IISc Centenary International Conference and Exhibition on Aerospace Engineering (ICEAE 2009) 19-22 May 2009, IISC Bangalore

Invited Talk

Mesolayer in turbulent pipe and channel ows

Noor Afzala,1
a

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aligarh University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract: An analysis of the intermediate layer (or mesolayer), between the traditional inner and outer layers, is presented for fully developed turbulent pipe or channel ow. While dealing with the open Reynolds mean momentum equations (with out any closure model) it is not possible to nd the necessary substantive layers, and the observations from the data play crucial role in a decision if intermediate layer is a substantive layer or not. The asymptotic expansions in the inner, meso and outer layers have been matching by Izakson-MillikanKolmogorov hypothesis in the two overlap regions, which give the functional equations whose functional solutions for velocity distributions are universal log laws, that are explicitly independent of surface roughness. It is found that the ratio of mesolayer velocity Um to outer velocity Uc is given by relation Um /Uc = Ai /(A0 + Ai ), where Ai and A0 are the slopes of log proles in the two overlap regions. The analysis of DNS data shows that Um /Uc 2/3 is a good engineering approximation. The observations from data under certain conditions lead to a decision that intermediate layer (also called mesolayer) is a substantive layer for prediction that extends the predictions of the velocity and Reynolds shear stress in the traditional buer layer. The Reynolds stress prediction involves an interpolation, in between two exact expressions, at the extreme ends of the mesolayer which is supported by the data. The proposed three layer theory for velocity prole provides an extension of the Coles log-wake law in the buer layer. Key words: Mesolayer, Turbulent ow, Asymptotic expansions, Log law, Reynolds stress

1. INTRODUCTION The turbulent ows are of great importance in natural and industrial ows. In fact, Prandtl and Karman during 1925-1930 discovered the traditional inner and outer layers in a turbulent shear ows by their ingenious analysis of the experimental data, whereas during 1936-1941 Izakson and Millikan for mean turbulent ow (later Kolmogorov in context of turbulent uctuations spectrum and correlations) provided a rational matching criteria for open equations (termed here as Izakson-Millikan-Kolmogorov criteria by Afzal and Narasimha [15]). The application MMX (in the sense of Kaplun [23]) demands the identication of the distinguished (or substantive) layers in a ow under consideration. In turbulent shear ows, it is not possible as we are dealing with open equations of turbulent motion, say; equations of Osborne Reynolds. The requirement of a intermediate layer in turbulent ow has to be demonstrated by experimental, eld and DNS data. The implications of instantaneous turbulent velocity vector and temperature proles in transitional

1 Corresponding

Email address: noor.afzal@yahoo.com (Noor Afzal ) author

rough channel ow are considered by Afzal [11]. The role of mesolayer in turbulent natural convection in a horizontal uid layer with volumetric energy sources is described by Afzal [8]. The existence and scaling of third (intermediate) layer or 1/2 mesolayer of order R was rst found by Afzal [3, 4, 6, 7, 8], which is also recorded by Wei, Fife, Klewicki & McMurtry [29]. The mesolayer scaling also play a crucial role in occurences of the turbulent burst time period [7, 16]. The work of Afzal [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10], Afzal & Bush [14], Seena and Afzal [26] and Seena et. al. [27] on the mesolayer and its characteristics, surprisingly have been overlooked, to ignore, in the analogous work by large number of investigators world wide in the past as well as in recent papers by Fife, Klewicki and Wei [19] and Buschmann and Gad-el-Hak [17]. An account of the past work on mesolayer published by other workers, in analogy with not cited primary, pioneering, rational and analogous work by present author over a time span 1982-1985, may be found in Afzal [27, 11, 12]. Long and Chen [24] also proposed that mesolayer velocity Um is of order friction velocity u , and in a turbulent boundary layer the logarithmic region was absent and for a pipe ow the eect of mesolayer was weak which tends to
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modify the classical logarithmic behavior. Afzal [3, 4, 6, 7] have shown that mesolayer velocity Um is of the order of outer velocity Uc , and the logarithmic behaviour is observed, thereby the mesolayer Long & Chen is not tenable (see also [11, 12, 13]). The Reynolds equation of mean motion, in fully developed channel or pipe ow is, y du + = u2 1 dy (1)

