Woodrow Wilson Wor 00 Herr

Columbia
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THE LIBRARIES
GIVEN BY
H.
VJ.
Y/ilson
WOODROW WILSON
AND THE WORLD'S PEACE
BY GEORGE
D.
HERRON
THE MENACE OF PEACE
BUST OF PRESIDENT WILSON MODELED AT THE WHITE HOUSE JUNE I916 BY JO DAVIDSON
WOODROW WILSON
AND
THE WORLD'S PEACE
BY
GEORGE
D.
HERRON
NEW YORK MITCHELL KENNERLEY

1917
COPYRIGHT 19 1 7 BY
MITCHELL KENNERLEY
H.
GIFT OF W. WILSON
MAR 2 2 1929
PRINTED IN AMERICA
.r4
EXPLANATION AND DEDICATION
EXCEPTING
;
the
first,
these
chapters
were written for Continental European

readers I have indicated, on the title-page pre-
ceding each paper, the time and the occasion of

its
publication,
and the journal wherein
it first
appeared.
little
I do not
now
gather them into this
book because I imagine them to be an im-
portant or permanent contribution to the subject of the war, or of the peace that shall finally
ensue.
I bring them together in the hope that
they
may
have a passing and inspirational
value to such as think and feel profoundly
about the meaning of these days, and
who
see,
or seem to see, that the world's political

social
and
redemption
is
the possible, even prob-
able, ultimation of the war.
Each paper has had two

into
or
more
translations
other languages, other countries, than
VI

it
that in which
was
originally published.
its
opening paper, which gives the book
The name
and which was
first
printed in
of London, has since
The New Age been put into German for
Die Freie Zeitung of Bern

earnest and able
the organ of the
German intellectuals who are working for a new and democratic Germany, and who include among their number such men
as Professor Foerster, Dr. Schlieben,
and the
author of "J'Accuse."
Monsieur Paul Des-
jardins, co-operating with the

ter of Public Instruction, has
French Minis-
honored the con-
eluding paper, "Pro- America," by publishing

it
as a preface to a classic edition of President

2.
Wilson's message of April
Chronologically, the opening paper should
have come third in the book.

first
I have placed
to afford,
it,
it
because
it
seems to
me
more
a per-
fully than the papers which follow
spective of the President's prodigious purpose.
The
five
succeeding papers are offered in the
order in which they appeared.
To
connect them a
little
more
closely, I
have

somewhat developed the papers
publication in the reviews
since
Vll
their
indi-
and journals
cated; but, in the main, they stand substantially as originally written.
I have not tried to
eliminate the minor repetitions which are inevitable
when one
is
presenting the same gendif-
eral subject
under different phases and to
ferent peoples.
Nor have
I thought best to
modify their form or appeal, even though they

necessarily
must prove
retrospective, in
some
of their aspects, in the light of subsequent
events and decisions.

readers as I
I think such American

will prefer that
may have
my
words retain
their first impulse
and
order.
Monsieur Louis Ferriere, Geneva's beloved
and consecrated
citizen,
and long a pastor of
her National Church, has graciously consented

to accept the dedication of these pages.
He
it is
has blessed
me
with his friendship since the

his city ;
days when I was a student in
and
due to
itual
my fellowship with him,
and
to the spir-
compulsion I have received from that
fellowship, that such halting powers as I have
viii

all
are
mobilized in the service of the Cause
which
this
book so
dis jointly
and inadequately
advocates.
George D. Hereon.
he Retour, 26 Chemin des Cottages,
Geneva, Switzerland.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
I
PAGE
WooDROw Wilson and the World's Peace
II
The Man and the President

His Initial Effort
49
81
III
IV
The Pro-German Morality

Pro-America
Appendix:
of the Pacifist
99
1^^
V
VI
An
Apologia
155
WOODROW WILSON
AND THE
WORLD'S PEACE
First published in
as
London, the New Age, June 7, 1917, an interpretation of President Wilson's address to the American Senate, January 27.
WOODROW WILSON
AND THE
WORLD'S PEACE
ALREADY,
spoken as they were on the
22nd of January, the words of Wood-
row Wilson concerning the world's future

peace seem remotely in the past
unpredictable, so
so
swift, so
immeasurable and amazing,
are the strides of history in these tremendous

days. early
Yet
it is
not too late
it is
rather too
as unes-
to consider the interrogation,

it is
capable as
momentous, which these words

climb.
up stand athwart the human

that
They
were addressed to the American Senate; but
body was merely the necessary medium of

all
a message intended for the ears of
the earth.
its
Not many have barkened

3
to the
message in
4
entirety
ing.
;
WOODROW WILSON
fewer
still
have laid hold of
its
meanand
it
It remains yet to be rightly read,
will be pertinent so
long as the ancient yet
perennial predicament of the world continues.
So long
follies
as our national egoisms prevail; so
long as diplomacy flounders amidst predacious
and
its
futilities
so long as political
power
re-
pursues
belief in material
might and
mains skeptic and cynic towards the justice of

love
and
its
liberating correlatives;
just
so
long will the summons of the American President stand across the course of the nations, de-
manding an answer that shall accord with the mind of God as it was revealed in Christ, and
weighted with judgment and
doom
if
the an-
swer be not faithfully forthcoming.
Not
of
that I wish to overstate
Mr. Wilson's
seership
and statesmanship. There were errors

in his earlier dealings with Gerhis
judgment
many.
In the pursuit of
American prohis
gram, he has more than once had to retrace
way and
start
anew
and who among the pio-
neers has not had to feel and to plot his path
AND THE world's PEACE
through inevitable mistakes and misgivings?
But whatever
his retracements or turnings,
he
has proceeded with a spiritual discernment and
audacity which have no political parallel.
And
by
his address to the
Senate
whereby he has
undertaken to assemble the nations unto the
Sermon on the Mount he has challenged them to a mutual adventure that would, if successful, release the
last,
pent soul of the world at
and change the competitive struggle and
sorrow into co-operate creation and joy.
There are mockers, of course, enough and

to spare.
To
is
speak of the brotherhood of na-
tions as the solvent of the problems of the pres-
ent
war
to invite the distrust if not the de-
rision of both political
and academic
still
intellects.
Our
institutional ongoings are
grooved in
the notion that principles and actions which are

individually desirable are collectively wild
and
unworkable.
The
centers of authority,
when
you examine
their
procedure honestly, are

efficiencies
found pursuing the
which
all re-
ligions alike attribute to diabolic agency: in
WOODROAV WILSON
the mortal efficiency of the

call
Power we
variously
God,
in the literal applicability or prac-
ticability of the
Messianic programs, authority

tittle
has neither a jot nor a

peoples
of faith.
And the
whom
authority perverts and exploits

little
these have had so
experience in interna-
tional truth or trust or fidelity, so little experi-
ence in fraternity and freedom within the national frontiers, that to
them
a world that shall
be everywhere accordant and kindly seems possible
only in the dreams of the dreamers.

is
It
true that the unrealizable
woe of
the
hour
that man's
is
total history indeed

dualistic
is
the
repudiation of this
devilry.
And
is
anointed teachers have taught us, again and

again, that life
not divided that whatever

;
law anywhere, whatever

where,
is
is
good or true any-
righteous and truth and law everyalso discern, in rare
where.
We
moments
of
moral
terial
lucidity, the planetary failure of
ma-
might dissevered from

it
spiritual
compul-
sion
and pity;
has always been treacherous
and incompetent, leading the race from abyss

to abyss
from the ruin of Egypt and Israel

Athens and
to the ruin of
Rome from the

;
dark
and the terror of medieval Europe to the whole

unintelligible horror of the
Europe
of today.
But
the lessons of history seem largely un-
learned.
their
The shepherds still huddle the sheep own impoverished souls also in the
old
barren
j^astures,
the
out-worn
folds.
Statesmanship seems well-nigh extinct, and

the prophets
lived
long ago.
Policies
and
plottings survive that are
little else,
in their
essence, than the devil-worship of primitive
man.
For
it is
fear not faith that bounds our
national horizons
or rather
it is
fear of the
good and
that
faith in the evil.
The conception
and unmoral
this that
power belongs
to material
might; the notion that an ideal good affords

neither order nor competency
is
it
is
basic in politics
and commerce, shaping nasocial constitutions; it is
tional ambitions
this that
and
has been the law of economic expanrelations.
sion
and international
is
And the Euand
rope of today
the result of this law's long
depraving sovereignty.
II
BUT
hath
it is
to deliver the nations
from
this
diabolic dualism that
Woodrow Wilson
has come.
By
his address to the Senate, he
summoned
the world to political and in-
dustrial repentance.
He
calls
not only Ger-
many and Europe, but America and Asia and

the ultimate islands, to a matchless experiment
in the efficiency of the good.
He
proceeds
upon
ment.
the expectation that he will find in the
earth a faith that shall be equal to this experi-
And
according to
last.
its
faith will
it
be with
the world, at
We
shall nationally
and
in-
ternationally be
what we
If
believe
shall
we can
be.
If
we
believe in the best,
we
become and
have but
If
achieve the best.
we
believe only a frag-
mentary good
is
attainable,
we
shall
the fragments our httle belief apprehends.

we
9
believe in the sole efficiency of the worst,
even worse than the worst we shall have.
The
world as a whole,
its
is
always the expression of

about
itself
common
belief or unbelief
just as each individual, in the end, becomes the

living record of his innermost
and perhaps un-
recognized thought of
life.
Faith indeed has not to do with something
vague or
life's
invisible or unrealizable.
Faith
is
fundamental heroism, the mode of God's
being, the
method whereby the universe beis
comes, and
always creating according to
its
image.
As
the faith of
man
has invented the
steam-engine and the telegraph, or has sounded

its
high notes in Isaiah or Socrates, in Jeanne

faith of
d'Arc or Mazzini, so the

periment of man.
tion
God
has ut-
tered the stars and dared the
more
perilous ex-
Faith
is
always the reacsociety, of the
upon
self of the
man, of
atom, of the universal whole.
Thus what we
is
it
believe or disbelieve is stupendously , infinitely
important.
Our faith
that the highest
prac-
ticable is the very force that
makes
prac-
10
ticahle;
WOODROW WILSON
and our unbelief
is
in the practicability
its
of the ideal
realization.
the precise preventative of
Woodrow Wilson
vinely;
has dared to believe di-
and
his faith that
a federate world
is
possible,
nations,
and the challenge of that faith to the is the most creative collective act since
the
French Revolution,
By his faith he has set

its
a goal from which mankind can never take

eyes; he has sent forth the
return.
word
that can never
If the continuation of
man upon
the
earth
is
is
inevitable, the final fulfillment of this

inevitable.
word
By
the projection of one
man's faith, humanity has been made to turn an

unexpected corner, and there to depai^t irrevocably from the paths of
its
past ongoing.
The
horizon of history had highly shifted, the whole
prospect
of
mankind
had
resplendently
changed, and the rostrum of the American
Senate had become as God's burning
altar,
when, the address of the President concluded,

the reverent
wonder of the hour went abroad,
encircling the world as a divine visitation.
Ill
TDUT
-*^
nations
turning
consider
now
its
to the address, let us
first
effect
upon
international
procedure.
By his
declaration of the rights of
even more pivotal and immortal than
the doctrine of individual rights which motived the French Revolution
Mr. Wilson has

its first
laid
beneath the international idea

tial
substanin-
and truthful foundation.
For a true
ternationalism can exist only as the shepherd
of virile and determined nationalisms.
Until
now,
the
internationalism
of
propagandas
which have claimed such distinction has been

but a doctrinal
abstraction.
fiction,
a pretentious and
sterile
It has always been
an internafatal denial
tionalism based
upon a fatuous and
of nationality.
One
of the several causes of the Socialist
debacle, at the beginning of the war,

11
was
this
12
WOODROW WILSON
m^^r-nationalism
latter.
inhuman and unimaginative confusion of

nationalism with
^this
anti-
mis-
taking the former for the

ist
The
Social:
movement has never been m^^rnational it has been only a/i^/-national. The notion that
national entities are unreal, that the nation
is
an arbitrary economic creation,

tionalism:
it is
is
not interna-
the exact negation of all that

its
gives internationalism
being.
name
and
or reason for
For
as
the nation does exist;
it is
probably
the
permanent as the world
itself.
None of
nations of old are wholly dead: the most ancient
and forgotten peoples have
their living
national remnants
upon the
earth.
And
it is
upon
the recognition of each particular ethniit
cal variety,
is
through calhng each group

its
unto the fulfillment of

telligent
being, that
an
in-
and compelling internationalism

itself.
will
manifest
It will
rise, this
true inter-
nationalism, not
tional lines, but
definition.
from the
from
obliteration of na-
their vivid
and fraternal
first,
Its mission will be,
to pro-

13
cure for each people, however small, an ade-
quate opportunity for self -discovery and

affirmation,
self-
and then to coordinate
all
peoples
sat-
in one resolute
and irradiant progress, one
isfied universal family.
It
is
this
our President has proposed; and I

the
believe
that
future
perhaps
by
ransomed
from our
will hold
terrible present
his initiative
Woodrow Wilson
to have been the
world's
is
first
international statesman.
There
insist-
already forming, as a result of his
ence,
and for the
first
time in history, a body
of international public opinion.
There
is
al-
ready building, out of the spiritual materials

his
hands have furnished, the foundations

rise
whereupon a world-citizenry may

form
itself
and
in-
and take
its
decisions.
If the plan
is
he proposed before the American Senate

followed,
it
will result in the
end of both war
and imperialism, and

repubhc.
finally issue in a world-
IV
BUT
states of
the immediate and fundamental deof the President

is
mand
selves
this: that the
Europe
are asked to reorganize them-
on the basis of government by the con-
sent of the governed.
No
longer must
its
it
be
that the right of the smallest people to

free
own
and unhindered being, to
its
own
special
unfoldment and contribution,
shall
be subor-
dinated, in thought or in fact, to
mere might
interest.
and
size
to
any imperial purpose or and commercial

of dominion,
The
brutish
state, the
mate-
rialistic fetish
must give place to
the knowledge of the nation as an inviolable

spiritual being.
Other propositions are
laid
down,
it is
true;
but they are based upon the principle I have

stated;
and
it
is
this principle
which I
shall
particularly discuss.
I need not refer to the

14
15
"peace without victory" which the pacifists
have placed upon their banners, and which
pan-German
for their
apostles have adopted as a
mask
pos-
Middle-Europe program.
It
is
sible that the exploited
phrase was meant espe-
Germany rather than for the Allies, even though it is Germany and the pacifists who have pressed it into theu' service. It may
cially for
well have been intended as an answer to Ger-
many's request for a negotiated peace; for

this request
was based upon an impudent
sumption of victory
^which victory the Allies
as-
were bidden to take knowledge of and to make

terms with.
A similar misconception may have

the emphasis which
of the seas.
bilized
attended
was
laid
upon the freedom

as a
This emphasis has also been mo-
by Germany, and thus presented

It
is
protest against British navalism.
likely
that something else
was
in the
President's
mind.
cess
He
probably was thinking of the ac-
of Russia and Roumania, and of the
smaller nations of Europe, to the open seas
16
WOODROW WILSON
their
and
highways; and
this,
not navalism,
If the right
was the import of

of each people to
his emphasis.
its
own pohtical and economic
development
is
granted, the necessity that each
have a door upon the seas must also be ac-
knowledged and
fulfilled.
But, as I say, this
and
all
other concerns of the address are cor-
relates of the
fundamental principle of
self-
government.
LET us
stated,
belligerents.
see
what
this principle, so quietly

if
would mean
accepted by the
Its first result
would be the
rel-
egation of the present

of
map
of the greater part
Europe
to the waste-basket;
and with
it
would go most of existing European governments.
There would be a complete geoall
graphical redistribution in
the countries
East of the Rhine and the Adriatic, and each
would follow Russia
in a
profound
political
and
social revolution.
Two
ancient empires
states
would go out of existence; several new
would come
into being.
Forgotten folk-cul-
tures, beautiful
and abundant, would revive
and grow and gladden the heart of the world.
Many varieties
forms and
of industrial concentration and
individualization,
many new
17
special political
social experiments,
would be given
18
free place
WOODROW WILSON
and encouragement.
literatures,
Old and supbut

buried
reit
pressed
splendid
civilizations,
would
rise in
common and
different
joicing resurrection.
Compared with what
now
is,
Europe would become a
and
well-nigh Edenic continent.
VI
T) UT
before generalizing further, let us beself-
-^
all,
gin at the Rhine, there applying the
governing principle to Germany.

