CASTLES OF THE MOREA IN 1467 W.

McLEOD / TORONTO From the early years of the First Veneto-Turkish War (1463-1479) there survive four Venetian lists of castles in the Peloponnese. One, entitled Dichiarazione di tutta la Morea, fatta nel 1471, was transcribed by Andreas Moustoxydes (1785-1860), and published by J.-A. Buchon, Recherches historiques sur la Principaute franaise de Moree et ses hautes Baronnies (Paris 1845) I> 1 The others, two of 1463 and one of 1467, come from the manuscript Annali Veneti of Stefano Magno (1500-1572); they were published by Charles Hopf, Chroniques greco-romanes inedites ou peu connues (Berlin 1873) 202-206. All four lists drew upon official documents no longer extant. The first editors recognized that some day they would be of inestimable value for students of the geography of the mediaeval Peloponnese; perhaps they did not foresee how far off that time would be. All four lists have recently been republished by Antoine Bon, La Moree franque (B. E. F. A. R. 213, 1969)693-694. His RecherchesTopographiques make telling use of them; he identifies many sites, and lets us understand the lists s never before. We can now see that three of them are organized in a logical order. Of the fourth, that of 1467, Bon says, "l'ordre geographique semble moins rigoureux" (454). Yet even it can be brought to heel. For if the names identified by Bon are tabulated, and others are added which resemble modern toponyms, it becomes clear that Stefano Magno (or his apographer) had before him a list with the places geographically arranged in vertical columns. Not perceiving the fact, he transcribed them horizontally, thus effectively masking any rational progression, The strongest argument for this hypothesis is the mere fact that it reduces the names to a sensible order. But there are welcome confirmations. Formerly the rubric Questi fin qui sono di Coranto was appended to a series of names covering an embarrassingly wide area, extending s far west s the castle of Saint Omer (S. Damerf) at the rim of the plain of Elis, and including even Patras; in the list s reconstituted, this label follows a smaller group of names, corresponding to the old Castellany of Corinth. Equally striking, again and again blocks of names in the restored list of 1467 coincide with the order in the other lists. If we grasp this new key, it may enable us to locate and perhaps identify more of the strongholds of the fifteenth Century Peloponnese. As a first Step in this direction, the list is set forth below, restored to its archetypal order. Then follows a commentary, which treats the individual sites region