The mesolayer variable is = (y+ Y )1/2 = 1/2 y+ = 1/2 Y , 1 where = R . In terms of the mesolayer velocity V+ = (u Um )/u , mesolayer Reynolds shear stress T + = (+ 1)/ 1/2 , the mesolayer equation becomes dV+ /d + T + = . The velocity proles in the inner and outer layers are simply added to yield the mesolayer velocity prole 1 u Um = k1 ln + ( B D) + u 2 d1 + b2 + d2 2 + 2
1/2

b1 + (5)

Here u(y) is the axial velocity, y is the normal coordinate, = < u v > is the appropriate Reynolds shear stress, u is the friction velocity. The friction Reynolds number R = u / bd and Re = U is based on average velocity Ub . The inner wall layer velocity u/u = f (y+ ) in wall variable y+ = yu /, outer defect layer velocity (u Uc )/u = F (Y ) in outer variable Y = z/ and mesolayer velocity is (u Um )/u = V () 1/ 2 /2 in mesolayer variable = (y+ Y )1/2 = y+ R = YR1 . Here Um is the characteristic mesolayer velocity is shown to be of the order of outer velocity Uc , and without loss of generality, let Um = Uc where of the order unity. It is shown that traditional two layers theory contains a non-substantive mesolayer ( = 1/2). The aim of this paper is to explore, that 1/2 the mesolayer of order R is a substantive layer ( 1/2) or lowest order trivial layer ( = 1/2), that has to be decided by the application of the theory to the experimental, eld and DNS data. 2. TWO LAYERS THEORY (NON-SUBSTANTIVE MESOLAYER U M = UC /2) The matching of velocity u/u = f (y+ ) in inner layer with outer defect layer velocity (u Uc )/u = F (Y ) functional matching relation becomes f (y+ ) = Uc /u + F (Y ) in the overlap region and by Izakson-Millikan-Kolmogorov hypothesis (Afzal and Narasimha [15]) we get law of the wall, velocity defect law and friction factor law u = k1 ln y+ + B (2a) u u Uc = k1 ln Y + D (2b) u Uc = k1 ln R + B + D (2c) u The higher order terms in the velocity in law of the wall eq.(2a) and outer defect law eq.(2b), following Afzal [2], may be expressed as u b1 b2 + = k1 ln y+ + B + + u y+ y2 + u Uc = k1 ln Y + D + d1 Y + d2 Y 2 + u The uniformly valid solution in overlap region becomes b1 b2 u = k1 ln y+ + B + + d1 Y + 2 + d2 Y 2 + u y+ y+
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provided Um = Uc /2 is adopted as the characteristic mesolayer velocity. The Reynolds shear stress from Reynolds equation eq.(1) becomes + = 1
1/2

1 + k

b1 + d1 + 2

3/2

b2 + d2 2 + 3

(6)

The maxima of Reynolds shear stress + = + p occurs at = p become 1/ 2 j / 2 j/2 1/2 j + p = 1 + p = k + j (7) 2 k
j=1 j=1

The constants from fully smooth channel and pipe have been estimated from DNS and experimental data by Afzal [11], which yield
/2 1/2 y+m = 1.58 R1 + + 6 + 48 R 1/2 1 3/2 +m = 1 [ 3.16 R + 5 R + ] + 62 R

(8a) (8b)

(3a) (3b)

The third order predictions shown in the Figs. 1(a) and 1(b) compare very well with the extensive DNS and experimental data in turbulent pipe and channel ows published by various workers. The mesolayer velocity prole and Reynolds shear stress are shown in Fig. 2(a) and 2(b) along with rst order predictions from Equations 5 and 2 where Cm = ( B D)/2 = 1.8. The velocity prole and Reynolds shear stress predictions of two layer theory (with one overlap region) deviates from data in the buer layer near the wall. The three layer theory described in next section improves the predictions in the buer layer. In the terminology of three layer theory of this paper, shown in Fig. 4, this traditional region constitutes the overlap region 1, and the overlap region 2 is the buer layer between the proposed revised inner layer and the mesolayer. 3. THREE LAYERS THEORY MESOLAYER U M UC /2) (SUBSTANTIVE

