Electric And Magnetic Fields Estimation For Live Transmission Line Right Of Way Workers Using Artificial Neural

Network
C. A. Belhadj
Electrical Engineering Department King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran, Saudi Arabia bachokri@kfupm.edu.sa
AbstractThis paper presents an estimation study for live transmission line workers exposed to power frequency electric and magnetic fields using a generalized regression neural network (GRNN). A real double circuit transmission line is selected. The live-line worker is exposed to fields in the right of way of the transmission at 3.28 feet (1m) above the ground. Both fields associated values have been generated using EPRI's EMF workstation software. The calculations are based on the charge simulation method for the electric field, and Biot-Savart law for the magnetic field. The generalization capability of the designed GRNN network under large number of worker positions within the right of way has been tested and predicted. Fast performance, accurate evaluation, and very good prediction have been obtained for the testing that covers the whole area. Keywords Charge simulation method; electric and magnetic fields; power frequency; live-line workers; exposure limits; artificial neural networks

S. El-Ferik
Systems Engineering Department King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran, Saudi Arabia selferik@kfupm.edu.sa Hygienists (ACGIH) [4], and the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) that have major contribution [5-6]. There are many government agencies and organizations that have published articled in this subject [7-8]. The permissible levels quoted in many countries refer to the permissible levels set by the IEEE standard, and the ICNIRP guideline. Table 1 lists a summary of occupational external exposure limits for 60 Hz for the IEEE, ICNIRP, and ACGIH.
TABLE I. SUMMARY OF EXTERNAL EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR LIVE LINE WORKERS E (kV/m) 20 8.333 25 B 104 (mG) 2.71 (Head & Torso) 0.417 1

Organization IEEE ICNIRP ACGIH

I.

INTRODUCTION

There is a growing concern among workers of Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) regarding possible health hazards due to the exposure to Extremely Low Frequency- electric and magnetic Fields (ELF-EMF) produced by high voltage (60Hz) transmission lines. Limited knowledge and information available for live-line workers tends to magnify intensively the risk of exposure to extremely low frequency fields. The SEC transmission networks above 110 kV spans a total length of 33,685 circuit-km (ckm). This consists of 7,490 ckm for 110 115 kV, 14,451 ckm for 132 kV, 3,850 ckm for 230 kV and 7,894 ckm for 380 kV of transmission networks [1]. There has been a rising interest over the years in determining the safe exposure levels of people, mainly workers, and the general public, to power frequency electric and magnetic fields [2]-[8]. Several organizations have developed standards and guidelines for such permissible exposure levels. By far, the most important organizations that have contributed to the establishment of these standards and guidelines are the Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers (IEEE) [2], and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) [3]. There are other organizations such as the American Conference of Governmental Industrial

This paper presents an online estimation of electric and magnetic fields for live transmission line right of way worker using Generalized Regression Artificial Neural Network. The live-line worker is exposed to a practical double circuit HV transmission line. The selected line spans from substation (Qortoba Area) to substation (Alhamra Area-Khorais) in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. The focus of this work is to develop a practical and integrated system capable of on-line real-time electric and magnetic evaluation and monitoring in a very efficient way and at every point in the right of way for the live line worker. II. SYSTEM DATA & EXPOSURE SCENARIO

A real double circuit transmission line is selected by SEC. The selected line spans from substation 8114 (Qortoba Area) to substation 8079 (Alhamra Area-Khorais) in Riyadh region. Its nominal voltage and power ratings are 132 kV and 293 MVA respectively. Detailed line data and tower dimension are presented in Figure.1. and line details is delineated in Table 2. The study is being conducted for different exposure scenarios selected by SEC. The computation of the external electric and magnetic fields have been conducted for several scenarios. These scenarios cover the most probable locations of a live line worker under a transmission line.

III.

ELETRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD CALCULATIONS

The basic physics of quasi-static fields allow separate discussion of power frequency electric and magnetic fields [9]. The solution methodology for both the electric and magnetic fields are highlighted in this section. A. Charge Simulation Method The solution methodology for electric field is based on twodimensional charge simulation method. This commonly used approach consists essentially of two stages: (l) calculation of the equivalent charges per unit length of conductor and (2) calculation of the electric field produced by these charges. A detailed treatment of the calculations is given in [10]-[17] and summarized here. The general relationship used to calculate the charges on a multi conductor system is presented in matrix form in (l).

[Q ] = [ P ] [V ]
1

(1)

Figure 1. Tower dimension for the 132 kV transmission line.