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by region, s they appear in the list; it records proposals for the identification of most of the names. To avoid any possible ambiguity, sites are located by reference to the nearest modern settlement; the present local administrative divisions are specified fully, so that the toponyms may be found on a large-scale map of modern Greece. If a mediaeval fortification has been reported at or near the site, the fact is duly noted. The commentary relies heavily, s we all must henceforward, on Professor Bon's magnum opus\ it also rehearses many details from a recent book by a diligent amateur, Joannes Sphekopoulos. They will provide the interested reader with references to the older literature. For each region a final paragraph summarizes the geographical order of the sites, quotes parallels from the other lists, and suggests the general location of the unidentified names. The writer assumes that several entries in the list are corrupt: Pazoda for Payada (col. l, 6); Alinori for Aginori (col. 1,7); Diacastro for Diacofto (col. 2, i); Chestena for Phostena (col. 3, 6); Guevano for Grevano (col. 3, 10); Piada for Piana (col. 2, 18); Limisana for Dimisana (col. 3, 16); Tradici for Gradici (col. 2, 36). It wants no great Imagination to see how these names were miscopied, unfamiliar s they were to the Venetian Chancery scribes or to Stefano Magno. The editio princeps was copied from an apograph of Stefano Magno in the Imperial Library of Vienna, Ms. Foscarini no. 6216, fol. 394 v.-395 v.; but Hopf adds (205, n. 3), "Le meme catalogue se trouve aussi dans: Stefano Magno, Cronaca Veneta (Cod. Marcian. Ital. Cl. VII, no. 518), Tom. VI, fol. 38v.~39r. et date de 1469 dans les 'Genealogica varia* (Cod. Marcian. Ital. Cl. VII, no. 90), fol. 31 r. v." The present note depends entirely on the published transcriptions, without inspection of the Originals.1
1 This note was prepared while the writer was Holding a Canada Council Leave Fellowship in Athens. He wishes to express his gratitude to Professor Antoine Bon for encouragement. The following works are cited by the names of their authors: Alberghetti = Breve descrizzione corografica del Peloponneso o Morea, con l'origine de primi habitanti, serie de prencipi, titolo di ciascheduna provincia, possessori di quelle, natura de paesi, costumi de popoli, principio e fine d'ogni loro avvenimento, con suoi testi latini, con geroglifici, imprese, medaglie, & armi gentilitie d'ogni provincia: Estratta dal volume di D. Pier' Antonio Pacifico; Aggiuntovi la Notizia delle quattro provincie, divise in ventiquattro territorii, con li nomi topografici delle ville, fatta dal Sig. Giusto Alberghetti (Venice 1704) 117-135; Kevin Andrews, Castles of the Morea (Gennadeion Monographs 4, Princeton 1953); Antoine Bon, La Moree franque: Recherches historiques, topographiques, et archeologiques sur la principaute d'Acha'ie (1205-1430) (B. E. F. A. R. 213, Paris 1969); Demetrius J. Georgacas-William A. McDonald, Place Names of Southwest Peloponnesus: Register and Indexes (Supplement to Peloponnesiaka vol. 6; Athens 1967); J. Longnon - P. Topping, Documents sur le Regime des Terres dans la principaute de Moree au xive siecle (Documents et Recherches sur Teconomie des pays byzantins, islamiques, et slaves, et leurs relations commerciales au moyen ge 9; Paris 1969); Joannes Th. Sphekopoulos, (Athens 1968). For the current names of communities in Greece, the writer has followed the official list published by the National Statistical Service of Greece, ,

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[Fol. 394 v] 1467 de settembrio questi sono Castelli sono in la Morea; quelli hanno davanti una f sono della Signoria, et quelli hanno R sono rovinadi, el res to sono del Turco.
Coranto. Vasilica. [Fol. 395 r] S. Zorzi Tropico. R S. Vassili. R Silo Castro. Pazoda. R Alinori. R Fanari. f R Damala. R Angelo Castro. Sero Castelia. Questi fin qui sono di Coranto. Greban. R Aito. R S. Lauro. R Janina. Arcadia. R Neocastro. R Loi R Adruisa. R Spedal. R Lila. ^R Apidimia. t R Maina. "j* R Calamita. R Stamiro. [Fol. 395 v] f Chilidoni. f Vumero. Cusibeni. R Diacastro. R Vistizza. R Listrena. Selmenico. Patras. R Saravali. R Sidro Castro. Curnaro Castro. Castrizzi. Paulo Castro. R Camenonia. Riolo. Mucli. Tricalia. Tarses. Gardichi. S. Elia.

R F nea. Calavita. R Calandrezza. R Chestena. Selevizza. S. Dameri. Pertes. Guevano. Xironeo Castro. S. Biasio.

10

R R R R f R "f* R R R

Ajuto pandatoria Casali. Trisotenia. Zipiana. Proiteri. Acoua. Limisana. Droboliza. Caricena. Silimo. S. Zorzi Scorta. Piada. Tavia. Lendari. Arziro castro. f R Diracchi. Posenichi. Gordichi salo. Candela Catafigo. R Acovo. Vestra Catrona. Siminia Casal. Longanico. Castelli. Ruballo. Chiaramonte. f Olena. Arvano Castro. Fanari. R Diminiza. R Vunargo.

15

20

25 (25)

Acumba. R Mondriza. R Zoia.

