MIG PROPELLERSIR Part-66 Module 17 Propellers Knowledge Levels ‘The basic knowledge requirements for categories A and BI certifying staff are indicated in the contents list of the module notes by knowledge level indicators 1,2.or 3 against each chapter. This module is not requixed for B2 Level 1 A familiarisation with the principal elements of the subject Objectives The student should be familiar with the basic elements of the subject. ‘The student should be able to give a simple description of the whole subject using common words and examples. ‘The student should be able to use typical terms, Level 2 A genetal knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject. An ability to apply that knowledge Obj ‘The student should be able to understand the theoretical fundamentals of the subject. tives The student should be able to give a general description of the subject using, as appropriate, typical examples: ‘The student should be able to use mathematical formulae in conjunction with physical laws describing the subject. ‘Vhe student should be able to read and understand sketches, drawings and schematics describing the subject. ‘The student should be able to apply knowledge in a practical manner using detailed procedures.Level 3 A detailed knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject. A capacity to combine and apply the separate clements of knowledge in a logical and comprehensive manner. Objectives ‘The student should know the theory of the subject and interrelationsaips with other subjects ‘The student should be able to give a detailed description of the subject using theoretical fundamentals and specific examples. ‘The student should understand and be able to use mathematical formulae related to the subject ‘Phe student should be able to read, understand and prepare sketches, simple drawings and schematics describing the subject. Contents Chapter One — Fundamentals Knowledge Level: A- 1, BL- 2 Blade Element Theory 1 Function of a Propeller 1 Blade Element Theory 2 Aieflow 4 ‘Thrust : 6 Propulsive Efficiency 8 Factors Affecting Thrust 8 Propeller Efficiency 8 Shaft Horse-Power . 9 Blade Angle & Geometric Pitch 9 Blade Twist n Advance & Slip . 13 Angle of Attack 2B Blade Geometry. 15 ‘Thrust Distribution 16 Master Station : pera W7 Solidity oe eee 7 Power Absorption 18Blade Angles High/Low Blade Angles Fine Pitch Propellers Effect of Forward Speed Effect of Rotational Speed Choice of Blade Angle Effect of Aircraft Manoewvses ‘Variable Pitch Propellers Range of Movement : Aerodynamic, Centrifugal & Thrust Forces Contsifugal Force Torque Thrust poets Centrifugal Turning Moment Aerodynamic Turning Moment Relative Aisflow & Blade Angle of Attack Normal Flight a ‘Windmill Brake ... ‘Windmill Condition Power on Brake Vibration & Resonance Vibration Static Balance Dynamie Balance Aerodynamic Balance Natural Vibeation Resonant Frequency orced Vibration Resonance Beat Frequencies Blade Position Phasing Revision = Chapter Two ~ Propeller Construction Knowledge Level: A- 1, BL-2 Propeller Types General Descriptions Contea-Rotating Propellers High Speed Propellers Ducted Propeller Propelier/Engine Combinations Propeller Minimum Clearances 20 2 2 22 23 24 26 2 30 30 31 31 31 32 34 35 36 36 37 37 39. 4 4 4 42. 42 42 43 45 55 56 37 59 60 61 61Construction Methods & Materials Wooden Propellers Metal Propelless, Composite Propellers a Blade Stations Blade Face, Blade Shank, Blade Back & Hub Assembly Blade Markings Soe Fixed Pitch Propeller Assembly Hanged Shaft Tapered Shaft Splined Shaft Spinner Controllable Pitch Propeller Assembly Ground Adjustable Propeller ‘Two-position Counterweight Propeller Single Acting Variable Pitch Propeller Double Acting Variable Pitch Change Mechanism Hydeomatic Type Double Acting Propeller Electric Pitch Change Mechanism Blade to Hub Attachment The Hub Blade Pre-loading ‘Two-piece Barrel & Spider Threaded Blade Attachment ‘Threadless Blade Attachment Propeller/Spinner Installation Installation of a Wooden Fixed Pitch Propeller “Tapered Shaft Hanged Shaft Splined Shaft : ne Installation of a Metal Fixed Pitch Propeller Eealltoov ota arable ae role Revision ; Chapter Three — Propeller Pitch Control Knowledge Level: A - 1, B1-2 Engine/Propeller Combinations cooneoa Reciprocating Engines “Torbo-Propeller Engines Gas Coupled ot Free Turbine Engine Gear Coupled Engine Compound Engine. ‘Turbo-Propeller Control Configurations “Two Position Propeller Control Constant Speed Control .....