean value of ?R? for the mixture. [6+10]

7. A closed cycle ideal gas turbine plant operates between temperature limits of 800C and 30C and produces a power of 100kW. The plant is designed such that there is no need for a refrigerator. A fuel of caloric value 45000kJ/kg is used. Calculate the mass ow rate of air through the plant and rate of fuel consumption. (Take cp = 1.0 kJ/kgK and =1.4.). [16] 8. A refrigerator working on bell-Coleman cycle operates between pressure limits of 1.05 bar and 8.5bar. Air is drawn from the cold chamber at 100 C, compressed and it is cooled to 300 C. before entering the expansion cylinder. The expansion and compression follows the law pv 1.3 =constant. Determine the theoretical C.O.P. of the system. [16]

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Code No: X0304/R05

Set No. 3

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 THERMODYNAMICS ( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Automobile Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) Explain mechanical, chemical and thermal equilibriums with suitable examples. (b) The pressure ? volume correlation for a non-ow quasi-static process is given by P = (8-4V) bar, where V is in m3 If 150 KJ of work is supplied to the system, determine the nal pressure and volume of the system. Take initial volume = 0.6 m3 . [6+10] 2. A piston and cylinder machine contains a uid system which passes through a complete cycle of four processes. During a cycle, the sum of all heat transfers is ?170 kJ. The system completes 100 cycles per minute. Complete the following table showing the method for each item, and complete the net rate of work output in KW. [16] Process a-b b-c c-d d-a Q(KJ/min) 0 21,000 -2,100

3. (a) State the limitations of rst law of thermodynamics. (b) What is a thermal energy reservoir? (c) An engine operating on a Carnot cycle works with in temperature limits of 600 K and 300 K. If the engine receives 2000 KJ of heat, evaluate the work done and thermal eciency of the engine. [6+2+8] 4. (a) What is the critical point., Explain briey? (b) Steam at 6 bar and 2000 C enters a convergent-divergent nozzle with a velocity of 50 m/ sec and leaves at 1.5 bar and wit a velocity of 600 m/sec. Assuming that there is ho heat loss, determine the quality of the steam leaving the nozzle. [6+10] 5. (a) Express the Vander waals constant in terms of critical properties. (b) Atmospheric air is sucked in an internal combustion engine cylinder. The pressure, temperature and volume of air after suction are 1bar, 750 Cand800cm3 respectively. The air is then reversibly compressed to 15bar and 1/8th of its volume. Heat of combustion of fuel is then added to air at constant volume until its pressure is 50bar i. Determine the index of compression process 1 of 2

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E(kj/min) -36,600

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Code No: X0304/R05

Set No. 3

ii. Calculate the change in entropy of air during each process. iii. Determine if there is any heat exchange between air and cylinder walls during compression. state the direction of heat ow. [7+9] 6. (a) Explain psychometric chart . (b) 100m3 of air per min at 400 DBT and 15% relative humidity is passed through adiabatic humidier. The air is coming but at 250 C DBT and 200 C WBT Find i. Dew point temperature ii. Relative humidity iii. Water carried by the air per min

[6+10]

7. (a) With the help of P-V diagram and T-s diagram explain Otto cycle clearly showing the pressure during which the heat is supplied and rejected. (b) The minimum pressure and temperature in a Otto cycle are 100 kPa and 27o C. The amount of heat added to the air per cycle is 1500 kJ/kg. i. Determine the pressure and temperatures at all points of air standard Otto cycle. ii. Calculate the specic work and thermal eciency of the cycle for a compression ratio of 8:1. [6+10] 8. In an open cycle air refrigeration machine, air is drawn from a cold chamber at -20 C and 1 bar and compressed to 11 bar. It is then cooled at this pressure, to the cooler temperature of 200 C and then expanded in expansion cylinder and returned to the cold room. the compression and expansion are isentropic, and follows the low pv 1 =constant. Sketch the p-v and T-s diagrams of the cycle and the for a refrigeration of 15 tonnes, nd: (a) theoretical C.O.P;

(b) rate of the air in kg/min; (c) piston displacement per minuter in the compressor and expander; (d) theoretical power per tonne of refrigeration. [16]

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Code No: X0304/R05

Set No. 4

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 THERMODYNAMICS ( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Automobile Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) Dene the term property. State the dierences between extensive, intensive and specic properties of a thermodynamic system. Give few example for each. (b) A mass of 2.5 kg of air is compressed in a quasi static process from 0.1 MPa to 0.7 MPa for which PV = constant. The initial specic volume is 0.80 m3 /kg. Find the work done by the piston to compress the air. [8+8] 2. A uid is contained in a cylinder by a spring loaded, frictionless piston so that the pressure in the uid is linear function of volume (p = a+bv). The internal energy of the uid in kJ is given by the expression u = 32 + 3pv, where p is in kPa and v is in m3 . The initial and nal pressures are 150 KPa and 350 KPa and the corresponding volumes are 0.02m3 and 0.05m3 . Make calculations for the direction and magnitude of work and heat interactions. [16] 3. In a steam boiler, hot gases from a re transfer heat to water which vaporizes at constant temperature. In a certain case, the gases are cooled from 11000 C to 5500 C while the water evaporates at 2200 C. The specic heat of gases is 1.005 KJ/Kg-K, and the latent heat of water at 2200 C, is 1858.5 KJ/Kg. All the heat transferred from the gases goes to the water. How much does the total entropy of the combined system of gas and water increase as a result of the irreversible heat transfer? Obtain the result on the basis of 1 kg of water evaporated. If the temperature of the surroundings is 300 C, nd the increase in unavailable energy due to irreversible heat transfer. [16] 4. (a) Explain entropy of evaporation? (b) Find the enthalpy and entropy of steam when the pressure is 2 MPa and the specic volume is 0.09m3 /Kg [7+9] 5. (a) Derive an expression for heat transfer in a non-ow constant volume process. (b) A spherical shaped of 14 M diameter contain H2 at 330 C and 1.3 bar. Find the mass of H2 in the balloon using real gas equation. [7+9] 6. Dry bulb and wet bulb temperature of moist air are found as 290 C and 200 C respectively. From the psychometric chart obtain: (a) Humidity ratio (b) Specic enthalpy (c) Dew point temperature 1 of 2

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Code No: X0304/R05 (d) Specic volume of the mixture.

