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7b-ex.

Examples

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7b-ex. Combined Loading Examples


Ex. 7b.1

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Example 7b.1 Given: Consider the road sign of Example 2b.5. The forces, moments, and torque acting at a cross-section near the base of the mast are shown and right (Cut A-A). Req'd: Determine the stress states at the surface of the mast, at Points A, B, C and D. Point : A is on the windward side (facing the wind), C is on the "leeward side" (back side), B is on the left side, and D is on the right side of the mast. Draw 2-d stress elements as you look from the outside of the mast inward.

Forces, Moments and Torque acting at Cut A-A. Road Sign

Sol'n: Step 1. Consider the five different types of loads acting at the cross-section individually. Then, determine the stresses that each load causes, and at what points the stresses act. Each load causes the mast to act as a different type of member, e.g.:
Under the torque, the mast acts as a torsion member. Because of the shear force, the mast acts as a beam. The weight makes it act like an axial member.

Load Torque, T Shear Force, V (y-direction) Moment, Mx Moment, My Axial Force, W=Ws+Wm(z)

Mast Acts as
Shaft about z-axis

Causes Stress at Surface

Beam about x-axis

Beam about x-axis

Beam about y-axis Axial Member along z-axis

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7b-ex. Examples

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Ix is the Moment of Inertia about the x-axis. Iy is the Moment of Inertia about the y-axis. Step 2. Consider how each of the loads affects Point A. Loads Causing Stresses at Point A. Coordinates: x=0, y= R
Load Torque, T Mast Acts as Shaft about z-axis Beam about x-axis Beam about x-axis Beam about y-axis Stress Equation for Stress at Surface. Does Pt. A "feel" this stress? Yes entire cross-section supports torque No shear stress is zero at the "top and bottom" of a beam (Points A&C) - the mast acts as a beam bending against the shear force caused by the wind Yes (tension) bending stress is maximum at "top and bottom" of beam No bending stress is zero at Centroidal Axis, about which beam is bending (the y-axis for My) Yes (compression) entire cross-section supports axial load Stress that acts at Point A

Shear Force, V

Moment, Mx

Moment, My

Axial Force, Axial W=Ws +Wm(z) Member

Point A feels three stresses: 1. shear stress due to the torque; 2. normal stress (tensile) due to the bending moment about the x-axis; 3. normal stress (compressive) due to the weight. What are the stresses at the other points?
Stress State at Pt. A

Step 3. By knowing the loads (forces, torques and moments) that occur at the cross-section, the stresses that act on the other elements can also be found: Loads Causing Stresses:
Load Torque, T Mast Acts as Torsion Member about z-axis Beam about x-axis Beam about x-axis Stress Equation Pt. A Yes Pt. B Yes Pt. C Yes Pt. D Yes Yes; opposite stress of torsion No

Shear Force, V

No

Yes

No

Moment, Mx

Yes (+)

No

Yes ()

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Moment, My Axial Force, W=Ws +Wm(z)

Beam about y-axis Axial Member

No

Yes ()

No

Yes (+)

Yes ()

Yes ()

Yes()

Yes ()

Notes on Normal Stresses: (+) means normal stress is tensile. () means normal stress is compressive. Ix and Iy are the moments of inertia about the x- and y-axes at the centroid of the crosssection, respectively. Due to symmetry they are equal. Notes on Shear Stresses: At Point B, the Shear Stresses ADD as they are in the same direction (+y-direction); At Point D, the Shear Stresses SUBTRACT - they are in opposite directions. Below, Cs = (4/3)[(Ro2 + RoRi + Ri2) / (Ro2 + Ri2)]

Top Updated: 05/21/09 DJD

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