59. The nature of 60. The subdivision of 57. The trans 58.

semantic literary & informative informative informative capacity. engineering & levels A transl usually knows a word of translation text translation. translation.
1. There are some differences that can be distinguished between literary & informative text, they are called fiction and non fiction. Literary translation deals with literary texts, it works with poetry and fiction. Its main function is to make an emotional impression for the reader. The primary task of the translation is to reproduce the quality of feelings and of emotions in this translation. 2. Informative trans refer to non- lit texts. Its main purpose is to convey a certain informative translation into the target text. Sometimes the aim can vary; sometimes the texts should reproduce only the main idea. It also depends on customer if he asks you to translate all he says you will do it. Sometimes a lit transl may contain some elements of an informative transl and vice-versa. There are a nr of genres in our literature. Lit transl also is subdivided into the same way, as each genres needs a specific arrangement, so on , if you translate poetry , prose, youll have to translate the quality of it in order to impress the reader. It requires experience & talent. Here we may differentiate: transl of scientific & technical texts, transl of newspapers material of official documents etc. trans of scientific and technical materials has the most important role to play in our age of the revolutionary technical propers. Almost every translator dealt with such kind of translation. We should have a good knowledge about terms and sufficient comprehension of the subject matter in order to be able to give an adequate description of the situation even if it is not highly achieved in the original. The newspaper texts contain a variety of slangs , stylistics devices, vulgar elements etc. American & English neologisms differ from the Russian or Moldavian counterparts because it s a thing of culture & nation, language. It is also important to distinguishhere the translation of diplomatic papers. Here every word should be carefully chosen making the translation more than particular. Journalistic & publicistic deals with social & political matter. Here also metaphor and other stylistic devise are used if he worked with it or with its particular word senses from different contexts. There are 5 different lvls of the transl informative capacity: 1. When transl associates a word meaning with a general or a practical activity: hydrophobia disease 2. The transl is able to refer the word sense to a particular class of things: hydrophobia an affection of the nervous system (disease) 3. the transl. is able to refer the word sense to a particular species of things or ideas: hydrophobia is a disease which affects people & animals & u can catch it if u are bitten by an infected dog. 4. the transl. possesses encyclopedic details of the phenomenon described by the concept in question: hydrophobia its an acute infection fatal or desease of most animals: wolves, dogs, cats. It attacks nervous system its transmitted by the byte of an infected animal. 5. in addition to encyclopedic details of the phenomena described by the concept in question. Scientific knowledge always allows a detailed description of the essential viruses in the way that it attacks the central nervous system & the translator should know when this illness was first identified , the way it was treated now & many years ago. There are some lvls of approximation in transl: 1. close approximation or equivalents that is considered to have the same meaning..ex fitter=montor, these two words can be considered equivalents in the S.T. & T. text. 2. inflectional communicative analogs that is the product of contextual engineering of senses or semantic engineering of translation. Ex. Blind trust in her luck= noroc. 3. Interpretation or descriptive definitory when it is impossible to get an equivalent. Ex: the popular new years eve TV = revelion. 4. loan translation or direct translation where the lexical item corresponds to literary one. Ex. Business moldovian style business in stil moldovenesc. 5 . reproduction of words in their original script. Ex VIP, VISA. 6. phonetic transcription or transliteration; when the transl tries to convey the sound of lexical. Ex. Notebook: duma etc. All this shit it is because of the differences in lang & the full branches of the words from the S & T languages.

47.principles of fidelity (primary information) Prim inform is the informative communication in which the sender formulates his aim as a carrier of a message for the purpose of achieving his aim: _informing to provide a piece of information, Addresses, name etc. _explaining to clarify or to explain the information _persuading - to introduce a piece of information In order to complete the sentence. For the sender communication is successful if this aim is achieved. The translator represents the sender for he does his job well, only in the case when all the information reaches the receiver. the message is not allowed to be changed completely, it may be only reformulated.

52. differences between semantic & syntactic

Lang. are reffered to different object which are designed to other words of the same lang. with which they make up stylistic units. These relations are called SEMANTIC. Words are also related to people who use them. These relations are called PRAGMATICS. SYNTAX is concerned with words and how they are combined to form phrases & sentences. e.g. the same meaning can be expressed in many ways: eg. The ability, permission, obligationcan be expressed by auxiliary meansor modal verbs- HE can go\must go \may go\ he is able to go. (semantic) 1. The Greeks who were philosophers liked to talk (all)2. The Greeks who were philosophers liked to talk there are 2 attribute clauses = in the 2 we have a describing relative clausein oral speech u can rely it only by intonation, in written by punctuation marks. (pragmatics)includes the study how the interpretation depends on the knowledge of all over the world: ex. Redhots= it is idiomatic expression it can be translated in 2 ways(crenvuste & barbat necasatorit)pragmatics differ from other that it deals only with the meaning without any references to users or function of the sentence.