Set No. 4
[16]

7. A gas engine operating on the ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 6:1. The pressure and temperature at the component of compression are 1 bar and 270 C. The heat added during the constant volume combustion process is 1170 kJ/kg. Determine the peak pressure and temperature , work output per kg of air and air-standard eciency. Assume Cv =0.717 kJ/kg K and = 1.4 for air. [8+8] 8. (a) Describe the working of a Bell-Coleman refrigeration system with a neat sketch. what are its merits over other refrigeration systems? (b) What are the various desirable properties of a refrigerant? State any two commercially used refrigerants? [8+8]

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Code No: X0402/R05

Set No. 1

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering, Electronics & Telematics, Electronics & Computer Engineering and Aeronautical Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. Write a detailed note on the various institutions and organizations in the eld of ?preservation of wildlife and knowledge of natural history. [16] 2. (a) Write a detailed note on the problems arising out of overexploitation of forest resources. (b) Describe how forest management is being done in India by citing any example. [6+10] 3. (a) What do you understand by food chain in an ecosystem? (b) How does a complex food web protect the ecosystem from degradation? [10+6] 4. (a) List the main biogeographic zones in India and state where they are located. (b) What are the dierent values of biodiversity and write briey on them. [6+10] 5. (a) Oceans are ultimate sink for most of the waste we produce. Explain. (b) List o shore sources of Marine Pollution. (c) Explain the eects of oil pollution on the ocean. [8+4+4]

6. (a) What are the major issues associated with resettlement and rehabilitation? (b) Bring out the main elements of water conservation. [8+8]

7. (a) Though population growth shows a global decline, there is still cause for worry. Explain why. (b) What are the reasons for dierences in the rate of population growth in various countries. [8+8] 8. (a) Explain the step by step procedure to record and document the environmental features and resource assets of an ecosystem during a eld visit. (b) Describe, in the format given above, the features of any type of any ecosystem you have studied during eld visit. [8+8]

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Code No: X0402/R05

Set No. 2

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering, Electronics & Telematics, Electronics & Computer Engineering and Aeronautical Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) What do you understand by 3Rs principle? (b) What is the role played by UKSN and BSI in environment protection? (c) Write about Chipko movement. 2. Write about any two : (a) Water resources (b) Forest resources (c) Mineral resources.

3. (a) Write a detailed note on the forest ecosystem, bringing out its functions. (b) How do forests get degraded and what is the outcome of deforestation? [8+8] 4. Discuss the aesthetic value of nature with respect to the following statements. (a) A true wilderness experience is an incredible learning experience. (b) The beauty of nature encompasses every aspect of the living and non-living part of our earth. [8+8] 5. (a) List the wastes that are prohibited from processing along with municipal solid waste. Discuss. (b) Briey describe the methods of heating and disposal of solid waste. [8+8]

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[4+8+4]

[8+8]

6. (a) What are the major issues associated with resettlement and rehabilitation? (b) Bring out the main elements of water conservation. [8+8]

7. (a) Write a detailed note on the causes of diarrhea and the eects of this on human health. (b) Explain the various measures by which this can be prevented and treated. [10+6] 8. What are the problems encountered in the disposal of solid waste from various sources. Describe the outcome of poor management of solid waste, illustrating your answer with any case-study. [16]

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Code No: X0402/R05

Set No. 3

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering, Electronics & Telematics, Electronics & Computer Engineering and Aeronautical Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. Explain the dierent areas of environmental conservation to which people belonging to dierent disciplines can contribute. [16] 2. Discuss natural resources and associated problems by focusing your attention on : (a) The unequal consumption of natural resources. (b) Planning land use. (c) The need for sustainable life styles.

3. (a) Briey write about the dierent kinds of grasslands in India, also stating the main activities in such areas. (b) What steps can be taken to conserve grasslands and what are the common reasons for destruction of these ecosystem? [8+8] 4. (a) What is Indias position in the world with respect to biodiversity? What condition led to this? (b) List the various plants and animals found in India which contribute to this status. [8+8] 5. (a) Oceans are ultimate sink for most of the waste we produce. Explain. (b) List o shore sources of Marine Pollution. (c) Explain the eects of oil pollution on the ocean. 6. (a) Dene watershed management and explain its objectives. (b) Discuss various water conservation techniques that can be practiced by individuals. [8+8] 7. Explain the position/ role of man in scheme of environment and vice versa. [16] [8+4+4]

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[5+5+6]

8. (a) Explain the aspects to be studied and the procedure for collecting information when you want to document the environmental features and resource assets of a water resoure ecosystem during a eld visit. (b) Describe, in the format given above, the features of any such ecosystem you have studied during eld visit. [8+8]

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Code No: X0402/R05

Set No. 4

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering, Electronics & Telematics, Electronics & Computer Engineering and Aeronautical Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. Write a detailed note on the various institutions and organizations in the eld of Environment Education and training, their activities and focal areas. [16] 2. (a) What is the necessity for a rational land use policy as pant of the environmental policy? (b) Write briey about the unequal consumption patterns of the developed and developing countries. [8+8] 3. Write briey about the following types of ecosystems. Bring out the unique characteristics, threats and also the action needed to overcome threats: (a) Marine ecosystem (b) Desert ecosystem (c) Grasslands.