of course, Alsace-Lorraine
First of
must be given
back to France
for such
is
the ardent desire
of that subject
and unhappy province and

is
and
much
of Prussia
must become part of reunited

ethnical after the
Poland.
But
is
the geographical
It
problem
only preliminary.
Alsatians and the Poles have been joined to

their
own,
it
is
after the
Germans have been

begins
confined within their rightful frontiers, that

the real problem of
if
Germany
that
is,
the principle which
Mr. Wilson proposed
is
adopted as the basis of peace.
The German
to de-
Empire
pot,
itself
must go back
into the melting-
and the German peoples be invited

19
cide
upon the forms and methods by which they
20
shall
WOODROW WILSON
govern themselves.
For, be
it
remem-
bered,
Germany
people.
is
not a self-governing counin
try; nor the

litical
Germans,
any
real sense, a po-
They
did not have a poUtical

essential political ex-
origin; they have

;
had no
perience and their
Empire is not a political but
a military state.
posed upon the

arms,
is
The German Empire, imGerman peoples by Prussian

as
now maintained
Germanic
an organization for
universal
industrial
and cultural do-
minion.
The only part
the
German
They
peoples
is
have had in the construction of their Empire

that of docile acceptance.
lectually
had, intel-
and
it,
politically,
nothing to do with the

to
making of
and they have nothing

it.
do with
the actual governing of
Unlike France
and England, which have a thousand years of

political evolution
behind them, the course of
German
history has been run under pressure
from the top

rannical,
little
has
been guided by princes,
often grotesque as well as brutish and ty-
whom
the peoples have obeyed with

self-affirmation.
or
no resentment or

Political
21
Germany, non-existent
and
receive
its
till
now, must
les|
come
sons
:
into being
primary
the
German
peoples must teach them-
selves the alphabet of self-government.

will
They
have to begin,
if
they are to be a political
nation, with the rudiments which the English
makers of the
Magna Charta
wrested from
King John,
or with the impulse by which the
Revolution prevailed in France.
Some
result of
principle,
of the
German
:
leaders have
been
first
quick to discern this they have seen that a
Mr. Wilson's
address,
if
apphed
in
would be the dismemberment of
Prussia and the fundamental reconstruction

of
German
nationality.
They
confess, too,
that a psychological revolution
must
also fol-
low; for the national mentations of the Ger-
man
are as tribal now, and his collective mor-
ality is as certainly barbaric, as in the
days of
Tacitus.
VII
PASSING
end.
southward with the self-gov-
erning principle,
we
find the Austrian

to their overdue
and Turkish Empires coming

pendent nation.
Bohemia becomes a delivered and
inde-
The dismembered Serbs

yearnings
are
united in one national family, according to

their
centuried
and
struggles.
Three million Roumanians are released from

the malific
Magyar
oppression and gathered
into the fold of their
own
people.
The Aus-
trian Poles, as well as the rest of the Slavs, are
joined unto their kindred.
Of
the Austrian
Empire, some
are
left,
six or seven million
Austrians
with a like number of Hungarians, to

as they
go on together or separately, according

mutually decide.
Russia has already renounced her traditional
governmental modes.
Nationality must be re22

stored to the Fins; Russian
23
Poland must be
surrendered; the Letts, the Lithuanians, the
Ukrainians, and
all
the diverse peoples under
former Russian
rule,
even unto far and
fair
Bokhara, must each be bidden to the
festal
board of the Great Freedom

released
must
its
each be
and resourced
to pursue
digenous cultural system.
And
for
own inher own
immediate people, for those who are primarily Muscovite or Russian, must Russia provide
the forms of a just and democratic political
procedure.
Nor must
the
Turk be only
this is
expelled from
in
Europe, and securely sequestered

ner of Asia Minor not
:
some
cor-
enough, nor the
partition of his territories enough.
The dispersed Armenians must be summoned to their

abled to re-integrate their once vigorous and
valorous nationality.
high and ancient habitation, and there be en-
And from
is
Persia must
England
political
as well as Russia take predatory
hands; for the Persia of today
replete with
and
spiritual potencies that ask for
24
WOODROW WILSON
Egypt must
if
naught but opportunity.
be
re-
trained to self-government also, even
maining a member of the British Empire.
Then the Arab Bagdad and the
he
who
built
resplendent
divine
Alhambra, who gave
mathematics and medicine and philosophy to
Europe, and whose marvellous
cities
the
Turk
and the Tartar and the Mongol destroyed

too,
he,
must be invited to make
his peculiar
and
bounteous contribution to the more beneficient

world.
Nor
let
us forget, even along the
coasts of Asia Minor, to call the
Greeks
to-
gether under a government of their choice, with
no
alien prince
imposed upon them by the dyalso
nasts.
The Syrians
must have the
desire
of their hearts
the
re-establishment of the
kingdom
of the
French Crusaders.
And
then
may
Israel return to Jerusalem,
and the lands
of the
Jordan blossom according to the words
of their ancient prophets.
Nor these wonders only: if there should be common and sincere acceptance of the pro-

gram
of President Wilson, other
25
re-
and many
demptions would ensue, making the world at

last the
harmonious home of an adequate race.
VIII
IT
tem
might well be that the extension and

to the ethnic groups of Eastern
adaptation of the Swiss governmental sys-
Europe
These
would be the wisest solution of the

terests that
racial in-
now seem
so conflicting.
conflicts of interests are superficial

it is
is
and unreal
the unity and mutuality of interests that
real.
Nothing can be disadvantageous to

all
one people without being harmful to

ples: nothing can be truly
peo-
good for one withall.
out that good accruing to
It
is
in the
unity and orchestration of interests that the

well-being of the peoples
there
is
lies; for, at
bottom,
only one all-embracing good, one in-
clusive
and pervasive common

is
health.
The Swiss Confederation

ligions
the convincing
demonstration that divergent races and re-
may
find a
common and
26
beloved na-

tional
27
home.
am
prone to think of Switzer-
land as the microcosm of the Europe of the

future
the microcosm, perhaps, of the worldSwitzerland

is
republic.
indeed, not to
me
Of
only, but to wiser dreamers than myself, the
fore-type
course,
of
the
federate
humanity.
democracy has yet farther to go:
Switzerland has by no means reached the
democratic goal.
leads thereto;
But
if
she
is
in the path that
and
the eyes of the peaceis
makers be fixed upon the peace that
per-
manent and pure,
in
some such path
as the
Swiss Cantons have taken will they start the

smaller states and national remnants of East-
ern Europe.
Three federal groups might thus be formed:

the
first
consisting of
Poland united with Lith-
uania, the Letts
and other suppressed and
unhappy Slavic peoples. Then the contending members of the present Austrian Empire, ransomed and cleansed from centuries of
Hapsburg dominion, might
co-operate in a
greater Switzerland, nor thence desire sepa-
28
rate
political
WOODROW WILSON
existence.
The Balkan Con-
federation
burg
betrayed by the eharlatanic CoJudasmight again be reconstituted.

it
And
once the process were prehended, once
the peoples were permitted to discover themselves in each other,
would be a marvellous
fulfill
and manful Europe which would thence

the pattern received from the Alps.
IX
THE
Allies have been fighting for noth-
ing else than this

a peace that
for nothing
and
is
else
than
shall, in faith
in fact,
com-
pletely accord with the President's
funda-
mental proposition.
land
is
It
no
secret that
Engonly-
struggling, even during the war, to give

final
a true and
home-rule to Ireland she

:
waits for the Irish to agree
among
is
themselves.
Nor
is it
any
secret that she
planning for
India what the Hindoos have never been able

to achieve for themselves
unified
and
co-
herent national being.

sincerely I believe,
Again and again, and have France and England

self-
pledged themselves to the principle of
governing nationalities, and thence to the en-
actment of one public law, one increasing com-
mon
justice,
is
throughout the world.
Nor
the
German adoption
29
of the demo-
30
cratic
WOODROW WILSON
program
impossible.
It
is
indeed the
most probable
final result of a
'No one proposes or desires

ples should be crushed;
it is
German defeat. the German peoonly desired that
own Prussian methods and masters. I am not among those who despair, I am rather among those who
they be redeemed from their
hope, that the victory of the AUies will result,
not only in the dispersion of the Prussian night
from the German mind, but

itualized
Germany
new and spirGermany in which all

in a
the sheer might, the occult material discern-
ment, which has gone into Prussian dominion

shall be
transmuted into the forces of spiritual
and democratic development.
repentant
Germany, divinely restored and commissioned

by a great common impulse from within,
precisely
is
what they who stand most steadily

It
is
against her foresee.

this vision that
for the fulfillment of
they desire her military overnobler being, her
throw.
Her own
own
mis-
sion to humanity, depends

defeat.
upon her
retributive
31
Already, even while their voices are yet un-
heard amidst the tumult, are Germany's truest

teachers calling her to
come forth from her
Prussian and predacious today into the promise
of a renunciant
is
and ministrant tomorrow.
Already,
the heart of the
German
is
people
appealing to the world for patient opportunity
and encouragement when the war
done.
It
may
new
be that then again will revive, and in a

envisioned modernity, that devout
life,
and
romantic
that
wedded domesticity and

to the
adventure, so
common
Germany
of old.
We
may
then look again for apostles like
Herder and Oberlin, and mayhap the greater Beethoven will be born, and the efficiency of
the
German become
its
so chivalric, so consecrate nations, each bring-
and contributory, that the

ing
own
especial gift, will rejoice in the

efficiency offers.
service
which that
PRESIDENT WILSON'S
hate.
program
is
also the repudiation of the performance of
He is
it
not deterred by the fact that the
literature of hatred holds the day.
Do
you
doubt that
does?
Upon my table
are recent
different
numbers of representative reviews of

countries.
I go through them at random, to

after
writer,
in the
behold writer
teacher,
teacher
after
bowing down
House
of Hate.
Let me take a typical

fessor
instance.
I find Pro-
Kuno
Francke, in the Atlantic Monthly
for February, reporting the social

ligious virtues of the
foresees.
and
re-
changed Germany he
this spiritual-
He
informs us that
is
ized
Germany
the ardent and absorbing con-
cern of the Emperor,

"the
whom
he considers as
to all his
man who
in this
war has been

32
subjects a shining example of real greatness

of character."
33
Even
its
so,
he declares that the

''will
war, regardless of
outcome,
leave for
many
years to come such a vast accumulation
of hatred, jealousy and mutual fear
among
all
European nations
ers for the
that
any grouping of powwill
maintenance of peace
have to
each
depend upon the

of
its
full military strength of
members."
observer,
if
Thus speaks the trained

speak the outward
count the dead,
if
thus
facts.
And
we
try to
we consider what unremitting blunders and how little brains go into the present government of the world, we must concede that the conclusion
is
logically correct.
But now,
as always,
is
mere
logic a liar;
now,
as always, the trained observer fails to observe
fails to
is
penetrate the facts before his eyes.
This
the case with even a teacher so com-
pletely equipped, so sympathetic

as Professor Francke.
and
sincere,
This noble and gifted
German knows
in the midst of
not the heart of his
Germany
is
nor apprehends he the purpose that
forming
shall
Europe
yea,
and that
34
WOODROW WILSON
soon become enaetive and creative in the resolute soul of the world.
Despite the world's
red testimony to the contrary, the days of the

institutions
;
and the mobilizations of hatred are

also are the laws
numbered and numbered

venge.
and
re-
customs that belong to economic and social
Hate
ples:
does not reside in the heart of the
'peo-
it is
not there except as
it is
kindled by
the political
and journalistic mercenaries of the

rulers.
owners and the

seems to he
is
The
hate which
now
tranwill
filling
and consuming the peoples
not real;
it is artificial
and shallow and

think this
sient.
They
it.
are blind
who
war
leave generations
behind
and organizations of hatred It will do nothing of the kind.
The
will
result will rather be this
that
the
war
burn up the hatreds of both the present and
the past.
There
will be a purification of the
world from hatred before long.

ness of hate
is
The
foolish-
already apparent to the soldiers
in the trenches,
ers
and
to their fathers
and mothit
and wives
at
home.
I have seen
and I

dare to declare
tle
it
35
lit-
that there was never so

it is
of hate in the world as now.
Hate was
at this most
never so near to extinction as
embattled
moment
of man's planetary career.
And it is because of its repudiation of hate that

President Wilson's immortal appeal becomes
perceptive
and prophetic beyond anything

lips of
coming from the

erations.
a leader for
many gen-
XI
IT
is
is
easy to babble of Utopia in reply.
It
the custom of cowards
and
cynics, of spir-
itual indolence
and
social selfishness, to deride
as
Utopian whatever requires high
risk
and
bold sacrifice.
But what else than the

call the
effort for
our
life's
perfectability has yet proved prac-
ticable?
Do we
present
way
of carry-
ing on our planet a success?

of an insane
Could the mind
god conceive a madder world than
the one the practical
man is now
furnishing us?
Is this universal tragic fiasco the kind of
com-
pliment the world's wise and prudent desire?

It
is
time to ask and to answer
time to take
knowledge of the unfailing

ebbless confusion
imbecility, of the
and woe, the unreckonable
wreckage and waste, that forever course what
we purblindly regard
as the practical adminis-
tration of our mortal affairs.

36
Thus we
shall
37
one day conclude, I perceive, that only Utopia

is
practicable.
We
shall see that
no peace
is
procurable, either by a world or by nations or
by
individuals, save in the realization of the
ideal:
best.
we
It
shall never get

is
on with
less
than the
Utopia or perdition that awaits the

it is
human
race in the end:

hells
the
kingdom of
heaven or yet deeper

which the world
is
than the one through
now wading.
XII
WHO
eral society
knows
if,
after
all,
the
war be not
a preparation of the peoples for a gen-
which shall at
all
last
comprehend and
be that the
harmonize
the
facts
and forces of the

It
world's indivisible life?
may
cannons are God's
voices, that the armies are
harrowing the
fields for
God's planting.
In-
deed, there has been an abundant divine sowing

since the challenge to civilization resounded
from the imperial palace

first
at Berlin.
And
the
harvest
the
is
already ripe for such as are wise
for
reaping.
Even
whilst
the
armies
march
on, the soldiers are asking questions that

this
have never been asked before in
world; and
the same questions are on the lips of the
women and the
fathers at home,
and even awed
children are whispering them.
And
all
these
are charged with a wiser

38
wonderment than has

hitherto
39
together.
drawn the human family
They
perceive
^the
women today perceive

anachronistic
majority
^that
of
men and
war must be made

and cowardly.
into
and
senseless
There
is
forming a great resolution, linking up
the nations
and the legions
an
invisible
freemasonry, that this shall be the last such

catastrophe which
man
is
inflicts
upon
himself.
world-citizenry
it
suddenly springing into

till it
being; and
may
not be long
takes posall
session of its
own, gathering not only
peo-
ples into its concord, including every sentient
being and excluding none, but also our whole

planetary
life,
the whole procession of nature.
There are many signs that the peoples
may
soon open their eyes, beholding each other as
members of one
eternal family, never divided
in reality but only in appearance,
nor made
enemies by else than the perennial exploitage

of parasitic systems
and
sovereignties.
XIII
THE
Our
struction;
tion
is
continuance of
man upon
the earth
has the nature of a perpetual miracle.

usual collective ways are downward, de-
scending anon into hadean delirium and de-
and whenever the race or the naand started anew,

it is
lifted
by
spiritual
precipitation.
Great religious reformations,
reconstructive national revolutions, like historic

individual conversions, have
thief in the night
:
come
as
comes the
even
if
if
envisioned eyes have
foreseen them, even

foretold them, at
prophetic voices have
an unexpected hour they ap-
pear.
A tremendous
and transcending
crisis,
sudden as the dawn in the East, swift as the

lightning in the West, seizes strong Saul of
Tarsus and nevermore
lets
him go; or
seizes
the France of the Revolution, thereby
anew
creating the world.

