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6.1
A 1 A 1 A 2 = A + j 2 2 3 3 j A A z 2 t 6 t
Attenuation" Chromatic" Dispersion" Nonlinear" Effects"
Pulse Broadening
Assuming a Gaussian shaped input pulse and rst order dispersion dominates (2 0)
Optical intensity
T0
2 2 ( + " " T (z) C z % z % 2 ' = *$ 1 + + $ 22 ' 2 T0 T0 & # T0 & , )#
T(z)
2
Pulse Compression
If 2C < 0, the pulse will initially decrease!
This will happen if the
(a) the initial pulse is positively chirped and propagates in the anomolous dispersion regime of the ber OR
(b) if the pulse is initially negatively chirped and propagates in the normal dispersion regime of the ber
Optical intensity
zmin
Tmin
T0
zmin
C # =! LD "1 + C 2 $ T0
T(z)
Tmin =
ECE 228A Daniel J. Blumenthal
(1 + C 2 )
6.4
Chromatic Dispersion
The two terms 2 and 3 of the previous equation are the derivative of the mode propagation constant ()
The meaning of () is clear when considering a single pulse propagation
n( ) 1 1 ( ) = = 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 c 2 6 c p = 0 = 0 n( 0 )
1 ' d g = =% 1 % & d $ " " = 0 #
1
g
p
0
Group Delay
0
Group delay
0
g = g =
L g c ng
Group velocity
The group delay effective index ng is approx. of the same order of the index of refraction of the ber, i.e. , ng =1.5
As an example, the (group) delay of 100 Km of ber is given by:
L Lng 105 1.5 g = = = 500 s 8 g c 3 10
vg =
ECE 228A Daniel J. Blumenthal
c 2 108 m / s ng
6.6
A more quantitative analysis can be carried out by considering that the ber acts as a lter with the following transfer function:
This equation is obtained after some mathematical manipulation that extracts the absolute group delay
The coefcient 2 and 3 are evaluated on the pulse central frequency/wavelength 0
A( z , ) = A(0, ) e
& # j$ 2 2 + 3 3 ! z 2 % 2 "
6.7
T0
T0+T
T = L 2
where is the spectrum occupied by the pulse
2 is the dispersion (material and waveguide) of the ber
ECE 228A Daniel J. Blumenthal
6.8
Ai i 2 2 n ( ) = 1 + 2 2 i =1 i
A1 = 0.401040;
1 = 0.064270;
A2 = 0.521885;
2 = 0.129408;
A3 = 0.904048;
3 = 9.425478;
index of refraction vs. wavelength 1.4695 1.469 1.4685 1.468 1.4675 1.467 1.4665 1.466 1.4655 1.465 1.4645 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 wavelength (microns) 1.5 1.55 1.6
6.9
D (ps/nm/km)
d + ) 1 D= d ) * g
1.2
1.25
1.5
1.55
1.6
ZD
ECE 228A Daniel J. Blumenthal
6.10
Group-Velocity Dispersion
The index of the mode is dependent on the wavelength (i.e. the ber is dispersive).
Two components: material dispersion and waveguide dispersion.
These contribute to phase index.
The group index is given by
n ng = n + 2c d 2 2c D= 2 = 2 2 2 d
Units are ps/ (km-nm) ECE 228A Daniel J. Blumenthal
p.40
6.11
From a mathematical point of view, it is easier to handle equations dealing with 2 and optical frequency
It is also convenient to specify dispersion in terms of optical wavelength
The D parameter is
d + ) 1 D= d ) * g
6.12
D = 2C/2 2 [ps/nm-km]!
Physical meaning: given two wavelengths separated by , their different group velocities give rise to a (group) delay between the two components given by
delay=D L
The gaussian pulse spread, in terms of D, is given by:
T = L D
where is the spectral width of the gaussian pulse
6.13
Waveguide dispersion
Even for an ideal material with constant index of refraction, the solution of the Maxwell equation for a single mode propagating into a ber gives a frequency-dependent ()
This waveguide effects depends on the prole of the index of refraction of the ber
6.14
This formula can be used to derive dispersion limits in several different transmission scenarios
D.
Marcuse, Applied Optics, Vol. 19, p. 1653, 1980 and Vol. 20, p. 3573, 1981.
6.15