4. Discuss the aesthetic value of nature with respect to the following statements. (a) A true wilderness experience is an incredible learning experience. (b) The beauty of nature encompasses every aspect of the living and non-living part of our earth. [8+8] 5. (a) Dene air pollution and classify major sources of air pollution. (b) List the major physiological eects of air pollution on plants and human beings. [8+8] 6. (a) What are the major issues associated with resettlement and rehabilitation? (b) Bring out the main elements of water conservation. 7. (a) Describe the problems created by the growing population of the earth. (b) Explain briey the pattern of global population growth in recent years which is causing alarm to environmental experts. [8+8] 8. (a) Explain the aspects to be studied and the procedure for collecting information when you want to document the environmental features and resource assets of a water resoure ecosystem during a eld visit. [8+8]

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[16]

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Set No. 4

(b) Describe, in the format given above, the features of any such ecosystem you have studied during eld visit. [8+8]

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Code No: X0505/R05

Set No. 1

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION ( Common to Computer Science & Engineering, Information Technology and Computer Science & Systems Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) Explain about sign magnitude and 2s complement approaches for representing the xed point numbers. Why 2s complement is preferable. (b) Give means to identify whether or not an overow has occurred in 2s complement addition or subtraction operations. Take one example for each possible situation and explain. Assume 4 bit registers. (c) Distinguish between tightly coupled microprocessors and tightly coupled Microprocessors. [16] 2. (a) Design a circuit transferring data from a 4bit register which uses D ip-ops to another register which employs RS ip-ops. [8] (b) What are register transfer logic languages. Explain few RTL statement for branching with their actual functioning. [8] 3. (a) How do we reduce number of microinstructions?. What are micro-subroutines? [8] (b) Explain nanoinstructions and nanometry. Why do we need them.

4. (a) How many bits are needed to store the result addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of two n-bit unsigned numbers. Prove. [8] (b) What is overow and underow. What is the reason?. If the computer is considered as innite system do we still have these problems?. [8] 5. Explain the following: (a) Optical Disc (b) Cache Memory (c) RAID technology. [5+5+6]

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[8]

6. What are the dierent kinds of I/O Communication techniques? What are the relative advantages and disadvantages? Compare and contrast all techniques. [16] 7. Explain the following with related to the Instruction Pipeline (a) Pipeline conicts (b) Data dependency (c) Hardware interlocks 1 of 2

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Code No: X0505/R05 (d) Operand forwarding (e) Delayed load (f) Pre-fetch target instruction (g) Branch target buer (h) Delayed branch

Set No. 1

[82=16]

8. What are the dierent kinds of Multi stage Switching networks? Explain with neat sketch. Compare their functioning. [16]

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Code No: X0505/R05

Set No. 2

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION ( Common to Computer Science & Engineering, Information Technology and Computer Science & Systems Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) Explain about sign magnitude and 2s complement approaches for representing the xed point numbers. Why 2s complement is preferable. (b) Give means to identify whether or not an overow has occurred in 2s complement addition or subtraction operations. Take one example for each possible situation and explain. Assume 4 bit registers. (c) Distinguish between tightly coupled microprocessors and tightly coupled Microprocessors. [16] 2. Design a circuit which can be used to transfer data from any register to any other register out of four 4-bit registers A,B,C,D which uses D ip-ops. [16] 3. (a) Why do we need subroutine register in a control unit?. Explain. (b) Support or oppose the statement ? the control unit is a rmware?.

4. Explain the computational errors. Why do they occur?. Give some problems where these errors are catastrophic. Also, give some practical examples (algorithms) where error gets (a) accumulated and (b) multiplies.

5. (a) What is Locality of Reference? Explain

(b) What is the need of Replacement Algorithms for a Cache Memory? Explain any two Cache Replacement Strategies. [10] 6. What are the dierent kinds of I/O Communication techniques? What are the relative advantages and disadvantages? Compare and contrast all techniques. [16] 7. (a) What is Flynns classication? Categorize the dierent streams in it. (b) Explain SIMD array processor prganization. [8+8] 8. (a) What are the dierent physical forms available to establish an inter-connection network? Give the summary of those. [6] (b) Explain time-shared common bus Organization (c) Explain system bus structure for multiprocessors [5] [5]

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[16] [6]

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Code No: X0505/R05

Set No. 3

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION ( Common to Computer Science & Engineering, Information Technology and Computer Science & Systems Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) Explain the terms computer architecture, computer organization and computer design in a detailed fashion. [8] (b) Explain about MIPS, FLOPS rating of a processor. How do we arrive at these values. [8] 2. Design register selection circuit to select one of the four 4-bit registers content on to bus. Give fuller explanation. [16] 3. (a) Explain the variety of techniques available for sequencing of microinstructions based on the format of the address information in the microinstruction. [8] (b) Hardwired control unit is faster than microprogammed control unit. Justify this statement. [8] 4. (a) Represent two n-bit unsigned numbers multiplications with a series of n/2-bit multiplications. [8] (b) Explain how we can identify arithmetic overow has occurred or not while adding/subtracting two signed numbers. Draw the circuit for performing addition/subtraction of two 4-bit numbers that checks the overow. [8] 5. (a) In paged segmentation, the reference time increases and fragmentation decreases, Justify your answer. (b) A Virtual Memory System has an address space of 8K words and a Memory space of 4K words and page and block sizes of 1K words. Determine the number of page faults for the following page replacement algorithms: 1) FIFO 2) LRU if the reference string is as follows: 4,2,0,1,2,6,1,4,0,1,0,2,3,5,7 [8+8]

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6. (a) What is polling? Explain in detail. (b) What is daisy chaining? Explain.