46. Fidelity as phenomenon in translation/verbalizing a simple idea. 1. In English dictionary fidelity is: strict observe of promises and duties/adherence to facts, details/loyalty/accuracy conjugal faithfulness. in the theory of translation we follow the 5th mean : we speak of accuracy in translation. The main problem with fidelity of translation lies in the fact that there is no-one to one correspondence between SL and TL, there is no such a correspondence , because there are no isomorphic languages. All Existing lang. structure , lexical, syntactical structure, stylistical devices and even in pragmatics there are 3 types of equivalents: lexical equivalents - correlated words in the ST & TL . there are two types of context: A. linguistic context includes the language units of the SL B. the situational context includes the temporal , spatial & other circumstances under which the SL was produced phraseological equivalent can be found in both languages, in case when it is impossible to give word to word translation grammatical equivalents it depends on the semantic and combinability of the lexical elements , practically there no permanent grammatical elements. A. zero translation the grammatical unit isnt translated B. appropriate translation may use of a TL text , partially equivalent equivalent lacking unit of the SL 2. To clarify this idea in one class a professor presented a picture of 2 pupils speaking to each other , he asked his students to express the idea of the picture in one sentence, he saw that as they were 15 students in the group, they presented 15 different sentences the same idea messages presented under exactly identical, conditions at the same point of time , individuals sharing the same mother tongue tend to give different sentences to express this idea The result is due to the fact how the students understand the message presented to them. It depends on their language Knowledge background : knowledge of it also depends on their cultural level . all the sentences are built around the message, if different sentences can correspond to the same message, & if it is applicable in SL & TL.

53. meanings of words. Synonims

Words are also related to people who use them because people have a certain attitude to words they use. Any lang. has a wordstock of three main layers: literary, colloquial,neutral. The lit. layer has a bookish character. The colloquial has a lively spoken character which make it unstable, feting. The neutral is universal. SYNONIMS dif words same meaning. The number of sintax is great but nr. Of absolute synonym is very few. They differ in their intensivity of the expression, of the notion,of emotional colouring. There are also so called doublesynonyms:e.g. null & void=fara valoare- but there are also synonyms only in the same context but not in their general meaning.

56. types of informative text

The word-stock of any lang is varied & contains words of different layers. A translator should translate in the same style, for ex. If he translates a lit. text he should use the same style in target lang: and not change it. Some words get older(became archaism)& or change their meaning thats why the translator should know the temporary location of the text he works with. Speaking about text we distinguish literary & nonliterary texts: 1. Literary = fiction, poetic, mass-media 2. Non-Literary = scientific, technical & business text According to the communicative function of the text: 1. Juridicial 2. Progress oriented 3. Didactic instructive text 4. Copulation text 1.juridicial have a legal status (it implies the field of science, technology & law) translating it requires knowledge in both of them. Usually people who transl it are researches or science workers. Didactic text conveys info for the purpose of intellectual enrichment or practical applications. Copulation text have the communicative function of giving a review of the knowledge conveyed in the text or those 3 categories: recipients as a : encyclopedia text, dictionaries, reviews.

54. Translation & style

While speaking about English vocabulary we cannot pas over style without mentioning it. Lit. style is used by educated people. Modern stylistics distinguished the following variety of functional styles, they are: 1. Belle-letters(prose) 2. Publicistic 3. Newspaper 4. Scientific 5. Official documents The 1-3 are usually rich in stylistic devices. Stylistic devices are different from the dictionary meaning: metaphor= the transfer of qualities from an object to another, metonymy= the royals the members of royal house Irony using a word that is opposite of its usual meaning Simile a comparison that shows similarities in things that are different

55. terms & professionalisms

Its very important to know such words as term. It is very difficult to differenciate a term & a professionalism. Both belong to literary style. A term is generally very coined & accepted as being a new one. Terms are most used in works dealing with notions of some branch of science. Terms belongs to science. The PROFESSIONALISMS are words used in a definite trade or simply by a group of people connected by common interests, at work and at home.they usually designate some working process or an instrument. Proff. Is usually known to common social interest & they are monosemantic.

49. differences between interpretation & translation

Knowledge acquisition plays a great role in works of many interpretations or translations, 7 extra linguistic knowledge plays agreat role in the comprehension & reformation phrases. Some scholars say that to be a good translator in a specialized field, the trans should know the field he works is , quite well. Others argue this point 7 say that sometimes good trans are done by people whose knowledge in this or that field is meager. They say that this knowledge should be enough to do the translation, but not to act as an expert in this field of science, for ex; the trans of medical text or engineering ones should not be as well as an engineers. The one point is not argued: the point that the trasn knowledge should be enough to understand the text. He should understand the information from the text: essentially the types of information required for interpretation or translation are similar in nature & use: - terminological inform = which mean that it is necessary to understand more about SL terms, & to ree-xpress references in Tl terms: the acquisition of terminological inform is one of the most consuming type, & difficult task in trans, while it is probably also words the intellectually gratifying to most people. Although no one could fail to understand such words as: front & back , left & right, but while reading the text required for sailors, 7 singing such strings bow & stream, back & front are used. -stylistic inform= it is required for the purpose of reformulating the message in Tl. Along the same stylistic lines as those followed by native learning, writing the same type of text in TL. - extra-linguistic inform= it is required when in the s text are not sufficient to allow the trans to understand it well, in order to trans it, this may happen when the text is editorially unclear, in particular when it is ambiguous or contains mistakes, or sometimes when TL rules required explicit mention of inform that is not explicit in the Sl