40
41
May
sions,
is
it
not be that the supreme miracle, the
most encompassing and conclusive of converabout to happen now?
May
its
it
not be
that the world, threatening and breathing out

slaughter,
is
unknowingly on
way
to
Da-
mascus, soon to be seized by an enlightenment

that shall pitch the race
upon an
entirely
new
It
is
plane of experience?
I believe this to be the
most probable ultimation of the war.

probable that this deepening
human
night,
sphering the earth in sorrow and terror and
tragedy unthinkable, will end in the break of
an amazing and ineffable day
in the
wonder of
first
men
finding each other out for the
time,
and from London to Ultima Thule, from the

earth's rims
frontiers.
and edges
is
to the soul's receding
It
probable that, despairing of
help in teachers and governors, discovering

that society has built
upon
the worst, the na-
tions will together resolve to

best,
make
trial of the
and so take up
their procession
toward
the
communal world.
It
is
probable that
shall thus at last believe the report of
we Him we
42
WOODROW WILSON
finally
have so long rejected, having
seen
through the
port of
will so
folly
and
is
falsity of
every other re-
life.
It
probable that the Christ

at all as a
come again, not merely or
single unique individual, but in the radiant
and
un-
robust self -leadership of the peoples

folding of the manful
this
mind
of
God, of the om-
nipotent will to love, in a mutual-membered
humanity.
XIV
EARTH'S
of the
ing:
present
condition,
know,
would seem
to discredit such promise, to
disprove such probabihty.
am
not ignorant
is
human
on
fact
I have seen what
happen-
what seemed
the
social order is disintegrating
forever:
crumbling
walls
have
watched, amid the moral and material ruin I
have worked, and the sorrow I have searched.
Standing now at one of the teeming crossways

of Europe, I look out
upon a world
ablaze
and
bemazed, even well-nigh demented, by a war

that
is
slipping from mortal control; a world
submerged and benumbed, a world almost besotted,
by a woe beyond mortal sounding or

It
is
surcease.
a world, too, compelled to this
table of anguish, this orgy of death,

cult
by the
oc-
power, by the malign and mysterious me43
taphysics, of a monstrous finance, encoiling

44
WOODROW WILSON
and conscripting the nations, and outmeasuring existing political imagination or mastery:
and
this finance,
appropriating the pan-Geris
man
imperial purpose,
is
also allied with a

still
power that
blacker and
more
occult
a power concerned with the conscription and

exploitage of the soul.
All this I
see,
and
more.
to
But even so, despite the triune Satan whom we thus seem awhile delivered, deand delusions of these bloodalso see that the
spite the despairs
drunken days, I
stinct with
world
is
in-
an unwonted expectancy, with a
sense of some near Messianic intervention and

pervasion,
and that a change of upward and

is
universal scope
preparing.
At any
change
hour,
in the twinkling of
an
eye, the
may
come, and an indwelling Divine Social Presence enfold and unite the aware and glad peoples.
It
is
thus that the peoples, while the accosted
rulers stand astonished or derisive, have given
ear to the wistful but
commanding summons of President Woodrow Wilson. His speech
45
seemeth strange indeed, for one having authority so great,
and
his voice
hath the sound of

has startled the
signifi-
one coming from afar.

nations with news
He
with a news whose

to them,
cance
is
yet unguessed by the herald or his
harkeners.
Unknown
unknown
to
himself, he has
is
announced that Return which
to be at once the conclusion
and the true beare about to be-
ginning of history.
that there are sons of
His words are the sign
men who
of
come manifest sons

virile
God, perceptive and
with His love, unfearing and audacious

alert
in
His freedom, His
and inventive
fel-
low-workers in an eternity of creative adventure.
And
shall
these words the world will

will confirm,
rememthe
ber, this
news the ages
when
war
have paled into a dusty incident of
humanity's home-coming.
II
THE MAN AND THE PRESIDENT

First published^ under the
title
of ^'President
Woodrow
Wilson/* in
Geneva, December ig, igidj on the occasion of Mr. Wilson s

Litteraire,
re-election to the presidency.
La Semaine
THE MAN AND THE PRESIDENT

MORE
broods the
the future,
than any other

is
man now
living,
Woodrow Wilson
and to hold the world's
likely to receive
attention.
Deeply,
and with broad and shrewdest kindness, he
human
problem.
He
sees far into
and he has
clear ideas as to
some
of the things to be done.

to dispense with banners,
his
He knows, too, how

and how
to accord
"still
most revolutionary measures to the
small voice."
His
largest intentions are hid
within himself; he
;
tells as little as possible
be-
forehand he prefers to
let his
mind be revealed
by
results rather than promises.
He
knows
that, in
some
crises,
men
49
are too slow and
doubtful, too double-minded, to respond to
50
WOODROW WILSON
They must be
started in
the great appeal.

the
new
direction with a kind of divine stealth,

told whither they go.
and without being

larger freedom
It
is
only after they enter the better condition, the
and the
fairer faith, that they
discover they have been led
more wisely than
they knew, and are able to perceive the nobler

prospect.
Such
It
is
is
the quality of Wilson's leadership.
this spiritual adroitness, this
union of ex-
traordinary political idealism with an equal de-
gree of political cunning, that

acteristic
;
is
his chief char-
and
it is
this that
if it
persuades the peo-
ple to trust him, even

It
is
be somewhat blindly.
is
thus, too, that his stature
constantly en-
larging, even unto the proportions of
Washto
ington and Lincoln.
Woodrow Wilson was

powerful
interests
re-elected
the
presidency despite the opposition of the most

ever
allied
against
an
American
centered in
presidential candidate.
He
defied
the world's boldest financial organizations,
now
New
York, and equipped for com-
51
The whole German race, from Potsdam to San Francisco, worked tirelessly and malignly for his defeat. With
mand
or for massacre.
equal industry and intrigue, the

olic
Roman
Cath-
hierarchy also labored to prevent his re-
election.
And
yet, notwithstanding the venefforts of his opponents, he
omed and united

that he
is
was the choice of the American people.

elected,
Now
even
many who
decried him
are relieved
by the sense of some new safety
which
his presence offers to civilization
^to
civilization,
indeed, that seems about to de-
stroy
itself.
know
his
European
critics assert
that
Mr.
Wilson stands for the material

America.
interests of
But he could not be more com-
pletely misread: the great material interests,
the materialist philosophers also, are straight
against him, are his bitterest foes.
So far
from being a
materialist, his
is
advocacy of a
world-democracy
in order that there
may
be
a sphere for the true spiritual unfoldment of
both the collectivity and the individual.
It
52
is
WOODROW WILSON
and
for this he has set before the single soul,
before each citizenry, the goal of a just and
joyous society of nations.
II
AMONG European
Mr. Wilson
to
peoples, especially on
is
the Continent, there
a curious and in-
credible ignorance regarding the relation of
Germanism.
I have just read
the astounding information, given by a sup-
posedly authoritative writer on American affairs, that the
pro-Germans of America voted

It
for the President's re-election.

difficult to
would be
make a statement more contrary

Mr. Hughes, the opponent of
his
to the truth.
Mr. Wilson, undoubtedly owed

to
nomination
fact
is
German
influence.
In America, the
scarcely
disputed.
The
German-American
them
to
Alliance, claiming the political control of three
million citizens, officially instructed
vote for Hughes.
The German
Catholics of
City,
America, by their congress in

likewise
53
New York
demanded Wilson's condemnation and
54
rejection.
WOODROW WILSON
The German newspapers
same
result.
of the
United States, with hardly an exception, vindictively strove for the
Then, on October
9th, before a vast au-
dience in Philadelphia,
Mr. Hughes publicly
committed himself to a course of action that

could have come to nothing else than obedience
to the behest of
Germany
that
America should
and
his
break, or try to break, the British blockade.

If
Mr. Hughes had been

at
elected,
if
words meant anything

inevitably
all,
his administration
would have brought him
into conflict
with the Allies, thus ranging America on the

side of
Germany.
said:
As
the
Herold (German)
of
New York
*'Of all the declarations
which the Repubhcan candidate has thus far
made, that of Monday

the most important.
.
in Philadelphia
. .
is
by far
He
did not actually

his
mention England by name, but
words
.
left
.
no room for doubt about
his
meaning.
Every
citizen of
German
origin should cast his
vote for Hughes."
Mr. Norman Hapgood,
in the
Independent
55
(New York)
Percy Olds,
of
November
6th,
and Mr. Frank

of Sep-
in the Atlantic
Monthly
tember, have well and carefully summarized

the
German
attitude
toward Mr. Wilson.
To
such as would like to look further into the subject, I
would suggest a perusal of these sumI can only quote briefly, but the ex-
maries.
amples I give are representative and typical.

Said the Staatz-Zeitung, the organ of the most
powerful German-American financial interests

:
"German- Americans, who,

United
States,
as citizens of
the
were received by Mr.
Hughes, to
others,
whom
he as an American declared
that the interests of
America stand before

firmly
all
are
thereby
is
convinced
that
Charles E.
of
all
Hughes
worthy of the confidence
American
citizens
and that
his election to
the presidency of the United States will be a

blessing."
terly
The Chicago A bendpost, which bit-
opposed the re-election of Wilson and
favored the election of Hughes,
made
the fol-
lowing pronouncement:
back, the
"For many years
German- Americans have been flatter-
56
WOODROW WILSON
ing themselves with the hope that the founding

of the National
German- American Alliance

That was
at least
might become the point of departure for a

healthy political activity.
one reason for founding the National Alliance

for a great
number
It
of
Germans who took a
greater interest than usual in the public affairs
of the country.
is
better to say right out,
Yes,
we
favor a policy which will be advan-
tageous to Germany."
the press-bureau of the
Consonant with
this,
German- American Al"In

citi-
liance issued the following declaration:
unity
is
power, and the power of American
zens of
German
is
descent and their political sig-
nificance
centered in the preservation of their

is
unity, which
the goal of the
German- Amerito break

it
can Alliance.
Every attempt
it
up
and
to destroy
amounts
to treason to the cul-
tural mission of the
States of
German race in the United America." The St. Paul VolkszeiGermanuniting them against
tung declared that President Wilson's foreign

policy had resulted in uniting all
Americans
at last,
and
in

his
57
administration.
The Deutscher Corre*
pondent, of Baltimore, considered that, in op-
posing President Wilson, Germans were preventing the Anglicizing of the American people.
The Milwaukee Germania Herold urged

and
Catholics,
that Lutherans
and
"all citi-
zens in whose veins
German
blood flowed,"
should unite in opposition to Wilson and in

favor of Hughes.
The German
their hatred of
leaders in
America expressed
one who had never
Wilson as
as one
known "Kultur";
who had always been an Anglo-maniac and an

agitator for the return of the United States to
the English colonial system.
Any
good Re-
publican could win against Wilson, thought

the Cleveland
Waechter und Anzeiger, and the
Germania Herold proclaimed that the German-American displeasure with Wilson was
shown by the remarkable circumstance that not
one
German paper of America, even of his own Democratic party, supported him. The EoO' celsiory organ of the German Catholics, condemned
the supporters of
Wilson
as pseudo-

58
patriots
WOODROW WILSON
"patriots
Day
for revenue only"
^their
patriotism being imported from London.

other influential
An-
German
paper, in an Inde-
pendence
editorial, asserted that
America
Said
had again become, under President Wilson's

administration, a British vassal state.
the St, Louis Westliche Post: "Because of his
one-sidedness,
nothing
which
Democratic
leaders can say or do will

icans friends of
make German- AmerMr. Wilson again." "The
great mass of the German-Americans," said
Amerika, another German Catholic organ,

**are
through with him and only circumstances

quite unforeseen could bring about
now
reconciliation.
They cannot be
had
talked down."
And
are
again the Excelsior, speaking of the

pro-Allies,
this to say:
American
only
"They
Cecil
Anglo-Saxons working on
United
head
States
Rhodes's testament, to the end that the proud,
independent
may
again
be
brought under the yoke of Old England.
And
at
their
intentionally
or
not
stands
Woodrow
Wilson^ who
still calls
him-

self
59
President of the United States, but

is
who
really
nothing more than a British colonial

Still
director,"
more hateful were the words

de-
of another
German- American organ, which

hand of
nounced President Wilson as a lackey in Britain's livery, "kissing the

his Britannic
majesty" while the

dog."
latter, "kicks
him hke a
pro-
The Waechter und Anzeiger

in the Lusitania case
is
claimed that "to speak of a crime on the part

of
Germany
the most ex-
foolish cant conceivable.
Our munition
ports, America's wallowing in blood-money,
America's
also
self-deception
these
are
crimes
on the conscience of our own people."
The criticism concludes with the statement that

President Wilson ought to have been Czar.
Nor
well,
only in America, but in
Germany
as
was the defeat of Wilson and the
elec-
tion of
Hughes urged upon German- American citizens. By all the German official press
to be,
was America declared

and England.
under the admini-
stration of President Wilson,
an
ally of
France
repre-
cartoon in
Jugend
60
sents
WOODROW WILSON
England
as piously distributing thou-
sand-pound notes wherewith to convince American voters of the need of Wilson's election.
Mr. Hughes was the avowed candidate of Berlin for nomination at the Republican Convention in Chicago, and for election to the
presidency
after
the
nomination had been

his
made.
Notwithstanding
fervent Ameri-
canism, his administrative policy, had he been

elected,
if
would have been
qualified, inevitably
unconsciously, by the fact he was the choice
of Germany; and to say, as has been said by
European journals, that Mr. Wilson received the pro-German vote is much the same as if
some
historian should
announce that Martin

support from the
Luther received
his chief
Pope
of
Rome.
Ill
MY
lay
in
interpretation of President
to be contradicted
final
Wilson
his de-
may seem
joining
by
issue
with
Germany,
and forces
I could
I think, however,
if all
the facts
with which he has had to work were considered,

the contradiction would prove unreal.
wish,
it is
true, that he
had protested against

I could also wish
at the time
the violation of Belgium.

that he
had broken with Germany
of the sinking of the Lusitania,

joice
if
I would refor the
America were now battling
democratic principle, for the spiritual existence of the race, in fellowship with England
and Italy and France.

political failure of
I conceive our en-
forced neutrality to be both a spiritual and a
our national being.
If
it
continues throughout the war, the moral and

61
62
WOODROW WILSON
America
will be greater
intellectual disaster to
than the
like disaster to
Europe.
not to be charged to
But
this neutrality is
President Wilson.
There has been no time
when
either his cabinet, the
House
of Con-
gress, or the people,
would have supported him
in a declaration of
war against Germany.
We
his
know, now, how unsupported he was by

ministers in the affair of the Lusitania;
reluctantly the
how
House
of
its
of Congress consented
to his Sussex message.