[8+8]

7. Explain array processors. Explain SIMD array processor organization in detail. [16] 8. (a) What are the dierent physical forms available to establish an inter-connection network? Give the summary of those. [6] (b) Explain time-shared common bus Organization [5] (c) Explain system bus structure for multiprocessors [5]

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Code No: X0505/R05

Set No. 4

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION ( Common to Computer Science & Engineering, Information Technology and Computer Science & Systems Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) Explain the terms compiler, linker, assembler, loader and describe how a C program or any other high level language program is executed in a system. Indicate entire process with a gure. (b) Distinguish between high level and low level languages?. What are the requirements for a good programming language? [16] 2. Describe commonly employed bit shift operators such as shift left, right and arithmetic shift left/right. Design a circuit for register length of 4 bits using D FlipFlops. [16] 3. (a) Give the typical horizontal and vertical microinstruction formats. [8]

(b) Describe how microinstructions are arranged in control memory and how they are interpreted. [8] 4. Draw a owchart to explain how two IEEE 754 oating point numbers can be added, subtracted and multiplied. Assume single precision numbers. Give example for each [16] 5. (a) A two-way set associative cache memory uses blocks of 4 words. The cache can accommodate a total of 2048 words from main memory. The main memory size is 124K x 32

i. Formulate the information required to construct cache Memory ii. What is the size of cache Memory.

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[8]

(b) The access time of cache memory is 100ns and that of main memory is 1000ns. It is estimated that 80% of memory requests are for read and the remaining 20% for write. The hit ratio for read access only is 0.9. A write through procedure is used. i. What is the average access time of the system considering only read cycles? ii. What is the average access time of the system considering both read and write cycles? [8] 6. (a) What is polling? Explain in detail. (b) What is daisy chaining? Explain. 7. Explain the following with related to the Instruction Pipeline (a) Pipeline conicts 1 of 2 [8+8]

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Code No: X0505/R05 (b) Data dependency (c) Hardware interlocks (d) Operand forwarding (e) Delayed load (f) Pre-fetch target instruction (g) Branch target buer (h) Delayed branch

Set No. 4

[82=16]

8. What is cache coherence and why is it important in shared memory multiprocessor systems? How can the problem be solved with a snoopy cache controller? [16]

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Code No: W0803/R05

Set No. 1

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 CHEMICAL PROCESS CALCULATIONS (Chemical Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) The analysis of magnesite ore obtained from chalk hill area, Salem district yields 81% MgCO3, 14% SiO2 and 5% H2 O (by weight). Convert the analysis into moleAtomic weights: Mg : 24.3, Si: 28.08, H: 1.007, O: 16, C: 12 (b) Write short notes on the following: Normality, molality, limiting reactant and excess reactant [8+8] 2. (a) A gas mixture contains 0.274 gm-mole of HCl, 0.337 gm-mole of N2 and 0.089 gm-mole of O2 . Calculate the volume occupied by the mixture, density and partial pressure of each component at a pressure of 2.7 atm and a temperature of 30o C. (b) Explain any equation of state

3. The following is the vapor pressure of benzene and chloro-benzene Temperature (0 C ) Benzene (mmHg) Chloro-benzene (mmHg) 79.6 760 85 90 1013 208 100 1340 293 110 1744 408 120 2235 542 132.3 2965 760

Assuming the Raoult?s law is valid use the above data to plot T-x-y and x-y at a total pressure of 760 mmHg. Where T is the temperature, x is the liquid phase mole fraction and y is vapor phase mole fraction [16] 4. Dene the following terms and give their respective equations explaining the symbols used in the equations (a) Humidity (b) Saturated gas (c) Relative humidity (d) Percentage humidity [16]

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[12+4]

5. A rich copper ore analysis gives the following constituent percent: CuS ? 10%; F eS2 ? 30% and inert ? 60%. By crushing and oating, 2/3 inert is eliminated. The ore is roasted with carbon. Inert are unchanged. In the reduction of the Cu2O to Cu, there is 5% loss. Find the weight of copper obtainable from 1 tonne of ore. 2CuS + 2.5O2 Cu2 O + 2SO2 2FeS2 + 5.5 O2 Fe2 O3 + 4SO2 Cu2 O + C 2Cu + CO [16]

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Code No: W0803/R05

Set No. 1

6. Methanol is produced by the reaction of CO with H2 according to the equation . CO + 2H2 CH3 OH Only 15% of the CO entering the reactor is converted to methanol. The methanol product is condensed and separated from the un-reacted gases, which are recycled. The feed to the reactor contains 2 mole of H2 for every mole of CO. The fresh feed enters at 350 C and 300 atm. To produce 6,600 kg/hr of methanol calculate (a) Volume of fresh feed gas and (b) The recycle ratio. [16]

7. Chlorinated diphenyl is heated from 313 0 K to 553 0 K at the rate of 4000 Kg/hr. in an indirectly red heater. In this particular temperature range the heat capacity of the uid is given by the equation Cp = 0.7511 + 1.465 * 103 T KJ /KMol The Cp at of diphenyl at 313 0 K is 1.1807 KJ /Kg 0 K and Cp at of diphenyl at 553 0 K is 1.5198 KJ /Kg 0 K. Calculate the heat to be supplied in the uid in the heater using the heat capacity equation. Also, calculate the % error involved in using the mean heat capacity data for the heat change calculations. [16] 8. The sulphate process for the production of hydrochloric acid is described by following reaction:2NaCl + H2 SO4 Na2 SO4 + 2HCl . Calculate the heat of reaction and the consumption of the coke oven gas for the production of 500 kg of HCl. The heats of formation in MJ/kmol are NaCl = 410.9; H2 SO4 =811.3; Na2 SO4 =1384 and HCl = 92.3. The caloric value of coke oven gas is 19.0 MJ/m3 ; [16]

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Code No: W0803/R05

Set No. 2

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 CHEMICAL PROCESS CALCULATIONS (Chemical Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. If 5 kg of methanol and 2 kg of ammonia are reacted to form mono ethyl amine by the reaction: CH3 OH + N H3 CH3 NH2 + H2 O (a) Which is the limiting reactant? (b) What is the percent excess of other reactant? (c) Find the degree of completion?