50. Knowledge acquisition in written translation

Information sources can be classified in: -sources on paper (newspaper, books) -human sources(speaker) -Electronic sources The reliability of a sources is a function of 4sub-variables. -an S text written in the authors mother tongue is more reliable than one written in a non-native lang. ex. Introduction: to the book speech; - to ones traveling. -A journalists text is less reliable than a specialists one. -the same subject can be treated differently , with respect to style & terminology, depending on the type of the text, author & the readiness aimed atex. The author is writing fo the general public to explain events in a given technology which tends to use specialists terms. While technical terms written for other member of the company which employs them, may use in house terms, which cant be understood by the other members of the society & are not appropriate to other company. A case in point is the field of data procession in which each company has it own jargon; moreover some companies prefer their own list of terms used in this company. - interpretation becomes obsolete very quickly. In many special & technical fields development occur very rapidly, especially in terminology inform. When terms appear every day when sources are not up to date, all definition & equivalents may be given for the terms that have become poly-semantic or that have change in the meaning & usage. The human sources is potentially the most powerful in the world , an expert in this or that field can provide highly reliable inform more rapidly than any book or data base; themain problem with the human sources lies within the external access. a. transl dont necessary know how to reach such experts. b. experts do not always want to help the trans.

51. Knowledge acquisition in oral translation. With the respect to the minimum content of the knowledge base required for transl, interpretation differs from trans in 2 important points: -it is less demanding as regards lang correctness & terminological usage. -in conference interpretation a significant demand of interpretation is available to interpreters from the presence of experts out of the premises. It follows minimum is lower interpretation while is generally considered desirable for trans to be specialists, for interpreters is not so important, they may acquire high knowledge in this or that field.the preparation of conference can be divided in 3 stages: -advanced preparation before any conference, the interpreters should ask to give some inform preparation before the conference list of names, titles or reporters, names of companies. The more documents u get before the conference, the easier it would be for u to interpret. -briefings them the translator could ask questions on the problem he doesnt understand, to clarify the information. -last minute preparationsometimes not all documents are available before the beginning of the conference. The speaker dont have written variant of reports, they dont want to give the material to the interpreters. Its important for the interpreters to ask the organizer to present the materials to the translators booth.-- in conference preparation much information is gained during the conference itself. Partly through documents which are only handed out after it has started, partly at the conference with the participants, partly through the content of presentation & discussion, which provide them more information than the documents. Preparation as it is practiced. Advanced preparation consists of reading notes, preparation glossaries writing comments explanations on the documents themselves, or in the translators own note-book. In briefing & last minute preparation the preparation of conspectuous also comes in in-conference preparation, this is the acquisition knowledge from translation it should focus essentially on extra-emphatic knowledge & on terminological preparation.

48. Principles of fidelity (secondary information, framing...)

Primary inform is the informative communication in which the sender formulates his aim as a carrier of a message for the purpose of achieving his aim: 1. Informing; to provide a piece of information. 2.explaining to clarify or to explain information 2. Persuading to introduce a piece of information in order to complete a text. For the sender communication is successful if his aim is achieved. The translation represents the sender, for he does his job well, only in the case when all information reaches the receiver. The 1 principle of fidelity; the message is not allowed to be completely charged, it may be only reformulated. The absolute fidelity rules say that the message should always be reexpressed in the TL text.

45.components of acts of communication(content & package)

Initially an act of communication In a professional trans is connected with the aim of communicat these aims are multiplied. The aims can be informing explaining persuading but the communication speaks about different layers of communication. phatyc layers, cathartic layers,international layer. Phatyc layer consists of a small chat tolk to have built a personal relationship. Cathartic layer-it is a communication aimed on realizing emotions & informational layer means when we present the information. 1. informing aim- is to provide a piece of inform such as address, damnations of the object. 2. informing- explain the info 3. persuading-it means that text may introduce a piece of information in order to convince. In most verbal communication act, in order to achieve a goal, the sender sends a verbal signal writtenor spoken which consists of informational content or messages. In the speech the package is made up of words & linguistic structures as well as the voice & delivery plus an unverbal signal. In a written text it is composed of words linguistic structure pagely lay out graphics. Package refers to the linguistic choice made by the sender. there is mush information transmitted initially in the pakag

43. different aspects of trans activity. Transl & cultural equation.

The act of transl includes a cultural equation any literary work appears on the national ground & reflects national problems. National coloring must be reflected in the scientific & technical literature is less expressed. There are some factors which the translator should have in mind while translating from ST to TL: 1. to know & understand the every artistic figure & its natural origin. 2. To reflect the social class, plot, style, lang images to take into consideration the facts that are specific for different countries nations or arms 3. To tranmit the nature of the source text into Ttext