too,
We
must remember,
how many
members are of German

also consider that
birth or descent.
We must
war with Germany meant, in all probability, civil war with America possibly a state of un-
exampled national anarchy, savagely inspired
by the omnipresent
apostles of
Germanism.
;
Mr. Wilson
is
not the government he
is
not
the people; and he could only do the best the national circumstances
would
allow.
We
must not think that the protest of
elect souls of
New York
and
New England
represents the
national mind.
These do not articulate the
63
feeling or will, numerically speaking, of even a
large minority.
tion
The
great body of the nais
especially of Middle America

Mr. Wilson
effectually as he could, the people
solidly
opposed to participation in the war.

left to
It
was
to interpret, as radically
and
who had
chosen him to be their spokesman and the

executive of their will.
IV
1 SUSPECT
that, if the truth
were
find
dis-
cerned or revealed,
we should
all,
Mr.
Wilson has taken,
after
the course most
contributoiy to the cause of the Allies

this
and
The
he has had to do quietly and covertly.
world-war has staged for him
many
theatric
opportunities, but he has avoided the dramatic

in order to accomplish the essential.
his well-nigh exasperating patience
Between
and instant
war
there
was no middle-ground.
To have
The
protested against the violation of Belgium
would have meant war, and that

same was true
shortly.
in the case of the Lusitania.
And war
success
between America and Germany

off the supplies
meant cutting
upon which the

Submarines
coasts; the
of the Allies depends.
would have blocked the American

64
shipments of munitions to Europe would have
65
ceased; America's resources would have been
absorbed in her
rations.
own
military
and naval prepa-
Thus Mr. Wilson could not have
kept open the door
as he certainly hasfor
England and France to obtain munitions and money from America. And the European war would probably have ended before America could
render effectual military
aid.
Finally, President Wilson's refusal to break

the British blockade
gic facts of the
fact,
is
one of the great stratedecisive
war
perhaps the most

Allies.
when
all is said, in
holding open the gates
of
advantage for the
Without
his
action in this regard, the Allies could not
win
the war; and in her understanding of this, Ger-
many
it
is
correct.
Indeed,
that
at
this
moment,
altogether
conflict is
is
Germany
would
be
the gainer, so far as the
European
concerned,
by war with America.

would be the
At
the
same time, and
in everything that practically

losers.
counts, the Allies
Ger-
many knows
this so well that she persists in
trying to force the hand of President Wilson
66
WOODROW WILSON
it
and President Wilson knows

persists in his
sists in spite
so well that he
nominal neutrality
and
per-
of the fact that he can
make no
explanation, nor speak the words that would
expose the hypocrisies and brutalities of his
most
relentless
and unscrupulous opponents.

also, in
Mr. Wilson has
each
crisis
that Gerpres-
many has precipitated, looked beyond the

ent war's immediate issues.
Longingly and
hopefully, he peers into a future wherein questions
between nations are settled without war.
If America should
now take up
arms, with the
whole world thus involved, soon every semblance of international law would end.
Mr.
Wilson has
felt it to
be the mission of America,
at this time of diplomatic anarchy, to stand for
a general public law and justice based
upon
agreement.
He has tried to make every crisis

international righteousness.
an opportunity for the enunciation and devel-
opment of a new
Wisely or unwisely, he used the case of the Lusitania to try to wrest from Germany some
confession of public sin, some acknowledg-

ment of
also
67
should
international principle.
We
remember, in our discussion of Mr. Wil-
son's administrative conduct, that his
message
to Congress, at the time of the sinking of the
Sussex, was the completest arraignment of
Germany that has yet been made by diplomThe condemnations of English writers acy.
and diplomats weigh
lightly in
comparison
with the words of judgment passed upon Ger-
many by
that message.
Never
in the history
of the world, so far as I know, has the ruler of
one nation held up another to such

universal
final
and
reprobation.
Only by an unex-
ampled national repentance, can Germany

erase the record thus written so deeply against
her.
T\700DR0W WILSON
^ ^
lieve in
does not be-
war
as a rational
method of
in
mili-
civilization.
He
does
not
believe
tary might as a continuing
mode
of justice
or progress.
He
does not believe that things
are finally settled by war.

as a
He sees war rather

of
means of confusing old problems, and
precipitating needless problems new.
He con-
cedes to the strong nations no right to impose

their will
upon the weak.
He
stands for a
universal politic so new, so revolutionary, so

creative of a different world than ours, that
few have begun to glimpse

prehend
his purpose.
is
his vision or to
ap-
His eyes are
fixed
upon
a goal that
nations.
far
beyond the present
faith of
His inaugural address before the

to
League
Enforce Peace
68
is
perhaps the most
pregnant utterance of a national chief in two

thousand years.
sponsibly
69
so re-
know
of no
man
placed
as
Mr. Wilson who has

a
literal
spoken words so weighted with the world's destiny.
He
proposes
and working
brotherhood of nations, issuing in an ultimately

co-operative
and concordant mankind.
He
is
announces the use of force to prevent instead

of to create war.
He
declares that
it
the
business of strong nations to be the saviours
and not the exploiters of the nations which are
weak or
Thus
small.
He
overthrows the whole

is
evil
conception upon which imperialism

the use of governments
based.
by the dealers
in national debts,
by the great
concessionaires,
must, according to Mr. Wilson's pronouncement, come to an end.

national ethic,
Acting by
this inter-
would Europe and America
co-
operate in assisting China to develop her

resources, her
own
free-
own
institutions, her
own
dom and
social
redemption; England would
pour such resources and service into India as

to enable India to
become a vast and
self-gov-
erning nation in herself; America would help
70
WOODROW WILSON
to free herself
Mexico
from both Mexican
landlords and American concessionaires.
The
ethic has been well expressed by President Wil-
son himself in explaining to Miss Tarbell his

actions
toward Mexico.
*'Do you remember,"
he asked, "the angry crowd that was worked up

in
Ephesus by a silversmith who told

that
his
work-
men
of
Paul would surely
spoil their trade
making
shrines for Diana, if they did not
stop his talk of there being no gods
made by
until the
hands?
*Great
is
The men
filled
the streets, crying,
Diana of the Ephesians,'

came out and
said
* :
town
body
clerk
is
You
idiots,
no-
hurting Diana.
If you have a comit
plaint against
any man, take
to the courts,
but stop this uproar or you'll get into trouble.'
The
episode in Ephesus
is
very like what
is
go-
ing on today in the country in regard to
Mexico.
there have
is
A few men who have property down

worked up a claque
to cry:
'Great
order in Mexico.'
But it
all
is
order not for the

in-
Mexicans, but for some of the foreign

vestors.
. . .
Never, in
of their appeals to
71
me, has one of them mentioned the fifteen million Mexicans.
It
is
always our investments."
Speaking of the same subject on another occa-
am more interested in the fortunes of oppressed men and pitiful women and children than in any property
sion, the
President said:
"I
rights whatever.
Mistakes I have no doubt
made
in this perplexing business, but not in
purpose or object.
More
is
involved than the
immediate destinies of Mexico and the relations of the
United States with a distressed

All America looks on.
of us whether
and distracted people.

Test
is
now being made
we be
sincere lovers of popular liberty or not,
and are
indeed to be trusted to respect national sovereignty
among our weaker
neighbors.''
VI
OUGHT
I
row Wilson.
between
his face.
to say
said at the
perhaps ought to have beginning that I have no

for interpreting
shadow of authority
nor
Woodupon
as
There has never been speech

have
I
us,
looked
And were he choosing an interpreter,

it
am
sure
would not be such a one
my-
self.
Besides, I belong not to his political

till
party: I am, and shall be
I die, a Socialist
even though I know of no

the present time, that has
ism.
Socialist party, at
more than a legend-
ary and misrepresentative relation to Social-
But ought not

appreciation
of
all this
to give value to
my
America's
Chief
Servant?
Whether
the
certainly
it
be so or not,
my
understanding of
I perceive
man I must proclaim.

72
For
or
seem to perceive
that
Woodrow

Wilson
is
73
not only the greatest statesman that
has appeared in the world for
many
years
great indeed beyond comparison with any save
Lincoln he
:
is
also a determined
is
and tremend-
ous radical: he
a redeemer of democracy.
He is revolutionary beyond anything his words

reveal,
beyond anything
his
contemporaries
have discerned.
He
has accomplished a com-
plete change of direction in the course of
Amer-
ican political development
in the course of
the world's ongoing as well.
He
has indeed
been extraordinarily shifty in the accomplish-
ment
of the things he believes basic and right
but the shifts he has
made have been
linked to-
gether in a divinely democratic processional.
Consequently, whenever and wherever the

issue
between property and the people has

clear, in
been
not a single instance has he stood
for property, but in every instance for the people.
In the Federal Reserve Banks,
as well as
in other legislative achievements, he has
know-
ingly undermined certain of the foundations
upon which our
capitalist society rests; at the
74
WOODROW WILSON
same time, he has been preparing foundations Without for a truly co-operative society.
proclamation, with none of the jargon
to radicals, he has
common
shown himself more pro-
foundly conscious of the working-class than
many
and
of the working-class leaders; and this
notwithstanding his previous academic career

associations.
As compared
Socialist
with
Wood-
row Wilson, there are

pathy.
spokesmen who
are bourbon in their understanding and sym-
As
contrasted with America's Presi-
dent, the parliamentary leaders of

cialism are medieval reactionaries.
German
So-
VII
T TrrOODROW WILSON
^ ^
believes in the
whole length and logic of democracy

in
political
democracy
tellectual
relations,
democ-
racy in industry, democracy in things in-
and
spiritual.
into this man's soul,
we could look deep I think we should find

If
there the ideal of a world at last arriving at a
universal
tribution,
communism of production and diswith a common and unfettered free-
dom
as regards the right of each individual to
choose the
way
in
which he
shall go,
and grow,
Lin-
and give
ideal in
himself.
Has
he not well hinted this

his dedication of
words spoken at
coln's birthplace?
"Is not this," he asks, "an

alive the
altar
upon which we may forever keep
vestal fire of
democracy as upon a shrine at
which some of the deepest and most sacred

hopes must constantly be rekindled?
only those
And
The
who
live
can rekindle them.

75
7Q
WOODROW WILSON
is
only stuff that can retain the life-giving heat

the stuff of living hearts.
And
the hopes of
mankind cannot be kept

codes of liberty.
alive
by words merely,
by constitutions and doctrines of right and
The
object of democracy
is
to transmute these into the life

ciety, the self-denial
and action of
so-
and
self-sacrifice of heroic
men and women

ened purpose.
willing to
make
their lives
an
embodiment of right and

are as imperative as
tunities are
service
and
enlight-
The commands
its
of democracy
privileges
and opporIts
wide and generous.

us.
compullift
sion
is
upon
It will be great
and
great light for the guidance of the nations only

if
we
are great
and carry that
light high for
the guidance of our
own
feet.
We
are not
in
worthy to stand here unless we ourselves be
deed and in truth real democrats and servants

of mankind, ready to give our very lives for the
freedom and justice and
spiritual exaltation of
the great nation which shelters

us."
and nurtures
Woodrow Wilson
beholds this vision, he f ol-

lows this faith, because he
is
77
both sturdily and
mystically Christian in his view of our com- /
mon
life's collective possibilities.
The
utter-
most democracy, the democracy that

whole human octave,
is
scales the
to
him the
certain issue
of the idea for which Jesus lived
and
died.
John Milton and Alfred the Great, with John Stuart Mill and Joseph Mazzini, that the mind of mutual servThis
conceives, with
ice,
man
the literal
love,
is
and general application of the

the only practicable social basis,
law of
the only national security, the only foundation

for international peace.
He
believes that the
Sermon on the Mount is the ultimate constitution of mankind and he intends, by hook or crook if you will, by the wisdom of the serpent
;
and the secrecy of the

tion underneath the
priest, to get this
foundanation.
unaware American
He
cunningly hopes, he divinely schemes, to

it
bring
about that America, awake at last to
her national selfhood and calling, shall become

as a colossal Christian apostle, shepherding the
world into the kingdom of God.
Ill
HIS INITIAL
First published, under the
EFFORT
s
Wilsonf
in the
title of *'The Note of President Journal de Geneve, December 31,
igi6, on the occasion of President Wilson note, addressed to all the belligerent
nations, of
December
18,
HIS INITIAL
EFFORT
mind regarding
THE European
of
state of
President Wilson's note seems to be one
bewilderment
of
bewilderment mingled
with tepid hope.

at criticism,
There have been attempts

discussions; but they
and many
have been aimless, on the whole, and extraordinarily
tame and
ineffectual.
Journalists and
statesmen feel compelled to speak, but what to

say appears beyond their powers of comprehension.
They seem unable to conceive
or even
guess what the President means; and, rather
than the confused contributions they have proffered their respective publics,
it
would have
been better
inability.
if
they had frankly confessed their

of
Nor does one Powers know precisely how

81
the
Western
is
the note
taken
82
WOODROW WILSON
by another; and the Central Powers approach

a
like
predicament.
Curiously enough, howthat has misconstrued the

it is
ever, it is
England
note most completely, while
Germany that
disturbing
somewhat perceives the President's purpose.
And the perception is tremendously

to
Germany's masters.
Probably
this is
what Mr. Wilson expected

it is
for his note
was written for Germany, and
through diplomatic necessity that he addressed

it
to the belligerents in
common.
It
is
this
diplomatic necessity that has masked his mean-
ing in what seems an unemotional and reprehensible impartiality,
and that has brought

an
such stupefaction to Europe.
Yet the note

that
it is
is,
in effect, nothing else than
ultimatum to Germany.
It
is
an ultimatum
;
may bring either peace
or war but surely
war rather than peace it portends. For Mr. Wilson knows that, if the war continues,
his
country cannot
much
longer remain apart.

so big a
The world cannot go on burning, and
house as the United States of America escape

the flames.
83
In one way or another, America

fire,
must try to put out the

conflict to
try to bring the
a righteous conclusion
first
decid-
ing, however,
on which
side she conceives the
tents of righteousness to stand,

herself with that side.
and then align

asked
It
is
to this end that

is
each of the two groups of belligerents

to state
what
it is
fighting for,
it;
and what terms
of peace will satisfy
for only so
may
the
American
resources.
States
intelligently
decide
with
which group to throw their probably conclusive
II
T)UT,
it
will be asked,
why
is
does he apparall
-^
and
ently place the belligerents

level?
upon the
actually
same moral
This
indeed a pertinent
If
momentous
question.
he
means
to treat the assassins of Belgian
and
Serbian nationalities, the murderers of the
Armenian
people, the breakers of treaties, the
slayers of children, the violators of
women, the
France and
destroyers of churches, as entitled to equal consideration with the defenders of
Belgium and
Serbia, then indeed has President
Wilson
intolerably offended that

still
remnant of
mankind which
hath power to discriminate

right.
between atrocious wrong and trampled
But
let
us not be hasty in saying this
is
what
he has done.
He
only says that the belliger-
ents claim to be fighting for the

to be asking for the
same ends, and
same terms of peace.

84
He

would
like to
85
know
its
if this is
true.
Will each
belligerent state
terms, so that
America and
the other neutral nations

this
simple request,
may judge? And by Mr. Wilson may be plache
ing
Germany
in the worst possible position:
may
be taking the very course that will ex-
pose her moral nakedness to the world.