(d) If the conversion is 90% nd the composition of product stream?

2. (a) A gas mixture contains 0.274 gm-mole of HCl, 0.337 gm-mole of N2 and 0.089 gm-mole of O2 . Calculate the volume occupied by the mixture, density and partial pressure of each component at a pressure of 2.7 atm and a temperature of 30o C. (b) Explain any equation of state

3. (a) Write short notes on group contribution method and write its applications (b) Draw and explain the schematic diagram of vapor liquid equilibrium diagram for a binary system when total pressure is constant. [8+8] 4. Air at a temperature of 200 C and pressure 750 mm Hg has a relative humidity of 80% (a) Calculate the molal humidity of air. (b) Calculate the humidity of this air if its temperature is reduced to 100 C and its pressure increased to 2.38 atm, condensing out some of the water. (c) Calculate the weight of water condensed from 28 m3 of gas. (d) Calculate the nal volume of wet air leaving. Data: Vapor pressure of H2 O at 200 C is 17.5 mm Hg and at 100 C is 9.2 mm Hg. [16] 5. In the common process for the production of nitric acid sodium nitrate is treated with 95% H2 SO4 . In order that the resulting ?niter cake? may be uid, it is desirable to use excess acid, so that nal cake contains 34% sulfuric acid. It may be assumed that the cake will contain 1.5% water and that the reaction will go to completion. 2% of HNO3 formed will remain in the cake. (a) Calculate the composition of niter cake by weight %, formed per 100 kg of sodium nitrate charged. 1 of 2

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[16]

[12+4]

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Code No: W0803/R05 (b) Calculate the weight of sulfuric acid to be used.

Set No. 2

(c) Calculate the weight of HNO3 and water vapor distilled from the niter cake. [16] 6. Ethylene oxide is produced by catalytic oxidation of ethylene and oxygen. The total feed to the catalytic bed of the reactor contains 10:1 volume ratio of oxygen to ethylene and the conversion per pass is un-reacted ethylene is recycled. The oxygen for the reaction is supplied from air. Calculate: [16] (a) inlet and outlet composition of the streams and (b) moles of fresh oxygen required for recycle gases Reaction: C2 H4 +0.5O2 C2 H4 O. 7. (a) What is Kopps rule (b) Dene heat capacity, specic heat, enthalpy (c) Write a note on heat capacities of liquids and gases . 8. (a) What is heat of hydration.

(b) Dierentiate between heat of solution and heat of salvation. (c) Calculate the standard heat of reaction of the following: HCl (g) + NH3 (g) = NH4 Cl (s) Standard heat of formation of HCl(g) Hf = -22,063cal Standard heat of formation of NH3 (g), Hf = -11,040cal Standard heat of formation of NH4 Cl (s), Hf = -75,380cal

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[4+6+6] [5+5+6]

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Code No: W0803/R05

Set No. 3

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 CHEMICAL PROCESS CALCULATIONS (Chemical Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. A natural gas has the following composition on volume basis CH4-83.5%,C2H2 -9% and N2-7.5%. Calculate: [16] (a) composition in mole %. (b) the composition in weight %, (c) average molecular weight of the gas and (d) specic gravity of the mixture.

2. (a) Nitric acid is produced in the Ostwald process by the oxidation of ammonia with air. In the rst step of the process ammonia and air are mixed together and passed over a catalyst at a temperature of 7000 C. The following reaction takes place: 4NH3 +5O2 6H2 O +4NO The gases from this process are passed into towers where they are cooled, and the oxidation is completed according to the following theoretical reactions 2NO+O2 2NO2 3NO2 +H2 O 2HNO3 +NO The ammonia and air enters the process at a temperature of 200 C and a pressure of 755 mmHg. The air is present in a such proportion that the oxygen will be 20% of that required for complete oxidation of the ammonia to nitric acid and water.

(b) Dene partial pressure and pure component volume

i. Calculate the volume of air to be used per 100 m3 of ammonia entering the process ii. Calculate the percentage composition by volume of the gases entering the catalyzer [12+4]

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3. Assuming Raoults law to be valid for the system of Benzene (1) and ethyl benzene (2).Prepare T-x-y and x-y diagram at a pressure of 101.33Kpa.Vapour pressure of pure species is given by 2788.51 InPsat 2 = 13.8858 t+220.79
sat InP2 = 14.0045 3279.47 t+213.20

Where vapor pressure is in Kpa and t is in O C. x is the liquid phase mole fraction and y is vapor phase mole fraction. [16] 4. Air at a temperature of 200 C and pressure 750 mm Hg has a relative humidity of 80% (a) Calculate the molal humidity of air. 1 of 2

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Code No: W0803/R05

Set No. 3

(b) Calculate the humidity of this air if its temperature is reduced to 100 C and its pressure increased to 2.38 atm, condensing out some of the water. (c) Calculate the weight of water condensed from 28 m3 of gas. (d) Calculate the nal volume of wet air leaving. Data: Vapor pressure of H2 O at 200 C is 17.5 mm Hg and at 100 C is 9.2 mm Hg. [16] 5. (a) 500 kg/hr of pure sulfur is burnt with 20% excess air (based on S to SO2 ) 5% S is oxidized to SO3 and rest to SO2 . Find the exit gas analysis. (b) A gas containing 80% ethane and 20% oxygen is burnt with 200% excess air. 80% ethane goes to CO2 ; 10% to CO2 ; and 10% remains unburnt. Calculate the stack gas composition. [8+8] 6. Methanol is produced by the reaction of CO with H2 according to the equation . CO + 2H2 CH3 OH Only 15% of the CO entering the reactor is converted to methanol. The methanol product is condensed and separated from the un-reacted gases, which are recycled. The feed to the reactor contains 2 mole of H2 for every mole of CO. The fresh feed enters at 350 C and 300 atm. To produce 6,600 kg/hr of methanol calculate (a) Volume of fresh feed gas and (b) The recycle ratio. 7. (a) What is Kopps rule

(b) Dene heat capacity, specic heat, enthalpy (c) Write a note on heat capacities of liquids and gases .

