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An Overview Of Short Circuit Current (part 3)

Asif Eqbal

An O ve rvie w O f Sho rt Circ uit Curre nt (p art 3)

Continued from previous technical article: An Overview Of Short Circuit Current (part 2)

Sample calculation f or small LT system

Fault calculations are carried out to f ind the magnitude of f ault current at various voltage levels of electrical system. Short circuit calculations are actually just an elaborate version of Ohms Law. One of the key components in the calculation process is to determine the total impedance of the circuit f rom the utility / source, through the transmission system, transf ormers, and conductors, down to the point in question such as a panel or switchboard location. T he impedances of the various circuit elements have both resistance and reactance and are of ten ref erred to as the complex impedance or polar notation . Fault current values and time helps in deciding equipment short time withstand capacity and deriving settings of protection relays. Interrupting capacity of protection equipment should be high enough to open saf ely the maximum short circuit current which the power system can cause to f low through that equipment. One sample calculation f or calculating the short circuit current at downstream of transformer is shown below.

Purpose and intent of this calculation is to calculate the short term current rating of a marshalling kiosk to be f ed by AC distribution board (ACDB). ACDB being f ed by a source of 630kVA transformer .

Calculat ion basis

1/ T he busbar and switchgear of Marshalling kiosk is sized f or short time rating as per contribution f rom MV source through LT transf ormer. 2/ For circuits connected by transf ormer PU system is particularly suitable. By selecting suitable base kV f or circuits the per unit reactance and resistance remains same, ref erred to either side (HV or LV) of transf ormer. 3/ For circuits connected by transf ormer same base kVA is selected f or both the circuits ( HV and LV) because power remains constant throughout so same base kVA should be considered throughout. 4/ As a rule only two bases should be selected f irst and f rom these two the remaining bases should be calculated. T his is so because kV, kVA, I and Z are interrelated. T hey must obey ohms law. If we select base kVA and base kV than other base like base I and base Z are calculated f rom base kV and base kVA. Vice-versa will be inconvenient that is selecting base I and Z and calculating other bases like kV and kVA will make calculation dif f icult. Input data to be collected: 1. Transf ormer Rating 2. Transf ormer Voltage ratio 3. Frequency 4. Transf ormer Impedance 5. MV System f ault level (Maximum) 6. MV System f ault MVA = = = = = = 0.63 MVA 11/0.433 kV 50Hz 5% = 0.05 PU 40 kA 3 x 40 x 11 = 762 MVA

Calculat ion
Actual Fault Current available at AC distribution board Base MVA Base kV Base Current in kA Base Impedance = (Base kV)2 / Base MVA Source Impedance = MV System f ault MVA / Base MVA LT Transf ormer impedance at 0.63MVA & 11kV Base = = = = = = 0.63 11 Base MVA/(3 x Base kV) = 0.63/(3 x 11) = 0.033 192.1 0.0008 0.05

Total MV system impedance (MV System + LT Transf ormer) Fault MVA contributed by Source through LT Transf ormer

= = =

0.0508 Base MVA / Total Impedance 0.63 / 0.0508 = 12.40

Fault current contribution in kiloAmpers from MV system at LV side through (Switchyard) LT Transformer: = = = Fault MVA x 1000 x 1000 / (3 x 0.433 x 1000 x 1000) 12.40 x 1000 x 1000 / (3 x 0.433 x 1000 x 1000) 17.245 kA

Act ual Fault Current available at marshalling kioskbusbar

Busbars and switchgear components of marshalling kiosk shall be braced f or the peak value of the f aultcurrent contribution f rom the MV system through 630kVA rated source transformer . Hereaf ter Marshalling kiosk to be ref erred as BMK and AC distribution board to be ref erred as ACDB.