+ Constant Speed Unit Governor Construction Constant Speed Unit Governor Operation ot 4 3 63 66 or 3 4 ” 5 5 %6 7 8 9 7” 80 at 83 86 88 89 89 90 90 92 92 93 93 93 o4 95 96 96 9 109 109 rt] 112 114 4 5 15 116 17 7Engine Speed Control Changes in Engine Power Changes in Flight Conditions Changes in Altitude Engine Failure ngle Acting, Constan Operation Feathering : a Uncfeathering Accumulator Start Latches Flight & Ground Range Operations Flight Fine Pitch Stop (FPS) Beta Range... Control in Beta Mode ngine/Propellex Relationship Engine /Propelier Controls ‘Turbine Engine & Propeller Control ‘Over-Speed protection Devices Propeller Governor Under speed/Over-speed Governor Propeller Over-Speed Governor Power Turbine Over-Speed Protection System Power ‘Turbine Shaft Failure Anticipator Unit coon Double Acting, Variable Pitch, Constant Speed Prop ‘On Speed Condition ‘Over Speed Condition Under-Speed Condition Increased RPM Selection... Decreased RPM Selection ‘Manual Feathering, Un-Feathering a Manual Feathering Ciroit Auto-Feathering, Auto-Feather Cixeuit Negative Torque System (N1 8) Pitch Locks : Mechanical Pitch Lock Hydraulic Pitch Lock Hub Switch Auto-Coarsening Flight Fine Pitch Stop : Propeller Blectrical Cixeuit Stop Locations ess... Warning Lights Electrically Operated Pitch Change Mechanisms Propeller Brake & Electronic Control Revision ed, Counterweight Prop Control 19 120 120 121 121 121 122 123 123 123 124 124 125 126 128 129 130 134 134 134 135 136 136 136 137 138 138 139) 139 140, 140, 142, 142, 143 144 145 146 147 147 148 148 150 153 154 156 157 158 158 161Chapter Four — Propeller Synchronising Knowledge Level: B1-2 Propeller Synchronising Synchronisation rnchroseopes Synchronising Systems Synchrophasing Synchrophasing Systems Revision Chapter Five — Propeller Ice Protection Knowledge Level: A- 1, B1-2 Ice Protection Fluid Tce Proteetion Systems on Fluid De-teing System Maintenance Electrical Ice Protection Systems System Tests Functional Test Inspection Revision Chapter Six — Propeller Maintenance Knowledge Level: A- 1, B1-3 Static & Dynamic Balancing Static Balance . ‘Static Balancing on a Wooden Propeller Static Balancing on a Metal Propeller Dynamic Balance racking Check Checking Blade Angle Shock Load Check Aerodynamic Balance Aerodynamic Correction Factor Electronic Balance Testing, Assessment of Blade Damage . Overhaul and Inspection Requicements Wooden Propellers Periodic Inspection (Lnstalled) Periodlie Inspection (Removed) Repairs to Wooden Propellers m1 172 172 174 176 171 180 183 184 186 188 192 192 192 187 199 200 201 202 203 203 206 207 208 210 212 213 214 215 215 216 216Metal Propellers Petiodic Lnspecton (stalled) Periodic Inspection (Removed) Repairs to Aluminium Alloy Propellers Damage Acceptance Areas Blade Repairs ; Face and Camber Side Rework Repairs Leading & Trailing Edge Re-work Repairs Blade ‘Tip Repairs = Lightning Strike Impact Damage « ‘Overshoe Inspection & Repair Fluid De-icing Overshoes Electrical De-icing Overshoes Repair Assessment Repair Methods Fitting an Overshoe Overspeeding Composite Propeller Blades : Periodic Inspection (Installed) Maintenance Publications Propeller Engine Running Propeller Static Checks ..... : Propeler/Reciprocating Engine Running .. Manifold Air Pressure... Power Absorption Refesence RPM... Engine Ground ‘Test ‘Troubleshooting . Increasing & Decreasing Engine Power ‘Turbo-Propeller Engine Running Power Absorption Performance Check engine Ground Run ‘oubleshooting . Side Effects of Propellers on Aircraft Handling Asymmetric Blade Fiffect on ‘Tail-wheeled Aircraft Porque BFfeCt esssesssseeeeeesseees Slipstream Effect Gyroscopie Fiffect Conclusion Revision... 218 218 219 220 220 221 221 223 224 225 226 227 228 228 229 229 231 232 233 235 237 237 238 238 239 239 240 242 243 243, 243 244 247 247 248, 248 249 249 250 251