Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1, No. 1 (Jul., 1910), pp. 75-85 Published by: Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/29737848 . Accessed: 04/10/2013 02:05
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An Address Delivered
at Clark University
the Far East.
I hope it is no impeachment of the intelligence of my coun? trymen when I say that I doubt if, outside of this audience,
course, declaration of one intelligent of war with person Spain, Islands. would, in ten have could, before located, there was have the on not correctly I am sure that at that time,
contem?
of New York, and with a people speaking many different dialects; and yet this result, effected in the treaty of Paris,
was apparently of the American been accepted people. of insurrection the since 1896, an insur? with approval by a great majority
the removal
nity, who held large areas of agricultural land in the thickly populated provinces, which they leased to 60,000 or 70,000
tenants. treaty natives ation treaty Conditions of Paris to work, a difficult was was were ratified, unsettled and in April, guerrilla the 1899, when warfare continued
of the
the situ? the
1899, while
President
conditions.
remembered
of work, because then existing in the islands. It should at one time we had more than 65,000
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76
CHARLES G. WASHBURN
engaged in suppressing
are enjoined of this duty, the commissioners In the performance and to to meet at the earliest possible day in the city of Manila their presence and the mis? announce, by a public proclamation, sion intrusted to them, carefully setting forth that, while the mili? is to be maintained and con? already proclaimed tary government tinued so long as necessity may require, efforts will be made to to establish industrial and com? the burden of taxation, alleviate and to provide by such means as may be found mercial prosperity, ... It is my desire that . . . the com? conducive to these ends. for all the ideals, customs, and exercise due respect missioners the population, of the tribes which institutions compose empha? of the intentions the just and beneficent sizing upon all occasions of the United States. government
The President
sioners may
be received than
a conquering nation." a new was Commission 1900, for the purpose Taft was chairman, The Commission reached full authority on September
ing civil government. in June and assumed lands funds ber, as were raised 1900, not
legislation
at war and making from appropriations civil for Between taxation Novem? purposes. by visited and April, every por? 1902, the Commission
established
certain
civil government in 37
in which the people elect? limitations establish?
and determined the amount of ed by law, fixed their salaries of Mr. the the reelection Fed? their taxes. McKinley, Upon a platform of peace eral party was under upon organized, in the the belief that islands would be American sovereignty, governed government the With ized civil for the benefit would cooperation government be of the Filipinos, extended gradually of this party, in substantially and to that the popular people. organ?
the provinces.
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PHILIPPINES
AND
TARIFF
LEGISLATION
77
July 1, 1901, military government was declared to be ended. Upon the appointment there of the civil governor, the Com?
mission three nine. finance consisted Filipinos. In addition was justice, and four other Americans of the governor, The number has since been increased legislative at the head of one interior, commerce to the work each and to
American
commissioner instruction.
Peace was officially declared to exist by President velt's proclamation of amnesty of July 1, 1902, the the organic act passed by Congress: "To provide administration of the affairs of civil government Philippine Islands." This act provided that within two years after the
tion of a census, for the choice to be taken when peace should
be completely to be known
as the Philippine Assembly. Under the military administration, civil courts had been established, and the Commission passed a law dividing the islands into fifteen districts, establishing a court of first in?
stance in each district, and a supreme court of seven. A Fili?
This act of the Commis? pino and four American colleagues. in the organic sion was confirmed act, and an appeal was pro?
For the
of suppressing the Philippine constabu? purpose lawlessness, was officered of 5,000 Filipino men, lary organized, consisting as a act who force to aid the local by Americans, police officers. Reference ship were of land. owned has been These made to the friars and their owner? to 425,000 acres, lands, amounting of the religious orders; theDominincans, num? and the Recoletos. tenants Their persons. was These called and to go lands were appro? by Agui? established, to recover
by three
by the constitu?
the religious
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78
CHARLES G. WASHBURN
from tenants the rent which had been in arrears since 1896,
from the in case of non-payment, to eject the tenants con? a serious The tenants were to and inclined resist, It was dition confronted the Philippine government. and, land.
happily relieved of its difficulty by the purchase of the land by the government for $7,000,000.
Another perplexing question involving an extended exami?
nation was the claim for damages by the Roman Catholic Church for the occupation and destruction of property by the United States troops. This involved the payment to the archbishop of Manila in the Philippine Islands, as the
representative and occupation and trustee of the Roman Catholic in said Church, islands,
and for damages done thereto by the military forces of the United States prior to January 15, 1906. Involved in the settlement of this claim was the judicial determination of the fact that the right of possession and control of these proper? ties, exercised by the Roman Catholic Church prior to 1898,
was complete.