Indeed, more than any other method he could
have devised, will Mr. Wilson's demand

close the responsibility for the
dis-
war; and, fur-
AmerFor ica is substantially with Germany alone. the terms of the Allies are well enough known
thermore,
it
will reveal that the issue of
they have been repeatedly and frankly stated.
England
seeks nothing in
Europe
for herself;
but she requires complete restitution for Bel-
gium, and the same for France, coupled with

the return of Alsace-Lorraine.
sists
She
also in-
upon the
restoration
and reunion of the
Servian peoples in a greater Servian kingdom.
She demands,
ple to choose
social
in fine, the
its
freedom of each peo-
own
national affiliations
and
of
development.
The
requirements
86
WOODROW WILSON
identical with those of
France are
England.
Italy asks for herself that part of the Italian
nation which
;
is
still
under the dominion of
Austria for the rest of Europe, Italy's wishes

are
identical
with
those
of
of
France.
The problem
is
it
England and Russia and Con-
stantinople
more complicated, and has been

;
carefully avoided but
would be best that the
Allies frankly state their
engagement with
For America will be the last to be disturbed by the political transfer of Constantinople. No country is so desirous as America of ridding both Europe and Asia Minor of Turkish dominion. Probably America would ask for an independent Armenian state, as she
Russia.
has always had a special interest in the Ar-
menian people.
Germany, on the other hand, has not the

slightest intention of stating her terms,
now
or
at
any time.
She
will deal only in
vague and
patheti-
bemazing
generalities, plausibly
and
cally expressed.
Her proposed
negotiations
for peace have no other end than the decep-

tion of the world
87
and the gaining of time and

to keep
sympathy
no other motive than the prolongapower

and to conquer.
If
tion of her
she can compel or seduce the Allies to a conference, she will propose terms befitting a con-
queror, even though foreknowing their rejection.
During
the continuance of such a con-
ference, perhaps not less than a year, she could
greatly renew her resources, while France and
The end of the conference would be that Germany would gain by trickery and treachery much of
Russia would be but the more depleted.
what she
failed to obtain
by war.
of peace
Germany dreams not

other terms
upon any
Middle
upon any other terms than such

of Asia
as will leave her the overlordship of
Europe and
Minor
leave her, in fact,
in possession of
an empire stretching from

India and China in
Hamburg to Bagdad, with

the horizon.
After having fought the foulest
war,
she
all
things considered, that history affords,

seeks to fasten
now
upon
the world a
still
fouler peace
both the war and the peace hav-
88
WOODROW WILSON
ing this pan-Germany empery for their goal.

If she succeeds, then for a long time to come
there will be small breathing-room for the soul
of
man upon
this planet,
and
less of
freedom
for his mind.
In the accomplishment of
for the
this
empery, Ger-
many can well dissemblewell afford to make,

moment, what seem
to be generous concessions.
trifling in
But her largest
concessions would be
comparison with her vast imperial

Besides, she
gains in the South and the East.
knows well enough

few years
that, if she is
it
allowed to
keep the Balkans and Turkey,

till
will
be but a
France and Belgium are helpis
lessly hers.
This, nor aught else,
the real
purpose of the German peace propositions.

It
is
to bring the
open that
quest.
German purpose into President Wilson has made his
the
re-
He
has undertaken to compel Gerin case of
many to show her hand, in order that,

refusal, the
American people
he must
place
will
support him
in
the
course
consequently take.
all
Either
Germany must
her terms upon

the table,
89
and prove them such
as to satisfy the
new
the
the
international conscience
called into being,
Mr. Wilson has or she must add America to
number of her enemies.

first
And it is thus that

is
point of our President's note
not
peace but war.
Ill
1
T)UT
the note has also a
more amazing im-
*-' port than the psychological preparation of the American people; and that is, the opportunity
it
affords the
German Empire
all
to
end not only the present war, but

to give a
war, and
common and
upbuilding peace to the
family of nations.
telligible
Never, in the whole unin-
and wasteful history of man, have
the rulers of a nation had a chance so replete
with redemptive possibility as that which our

President has presented to the rulers of Ger-
many.
Let her
if
may redeem a term from

upon one
the gambler
let
call the President's divine bluff:
her stake her existence and destiny

faith,
throw of
one inclusive and irrevocable
renunciation, one challenging and creative af-
firmation of man's basic and inviolable brother-
hood.
Let her transmute her

90
incredible cap-

acity for deception
tial trick
91
and intrigue
into one celes-
upon
the
human
race.
Let her
in-
stantly
and
specifically,
without qualification
or reservation, give an answer that shall ac-
cord with Mr. Wilson's invitation.

place
Let her
upon the
table such conditions of peace
as shall
win the sympathy and applause of even
her foes.
Let her volunteer the complete

all
res-
toration of
Belgium and France, of the Balthat
kans as well, with compensation for
these invaded countries have suffered.
Let
her propose the full and true rehabihtation of
Poland, including the provinces attached to

Prussia.
all
Let her require the integration of

and the union of
all
the Serbs,
the Italians.
Let her demand that the Dardanelles be considered
an integral part of the Mediterranean,

all
neutral and open to
nations equally.
Let
conse-
her ask that Constantinople be set apart as the

seat of
an International Tribunal
^the
crated capitol of a renascent and resolute
Christendom.
If this she will but do
if
she will but see and
92
seize
WOODROW WILSON
her prodigious opportunity
;
if
she will but
realize this
new kind
of national integrity, this
new
order of national being, then
may Ger-
many, even now and

becoming the
at once, step into a place
of stupendous spiritual leadership, her sons

first
born of that superhumanity

all
which the prophets of

tell.
times and races fore-
She cannot bring back the dead, of course,

nor restore the desolate or vanished homes.
She cannot evoke armies of eager workers and

lovers, of fathers
and brothers, from the miles

seal she
and miUions of graves which are the

has
now set upon the earth. But she can make even these, by her own repentance and rebirth, fruitful with new life for the world. It is possible for Germany to speak now the apocalyptic word to take now the apocalyptic step. It is possible that there are among the German tribes men sane and saintly enough, men of requisite faith and courage, to sound the
trumpet that
for
all,
shall
waken these
tribes,
once and
from the loathsome hypnosis which
93
none other than some sort of Satan could have

laid
to
upon them. It is possible for Germany rise from her deep spiritual night, from the
and to
invite then the na-
orgy of murder and lying and madness she has

therein precipitated,
tions to unite with her in a peace that shall be
both social and international.

sible
It
is
even posbeseek
that
Germany might suddenly
Woodrow Wilson to
lead the world in the pur-
suit of this ineffable goal.
IV
THE
peoples
Allies are not without responsibility
here.
They
say,
and
sincerely I believe,
they have no intention of crushing Germany.
But why not make
this clear to the
German
why not now appeal to them, plainly

Are
there no states-
and unreservedly, even over or under the

thrones of their rulers?
men in England
or France of such stature and
strength as to rend the veil of an antique and
subterranean diplomacy
its
to
step forth
from
enmeshments and address the German na-
tion in terms that shall be It
may
be that
it is
the
human and familiar? German head that has

if
gone wrong
not
it
the heart; and that
the
real heart of
Germany were
authentically
and
of
wisely invoked,
would repent and respond

itself
even to the extent of disencumbering

its
Prussian rulers and teachers.

94

with wonder and anguish
present or
if
95
For
the
moment, we can only wait

^to
^wait
see whether the
hmnan
It
is
night will darken and deepen,

will
some unforeseen day of deliverance

the world's most breathless
break.
mo-
ment.
ance.
The human race trembles in the balThe war, if it continues, may slip from
its
the control of
makers and masters.

on
A turn
of some irresponsible hand, even an idle word,
may
start the race
upward or
new and tremendous downward way. Either we shall

its
soon be plunging into chaos, and the creation

of the world begin over again, with perhaps but
a human remnant in the Creator's hand, or the

nations must
come
to
some swift
resolution,
some divine determination, taking the course

of evolution in hand and definitely shaping our
common
cial
future according to a dehberate sospiritual choice.
and
Yet now,
lead
is
as at the beginning of the war, the
with Germany.
Through some mysit is
terious dispensation of destiny,
Germany
that
still
holds the scales of decision.
We are
96
far
WOODROW WILSON
from snatching the
it
is
scales
from her hands.

an unprece-
But
possible that, through
dented and Pentecostal revolution, she
may
yet
humbly entreat
the nations to join her in hold-
ing the mystic balance of a harmonized world.
IV
THE PRO-GERMAN MORALITY OF THE PACIFIST

This paper, written in reply to pacifist perversions of President Wilson s unfortunate phrase, ''peace without
victory" was originally published in two parts
the
first in II
Giornale d'It alia, Rome, March 4, jgi7; the second, in the April number of La Revue Mensuelle, Geneva,
THE PRO-GERMAN MORALITY OF
THE PACIFIST
RECENTLY
Continental
this
and
critic
severely,
an eminent
rebuked the writer of
paper for declaring that the European

is
war
in reality
between two
life
religions,
two opbeing
posing principles of
one of these
its
embodied in the Germanism that seeks worlddominion by the might of

pose and presence of him
will
and
its
weapons, the other being the continuing pur-
we
call the Christ.

is
To
the
mind of the
critic,
Christ
neutral as
regards the war, holding with neither the one
nor the other group of belligerents, nor concerned as to which shall be triumphant.
rather, Christ
is
Or
in equal opposition to all the
100
fighters:
WOODROW WILSON
he
is
the Prince of Peace only, havpacifist.
ing part with none but the

cally, if the critic's
is
Practi-
conception be true, Christ
the Divine Absentee, detachedly awaiting
the termination of the battles,
and
to be called
upon
as the last resort of
mankind.
Of
the
Christ
who avowed
fire in
that he
came not
to bring
peace but a sword,

kindled a
who
declared that he had
the earth which none could put
out
till
the justice of love prevailed
of him
who
:
the critic seems never to have heard.
Yet
it is
the militant Christ
who
is real,
accords with both history and the gospels

Christ of the critic hath no reahty.
the
He
is
but
an
artifice
indeed
the pale and nearly puerile

escape the risks
It
is
contrivance of
men who would
of the real Christ's robust adventure.
curious trinity that finds refuge from faith in

this contrivance: there is first
an emasculate
ferocious,
pacifism, busy
and
fretful
its
and often
and claiming Jesus for

for
its
founder and Tolstoy

intel-
prophet; then follows a decadent
lectualism,
an
erotic
and exhausted modem-

ity,
101
lounging and voluminously lisping, and
resorting to religion for a last sensation; and

third in order comes the fashionable reformer
and
social
worker
his esthetics
and
his sta-
tistics
deranged, his
sensibilities insufferably
shocked, his popularity altogether impaired, by

the sudden gross arrival of the day of judg-
ment.
And
it
is
these who,
annoyed
with
God's unexpected way of doing, resentful at

having the
strife
between light and darkness

a
in
dragged
superior
definitely into the open, affecting
world-sorrow
and
languishing
regions of pietistic fatigue "above the battle,"
it is
these
who
are
now
the choicest servants
of an anointing Germanism.
I do not
mean
:
that Christ
is
other than the
Prince of Peace he stands for a peace so profound, so determined and delectable, that
it
surpasses any experience or understanding of
our mortal commonalty.
But
it
is
a peace
proceeding from the conquest of
life,
is
and not
a peace
from evasion or compromise.

that will be reached,
if
It
it
ever
possess the
102
earth,
WOODROW WILSON
through spiritual assault and assimila-
tion
all
through the capture and orchestration of

all
material and mechanic facts,
the nat-
ural
do.
and
social forces, with
which
man
has to
Christ needs no invitation to the thick of the
human struggle he has

:
never been absent from
it.
It was there he spoke, there he did his

it
work; and
was there
that, because of the
things he said and did, he

law's death.
was haled
to
an out-
And
afterward, in the wondrous
Christian springtime,
when
to follow Christ
do,
was the most romantic thing a man could

his
disciples
were
ecstatic
warriors.
Even
names
when they defended not

conflicts
their individual
or persons, they were never neutral as regards or principles or institutions.

is
The
sym-
Revelation of St. John
which
a philosophy
all
of history as well as the greatest of
boUcal literature
ones with
is
a book of war.
The only
whom
the apostle and his Master
seemed altogether impatient were the neutrals
and these John represents
as being so disgust-
103
ing that his Lord spewed them out of his
mouth.
that
The
soul that refused to take sides,
was
color,
destitute of conviction
and passion
and
was repulsive and
intolerable.
The
neutralism that decried decision, the pacifism

that disestablished
judgment
these furnished
And
than a
less
the last and most loathsome immorality.

it is
no
less
than a blasphemy, no
his
besmirchment of
name, which places the
Christ apart from the battles of the day.
The
world-war and
its
woes, and the whole tragic
pilgrimage of man, the total track and tramp

of history, are across and within his inclusive
heart.
Nor
does the writer of the Apocalypse difopinion of the neutralist, from the
fer, in his
apostles
and law-givers who came before and

Isaiah viewed the
after him.
lukewarm and
Solon conits
the neutral with especial horror.

sidered that the state might forgive
outward
enemies and
the neutrals
death.
its
inward rebels; but he thought
should straightway be put to

to Mazzini these were the black-
And
104
est of
WOODROW WILSON
abominations the worst of the pro- Aus:
trians
were inteUigible and pardonable, but
neutrality
was such a particular profanation
of man's essential divinity, was such a
mean
it
perversion of man's reason for being, that
was
fit
only to be despised
fit
only to be de-
nied moral consideration, and to be cast from

the midst of the spiritual decencies.
Yet behold now

making
its
this neutrality,
wedded
to a
pacifism without intelligence or moral content,
widening and devitalizing way, and
producing an increasing helplessness to appre-
hend the meaning of the hour
II
WE
number
here come
that
upon the dreadest evil has issued from the fall of our
fabled civilization.
ceive, or think
To
those of us
who
peris
we
perceive, that
mankind
is
one hving and continuing organism, one eternal mutual-membered family,

of the dead that scores
it
not the
most heavily
its
against the war.
Not
the
the millions of
manhas
gled and slain, not the material ruin
it
wrought,
not
wide
desolate
districts
wherein none but the aged and the widowed
and the orphaned now dwell

this is the
not
this,
is it
not
the
war's worst result.
Rather
moral
blight, the spiritual paralysis,
which cerin-
tain forces within

flicting
this
and around the war are
upon the
soul of the world.
And
it is
which so
teiTifies,
today, such as have set
their
hopes upon a changed world

105
upon an
uprisen and radiant humanity.
Ill
THUS
ence
it is
the habit of the neutrahst, the

pacifist
purpose of the
habit, a pur-
pose, pursued with a well-nigh sottish persist-
to compel a regard for the contending

And
nations as equals in national morality.
how can we reason with such how can we reason with men who repeat that there is no difference between the German occupation of Belgium and the Franco-English occupation of Greece? Germany invaded Belgium in violation of her own signed treaty, and with no
provocation except the lust for Paris.
tiful
Beau-
Belgian
cities.
Christian
and Gothic
treasures which Philip of Spain respected, ancient shrines
which survived even the raid of
Attila, scores of villages

factories,
and farmsteads and
are
now
rubbish and ashes.
Un-
numbered thousands
of Belgium's people are

106
AND THE WORLD^S PEACE

dead from murder and cold and hunger.
107'
Her
women have been

tured and
slain,
violated, her children tor-
her families dismembered, and
well-nigh half a million
men and women have