(4)

The force balance ratio S = (2 u/y2 )/( y ), the gradient of viscous to Reynolds stress gradients for the fully developed channel from DNS data of Moser, Kim & Mansour [25]

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has been estimated by Wei et. al. [29]. The function S versus mesolayer variable (= y+ / R ) is shown in Fig. 3(a). This gure shows a region 0.3 1 where region of balance between the viscous and Reynolds stress gradients. Near the location of maximum Reynolds stress 1, the viscous and pressure force are, once again, nearly in balance. Around the peak Reynolds stress location S the gradient of the viscous stress is much larger than the gradient of the Reynolds stress. For greater distances from the wall, the Reynolds stress gradient changes sign and the viscous stress gradient becomes much smaller than either the Reynolds stress gradient or pressure gradient. In this region the Reynolds stress and pressure gradients are essentially in balance. The new dynamics about the role played by a mesolayer (or intermediate layer) in between the traditional inner and outer layer is explored for transitional surface roughness. The non-dimensional velocity u p /Uc at the peak of Reynolds shear stress from the DNS data of Iwamoto et al. [21], Abe et. al. [1] and Hoyas and Jimenez [20] is shown in Fig. 3(b). Further, the convection velocity of the eddy motion in the wall bounded turbulent shear ow from data by Wooldridge & Muzzy [30] and Simpson [28] were reported as 0.60 and 0.63 respectively. The proposed three (inner, meso, outer) layers domain is shown in Fig. 3, along with traditional two (inner and outer) layers domain. The matching of three layers would have two overlap regions. Overlap 1 region is between outer layer and mesolayer and Overlap 2 region is between mesolayer and inner layer, as shown in Fig. 4. In each overlap region the matching is carried out for large Reynolds numbers R through Izakson-Millikan-Kolmogorov hypotheses (Afzal and Narasimha [15]) giving the functional equations for velocity and Reynolds shear stress whose functional solutions described below. The outer and mesolayer layers in the overlap 1 region under the matching relation Uc u F (Y ) = Um u V (), predicts the velocity and Reynolds shear stress as Uc u = Ao ln Y + D u u Um = Ao ln + Co u Uc Um = Ao ln u R + Co + D (9a) (9b) (9c) (10)

Ai 1/ 2 , = 1 R + w

(12)

The consistency relations from matching relations yield Mesolayer skin friction: Uc 1 = (Ai + Ao ) ln R + B + D + Co Ci u 2 Mesolayer velocity: Um = Ao Ai Uc + Co + D ( B Ci ) Ai + Ao Ai (14) (13)

u 2 The friction factor = 8( U ) from relation eq.(13) may b also be expressed as 1/ = a1 ln + b1 where a1 = ( Ai + Ao ) C +D ) (Uc Ub ) 1 o i b , Db = , b1 = (B+D+C and = R . u 32 32 The extension of the Izakson-Millikan-Kolmogorov hypothesis for moderately large Reynolds numbers demands the order of the knowledge of the higher order eect (in analogy with Afzal [2]). Further, for lower Reynolds numbers the validity of the Izakson-Millikan-Kolmogorov hypothesis is not 1 known. The traditional scale R the inverse of the roughness friction Reynolds number may be adopted. Further, it is shown here that the mesolayer (or the intermediate layer) 1/2 scale is of the order R which possesses the maxima of Reynolds shear stresses. Following Afzal [2], the higher order terms in friction factor become 1 + a3 + ) ln + = (a1 + a2

b1 + b2

+ b3 +

(15)

If Karman constant is a universal number, independent of Reynolds number, then a2 = a3 = 0 and eq.(15) becomes 1 + b3 + = a1 ln + b1 + b2 (16)

The matching results of Reynolds shear stress are investigated in the substantive mesolayer (mesolayer-S) where two 1 m A1 . The Reynolds overlap domains demand U Uc 2 and A0 stress matching relations eq.(10) and eq.(12) may be combined into a single relation J () 1/ 2 + = 1 R w (17)