8. When 16 g of copper sulphate were dissolved in 384 g of water, the temperature raised by 3.95 0 C. Determine the enthalpy of formation of copper sulphate with ve molecules of water of crystallization from anhydrous salt and water, if the enthalpy of solution of the crystal hydrate is 11.7 kJ/mol, and the specic heat of solution is 4.18 kJ/kg 0 K. The molar mass of copper sulphate is 159.6 g/mol. [16]

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[16]

[4+6+6]

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Code No: W0803/R05

Set No. 4

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 CHEMICAL PROCESS CALCULATIONS (Chemical Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. An aqueous solution of ammonium chloride contains 25gms of ammonium chloride per 100 cc of solution at 200 C. It is given that density of ammonium chloride solution at 20o C is 1.246 g/ml). Calculate the following:(a) weight percent of ammonium chloride. (b) mole percent. (c) normality. (e) Kg moles of solute per kg of solvent. (d) Kgs of solute per 100 m3 of solution at 200 c.

2. (a) A gas mixture contains 0.274 gm-mole of HCl, 0.337 gm-mole of N2 and 0.089 gm-mole of O2 . Calculate the volume occupied by the mixture, density and partial pressure of each component at a pressure of 2.7 atm and a temperature of 30o C. (b) Explain any equation of state

3. The following is the vapor pressure of benzene and chloro-benzene

Assuming the Raoult?s law is valid use the above data to plot T-x-y and x-y at a total pressure of 760 mmHg. Where T is the temperature, x is the liquid phase mole fraction and y is vapor phase mole fraction [16] 4. (a) Helium contains 12% by volume of ethyl acetate.Calculate i. the percent relative saturation and ii. the percent absolute saturation of the mixture at a temperature of 300 C and a pressure of 98 kPa (b) The percent absolute humidity of air at 860 F and a total pressure of 750 mm Hg is 20%. Calculate i. the percent relative humidity and ii. the partial pressure of the water vapor in the air. iii. What is the dew point of the air?

Temperature (0 C ) Benzene (mmHg) Chloro-benzene (mmHg)

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79.6 760 85

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100 1340 293 110 1744 408

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120 2235 542 132.3 2965 760

[16]

[12+4]

90 1013 208

[16]

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Code No: W0803/R05

Set No. 4

5. (a) A cotton mill dries a water soaked fabric in a drier from 54% to 9% moisture. How many kg of water are removed by drying operation per 1200 kg of feed. (b) A gas containing 2% NH3 , 25.4% N2 and the rest H2 is owing in a pipe. To measure the ow rate an ammonia rich gas containing 96% NH3 , 3% H2 and 1% N2 is sent at a rate of 100 cc/min. The concentration of NH3 in the down stream is 6%. Find the ow rate of gas at inlet. [8+8] 6. Methanol is produced by the reaction of CO with H2 according to the equation . CO + 2H2 CH3 OH Only 15% of the CO entering the reactor is converted to methanol. The methanol product is condensed and separated from the un-reacted gases, which are recycled. The feed to the reactor contains 2 mole of H2 for every mole of CO. The fresh feed enters at 350 C and 300 atm. To produce 6,600 kg/hr of methanol calculate (a) Volume of fresh feed gas and (b) The recycle ratio.

7. Four kilograms of water at 27 0 C and 200 kpa is heated at constant pressure until the volume of the water becomes 1000 times the original value. What is the nal temperature of water. Use steam tables. [16] 8. Write short notes on

(a) Standard heat of reaction

(b) Standard heat of formation.

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[16]

[8+8]

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Code No: W1001/R05

Set No. 1

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND TRANSMISSION LINES (Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) Derive an expression for the electric eld intensity due to a nite length line charge along the z-axis at an arbitrary point Q(x, y, z). (b) Find the force on a 100C charge at (0, 0, 3)m if four like charges of 20C are located on x and y axes at 4m. [8+8] 2. (a) State Biot- Savart law (b) Derive an expression for magnetic eld strength, H, due to a nite lamentary conductor carrying a curent I and placed along Z- axis at a point P on yaxis. Hence deduce the magnetic eld strength for the length of the conductor extending from - to + . [4+12] 3. A perfectly conducting lament containing a small 500 resistor is formed into a square as illustrated by gure 3. Find I (t) if [16] B = 0.3cos(120 t 30o )azT B = 0.4cos[ (ct y )]azT whereC = 3 108 m/s

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Figure 3 4. (a) For good dielectries derive the expressions for , , and . (b) For a uniform plane wave in space =12cm. In a loss less material of unknown characteristics =8cm. In this material E=50V/m, H = 0-1 A/M nd f, r r. [8+8] 5. (a) Dene plane of incidence , Horizontal polarization, Vertical polarization, for the case of a plane wave incident on a dielectric obliquely. (b) Derive an expression for reection when a wave is incidence on a dielectric obliquely with parallel polarization. [8+8] 6. (a) Derive the relation =
c g 2 2 g + c

where is free space wave length, g is

the wave length measured in the guide, and c is the cut o wave length. 1 of 2

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Code No: W1001/R05

Set No. 1

(b) For a parallel plane wave guide having z-propagation, explain the nature of variation and sketch the variation of E and H for T M10 waves. [8+8] 7. (a) Dene characteristic impedance and propagation constants of transmission lines and obtain lossless conditions. (b) A lossless transmission line of length 100m has an inductance of 28 H and capacitance of 20 nF. Find out. i. propagation velocity ii. phase constant at an operating frequency of 100 KHz iii. characteristic impedance of the line. [8+8]