Three million BelAll Belgium
is
been carried into slavery.
gians are refugees and exiles.
now a land
ery
of mental sorrow and physical misin chains, a people scourged be-
a nation
yond modern comparison or beUef
And
Greece?
Not a man
or a
woman
or
a child has been harmed, not a house destroyed.
The Greeks have been

two
countries,
protected from the
treachery of their Germanophile king by the
France and England, to which

liberty;
Greece owes her
and the
Allies will
doubtless leave Greece in a far better moral
and material condition than that

found
her.
in which they
Even granting
is
the violation of
neutrality, there
no
similarity
between the
Allied occupation of Greece and the

destruction of Belgium; and
iest distortion of facts that
it is
German
only the hard-
presents the two
cases as similar.
108
WOODROW WILSON
what
shall
And
we do with
pacifists
so
brazen as to place the Turkish rule of Armenia

beside the English occupation of
Egypt?
am among those who

again, for
have declared, again and
Egyptian autonomy; and there are

today are pledged to
many Englishmen who

But we would
these things,
portion.
the self-government of both

preserve,
Egypt and India. when we speak of
some decent sense of moral promethods and
However blundering and unsymit
pathetic
pects,
be in some of
its
as-
we would
not place the English govern-
ment of
murder.
alien peoples
upon a
level with the
Turkish system of government by plunder and
A
tion
Germanized Turkey, under the protecand patronage of an ostensibly Christian

Horrors have been perpe-
Kaiser, has practically exterminated the Ar-
menian nation.
trated
parallel
upon
the
Armenians that have no
not
even in the persecution of the
early Christians.
Put Egypt
beside Armenia.
Before the
109
English occupation, the Egyptian people were

the helpless prey of their
Turkish pashas.
They were a nation
of plundered serfs, gov-
erned by rapine and without law, steeped in

hopeless poverty, living in unlighted despair.
Egypt
has indeed been a land of unbroken
night for two thousand years, except for the
one glorious epoch of Neoplatonic and early

Christian
Alexandria.
England has given

hope and comshe has extrue,
order, education, cleanliness,
parative happiness.
It
is
ploited the Egyptians; she has delayed giving
them self-government; but

the
security they have
it is
also true she
has given them the light of day, and probably

first
had
in the course
of their history.
I have myself talked with
farmers along a thousand miles of the Nile,
and I know
it is
not they
who clamor
It
is
for
an
end of the English occupation.
the de-
scendants of the Turkish masters, looking with

covetous eyes
upon the wealth which England
has developed.
And they who have the hardi-
hood to put upon the same moral level the Eng-
110
lish
WOODROW WILSON
occupation of
Egypt and
the Turkish con-
trol of
Armenia, as has been done by French
pacifists
and German pubhcists,
these
are
beyond the reach of moral argument.
IV
NOR
matters
how
obvious or odious
it
be,
to each decoy which
Germany sends
forth
the pacifist responds with his daft indorsement,

his inane applause.
after deceit,
is
Decoy after decoy, deceit borne from BerHn upon pacifist

It
banners or by neutral messengers.
was by was
these the plan for peace without victory
proclaimed, and by these the Belgian atrocities
have been explained away.
One
such
pacifist,
an American educator of high standing, writes
me an indignant
Belgium.
letter
about the injustice with
which Germany has been treated in regard to
She had not carried the Belgians
into slavery; she
had only expatriated them

their
out
of regard
for
welfare;
she
had
marched them across the Rhine
in order to
keep them from starvation and deterioration;
such
is
the expressed opinion of

Ill
my
friend.
112
WOODROW WILSON
does he differ in this from Dr. Krebs,
Nor
the eminent German-Catholic historian.
Ac-
cording to Dr. Krebs, the Germans have be-
haved with "the patience of angels"; and

the deeds done against
them by the German

recently
his
state-
soldiery were the fault of the obdurate Bel-
gians
themselves.
And
ment has been approved by an

American
pacifist
authoritative
member
of the Stock-
holm Conference.
But
let
us take the reception of the Ger-
man
imposture of Polish independence as a
special instance of the pacifist's
moral inca-
pacity.
The
so-called reconstruction of
Po-
land, as planned
and announced by Germany, and brazen, that

it
was a fraud
so obvious
seemed impossible for the most

to misapprehend
it.
stolid pacifist
It
was not
to
at all a plan
for Polish rehabilitation, but for a final Polish

dissolution.
It
was a scheme
annex Poland
;
to Prussia
that and nothing
else
and, in the
meanwhile, the Poles might be seduced or conscripted into the
German army,
there to fight

for
their
113
Poles of
against
own destruction. Representative London and Paris warned the world

deception.
the
Yet
the
warnings
counted for nothing so far as the pacifists were

concerned.
The
tragic
it
fraud,
transparent
and exposed though
was, became the basis
of a serious propaganda for Poland, and the
German
ica
deception was acclaimed,
in
Amer-
and Switzerland and even France,
as
Polish realization.
OR
ish
again, consider
how
successful has been
the pacifist propaganda against Brit-
navalismBritish navalism thus placed

level with
upon one moral

ace.
Prussian militarism,
and presented as an equal international menIt

is
easy to agree that the seas should
not be under the dominion or protection of
any one power; about that there need be no

debate.
tional
But
so long as there
is
no internait is difficult
agreement or arrangement,
to see
how naval supremacy

exercised hers.
could have been
exercised
more justly and generously than
England has
British navy;
No
it is
nation has
been hurt or hindered by the existence of the
on the contrary,
the British
navy that has protected the world from the
German menace.
of
On
two occasions, the ships
England stood between America and a Ger114
115
man
intervention.
prevent war: so far
But this was to limit or as commerce is concerned,
the merchant fleets of
Germany have gone

all
where they would, into
the ports of the
British dominions, unhindered
and unmolested
is
by the British navy.
And
there
not the
smallest merchant ship of the smallest nation that has not had utter freedom to spread
sails
its
wherever the British flag symbolized the
presence of British power.

policed the seas of the world,
Great Britain has
and the world has
reaped the benefit of the protection.

hardiest pacifist
is
And
the
not so unintelligent as not to
know
that he
is
both arbitrary and base in his

evil of
attempt to equalize the good and the
Prussian militarism and British navalism.
VI
MEANWHILE,
aries create,
under the cover of the
confusion which her pacifist mission-
German marshals anew her mahgn

she prepares her
forces;
anew
march against
the spiritual being of humanity.
For more than

political
tions.
forty years, this
German
menace has been productive of an increasing

and
spiritual
derangement of the naforty years, this trampin the heart of
For more than

and threat
ling terror
Europe
has prevented the world from settling

social
down
to
and
political reconstruction.
As
little
as the city
may
live
normally
if
mad
is
dogs are
loose in the streets, so the world
unable to
pursue
its
normal and nobler development with

its
the Prussian loose in
midst.
Nor
is it
only the Prussian sword

is
it is
the
whole mind of Prussia that

116
deranging and

debauching the nations.
117
Like the progress of
a mysterious plague, this
German mentahty
group by
goes forth, foreboding the psychic subjection

of the world.
One by
its
one, often
group, intellectuals and internationalists go
down
before
devices.
Peace conferences,
Catholic organiza-
Socialist
tions, the
parties,
Roman
men
of letters
who
feel themselves
superior to the strife, the
men
of
money who
their con-
fear the escape of the nations

trol
from
these
its
all
unite in the
German agendum.
penetration be
it
And unless
and
this
German mental
it is,
discerned for what
unless
be transmuted
present and former works destroyed,
the world itself will be subdued
and destroyed.
For
verily,
Germany
is
even
it
now overcomsecretly
ing the world

psychically
overcoming
it
and
overcoming
despite her crimes,
her
infidelities,
her losses, and the addition of
strong nations to her enemies.

tial
The
pestilen-
pervasiveness of her intrigues, her alliance
with the elemental earth-forces that would
drag
man back
to his primordial pit
by these
118
is
WOODROW WILSON
and well-nigh
she infecting the conscience
destroying the moral reason of mankind.

face the possible
We
and appalling prospect of a

magic
world with a Germanized mind and morality.
And
and
to the monstrously renascent black
of Germany's unyielding past, to her staged

histrionic national whines, are not only
eminent litterateurs and revolutionists surrendering, but also
empowered
politicians
and
statesmen.
Whence
a peace more predacious
than war, and pregnant with ages of iron darkness,

is
now Cometh apace upon

if
the peoples.
seized
It
as
the
mind of the race were
by the
torpor of some returning prehistoric night.
Wotan and
German
lishing a
Thor, and the earth's primeval
creatures, confederate
and modernized
in the
national soul, are in the
way
of estab-
dominion of death over a world that
has lost the sense of moral reality.
VII
SAY
that.
not
that
speak
against
peace.
There need be no debate with
me
about
is
condition of universal peace
my
supreme
desire; for incalculable are the reach
and the rapidity of the progress which mankind might thereby make.
build the
House
of
But you cannot Peace upon the sands of
evasion and cowardice.
You
cannot procure
an enduring and honorable international amity

apart from the causes and consequences of the
conflict in
which Europe
is
now engaged. The

can be a
whole spiritual question of the present war
must be faced and

the breeding
settled before there
peace that will be other than a tragic fraud, and
bosom of vaster catastrophes
to
come.
You
cannot put into the same moral
category the desire for dominion which inspired

the
German initiative and

119
the self -existence for
120
WOODROW WILSON
which France and Belgium and Servia are

fighting.
You
cannot unify the autocratic

is
principle which
basic in the Central

is
Empires
the
with the democratic principle which
mov-
ing force of French and English political

evolution.
You
cannot, for the sake of short-
ening the war, wipe the horrors of Belgium
from the German

Servia; nor the
slate
nor the destruction of

the
Armenian massacres and
submarine assassinations.
with a price so
less
peace
bought
vile
would announce nothing
than the moral suicide of the nations.
The mere proposal for such a peace, based as it is upon abysmal lies and the world's dishonor,
is
a sign of the intellectual insincerity,
the spiritual shabbiness, of the generation that

is
now
so violently passing away.
Besides^ such a peace would be, in every essential

effect,
an overwhelming victory for

mistake about the fact
situation
Germany.
that, as the
Make no
has
European
now
stands,
Germany
the
won
the war;
and the peace that
pacifists
propose,
apparently granting

victory to neither side,
session of territories
121
would leave her in posspoils unequaled, in
and
some
pires,
respects,
by the greatest of ancient emGermany has achieved an extraordi-
nary triumph that she herself probably did not

anticipate at the beginning of the war: sjie has
conquered her
own
allies,
and
is
practically in
possession of their lands.
The Austrian and

to say nothing
Turkish Empires, as well as Bulgaria, are substantially
annexed
to
Germany,
of Roumania, Servia and Montenegro,
German Empire stretches from Antwerp and Hamburg to Bagdad, Not even Rome had an empire so concompact
and
continuous
crete
and well-rounded, so potential with
world-dominion.
With Germany's unexam-
pled material and technical efficiency, with the
Pan-German
very heart of
religion as the soul of this ef-
ficiency, the Kaiser's
Empire constitutes the both Europe and Asia, and, if

Ger-
perpetuated, will in a very few years have both

continents
completely under control.
many can
well afford a great display of gen-
122
WOODROW WILSON
She can evacuate Bel-
erous renunciation.
gium, return Alsace-Lorraine to France and

give the Trentino and Gorizia to Italy, and
still
have made the greatest conquest that has
been made since Rome's greatest days.
The
it
program of
it
the pacifists
and the
financiers, if
be adopted, according so marvellously as
does with Germany's designs, will be the greatest historic
imposture that has been perpe-
trated since Constantine blazoned the
name
of
Christ
ners.
upon
It
is
his polluted
and polluting ban-
a peace that leaves the apparently
non-victorious
German
as the shrewdest
and
completest conqueror of recorded history.
VIII
THUS
haps
its
if
we would
its
save the soul of the
world from
dreadest danger, from per-
saddest delay, there must be no com-
promise with the German, no halting by the
way nor turning back

Allies.
in the purpose of the
We
is
must not forbear to cry that

black with the world's disgrace;
peace with an undefeated and unrepentant
Germany
that
it is
a peace pregnant with the
doom
of
freedom's faith.
it
No
matter upon whose
lips
comes, nor what immediate nobility of purit, it is
pose inspires
a peace whose propelling

It can have
power
is
of Prussian generation.
in the councils of justice,
no place
no reception
is
on the part of the compassion that

and comprehensive.
for
prophetic
sit
The
nations cannot
together at a table of peace on any such terms,

it
would indeed be no table of peace rather

;
123
124
WOODROW WILSON
it
would
be the table of a convenant by which

traitor to itself.
humanity would turn

manity thus betray
There
can be no treaty of peace

itself
unless indeed hushort of the comyears, has blocked
plete destruction of that Prussian mihtarism
which, for
all
now
these
many
the wheels of the progress that
makes
for
democracy and fraternity among the nations.
Nor
is
that enough.
The
Allies
must have
the spiritual strength to say that they intend

to destroy
not
the
German people
but the
Prussian state and system.
There can be no
true civil order, no sane progress, no faithful international comity or community, until Prussia
is
dismembered and rendered impotent.
As
the
Romans
so
of old resolved, for material and
Roman
stroyed,
reasons, that Carthage
must be dehumanity and
must England and Italy and

in order that a decent
France
resolve, for reasons of
the soul,
and
and
fra-
ternal civilization
the Prussian
may come Kingdom shall come

its malific
into being, that

to
an end,
the
and no more lay
influence
upon

family of nations.
125
And if the Allies of Westif
ern Europe have not faith to affirm this;
they have not the courage to persist until this
he accomplished;
if
they do not prefer even a
noble national eoctinction to any peace short of

this,
then they themselves are recreant to the
pitiful divine
judgment now
relentlessly endi-
wrapping them, consuming the old and

vided world and making
shall he united
way
for a world that
and new.
IX
THEknow
I
decision
soul of the world
is
sick of
war
^this
sick of the encirchng
and
in-
creasing slaughter, seemingly so ineffectual of
or finahty.
its
Our
present thoughts
are all
upon
early end
upon when, rather

We
have
it
than what, the peace shall be.

neither time nor patience,
seems, for the
search for principles, for vision or prophecy

or profound comprehension.
We
and
want impractical
are,
mediate ways and means;
we
ask for speedy
and
facile formulge, for instant
solutions,
no matter how transient they

shall not get the things
no matter how shallow or sordid.
But we
shall
we want we
:
have to want and to welcome things im-
measurably better.
because
We
126
cannot
make peace
we
are tired.
We
cannot build a
wiser world-order on the basis of disgust and
127
weariness with the irrational and deathful dis-
order that
now is.
We have come upon a time

may
perish,
when perhaps
story of
the world
and the
man prove a cosmic fiasco, if we do not

course and meaning.
It
is
achieve some collective decision regarding our

life's
common
It
is
is
to
just such decision this incredible

us.
war
driving
summoning us to a veritable seat of judgment; and there the appealing past foregathers,
ture,
likely
and the insurgent and overflowing fu-
and the interpenetrative spheres
^be-
more aware than we of the hour.
Cometh peace NOR mere proclamation tarded

nearer
it is
rather reof
be.
the pacifist
by the ideal, no matter how lofty
it
For an
ditions
ideal
must not only transcend
existing
reality; it
it
must go down underneath the conwould change, becoming

It
their
new
substructure.
must embrace and account

fact.
for the whole, nor evade a single hard question,
a single ugly
It must,
if it
stands
any righteous chance of

entire
realization,
it is
throw the
problem with which
concerned into
solution.
Your
but
it
ideal
may
reach as high as
it
places,
must be rooted deep and firm
in the
blood and the dust of the
human
struggle.
Your prophet may peer

present
as far into the himian
future as he can, but his hands must grasp the
^yea,
and the past

128
also: for the past,

too, is
129
changed whenever we change the preswere as well as the things
ent, the things that
that are being appointed

erative process.
anew by each regenmorally and

intel-
The pacifist
lectually
ity.
fails
he
fails
because of
his dissociation
with real-
He has let himself be seduced by an ideal

facts
that stands essentially unrelated to the terrible
and transmutative
fault
is
of the hour.
its
The
not in his ideal, but in

desires
detachment
from both the

addressed.
and the deeds that divide
into contending
is
groups the nations to
whom
it
The peace
uprears
justice.
itself
for which pacifists
now clamor
and
in-
on a
their
basis of ignorance
By
studied determination to
consider not the causes of the war, by their refusal to face the
methods by which the war has
been carried on by the Central Powers, the most

of the programs for peace destroy their
validity.
own
is
Besides, peace
is
not abstinence from war,