Ao 1/2 + = 1 R , w

where J = Ai for 0 and J = Ao for . A simple interpolation for J () is adopted as J () = Ao + (Ai Ao ) exp( n ) (18)

The inner layer and mesolayer and in the overlap 2 region under the matching relation u f (y+ ) = Um u V () predicts the velocity and Reynolds shear stress as u = Ai ln y+ + B u u Um = Ai ln + Ci u Um = Ai ln u R + B Ci (11a) (11b) (11c)

where and n are constants, estimated later from the data. In mesolayer variables, the Reynolds shear stress and velocity distribution from mesolayer equation eq.(1) yield T () = + J () J () dV () = d (19a) (19b)
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Mesolayer in turbulent pipe and channel ows

Integrating eq.(19b) subject to relation eq.(18) gives the mesolayer velocity distribution 1 Um u = V () = (Ai Ao ) E1 ( n ) Ao ln Co (20) u n where E1 ( x) is the Exponential integral E1 ( x) = x et /t dt, and as x 0, E1 ( x) = ln x e + O( x), where e = 0.577 is the well known Eulers constant. The consistency with matching relations and 0 provides the value of constant as Ci Co = exp e + n Ai Ao (21)

stress in a channel in terms of inner variable y+ are shown in Fig 5(d). For low values of y+ 20 the data has universal similarity but for large values of y+ the data depends on Reynolds number. The prediction in eq.(22) with n = 1 from three layer theory also shown in the same Fig 5(d) compare well with the DNS data for each value of Reynolds number. The friction factor relation eq.(16) may be expressed in terms of a function , representing the departure of the friction factor from log law, as dened below 1 A log(Re ) = A ln 32 + b1 + 32 b2 (Re )1/2 + (26) (25)

The mesolayer velocity prole given by eq.(20) may be expressed in terms of outer variable Y as given below Uc u 1 = (Ai Ao ) E1 ( n ) Ao ln Y + D u n (22)

32 b3 (Re )1 + O[(Re )3/2 ]

Following Coles [18], the wake function W (Y ) with boundary conditions W (0) = 0 and W (1) = 2 may be included for outer layer to get a composite solution

where for A1 = 5 and Ao = 2.5 the constant A = 3 is the Karman constant for log law friction factor. The function vs (Re )0.5 , from data of fully developed turbulent from extensive smooth pipes ([10]) leads to friction factor relation Uc u 1 n = (Ai Ao ) E1 ( )Ao ln Y +Ao [2W (Y )](23) 1 = 3 log(Re ) 5 + 32.5(Re )1/2 + u n O[(Re )1 ] (27)

Here rst term is the contribution of overlap 1 region, second term is the overlap 2 region and third term is outer layer contribution. The comparison of predictions from three (inner, meso and outer) layers theory is now presented with DNS and experimental data. The ratio of the velocity at peak of Reynolds shear stress U p to outer velocity Uc shown in Fig. 3b has interesting implication on the substantive mesolayer (mesolayer-S) to outer velocity ratio Um /Uc = Ai /(Ai + A0 ) 2/3 for large Reynolds numbers which imply the following: (i) Overlap region 1 between the mesolayer and outer layer: Ao = 1/k (k = 0.4 is Karman constant). (ii) Overlap region 2 between the mesolayer and inner layer: Ai = 5 and B = 3.05 (Karman [22] and Afzal [3]). The velocity distribution u(2/3) Uc vs in the mesolayerS has been compared with channel DNS data of Hoyas and Jimenez [20] in Fig. 5a where the two asymptotes in the mesolayer become u (2/3)Uc = 5 ln + 1.4for u u (2/3)Uc = 2.5 ln 2.8for u 1 1 (24a) (24b)