TABLE II. Line Ratings Rating (MVA)

TRANSMISSION LINE DATA FOR 132 KV LINE

293 MVA 132 kV 132 kV 1.284 kA Circuit 1 603 A Circuit 2 603 A

Nominal Line Voltage (kVL-L) Actual Line Voltage (kVL-L) Nominal Line Current (kA) Peak Load Current (kA), for Both Circuits

where: [Q] is a column vector of the linear charge on each conductor; [V] is a column vector of the potentials of the conductors; [P]-1 is the inverted matrix of the Maxwell potential coefficients of the conductors. A set of image conductors is used with charges opposite to those of the transmission line. The actual conductors and their images are characterized by real and imaginary voltages and diameters. Overhead shield wires are also included in this method (and assumed to be at zero potential). For bundled conductors, a single conductor with an equivalent diameter is used, on the basis of the following formula:

d eq = D

nd D

(2)

Line Conductor And Overhead Ground Wire Parameters Conductor/Ground Wire Diameter (cm) Number of Sub-conductors Phase Relation of Conductors Right of Way Full span (m) Mid Span height (m) or Sag (m) (lowest point) Conductor 2.773 cm SINGLE VERTICAL (R-Y-B) 40 m 305 m 10 m Ground Wire 1.03 cm

where deq is equivalent single conductor diameter; n is number of sub conductors; d is diameter of individual sub conductor; D is geometric diameter of the bundle. The self and mutual Maxwell potential coefficients are calculated for the conductor system on the basis of line geometry and conductor diameter using the following equations.

Pii =
Mutual:

1 2

2y i ln di

(3)

The height of a typical worker (human body) is assumed to be 1.75 m. The computation for both electric and magnetic fields is conducted at 3.28 feet (1m) height from the ground. The worker is conducting his work within the right of way are. The investigation is considered to cover for one line span area of (305 m x40 m).

(x i x j ) 2 + ( y i + y j ) 2 ln Pij = (x i x j ) 2 + ( y i y j ) 2 2 1

1/ 2

(4)

where = 8.85*10-12 F/m (Dielectric constant of air); di is conductor diameter or equivalent bundle diameter of conductor i ; yi, yj = heights of conductors i and j above ground; xi, xj =

horizontal coordinates of conductors i and j with respect to a reference. The inverted potential coefficient matrix [P]-1 is multiplied by the column matrix of line-ground conductor voltages to yield the charges per unit length of the conductor, as shown in (l). These charges are then used to calculate the real and imaginary parts of the horizontal and vertical components of the electric field [14]. B. BIOT-SAVART Laws The basic equation for calculating the magnetic field of a long, straight wire is derived from Ampere's Law [11],[13],[18] and given in (5):

concern parameters, the structure position, boundary area, as well as the field calculation height. The line design parameters are entered in a detailed manner and that includes phase structure of the line, conductor size, applied voltage and the operating current. The span specifications are then taken in consideration. Shielding details are then considered in case where shielding objects are within the study area or shielding measures are considered for mitigation. A. External Electric Field Calculations The data is gathered in the three dimensions (3-D) volume around the transmission line space. Since the fields computational results (of the transmission line provided by SEC) are symmetric for a horizontal land profile with respect to the mid span central line, the 3-D calculated values are given for half span for the specified right and left lateral distance.

H =

i 2 r

(5)

where: H is the magnetic field intensity (A/m); i is value of electric current in wire (Amperes); r is the distance between wire and point of interest (meters).The fundamental unit for the magnetic field intensity, H, is the Ampere per meter (A/m). However, magnetic field exposure technology often uses the magnetic flux density, B. The relationship between H and B is given in (6).

B = H

(6)

where:; B is the magnetic flux density (Gauss); = 7 Permeability constant used for both air and ground ( 4 * 10 Henry/m). The magnetic field is a vector field with both vertical and horizontal components. The field, as computed in Equation 6, is separated into vertical and horizontal components by multiplying by sin() and cos(). In general, both components must be retained. For three-phase ac fields, the vertical and horizontal components must be combined individually as phasors, regarding the angles of the different currents. The total magnetic field is the sum of all the contributions from the line currents as given in (7).