Base kVA = same as above, since this parameter remains constant throughout the circuit Base kV = 0.415V Base kV at LV circuit Distance in meters of transf ormer f rom ACDB = 20 Distance in meters of BMK f rom ACDB = 50 Size of connecting cable in Sq mm f rom transf ormer to ACDB = 3.5C x 300 Sq mm Al, XLPE Resistance in Ohms/kM of connecting cable from transformer to BMK = 0.128 Total resistance over route length = 200.128 /1000 = 0.003 PU resistance = Actual Resistance x Base kVA/ (BasekV2 x 1000) = 0.003 x 0.63 x 1000 / (0.415 x 0.415 x 1000) = 0.009 Reactance in Ohms/kM of connecting cable f rom transf ormer to BMK = 0.0705 Total reactance over route length = 0.070520 /1000 = 0.001 PU reactance = Actual Reactance x Base kVA/(Base kV2x 1000) = 0.001 x 0.63 x 1000 / (0.415 x 0.415 x 1000) = 0.0052
Ac tual Fault Curre nt availab le at mars halling kio s kb us b ar

PU impedance of cable from LT transformer to ACDB = ((PU resistance)2+(PU reactance)2)= (0.0092+ 0.07052) = 0.011 Size of conecting cable in Sq mm f rom ACDB to BMK = 3.5C x 35 Al, XLPE Resistance in Ohms/kM of connecting cable f rom ACDB to BMK = 0.671 Total resistance over route length = 0.671 x 50 /1000 = 0.034 PU resistance = Actual Resistance x Base kVA/(Base kV 2 x 1000) = 0.034 x 0.63 x 1000 / (0.415 x 0.415 x 1000) = 0.12 Reactance in Ohms/kM of connecting cable f rom ACDB to BMK = 0.0783 Total reactance over route length = 0.0783 x 50 /1000 = 0.004 PU reactance = Actual Reactance x Base kVA/(Base kV 2x 1000) = 0.004 x 0.63 x 1000 / (0.415 x 0.415 x 1000) = 0.14 PU impedance of cable f rom ACDB to BMK = ((PU resistance)2+(PU reactance)2) = ((0.12)2+(0.14)2) = 0.124

Total PU Impeadnce of connecting cable f rom LT transf ormer to BMK = 0.011 + 0.124 = 0.134 Total PU Impedance f rom LT Transf ormer to BMK = PU Impedance of Transf ormer + Total PU Impedance of connecting cable f rom LT transf ormer to BMK = 0.05 + 0.134 = 0.1842 Fault MVA at BMK busbar = Base MVA/Total Impedance = 0.63 / 0.1842 = 3.42 Fault current in kiloAmps at BMK busbar = Fault MVA x 1000x 1000 / (3 x 0.415 x 1000 x 1000)= 3.42 x 1000 x 1000 / (3 x 0.415 x 1000 x 1000) = 4.757 kA Hence selection of 10kA busbar and switchgear components like MCB is saf e and appropriate as per the actual fault level existing at BMK main busbar. Si. No Equipment CURRENT RAT ING CALCULAT ED SHORT T ERM CURRENT RAT ING IN kA OPT IMUM SELECT ION OF SHORT T IME CURRENT RAT ING IN kA Assymmetrical peak value = nxRMS Symmetrical 73.5 (n=2.1) 17 (n= 1.7)

RMS Assymmetrical RMS Symmetrical peak value = Symmetrical nxRMS Symmetrical 1 2

Re f e re nce s :

Main LT board Marshalling kiosk

17.24 4.75

34.5 (n=2) 7.1 (n=1.5)

35 10

1. Indian Standard 8623, part-1-SPECIFICAT ION FOR LOW-VOLTAGE SWIT CHGEAR AND CONT ROLGEAR ASSEMBLIES 2. Indian Standard 10118, part-2-CODE OF PRACT ICE FOR T HE SELECT ION, INSTALLAT ION AND MAINT ENANCE OF SWIT CHGEAR AND CONT ROLGEAR 3. T he Importance of the X/R Ratio in Low-Voltage Short Circuit Studies- Research paper DAT E: November 17, 1999 REVISION: 0 by AUT HOR: John Merrell 4. Short-circuit-current Calculating Procedures by Donald Beeman, Alan Graeme Darling, and R. H. Kauf mann 5. Industrial Power Engineering and Applications Handbook by K.C. Agrawal