which describes the entire low Reynolds number data very well. 4. CONCLUSIONS 1. The proposed three layer theory provides an extension of the Coles log-wake law for the prediction of velocity and Reynolds shear stress in the buer layer. 2. The ratio of mesolayer velocity Um to outer velocity Uc is Um /Uc = Ai /(A0 + Ai ), where Ai and A0 are the slopes of log proles in the two overlap regions. In the situation Ai = A0 = 1/k (Um /Uc = 1/2), the three layer theory degenerates to traditional two layer theory, but the constants in these laws may depend on mesolayer scale ([11, 12, 13]). 3. The analysis of DNS data shows that Um /Uc 2/3 is a good engineering approximation. The observations from data under certain conditions lead to a decision that intermediate layer (also called mesolayer) is a substantive layer for prediction that extends the predictions of the velocity and Reynolds shear stress in the traditional buer layer. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author is thankful to the All India Council of Technical Education, New Delhi for the support of this work.

The Reynolds shear stress in mesolayer-S variables [(/w 1) R , )] from DNS data of Hoyas and Jimenez [20] shown in Fig. 5(b) is a universal relation, independent of Reynolds number, and also compares well with prediction in eq.(17) subjected to relations given by eq.(21) and eq.(23). In the mesolayer-S the experimental and DNS data shown in Fig 5(c) on linear-log plot have universal behavior for large Reynolds numbers, but for low values of shows low Reynolds number eects. The Reynolds shear
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Figure 1: Comparison of the Reynolds shear stress peak location y+m and peak value +m with the DNS and experimental data for fully developed channel and pipe ows. The rst, second and third order predictions based on higher order log law velocity prole theory.

Figure 2: The comparison of our predictions for the half-defect mean velocity (< u > Um )/u > where Um = Uc /2 and Reynolds shear stress /2 R1 (w )/w verses in the mesolayer with DNS data of Hoyas & Jimenez (2006) .

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Mesolayer in turbulent pipe and channel ows

Figure 3: (a) The gradient of the viscous stress to the gradient of Reynolds shear stress ratio S = (2 u/y2 )/(/y) verses (= ), the mesolayer variable from DNS data of Moser, Kim and Mansour. The jump discontinuity in S , the stress ration, are at maxima of Reynolds shear stress (/y = 0). (b) The velocity scales ratio u p /Uc at peak of Reynolds shear stress from DNS data and our mesolayer-S theory.

Figure 4: Proposed three (outer, meso and inner) layers and traditional two (inner and outer) layers in a wall bounded turbulent ow.

Figure 5: Three layer theory with mesolayer-S (Ai Ao ) velocity scale, Um /Uc = Ai /(Ai + Ao ) = 2/3: Comparison of prediction with DNS channel data of Hoyas & Jimenez (2006), where = . (a) Velocity distribution as 2/3-defect law in the mesolayer-S. Reynolds shear stress in (b) Mesolayer-S similarity as linear-linear plot, (c) Mesolayer-S similarity as linear-log plot, (d) Inner layer similarity in the revised domain.

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[27] Seena, A., Bushra, A., Afzal, N. Logarithmic expansions for Reynolds shear stress and Reynolds heat ux in a turbulent channel ow. J. Heat Transfer 130, 094501-(1-4), 2008. [28] Simpson, R. L. Characteristics of turbulent boundary layers at low Reynolds numbers with and without transpiration. J. Fluid Mech. 42, 769-802, 1970 . [29] Wei, T., Fife, P., Klewicki, J., McMurtry, P. Properties of the mean momentum balance in turbulent boundary layer, pipe and channel ows. J. Fluid Mech. 522, 303-327, 2005. [30] Wooldridge, C. E. and Muzzy, E.J. Boundary layer turbulence measurements with mass addition and combustion. AIAA Journal 4, 20092016, 1996.