8. (a) Explain what is meant by voltage reection coecient in a transmission line The voltage reection coecient due to load connected to a lossless transmission line of characteristic impedance 100 and working at 3 GHz is 0.5?450 . Assuming the load voltage to be 10 V, calculate the r.m.s voltage and current at intervals of one ?fourth wave length from the load up to a distance 5 cm. (b) A 75 line is terminated by a load of 120 + j80 . Find the maximum and minimum impedances on the line. [10+6]

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Code No: W1001/R05

Set No. 2

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND TRANSMISSION LINES (Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) Derive an expression for the electric eld strength, E, due to an innite sheet of uniform charge density in x-y plane at a point P located L distance away from the sheet. (b) Find the force on a 200C charge located at (0, 0, 4) m if four like charges each of20 C are located on both the x-and y-axes at 4m. [8+8] 2. (a) State Maxwells equations for magneto static elds. (b) Show that the magnetic eld due to a nite current element along Z axis at a point P, ?r? distance away along y- axis is given by H = (I/4r)(sin 1 sin 2 ).a where I is the current through the conductor , 1 and 2 are the angles made by the tips of the conductor element at ?P?. [6+10] 3. (a) Obtain the integral form of Maxwell?s equation from amperes circuital law in the generalized form (b) Determine the total magnetic ux through the rectangular loop shown in the gure 3. The source of the magnetic eld is the long straight conductor carrying a current I [8+8]

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Figure 3 4. (a) Derive wave Equations for source free regions. (b) The electric eld in free space is given by E=50 cos (108 t + x)ay V/m i. Find the direction of propagation ii. Calculate b and the time it takes to travel a distance of /2 iii. Sketch the wave at t=0, T/4 and T/2 5. (a) Dene surface impedance and explain how it exists. 1 of 2

[8+8]

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Code No: W1001/R05

Set No. 2

(b) Derive expression for Reection and Transmission coecients of an EM wave when it is incident normally on a dielectric. [8+8] 6. (a) Dene and derive the equations for phase and group velocities in a parallel plane guide. On which factors do they depend ?. (b) A parallel plate wave guide made of two perfectly conducting innite planes spaced 3 cm apart in air operates at a frequency of 10 GHz. Find the maximum time average power that can be propagated per unit width of the guide for T E1 andT M1 modes. [8+8] 7. (a) Explain the dierent types of transmission lines. What are limitations to the maximum power that they can handle. (b) A coaxial limes with an outer diameter of 8 mm has 50 ohm characteristic impedance. If the dielectric constant of the insulation is 1.60, calculate the inner diameter. (c) Describe the losses in transmission lines

8. (a) In uniform line there exists, in general two traveling waves . Explain how the Superposition of the two waves produces standing waves of voltage and current in a short circuit transmission line. (b) An open wire unloaded line, 75 km is operated at a frequency of 1000 Hz. The open circuit Impedance if found to be 330, 300 and short circuit impedance is 540, 70 . Calculate the parameters of line. [8+8]

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[8+4+4]

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Code No: W1001/R05

Set No. 3

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND TRANSMISSION LINES (Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) Derive an expression for the eld strength due to a volume of uniform charge density at an arbitrary point P(r, , ). (b) A point charge Q is located at the center of a neutral spherical conducting shell. Find the surface charge density at the inner surface and also at the outer surface. Assume the inner and outer diameters of the spherical shell to be 2a and 2b respectively. [8+8] 2. (a) Obtain an expression for dierential magnetic eld strength dH due to dierential current element I dl at the origin in the positive Z- direction. (b) Find the magnetic eld strength, H at the centre of a square conducting loop of side 2a in Z=0 plane if the loop is carrying a current , I, in anti clock wise direction. [6+10] 3. A square lamentary loop of wire is 25 cm on a side and has a resistance of 125 per meter length. The loop lies in z=0 plane with its corners at (0,0,0) (0.25,0,0), (0.25,0.25,0) and (0,0.25,0) at t=0 the loop is moving with velocity vy = 50m/s in the eld Bz = 8cos(1.5 108 t 0.5x)T . Develop a function of time which expresses the ohmic power being delivered to the loop. [16] 4. (a) Explain about uniform plane waves. (b) In a loss less medium for which = 60, r = 1 and H=-0.1 cos (wt-z)ax+0.5 sin (wt-z)ay A/m. calculate r and w. [8+8] 5. (a) Dene surface impedance and explain how it exists. (b) Derive expression for Reection and Transmission coecients of an EM wave when it is incident normally on a dielectric. [8+8] 6. (a) Dene and explain the signicance of the following terms as applicable to parallel plane guides: i. Wave impedance ii. Phase and group velocities iii. Principal wave and its characteristics (b) Explain the impossibility of TEM wave propagation in wave guides. [8+8]

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7. (a) Derive an expression for the attenuation factor for the T M10 wave between parallel Conduction planes.