The Philippine
because Only of the seven per fact
difficult
ignorant. remaining
cent
and provincial science, over 700 American in this work. 5 of law the The
enrollment
Filipino of pupils
shall
act of July organic 1, 1902, provides: be enacted in said islands which shall
of life, liberty or property without due any person of law, or deny to any person therein the equal process of the laws. protection These include all those of the Federal Constitu guaranties
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PHILIPPINES
AND TARIFF
LEGISLATION
79
tion excepting the right to bear arms and trial by jury. The writ of habeas corpus runs without obstruction; the liberty
of the press and freedom of speech is complete.
The Philippine
guaranteed than
Assembly,
numbering
80 members,
October
and
in the organic
16, 1907.
This Assembly must contain not more than 100 and not less
50 members, among by the Commission apportioned the provinces to The Philippine legis? according population. and the Assem? lature consists of two bodies, the Commission
bly.
up
nacionalista Then
which believed that the people were not ready for immediate
nacionalista inmediatista, partido immediate all nacionalista partido explosivista, urgent?simo, as of of insistence, degrees independence varying parties were known The conservatives by the names. suggested as as progresistas, for immediate and those independence nacionalista independence the partido conservative party.
nacionalistas.
were progresistas, who pendientes, of among various
Of the 80 members
30 were had shades not nacionalistas, committed
of the Assembly,
and themselves and the 20 were
16
inde?
question
immediate
independence, of opinion.
The
the Benito
two commissioners
to the United
States chosen by
as provided for in the organic act, were Mr. a a Mr. Pablo and Ocampo, progresista, Legarda, in the House have seats These commissioners nacionalista. legislature, and the right of debate. of Representatives are Manila for export The chief products of the islands cocoanut and tobacco. copra or dried sugar, meat, hemp,
Rice The
and is the staple food of the people. produced for sugar is not as good as that in Cuba; suitable are nec? or the United and wrappers from Sumatra States is also land in the manufacture of these in earlier to 265,000 that industries times tons. there should be levied all articles of will when that It is not likely cigars. the increase point beyond of sugar the highest export
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80
CHARLES
G. WASHBURN
coming into the United States from the Philippine Islands the same rates of duty paid upon like articles imported from foreign countries, excepting, with certain limitations, that
all articles the growth or product or manufacture of the
Philippine Islands, excepting rice, shall be admitted into the United States free of duty and also excepting in any
fiscal tobacco year sugar and filler in excess tobacco when of 300,000 mixed gross tons, wrapper or packed with more and cigars pounds, of this, all articles,
with certain limitations, the growth, product ormanufacture of the United States are to be admitted free of duty into the Philippine Islands. There appears now to be objection on the part of the Filipinos to free trade with the United States.
Mr. Legarda, the internal one of the Filipino commissioners, a view in a
were justified by the economic condition of the islands, and that in order to get the surplus into circulation, pending the establishment of free trade with the United States, the
Philippine public government which works, made cannot continuous now be for appropriations without abandoned
doing great injury to the public interests. He said that the production of sugar is only about one half what itwas during the latter years of the Spanish r?gime, and that it can be
increased States increase only as the result of great he says effort. that it will In speaking result not of in
to Philippine
States, but to an
for Philip? the natural market in the price in China, same true of the is that and Philippine sugar, thing pine for re? Mr. Legarda thinks that, had the proposition cigars. before the Philippine free trade been made Assembly ciprocal to it, no made was been have would opposition created,
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PHILIPPINES
AND TARIFF
LEGISLATION
81
but that now they take a different view, because of the fact
that mated the will create an esti? free entry of American products deficit of $2,500,000 and that no way is now annually,
seen in which to make up this deficit. He is of the opinion that it would have been better if instead of free entry with?