Figure 2. Tower-to-tower geometry, showing mid-span between two towers

I i Bi ,j = (2 ri , j )

i , j *10 4

(7)

where: rij is the distance between point and conductors and ij is the unit vector in the vector cross-product direction of the current vector and the vector segment rij. For a three phase ac transmission line, the field at any point can be described by the field ellipse (similar to the electric field). IV. FIELD DATA GENERATION

In this study the electric and magnetic fields produced by the transmission line have been modeled using the subroutine EXPOCALC of the EPRI's software EMF Workstation, Version 2.51 [18]. The software package used, starts by setting the general required parameters such as the designated area of

The figure 3 displays the electric field profile from mid span to the tower showing only one half of the line span study area because of the symmetry. The considered height is 3.28 feet (1 m) above the ground. The maximum electric field is found above the mid span and at 17 feet (5.2 m) lateral distance on both sides of the central line. While moving from the mid span to the tower, the ground clearance distance keeps increasing from 32.8 feet (10 m) to 65 feet (19.8 m) above the ground. Consequently the electric field profile had kept its shape but its magnitude has gone drastically decreased. Sample electric field profile at mid span is shown in Figure 4. This profile is calculated at 3.28 feet (1 m) above the ground at mid span where the lowest conductor ground clearance is 32.8 feet (10 m). The field is found to reach a maximum value of 0.851 kV/m at 17 feet (5.2 m) lateral distance away from the central vertical line. The electric field profile reaches a saddle point level of 0.5 kV/m at the zero central span point. Due to the symmetry around the central vertical line we found two similar maxima. The electric field values keep decreasing sharply since the lateral peak value going rapidly down to reach the zero at a lateral distance at 75 feet (22.9 m) away from the central line.

Electric Field 3D profile from Mid Span to the Tower at a level of 3.28 feet above the ground

0.8 0.7 Electric Field (KV/m) 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 60 50 40 Ground clearence (feet) -100 -50 0 50 100

information covering the whole line right of way area as output layers. For both lateral and horizontal function approximation, a limited set of points has been used for training. On the other hand, the validation used a larger set and demonstrated a very small error. Extra points have been generated to cover a finer grid of the lateral and horizontal space under study. The generated families of horizontal and lateral functions demonstrated the capabilities of the GRNN model to reproduce the EMF and EF data. The selection of the radial basis function (RBF) is justified by the nonlinear form of the field distribution and the change of curvature of both EMF and EF fields as shown in figures 3 & 5.
Magnetic Field 3D profile from Mid Span to the Tower at a level of 3.28 feet above the ground

Lateral distance (feet)

50

Figure 3. Three-D Electric field profile.

40 Magnetic Field (mG) 30 20 10 0 60 50 40 Ground clearence (feet) -100 0 -50 Lateral distance (feet) 100 50

Figure 5. Three-D Magnetic field profile.

Figure 4. Two-D Electric field profile

B. Magnetic Field Calculations Since the fields computational results are symmetric for a horizontal land profile with respect to the mid span central line, the 3-D calculated values are given for half span for the specified right and left lateral distance. Figure 5 displays the magnetic field profile from mid span to the tower showing only half of the line span study area because of the symmetry. The considered height is 3.28 feet (1 m) above the ground.A sample magnetic field profile at mid span is shown in Figure 6. The lowest conductor ground clearance is 32.8 feet (10m). The profile is calculated at 3.28 feet (1m) above the ground level. The field is found to reach a maximum value of 58.62 mG calculated exactly at the mid span central pointThe profile is symmetric around the central vertical line and the magnetic field values keeps sharply decreasing going laterally to reach the close to zero level at the lateral distance before the right of way ends. V. GENERAL REGRESSION NEURAL NETWORK

Figure 6. Two-D Magnetic field profile

The Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) is based on radial basis function layer. A special linear layer is used for function modeling. GRNN has been used successfully in many applications for function approximation. The training was accomplished by the lateral and the horizontal distance information as input information, and both fields magnitude

Figure 7. Structure of Matlab toolbox GRNN network.

VI.

RESULTS

Electric Field 3D profiles from Mid Span to the T ower at a lev el of 3.28 feet abov e the ground

The GRNN proved to be the right type of artificial neural network to model the estimation study for live transmission line workers exposed to power frequency electric and magnetic fields. The algorithm uses 25% of the measured data of both fields. After validation, the model obtained is then used to generate intermediate points in the lateral and horizontal directions of the right of way of the transmission line. Figures 8 and 9 illustrate the quality of the estimation GRNN model. The o bleu points are the points used for training while the + are the new points generated by the GRNN. Figures 8 and 9 are typical results of the Electric field profiles in (kV/m) at midway of the towers lateral and horizontal field magnitudes respectively. While figure 8 shows a nonlinear and symmetric behavior. Twenty nine curves horizontally showing the decay of electric field profiles at each point and 51 functions showing the behavior laterally have been generated using GRNN. The 3D curve generated is illustrated in figure 10. Figure 9 illustrates the decay of the maximum point at 20 feet in the horizontal direction. Figure 9 hints that the magnitude at the center decays exponentially in the horizontal direction. However, the contour curves presented below the 3D curve depict the varying nature of the curvatures on the horizontal direction. Therefore, GRNN successfully reproduced this behavior.
Training Data 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 Training Data New Data Generated Using GRNN

0.8 Electric Field

0.6

0.4

0.2

70 60 50 40 -150 30 Ground clearence (feet) -100 -50 0 50

100

Lateral distance (feet)

Figure 10. The 3D electric field profiles showing also contour curves.