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Code No: W1001/R05

Set No. 3

(b) For a wave guide derive the relation between , free space wave length, g guide wave Length and c cut o wave length. [8+8] 8. (a) Explain the signicance and Utility of /8, /4, and /2 Line. (b) A low transmission line of 100 characteristic impedance is connected to a load of 400 . Calculate the reection coecient and standing wave ratio. Derive the Relationships used. [8+8]

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Code No: W1001/R05

Set No. 4

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND TRANSMISSION LINES (Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) Using Gausss law derive expressions for electric eld intensity and electric ux density due to an innite sheet of conductor of charge density C/cm (b) A parallel plate capacitance has 500mm side plates of square shape separated by 10mm distance. A sulphur slab of 6mm thickness with r = 4 is kept on the lower plate nd the capacitance of the set-up. If a voltage of 100 volts is applied across the capacitor, calculate the voltages at both the regions of the capacitor between the plates. [8+8] 2. (a) Obtain an expression for dierential magnetic eld strength dH due to dierential current element I dl at the origin in the positive Z- direction. (b) Find the magnetic eld strength, H at the centre of a square conducting loop of side 2a in Z=0 plane if the loop is carrying a current , I, in anti clock wise direction. [6+10] 3. (a) Develop Maxwell?s equation involving E from fundamental considerations of closed circuit (b) A square loop of side 20 Cm is located in free space adjacent to a straight conductor that carries a sinusoidal current of 0.5 A (rms) at 5KHz. If a small gap of 5cm is introduced in to the loop what is the induced voltage across the gap. [8+8] 4. (a) Explain wave propagation in a conducting medium. (b) A large copper conductor ( = 5.8 107 s/m, r = r = 1)support a unifom plane wave at 60 Hz. Determine the ratio of conduction current to displacement current compute the attenuation constant. Propagation constant, intrinsic impedance, wave length and phase velocity of propagation. [8+8] 5. (a) Explain the dierence between the Intrinsic Impedance and the Surface Impedance of a conductor. Show that for a good conductor , the surface impedance is equal to the intrinsic impedance. (b) Dene and distinguish between the terms perpendicular polarization, parallel polarization, for the case of reection by a perfect conductor under oblique incidence. [8+8] 6. (a) Derive the relation =
c g + 2 2 g c

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where is free space wave length, g is [10+6]

the wave length measured in the guide, and c is the cut o wave length. (b) Explain the impossibility of TEM wave propagation in wave guides. 1 of 2

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Code No: W1001/R05

Set No. 4

7. (a) What are the dierent types of losses in transmission lines? (b) A co-axial cable has following parameters Z0 = 50 ohms, L= 20KM if the power input is 1 watt and the attenuation constant is 1.5dB/km, nd the output power of the cable provided it is terminated by Z0 . Also determine the out put current. [8+8] 8. (a) Derive the expression for the input impedance of a transmission line of lengthL (b) Explain the application of smiths chart. [8+8]

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Code No: W2305/R05

Set No. 1

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 MICROBIOLOGY (Bio-Technology) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. Explain microbial diversity with suitable examples. 2. Describe in detail the cell wall of Bacteria. 3. Discuss about any 2 animal viruses of special interest.

[16] [16]

4. Discuss the steps in the process of penetration of bacteriophage into the host cell. [16] 5. Briey describe in general terms the morphology and nucleic acids of the major phage types. [16] 6. How do you measure microbial growth. Explain about measurement of cell numbers and measurement of cell mass. [16] 7. What are the various principal dyes used to stain microorganisms and explain how they work. [16] 8. Briey explain how the eectiveness of antimicrobial agents varies with population size, population composition, concentration or intensity of the agent, treatment duration, temperature and local environmental conditions. [16]

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Code No: W2305/R05

Set No. 2

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 MICROBIOLOGY (Bio-Technology) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. Describe the staining technique used to dierentiate Gram +ve and Gram-ve bacteria. [16] 2. Briey describe the endospore formation and germination in Bacteria. 3. Give an account of viruses pathogenic to plants. 4. Explain the entry of viruses into host cells.

5. How is a one step growth experiment carried out ? Summarize what occurs in each phase of the resulting growth curve. Dene latent period, eclipse period, rise period and burst size. [16] 6. How the uptake of nutrients take place by the cell. Explain facilitated diusion, active transport and group translocation. [16] 7. Discuss the applications and limitations of various methods of preservation of microorganisms. [16] 8. How will you measure the killing rates of microorganisms? Explain some tests for measurement of killing rates. [16]

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[16] [16] [16]

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Code No: W2305/R05

Set No. 3

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 MICROBIOLOGY (Bio-Technology) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. Describe the staining technique used to dierentiate Gram +ve and Gram-ve bacteria. [16] 2. Describe dierent methods of classication of Bacteria. 3. What are RNA viruses? Explain with suitable examples.

4. Explain the types of interactions occurring between the Virion and cell surface during attachment [16] 5. How can you nd virus concentration both directly and indirectly by particle counts and measurement of infectious unit concentration. Dene plaque forming units, lethal dose and infectious dose. [16] 6. Write short notes on: (a) Growth factors. (b) Aerobes. (c) Anaerobes. (d) Nutrients.

7. What are the various morphological, physiological and metabolic characters used in classication and identication of microorganisms. [16] 8. Explain various methods to control microorganisms growth. [16]

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[16] [16]

[4+4+4+4]

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Code No: W2305/R05

Set No. 4

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011 MICROBIOLOGY (Bio-Technology) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. What were the most important discoveries in the development of microbiology?[16] 2. Describe the prokaryotic diversity with suitable examples. 3. Write short notes on: (a) Tobacco Mosaic Virus (b) Poliovirus. [16]

4. Discuss the steps in the process of penetration of bacteriophage into the host cell. [16] 5. Briey describe in general terms the morphology and nucleic acids of the major phage types. [16] 6. What are aerobes and anaerobes? Discuss in detail about aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. [16] 7. Dene water activity and briey discuss how it can be determined. Why is it dicult for microorganisms to grow at low water activity (aw) values. [16] 8. Explain various methods to control microorganisms growth.

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