out limit of American to necessity agricultural needed of the products, such free and confined prime machinery for the agricultural islands. entry had been of other articles and industrial
development
revenue taxes in force in the islands cannot be in? them odious to the taxpayers, who, having making sorts of calamities the economic through which
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82
CHARLES G. WASHBURN
of that country have been subjected conditions for the past ten and unwilling to be taxed any more. years, are already exhausted can? On the other hand, the budget of the Philippine government not be radically decreased, for reasons obvious to the upper branch of the Philippine The Assembly, in its initial session, legislature. to reduce the appropriations undertook of the insular government thus the long-felt wish of the people; but little was ac? interpreting bill came from the upper complished when finally the appropriation The reason that has always been alleged in opposition house. to reforms of this kind is that the reduction of the high salaries paid to American officials would involve the risk of the government not having of the competent men to serve in the administration are capable islands. This fear ought not to exist, for the Filipinos of holding responsible positions at much less salary than that paid were the government to Americans, only to do complete justice to the native, who, in whatever position he may have been placed, has always proven that he knows his business. As and the bearing the first upon this subject, paid to I may add that the average officer in the were and
employe
in the Philippines
of January, and employes,
On
service
day officers 6,559 and 4,080 were Filipinos. Both the commissioners resolution of
were in support speaking the Philippine in Assembly opposition trade between the islands and the United States. In closing his speech, Mr. Ocampo said :
of the to free
If really the retention of the Philippines is not done with the object of exploiting them, but to uplift and liberate them, as here? tofore admitted by the American in good faith people and believed this House of Representatives should not pass by the Filipinos, section 5 of the Payne bill, which provides for a free trade between this country and the Philippines. The only reciprocity we ask is that our sugar and tobacco be admitted here free of duty, evento the limited quantities set forth in the bill, and in exchange allow all and implements of United States manu? agricultural machinery facture free admission into all ports of the Philippine islands. After the Philippine Islands free trade become independent, would be more to both countries. The United advantageous States would be able then to reimburse herself, through the com? merce that would be established between the two countries, for all the expenditures of the islands, upon the occupation consequent and the Filipinos would be in a better position to develop the resources of their country. of this Therefore, taking advantage
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PHILIPPINES
83
of the political aspect offered by the close connection opportunity I ask in the which the question bears upon its economic viewpoint, name of my people?better in the name of the still, I request in the most of the Philippines?imploring inhabitants 8,000,000 a to resolution that Congress adopt granting respectful attitude, if not now, at least the Philippine their independence, Islands after a definite number of years. In this way the American people as it the Philippines will sanctify the noble work of liberating liberated Cuba and other countries.
The question
pines satisfactorily War Department
is frequently asked,
more
of expenditures
States
of the Philippine Islands. Such expendi? treasury on account tures have been made of several bureaus different by many of the government, and in the case of different departments a great many expenditures it would be impossible to say
what part of them, if any, should be chargeable to the Philip? pine Islands. Since the occupation of the Philippine Islands the military forces of the United States have, in addition to performing their usual functions in the United States during
of peace, in Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii and operated accounts and War not have been China, Department kept as to show what in such a manner part of the cost of main? times
Philippine
Secretary
special report of January, 1908, said of to the cost the the United war, that, excluding a year. States of remaining in the islands is about $5,000,000 This would of the expense be exclusive trie bay of fortifying of Manila, the port of Iloilo and the port of Cebu, necessary
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84
CHARLES G. WASHBURN
to withstand the attack of an enemy upon the islands, and which, as the Secretary said, may reach a total of $10,000,000.
He to that this should not be charged contended, however, we as to need and for? should maintain the Philippine policy, we have the Philip? in the Orient, whether tify coaling stations pines or not.
If the entire cost of the 12,000 troops now in the islands should be charged there, it would amount to $12,000,000 annually. The 5,000 Philippine scouts would cost $1,000,000
more, and transportation to and from the islands and among
the islands might amount to $3,000,000 more. The opinion has been expressed that, ifwe did not possess the Philippines, our naval budget might be cut down $25,000,000 a year, and
our cost of repairing battleships and support of a navy yard
there has been estimated at from $2,000,000 to $4,000,000 annually. Without pursuing the subject further, it is per? haps fair to say that the expense of holding the Philippines would be stated by an advocate of the existing policy at not to exceed $5,000,000 a year, while a critic of that policy might contend that directly and indirectly it involved an
expenditure unwise of $40,000,000 purely a year, more We or less.
our Philippine
have will
policy is wise or
assumed commend The certain itself Com?
academic.
responsibilities.
satisfy Congress
subject.
mittee
I was a member
of great importance before had but one matter 60th Congress, was of the the Roman and settlement claims of that the it, Catholic Church to which I have referred. What we must of the men to do is to maintain be careful the high character we send to the Philippines, and to strive to keep in sympa? thetic touch with the needs of that distant people, numbering of 7,000,000. upwards
Intelligent
the demands tial condition ours is that
the people,
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PHILIPPINES
AND TARIFF
LEGISLATION
85
public questions,
discussion
To this end
for the the
and for this reason is essential, every means it should be encouraged. promoting true of conferences like this, under This is particularly patronage lux,77 with of a great the rays institution of learning, where only
book below.
that
the activities
sively absorbed, as in earlier days, in the study of the humani? and alluring as that subject is?but, in part ties?important at least, are directed to a solution of the social, political and economic problems which must be dealt with if any intelli?
gent progress is to be made.
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