;
not mere non-resistance of evil and with the in-
130
fantile
WOODROW WILSON
fancy that
it is,
and with
all pacifist
im-
moralities as well, let us at once
and forever
have done.
earn
it,
If
we would have peace we must

it
;
we must win
is
nor
else
than by battle
that
is
may
peace be ours.
The peace
is
living,
the peace that
upbuilding,
the achievement
of spiritual valor, of embattled love, and waits

at the heart of life's conquered elements.
XI
TV TOT
-*-
flesh
and blood only now contend; our

nor
real
weapons are other than those of moris it
tal fashioning;
merely a war between

It
;
nations that engages us.
is
a war fought
a
with weapons of the
spirit
it is
war between
so-
principles rather than nations

cial principle
between the
which,
it
proclaimed at Jerusalem, two
thousand years gone, and the doctrine of power
announced and exercised by Germany.

it
Shall
if it
be the religion of democracy
be
real, is
none other than the acceptance and
practice of the Christ?

ligion of
Germanism
Or
^the
shall
be the re-
modernization and
issue
enthronement of
Wotan and Thor? The

we
shall give
of the war will be the world's answer.
Be
it
early or late,
due divine
account of ourselves, I
these mazes of
will yet
am
sure.
Through
vastly,
murder and madness, humanity

its
make
way.
131
Deeply and
132
WOODROW WILSON
more consciously and conclusively than before, more thoughtfully and threateningly, are the
forces of
freedom
astir.
They
will be
up and
let
afoot ere long; and they will be winged and
wise and unhalting too, brooking nor
nor
hindrance from rulers, from bankers, from parliaments.
And
these forces of freedom's re-
nascent faith, fleet and effectual, will not only
turn back the Germanism which

ent great
is
their pres-
enemy they will then

:
destroy, utterly
faith
and forever, that materialist
which so
long has been the seducer and false builder of

civilization,
and which has furnished the Gerits
man Empire
reason for being.
PRO-AMERICA
First published in
$,
La Semaine Litteraire^ Geneva, May occasion of President Wilson s upon the 1917, address in declaration of war, April 2,
PRO-AMERICA
IT
is
a curious but divine irony that most of
the great pacifists of history
^the
men who
loathed
war and sought
to
end
it
have been
placed in positions that morally compelled them

to fight.
They have had
to enter the wars of
their times in order to consecrate
and conclude
them, making them the violent openers of free-
dom's doors, the procurers of a closer approach

to mutualized
man and
his
wedded world.
Such
is
the destiny decreed to the last and
the greatest of political pacifists
President
of
Woodrow
Wilson.
his action, a
And
is
by
new kind
war has
appeared in the world
a war for which there

We
should have
135
no adequate antecedent.
to
go back to the Crusades for even a partial
136
analogy.
WOODROW WILSON
Although the campaigns of the
and dominion,
Crusaders finally degenerated into expeditions

for feudal plunder
at their inis
ception they were inspired, just as America
now inspired, by a lofty and

tive.
extra-national
mo-
Yet even
so, their
attention
was fixed
upon the past rather than
the future: they
naively thought the Christian religion was to
be saved by the recovery of

places.
its
local birthis
But
will
it
the
war which America
about
to
wage
have the future and not the past in

will be universal in its scope
view; and
motivity.
and
America
many.
It
is
but incidentally at war with Ger-
upon a new and vaster Crusade, rather than against Germany, that President Wilson is leading his people. "The world
is
must be
safe
for
democracy," he declares.
"The menace
to peace
and freedom
lies in
the
existence of autocratic governments backed
by organized force which
is
controlled wholly
will of their peo-
by
their will
and not by the
ple";
and "a steadfast concert for peace can
1ST
never be maintained except by the partnership

of democratic nations."
Thus America will be fighting for a free and federate world. The inspiration of her armies
and
efforts will be the release of the nations,
once and forever, from the autocratic principle,
from
ruling-class institutions,
from every
to
free-
feudal form and remnant.

set the invocations
Her aim will be
and opportunities of
dom
before them
to compel and rejoice them

is
with a
cratic
human
prospect that
It
is
wholly demo-
and mutualistic.
for this that Pres-
ident
Wilson has labored
so patiently, so pru-
dently, so prophetically,
and amidst such en-
thralling difficulties
ities.
and pervading complex-
Not
yet
may we
:
appreciate the marvel of his
achievement
we
are too near the culmination,

its first results.
too eager to reap
But
not in
ere long
all his-
we
shall perceive that there is
tory a case of a nation being so adroitly and
sublimely led out of one state of

other,
mind
into an-
and led with such psychological percep-
138
tion
WOODROW WILSON
and mastery.
If the nation, like the in-
dividual, has a subconscious

it
mind, apparently
entered into
it,
was
this
man
is
alone
who
so
far as
America
its
concerned
nor entered only,
but brought
deep-hid desires to the thresh-
old of practical politics,
and translated them
into conscious democratic purpose.
In order to measure the magnitude of

conversion,
this
we must remember that the great Middle West of America seemed so permanently pro-German, a few months ago, that
the
German government counted upon Ameran eventual

ally.
ica as
Many influences
The
first
were
working to
this end.
was the Gerits
man-American
and
brother, Prince
Alliance, which
had
baptism
initiation at the
hands of the Kaiser's

to
Henry, who went
America
for this purpose fifteen years ago.
He was re-
ceived with a popular enthusiasm so inordinate

that
it
became repulsive to self-respecting men
and women.
He was
feasted
and honored by
President Roosevelt,
height of his prestige
who was then at the and power. The result
AND THE WORLDS PEACE
139
was an immense popularization of eveiything
German
Then at work
in America,
and
all
things English
were discredited.
there were large academic influences
for
Germany's dominance
essentially
in science
and scholarship; for the university culture in
America was
encies
German
in
its
tend-
and sympathies.
Weekly,
This has been well
stated
by the editor of a great national journal.

^'Before the war," he said,
Collier's
"there
was
excessive admiration for the intel-
lectual vigor
and orderliness of the German

the world.
search for the kind of knowledge that some
day may
civilize
Germany was
the
great post-graduate schoolhouse for America.
Every young man who wanted a precise understanding of his profession, or wanted to pretend to have
afford to.
it,
went to Germany
fact that he
if
he could
lec-
The
had attended
tures over there

for
was a better recommendation
him than a diploma from an American technical school. In former years the ambitious
American student traveled
to
London
or
140
WOODROW WILSON
to
Edinburgh
education.
round out the semblance of an

it
In recent years
seemed necesIt
sary for him to go to Berlin or Vienna.
was
so in almost every branch of scientific
training.
Germans were,
for Americans, the
authority on everything from measles to Chi-
nese pottery."
There was also a chain of powerful newspapers,
owned by William Randolph Hearst,

readers.
and reaching twenty million daily
For
years, his
numerous journals have advo-
cated an alliance between the United States
and Germany against England and Japan.
The same
ticians
idea has dominated influential poli-
dominates
them even now.

as
Many
as ever.
congressmen are
still
pro-German
to
They have merely submitted
an aroused and
ennobled people, persuaded to their present

high plane of action by the superb moral persistence of their President.
Nor
is
the world even
now aware
of the ex-
traordinary duel that has gone on, for nearly

three years, between the intrigues of the Ger-
141
man government and
the wit and

resolute
wisdom of
solitary
Mr. Wilson, standing

knew.
and
amidst issues and conspiracies of which he only
And
although
it is
Germany
has lost and
humanity has won,
through the miraculous
tact, the international statesmanship, that held
sway over this one man's onward and unchanging purpose.
There
is
a passage in Plato's
''Republic" which well applies to
Mr. Wilson's
struggle.
patience
during
this
momentous
"The peevish temper,"

an
says Plato, "furnishes
infinite variety of materials for imitation;

is
whereas the temper which

so constantly
is
wise and calm
is
it
uniform and unchanging that
not easily imitated: and when imitated
it is
not easily understood, especially by a general

gathering of
all sorts
of persons."
To
"the
peevish temper" of
many
of his countrymen,
and
especially to the attacks of
Mr. Roosevelt,
Mr. Wilson gave
neither heed nor answer.

until his
He
kept on his
way
hour had come:
he could not have acted an hour sooner than he did.
And now
his patience has
been re-

142
WOODROW WILSON
fulfilled, in
warded, his purpose
the
war which
America
will
wage
for a free
and mutual-
membered family
be
of nations.
We may now rest assured that no peace will

made with
the
Hapsburgs
sits
or the Hohenzol-
lerns.
America
will not sheathe her
sword so
upon a throne. She recognizes in England and Italy fellow-republics even more democratic in many respects
long as a Kaiser
than herself, and whose kings are merely symbols of a national unitj:
;
but over the Central
Empires she
verted
sees the rule of that Oriental
and
anachronistic absolutism which has so long per-
mankind
this
so
long prevented the true
progress and self-expression of the people.
But
purging of the world of

past, of
its
its
feudal
and autocratic
will take
governing
classes, is
only the beginning.
From now
on, the
war
on new and wide
spiritual aspects
religious,
will
become more and more

apocalyptic.
it
more and
more
To
the
American mind
shall at last
and motive,
will
become a crusade for a

com-
democracy whose application
AND THE WORLD

prehend
all
PEACE
life
143
the facts
social
fine,
and forces of
all
moral and
and economic
which
shall
relations; a
democracy, in
be an approach
to the early Christian idea of the
kingdom
of
heaven.
It
is
precisely this idea which President
Wil-
son has brought into the sphere of practical

politics.
He
has based the rights and rela-
tions of nations
upon
it,
and the permanent

It
peace of the world, as well as the freedom and

fulfillment of individuality.
is
the end to-
ward which he means to shape the war, and which he means to make the motive and the
goal of American participation in
it.
There
are few that yet realize the significance of what
he has done, and of what America will yet do

but the divine appointment of this participation will
become manifest
in a series of world-
changes, in a world-union and an ultimate
world-happiness, that are quite beyond the

present understanding or belief of either religions or nations.
II
To
Americans such as myself
who
have
been counted inconsistent in defending
the delays of the President while pleading for the cause of the Allies
tion of
to us the present ac-
America brings a joy and an exaltation
which cannot well be expressed; for

are delivered from what
now we
be-
was indeed a tragic
dilemma.
lieved the
tory.
From
war
its
beginnings,
we have
to be the
supreme
crisis of his-
We have perceived, or have thought we

its
perceived that upon the war's results, upon the
general decision as to
causes
and conse-
quences, would depend the fate of

for centuries to come.
mankind
and for
We have even thought

sealing once
the choice would be

all
final,
the course and the issue of man's planetary
career.
And
holding thus to the apocalyptic
and
definitive nature of these days, conceivX44
145
ing the true value of man's past history and experience to be wrapped up in the victory of the
Allies,
we have
placed the achievement of that
victory before all else that concerned us
be-
fore native land, before labors in which our

lives
have been spent, before friends, before
every personal plan or desire.
As
ardent Americans,
we
naturally wished
our nation to share in the
sacrifice
and glory of
the defence of humanity against the

destroyer.
German
But we knew that America, as a whole, was either pro-German or pacifist, and
that only
an
intellectual minority favored the
knew this, and Germany knew, but the Allies knew it not. We foresaw that if the German government could force America prematurely into
cause of the Allies.
President Wilson
the war, the step would be to Germany's ad-
vantage.
She could prevent the shipment of
munitions and supplies to the Allies, and count
upon
the
pro-German sympathy of the popucivil
lation,
even to the extent of creating
war.
President Wilson was determined to postpone

146
WOODROW WILSON
should begin to
discern
his decision until the nation
understand the
German menace, and to

months
ago,
if
that the Allies were the champions of democracy.
Even
three
Germany
would have been the gainer

then joined the Allies.
America had
We
seemed therefore
those of us who were Americans and understood the dangers of a too early intervention
to be guilty of advocating the cause of the
lies
Al-
and yet of desiring the non-participation

their behalf.
of
America on
Nor
ica
did the sorrow and the perplexity of
our position end there: we knew that Amer-
make war against the Central Empires not otherwise, we have repeatedly said, could she save or create her own national soul. Yet knowing even this, we had
was
lost if she did
not
to protest against participation at the time
Germany
still
desired
it
the time when she could

Amerhad
count upon not only a measure of
ican sympathy, but
upon the intervention of

on her behalf.
American
politicians
We
147
to plead for confidence in the President's judg-
ment, and to show the danger besetting the
AlHes through a premature American
action.
Ill
BUT
all
that
is
changed, and the whole
world
is
changed as a consequence.
For
our President, acting

comprehension,
is
now
with such creative
able so to act because he
awaited the
precise
psychological
moment.
;
He
studied the dial of the world's destiny
he
watched the hands on the clock of God.
With
a patience as wise as
it is
magnanimous,
with a spiritual shrewdness that reveals his kinship with
Moses and Cavour and Lincoln, with

his
a prescience that appears nearly supernatural,
he held broodingly and bravely to

times.
appointed
Amidst the murmurs

anxious
of the
unknow-
ing Allies, amidst the complaining voices of

their
and unilluminated American
friends, amidst the howls of
mob-minded
lead-
ers as well, he let the inadequate occasions
go
by, yielding not to their clamors or seductions;

148

for he
149
the fail-
knew they were fraught with

the stupendous hour
filled
ure of his final purpose.
But
the
came
at last,
and
man
it is
the measure of the hour; and

fel-
now
not only America, but an eager
lowship of expectant nations

visioned
of nations
en-
and empowered with a new and won-
drous world-purpose
that follows
this first of
world-statesmen into
war
it is
ere the days of
who knows what fields of For now battles be done.
indeed a war between light and darkness
war between a white and a black governing
principle, each striving for possession of the
world.
Shall
authority
become the candid and

proceeding from their
chosen servant of the peoples, based upon their

free
and federate
will,
mutual mind,
affection?
their social spirit, their

shall
common
imposed
Or
authority
be
upon the peoples from without, proceeding

from the
class,
will of a possessing
and governing
to decide
and administered by the sheer might of

is
a state that
an end in
itself?
It
is
150
WOODROW WILSON
two principles
shall prevail
as to which of these
as to
shall
which possess and shape the world that the war from now on be waged.
will
know
that, as against the interpretation I

pacifist critics
have presented, the

action of
proclaim the
America
to be the
triumph of a schem-
ing and monied militarist propaganda: but

precisely the opposite
is
profoundly the truth.
America has become

anti-militarist.
practically
and exultantly
will
She has mobilized her

cities
and
her faith, her sons and her

ries,
and her
prai-
her natural and industrial and inventive
resources, for the purpose of bringing militar-
ism to
its full
and
final end.
She has taken up
arms in order to destroy the need of arms.