Similar results have been produced for the Magnetic Flux Density Profiles (mG) with similar accuracy despite the magnitude level of the measurements s illustrated in figure 11 to 13.
Training Data 60

50

40 Output

0.6 Output 0.5

30

20

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

0 -100 -80 -60 -40 10 Training Data New Data Generated Using GRNN -20 0 20 Input Data 40 60 80 100

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20 0 20 Input Data

40

60

80

100

Figure 11. Figure 8. GRNN modeling of the lateral electric field profile at Mid span
Training Data 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 O u tp u t Training Data New Data Generated Using GRNN

GRNN modeling of the lateral magnetic field profile at Mid span of the tower.
Training Data

60 Training Data New Data Generated Using GRNN 50

40 O u tput

0.5 0.4

30

20
0.3 0.2 0.1 0

10

0
35 40 45 50 Input Data 55 60 65

35

40

45

50 Input Data

55

60

65

Figure 9. GRNN modeling of the horizontal electric field profile from Mid span to the tower

Figure 12. GRNN modeling of the horizontal magnetic field profile from Mid span to the tower.

Magnetic Field 3D profile from Mid Span to the T ower at a lev el of 3.28 feet abov e the ground

[9] [10]

60 50 M agnetic Field (m G ) 40 30 20 10 0 70 60 50 40 Ground clearence (feet) 30 -150 -100 Lateral distance (feet) -50 50 0

[11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]

100

Figure 13. The 3D magnetic field profiles showing also contour curves [17]

VII. CONCLUSIONS This paper has proposed a prototype generalized regression neural network (GRNN) to estimate and predict the power frequency electric and magnetic fields. A real double circuit transmission line is selected for exposure investigation at 3.28 feet (1m) above the ground. The first approach followed was to train and predict for both electric and magnetic fields for lateral distance. The Second approach was to train and predict horizontal distance. The designed Network generalization capability was successful to reproduce the result of the training data and to predict both fields for any live line workers position within the right of way. The performance was fast, the results were accurate and the prediction was very good. The future investigation could consider different live worker height. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors acknowledge the support of King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals. REFERENCES
[1] [2] [3] Saudi Electricity Company, "Annual Report", Saudi Arabia, 2004. IEEE Std C95.6., "IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields, 03 kHz", 2002. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection:, "Guidelines limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)", Health Physics, Vol. 74, No. 3, pp. 494-522, 1998. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, TLVs and BEIs, Cincinnati: ACGIH, 2001 Advisory Group on Non-Ionizing Radiation (AGNIR) of the UK National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB), "Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (0 300 GHz)", Doc. NRPB, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2004. National Radiological Protection Board, "Restrictions on human exposure to static and time varying electromagnetic fields and radiation: scientific basis and recommendation for implementation of the Boards statement", Doc. NRPB, Vol. 4, pp. 869, 1993. Olden, K. O., "Health Effects from Exposure to Power-Line Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields", National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH Publication 99-4493, 1999. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: "Static and Extremely Low Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields", Publication 80, 2002.

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[4] [5] [6]

C. A. Belhadj received his Ph.D degree in Electrical Engineering and from Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1996. He earned his M.Sc from King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia in 1988 and his B.Sc from King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in 1985 in Electrical Engineering as well. He worked for the Research Institute, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, in sever several power system projects. He was involved with Hydro-Quebec Research Institute, Montreal, Canada in several power system analysis projects. Since 1996, Dr. Belhadj is working as an Assistant Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department at KFUPM. His areas of interest are high voltage engineering, electromagnetic transient investigations and analysis, power system voltage stability studies, voltage dip problems investigation, power system VAR compensation, power system load modeling, application of innovative power system analysis tools and techniques, optimal operation and studies for the deregulated power system, development of efficient techniques for power system analysis. S. El Ferik is presently an Associate Professor in the Department of Systems Engineering at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. He received his B.S in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Laval University, Quebec Canada, and M.S and PhD Both in electrical and computer engineering from Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal, Canada. Later, he joined Pratt and Whitney Canada as a Staff Control Engineer at the R&D division in the department of Systems Controls and Accessories. His research interests include modeling, simulation and control, load management, stochastic systems, flexible manufacturing systems, reliability and maintenance, as well as inventory control.

[7] [8]