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[1] Abe, H., Kawamura, H. and Matsuo, Y. Surface heat-ux uctuations in a turbulent channel up to R = 1020 With Pr =0.025 and 0.71. Int. J. Heat and Fluid Flow 25, 404- 419, 2004. [2] Afzal, N. Millikan Argument at Moderately Large Reynolds Numbers. Physics of Fluids 19, 600-602, 1976. [3] Afzal, N. Fully developed turbulent ow in a pipe: An intermediate layer. Archive of Applied Mechanics (Ingen.-Archiv) 53, 355-377, 1982. [4] Afzal, N. A sub-boundary layer with a two dimensional turbulent boundary layer. J. Mech. Theo. Appl. 1, 963-973, 1982. [5] Afzal, N. Three layer theory of turbulent boundary layers on a at plate, pp 316-321 in Proc. II Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics Beijing. Science Press, Beijing, China, 1983. [6] Afzal, N. The mesolayer theory of turbulent ows. AIAA Journal 22, 437-439, 1984. [7] Afzal, N. Period between bursting in turbulent shear ow: Intermediate Scaling. Current Science 53 (12), 640-642, 1984. [8] Afzal, N. Turbulent natural convection in a horizontal uid layer with volumetric energy sources : An intermediate layer. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 28, 291-300, 1985 . [9] Afzal, N. Wake layer in turbulent boundary layer with pressure gradient: A new approach, pp 95-118, Invited Lecture in IUTAM Symposium Asymptotic Methods for Turbulent Shear Flows at High Reynolds Numbers, Ed: K. Gersten. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Springer, 1996. [10] Afzal, N. Friction factor directly from transitional rough pipes. J. Fluid Engg., Trans. ASME 129(10), 1255-1267, 2007. [11] Afzal, N. Analysis of instantaneous turbulent velocity vector and temperature proles in transitional rough channel ow. J. Heat Transfer, Trans. ASME 131, 064503-(1-7), 2009. [12] Afzal, N. Comments on Evidence of non-logarithmic behavior of turbulent channel and pipe ow [AIAA Journal 47, pp. 535-541 (2009)], submitted. [13] Afzal, N. Neutrally stratied turbulent Ekman boundary layer: Universal similarity for a transitional rough surface Boundary Layer Meteorology, to appear. [14] Afzal, N., and Bush, W.B. A three layer asymptotic analysis of turbulent channel ows. Ind. Acad. Sci. 94. 135-148, 1985. [15] Afzal, N. and Narasimha, R., Axisymmetric turbulent boundary layers along a circular cylinder with constant pressure. J. Fluid Mechanics 74, 113-129, 1976. [16] Alfredsson, P. H. and Johansson, A.V. Time scales in turbulent channel ow. Phy. Fluids 27, 1974-1981, 1984. [17] Buschmann, M.H. and Gad-el-Hak, M. Evidence of Non-logarithmic Behavior of Turbulent Channel and Pipe Flow, AIAA Journal 47(3), pp 535-541, 2009. [18] Coles, D. The law of the wake in the turbulent boundary layer. J. Fluid Mech 1, 191-226, 1956. [19] Fife, P., Klewicki, J. and Wei, T. Time averaging in turbulent settings may reveal an innite hierarchy of length sales, Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 24(3), 781-807, 2009. [20] Hoyas, S. and Jimenez, J. Scaling of the velocity uctuations in turbulent channels up to Re = 2003, Physics of Fluids 18, 011702, 2006. [21] Iwamoto, K., Suzuki, Y., Kasagi, N. Reynolds numbers eects on wall turbulence: Towards eective feed back control: Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 177, 678-689, 2002. [22] Karman T. The analogy between skin friction and heat transfer. Trans ASME 61, 705-710, 1939. [23] Kaplun, S. Fluid mechanics and singular perturbations, (P. A. Lagerstrom, L. N. Howard, and C. S. Liu, eds.), Academic Press, New York, 1967. [24] Long, R. R., Chen, T. C. Experimental evidence of the existence of the mesolayer in turbulent systems. J. Fluid Mech. 105, 19-59, 1981. [25] Moser, R. D., Kim, J., Mansour, N. N. Direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel ow up to Re = 590. Physics of Fluids 11, 943-947, 1999. [26] Seena, A. and Afzal, N. Intermediate scaling of turbulent momentum and heat ux in a transitional rough channel, J. HEAT TRANSFER, Trans. ASME, Vol. 130(3), March 2008, pp. 031701-(1-10), 2008.

Noor Afzal is currently a professor at the department of Mechanical Engineering at the Aligarh University. His research interests include turbulent ows and heat transfer.

Proceedings of ICEAE 2009