She has made herself the militant exponent of
the millennial peace of the Apocalypse.
And
there
is
no
contradiction
between
America's traditional opposition to militarism
and her radiant resolution

termination to clean
to fight.
Her
deit
up
the world, to
make
the dwelling-place of only democratic peoples
and
societies, is the perfect
sequence of her

historic hostility to standing armies
151
to
and
war
as a
method of progress.
And, furthermore,
she has probably though unconsciously sounded
the
doom
of the destructive economic system,
the profiteering
bution,
mode
of production and distri-
upon which
the prevalence of
war defor
its
pends, and which depends
upon war
own
perpetuity.
This
new
faith of
America, unforeseen nor
fully furnished yet, will finally

vail.
and
fully pre-
The end is not in doubt even though the human race wade through woes yet unknown and immeasurable. Already, in the hour when America decided to fight for the
freedom of humanity and the peace of the
world
in that instant, the old
heaven and the
old earth began gathering themselves together

for departure;
and
it
is
beneath a
new and
more intimate heaven,

tation,
it is
amidst the sudden
vast resources of a collective spiritual precipi-
and
into the
tremendous morning of an
earth newly-born and transfigured, that
Wood-
row Wilson
leads
now
the enleagued and de-
termined democratic peoples.
APPENDIX
AN APOLOGIA
Published partly in
La Tribune
de Geneve, July
l,
1917,
and
partly in a previous
11 Giornale d'Italia,
number Rome,
of
AN APOLOGIA
now, FOR some months even
ously criticised,
I have been vari-
verbally executed,
pacifists that
by the far from peaceful group of

gathers about
M. Romain
Rolland, and that,
with or without his consent, enjoys the advantage of his pre-eminent prestige.
tack upon
And this
their
at-
my written words
is
and
seeming
inconsistencies
so extended as to include the
whole American nation, and especially President Wilson.

I naturally count myself misercritics
ably unworthy of the honor these
thus
bestow upon me; for I

least
am
indeed one of the
representative of Americans, and our
great President could scarcely claim a more

negligible supporter.
Despite
critics
my irrelevance,
last laid
however, I feel that the
have at
155
156
WOODROW WILSON
responsi-
upon me a measure of defensive

bility.
Particularly
am
I called to account for hav-
ing supported, nearly two years ago, an
AmerAllies:
ican anti-militarist propaganda, while at the
same time supporting the cause of the
the critics most triumphantly contrast certain
words I then wrote with words that are more

recent.
But
tarist
I have not changed

:
my mind about what

but more anti-miliessentially
I then said
am
not
less
than I was before
Germany
challenged the Christ of the Apocalypse, and

the ongoing issues of the
to a mortal
this
French Revolution,
final
and mayhap
combat.
And
nowise contradicts
my
position as a pro-
Ally and as profoundly an enthusiast regarding America's participation in the war.

I was
then writing against a pernicious propaganda
make America a military nation shaping herself upon the European pattern instead of
to
creating for and of herself a pattern wholly
new.
The propaganda had begun long
before

the world-war,
thereto there
;
157
and had no
logical relation
was then no prospect that Amerin the defence of the
ica
would join the Allies

against the
human
German.
There was the
possibiHty,
however, of America's entrance
upon a career of imperialistic expansion. Such was the clamorous program of certain politicians, supported by powerful capitalist
over-lords, seeking
an ultimate subjection of
the
world's
markets to their international

first
it,
banks.
Mexico and China were the

of North
ob-
jectives of this
program, carrying with
also,
the early domination
and South
:
America.
It
was
to this I
was opposed I did
not wish to see our country become a second
Rome, according to the prophecy of Guglielmo Ferrero and the much earlier De Tocqueville. Nor was it my humble opposition which was
to be reckoned with; that
would have been a

President Wilson
pacifist
small and futile matter.
who
is
today the world's greatest
was
it
steadfastly opposed to this militarist
program
from the
first,
as he
is
steadfastly opposed to
158
WOODROW WILSON
Eminent educators of America were
still
now.
and
are opposed to
it
even
while fer-
vently supporting the participation of

ica in the
Amer-
war between Germanism and the
spiritual being of humanity.
II
NOR
ginning
has there been any conversion in
my
in
position as regards the particular
war
its
which the world

till
is
now engaged.
is
From
be-
now, I have been both pro- Ally

It
precisely because 1
and
pacifist.
am
pacifist that
the true
I am profoundly pro-Ally. He is pacifist, I believe, who now identifies
himself with the
men and
the nations that lay
the axe at the Prussian root of the world's present overwhelming military
evil.
And
first
this I
have believed and avowed from the

this
from
I did
position I have never deviated.
not become pro-Ally on coming to French

Switzerland, as the critics declare.
Eight years ago, I wrote a long paper, pub-
England and America, and afterward translated into French and German, urging the German peril upon the attention of
lished in
159
160
WOODROW WILSON
I declared, then, that
but stood for a mili-
international socialists.
Prussian
Germany
did not belong to the cate-
gory of
tarist
civilized nations,
and military barbarism which would overif
whelm Europe, and afterwards America,

armament.
Surely,
the
nations did not unite to compel Germany's dis-
and
alas!
has
Ger-
many
fulfilled
my
prophecy.
And
but fourteen months before the war,
I again wrote at length and vehemently upon

the subject, pointing out the catastrophe that
was near unless a prepared

prevent
civilization should
German
action.
I outlined the Ber-
lin-to-Bagdad program as the pivot of the war

I saw surely approaching.
This appeal was
widely published in England and America,
read by
many
thousands of people, and dis-
missed as fantastic.
almost according to
ule, the catastrophe
In fourteen months, and
my
presumptuous schedvariously and
came.
at
Then immediately, and

of
length, I wrote in condemnation of the action
German
Social-Democrats; at the same

time, I called
161
upon
all
other Socialists to rally
to the support of the Allies, in view of the fact
that they were fighting, consciously or unconsciously, for that world- democracy
which af-
fords the only sphere wherein social reconstruction can take place.
am on
record, messieurs les pacifists, for
the past ten years, in
my
opposition to Ger-
manism to Germanism as a world-politic, to Germanism as a religion. I have spoken and written so much upon the issue between Germanism and humanity, between Germanism and democracy, between Germanism and between Germanism and essential socialism,
the real religion of Christ,
that I have thereby

all,
become, so far as I
am
read at
a nuisance
among
the nations.
Ill
As
unity.
to
my country,
rather
there
is
no contradiction
or inconsistency in the.present
is
American
action
procedure;
our
national
threaded with the highest
consistency
and
It
is
true, as the Sociahst pacifists contend,
and
as I have just
now
admitted, that power-
ful capitalists did plan, in the past, the con-
version of
America
into a military nation; but
the capitalists have not
accomplished their
purpose by the present action of America.
On the contrary,
that
involves
America has taken the course

it
doubt
not
the
ultimate
doom
of the system by which the capitalist beIt

is
comes.
for this reason
some of the most
powerful financiers did their utmost to bring

about a premature peace,
162
and to prevent
Allies.
American co-operation with the
For

this
163
reason,
also,
some of them even now

is
secretly support the pseudo-pacifism that
everywhere working for Germany
working to
compose a peace that

as powerful as she
shall leave her relatively
was before the war.
IV
T3UT
---^ the
the chief point of pacifist criticism
is
seeming change that came over our

I
President.
have abeady answered their
criticism in different journals
and upon divers
occasions.
feel I
But, at the cost of repetition, I

situation
must explain the American

fully
more
or
rather enlarge
upon the ex-
planation I have already given.
The change has not been

in the nation of
in
Mr. Wilson, but

the beginning of
which he
is
till
the chief servant.
If American feeling,
up
the present year, had been weighed or meas-
ured,
it
would have been found to bulk largely
on the
is
side of
Germany.
It
is
true that there
an
intellectual minority, chiefly
along the
Atlantic fringe, which, from the beginning of

the war, has both intelligently and ardently
supported the cause of the Alhes, and from

164
165
which some of the best expositions of the issue
between Germany and civihzation have come.
But
this
New York
it
and
New England
mi-
nority neither represents nor
knows actual
America:
has always been ignorant of the
nation as a whole, influencing the national
mind but
at
all.
little at
any time, and now scarcely
The
which
real
America
is
embodied, both
geographically and temperamentally, by those

states
lie
between the Alleghany and the

loosely call
Rocky Mountains, and which we

the Middle West.
And
this
great Middle
West, increasingly unmindful or disdainful of

the Atlantic fringe,
was not deeply concerned
with the embattled hopes and despau's of

rope.
Eusaid,
So far
as
it
had sympathies, they were
largely
pro-German
although, as I have
little
the Middle
West American had

In
or no
knowledge of what the war was about, nor did

he trouble himself to learn.
so far as he
gave
it
his attention, the
war seemed
to
him
without sense or meaning, and none of his affair.
He
regarded
it
as
an Old World de-
166
WOODROW WILSON
lirium, a needless universal annoyance, inter-
fering with earth's comfortable ongoing.

less, his
No
cal-
pro- German sympathies were there,
even though of an origin that was either

culative or careless.
The former pro-Germanism
of the Middle
West American is easy to understand. He has had Germany for a neighbor all his life. The adjoining village door-yard, or the next
farmyard, enclose the home of a German-
American.
Or he may have been born

himself; or
if
in
Germany
not himself, his parIf he

is
ents are German-born.
of substance
and ambition
daughters to
sufficient to
send his sons and

pass
college,
they
under the
teaching of professors the most of

studied in
whom
have
German
universities
for a
German
diploma has been practically the pre-requisite

of a professorship in an
unversity.
American
college or
There are indeed large sections of the Middle
West, large towns and agricultural com-

munities, in which
167
German
little
is
the prevailing
is
language, and where
or no English
heard; and also where, as a consequence, the
German
still
mentality has been subtly displacing
the mentality of the early Anglo-Saxon and

earlier
French
settlers.
And
is
aside
from
ancestry and language, there
the economic
condition and social influence of the average
German-American.
He
is
usually
frugal,
substantial, often jovial, sometimes religious.
He has
citizen."
the habits of what
we
are fondly and
fatuously accustomed to regard as "a good

It
is
true, if the original
American
had been discerning, he would have noted that

his
German-American neighbor tacitly sumed some sort of superiority, and that he

tribe.
as-
re-
mained a member of some German

closer analysis
would have revealed,
too, that
America was not assimilating the German citizenry so much as the German citizenry was
assimilating America.
But
the average Ameriis
can
is
not discerning, and
only annoyed
168
WOODROW WILSON
is
when he
nations;
asked to make intellectual discrimiin this he does not differ
and
from
the average citizen of another country.
With England and France, on the contrary, the Middle West American has not been intimate. He does not know that the enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine, that the pro-
tection of his country's political interests in
South America,
the British
has
depended
chiefly
upon
does
navy and the somewhat generous
consent of the British government.
He
not
much remember Lafayette

which does
that.
it
it is
the At-
lantic fringe
His knowledge
relates to
of English history, so far as

ica, is
Amer-
confined to the highly-colored tyranny,
exercised
by Lord North and George IV,
which hampered the
West
India trade of the
Puritan merchants and brought on the American Revolution.
And
all his
conceptions of
France are derived from school-book or Sun-
day School
tales of the
Reign of Terror, and

frivolity
from the usual traditions of French
and atheism
tales
that
have been
accen-

tuated, these recent years,
169
by the growth of the
poHtical
power of the CathoHc Church along-
side that of the
German
citizenry.
He
has
heard of France and England from afar, and

with poisoned or provincial ears, while he has
had the industrious and

his daily midst.
assertive
Germany
in
It
is
only when
we keep
this
whole Ameri-
can situation in mind, and remember that probably President Wilson
knew it
as
no other
man
knew it,
that
we can understand
the difficulties
with which he has had to deal, and the adroit
and dramatic patience he has had
to exercise.
Neither his verbal nor his factual movements

are academic or theoretic, mysterious or indecisive, or inconsistent
with one another in

the mentahty
their progress, to
one
who knows
of the
American people and the perilous comAmerican national problem.
plexity of the
On
the contrary, the course of our President
has been one of extraordinary consistency and

perception.
It has been with a leadership un-
equaled in history, with a wisdom and continu-
170
ity that
WOODROW WILSON
seem almost omniscient, that Woodthe nation into an un-
row Wilson has guided
derstanding of the meaning of the war, and

into an acceptance of world-responsibility.
THUS America traveled

ters
the road to
light.
Dain
mascus and saw a great
She en-
now upon
the
war with a purpose and
a spirit that perhaps never hitherto inspired a
warring nation.
war.
nation
To
her
it
is
indeed a holy
From
is
the Atlantic to the Pacific, the
possessed by the purpose to
"make
the world safe for democracy"

fact,
to
create, in
a world-state embracing
is
all nations.
There
but one thing that can possibly ren-
der vain America's masterful and majestic consecration
and that
It
is
is,
the procurement of a
pacifist emissaries of
premature peace by the
Germany.
himself
these, as President
Wilson
these
now
perceives,
who
are America's and
democracy's worst enemy.
And
it
is
we must we must
fight without surcease

lift all
against these
the
weapons which freedom's

171

172
WOODROW WILSON
former revolutions have placed in our hands

lest
the
dream of the
fraternal world-state,
lest
America's crusade for the fulfillment of
that dream, die
away
vain.
in treason
and comprosacrifice of
mise,
and thus the whole present
humanity prove
Yet even as I sound this warning, I am moved to say that such futihty of faith, such For we are baffling of sacrifice, cannot be.
not alone
we
are not alone in the struggle
and the hope for which America has drawn the

consecrated sword.
Cooperate with
us,
un-
witnessed except by the few seeing eyes, are
they
who
are stronger than the schemes and

Invisibly but
the swords that are against us.
appreciably proceeding in our midst, white-
horsed
and well-weaponed
there,
dead to
egoism from the world's foundation and therefore predestined to victory, are the hosts
and
their
the Leadership
tures
no planetary powers or crea-
can withstand.
They hold
in
hearts the
meaning of these days, and upon

them are the war's
eflPable
173
last issues, the earth's in-
ends.
And
because the world
is theirs, it is
also
ours; hence our hearts need not be troubled,

neither need they be afraid.
The
divine
mansur-
hood whereof our history has so far been the

continual crucifier,
vive, will arise
this
manhood
will
and grow
in stature
and
prevail.
The peace
that proceedeth
from a worlded
naught other
are ap-
good- will, the justice that inhereth in mutual

love only, the
freedom that
is
than obedience to that love,

proaching, are inevitable.
these
The kingdom
of
heaven
is
at hand.
DATE DUE
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
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0038558890
0^31 9'^(^^
^
JUL
r?
1962

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Columbia

THE MENACE OF PEACE

NEW YORK MITCHELL KENNERLEY

EXPLANATION AND DEDICATION

were written for Continental European

ceding each paper, the time and the occasion of

and the journal wherein

gather them into this

book because I imagine them to be an im-

I bring them together in the hope that

have a passing and inspirational

value to such as think and feel profoundly

about the meaning of these days, and

or seem to see, that the world's political

the possible, even prob-

able, ultimation of the war.

Each paper has had two

other languages, other countries, than

EXPLANATION AND DEDICATION

opening paper, which gives the book

and which was

of London, has since

The New Age been put into German for

Die Freie Zeitung of Bern

the organ of the

Monsieur Paul Des-

jardins, co-operating with the

honored the con-

eluding paper, "Pro- America," by publishing

as a preface to a classic edition of President

Wilson's message of April

Chronologically, the opening paper should

have come third in the book.

fully than the papers which follow

spective of the President's prodigious purpose.

succeeding papers are offered in the

order in which they appeared.

EXPLANATION AND DEDICATION

cated; but, in the main, they stand substantially as originally written.

I have not tried to

eliminate the minor repetitions which are inevitable

presenting the same gendif-

under different phases and to

modify their form or appeal, even though they

of their aspects, in the light of subsequent

events and decisions.

I think such American

their first impulse

Monsieur Louis Ferriere, Geneva's beloved

and long a pastor of

her National Church, has graciously consented

with his friendship since the

days when I was a student in

my fellowship with him,

compulsion I have received from that

fellowship, that such halting powers as I have

EXPLANATION AND DEDICATION

mobilized in the service of the Cause

WooDROw Wilson and the World's Peace

The Man and the President

The Pro-German Morality

22nd of January, the words of Wood-

row Wilson concerning the world's future