, , 1961, 31. 12. 1961 (Athens 1963) The following additional abbreviations are used: d. = demos; e. = eparchia; k. = koinotes; M K = mediaeval fortification; n. = nomos; v. = village or settlement; 1463 A = Stefano Magno's first list of 1463; 14636 = Stefano Magno's second list of 1463; 1471 = Moustoxydes' list of 1471 (in which an asterisk denotes castles in Venetian hands; r. = rovinata).

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Demeco. Gardizi. R Spoliza. t Serenes. f R Castri. f Verdonia. Misitra. Asopes. f Vadica. t Arnavilla. t RJanizza.

f &e Iveder. Crivo Cori. Strovizi. R Manconico. R Lico castro. R Teologo. Tradici grando. Zerachi. f R Ales Linidi. f Mantegna. f Comusta villa.

Araclavo. R Paria. Sidro Castro. f f *)* R R f t f

30

Malvasia. Astro. Astrizi. 35 Platanos villa. Gariposti overo Garipoli. CochichiaoverColichitia. Mainagrande. Lefco. 40

ARGOLIDOCORINTHIA (col. i, 1-12) Coranto: Archaia Korinthos (formerly Palaia Korinthos), v. and k., e. Korinthia, n. Korinthia. On the M K, see Antoine Bon, "The Medieval Fortifications of Acrocorinth and Vicinity," Corinth II 1.2: The Defenses of Acrocorinth and the Lower Town (Cambridge, Mass. 1936) 128-281. Vasilica: Vasilikon (now Sikyon), v. and k., e. Korinthia, n. Korinthia. M K not preserved; Bon 481-482; Sphekopoulos 72. S. Zorzi Tropico: Hagios Georgios (now Nemea), v. and k., e. Korinthia, n. Korinthia. M K about two kilometres south, on the summit of Mount Panagia (formerly Polyphengos); Bon 482-483, 648. Cf. S. Zorzi Scorta (col. 3, 18). S. Vassili: Hagios Vasileios, v. and k., e. Korinthia, n. Korinthia. M K south of the village; Bon 483-484, 635-636, with plan, pl. 128. Silo Castro: Xylokastron, v. and k., e. Korinthia, n. Korinthia. M K not preserved; Sphekopoulos 79. Pazoda: ? Piada (now Nea Epidauros), v. and k., e. Nauplia, n. Argolis. The village is built on the south slope of a hill which bears at its top a M K; Bon 485-486; LongnonTopping 257-258; Sphekopoulos 110-111. Alinori'. ? Hagionorion, v. and k., e. Korinthia, n. Korinthia. M K described by Bon 658-661 with plan, fig. 21; cf. 483-484. Fanari: Ano Phanarion, v. and k., e. Troizenia, n. Peiraieus. The village is built on the slope of a hill which is crowned by a classical fortification reused in mediaeval times; Bon 490; Sphekopoulos 116-117. Cf. Fanari (col. 3, 27). Damala: Samalas (now Troizen), v. and k., e. Troizenia, n. Peiraieus. M K less than a kilometre west of the village, at the summit of the ancient acropolis; Bon 490-491, 648; Sphekopoulos 114-115. Plan (schematized), Gabriel Welter, Troizen und Kalaureia (Berlin 1941) pl. 2. Angelo Castro: Angelokastron, v. and k., e. Korinthia, n. Korinthia. The village is built on the slope of an ancient acropolis which later served s a M K; Bon 484, 662; Longnon-Topping 258; Sphekopoulos 75-76. Sero Castelia: Xerokasteli was the unofficial name in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries of the Monastery of Hagios Demetrios (also known s Karakala), in the k. Hagios Hadrianos, e. Nauplia, n. Argolis (Zakythenos, Hellenika 4 [1931] 387; LongnonTopping 258). In the early nineteenth Century the name Xero-Castelli was also applied to the classical fortification now known s Kasarma, four and a half kilometres southeast of the monastery (J.-A. Buchon, La Grece continentale et la Moree [Paris 1843] 376-377); the fortification was evidently used in the mediaeval period; Bon 485; Sphekopoulos 106-107.

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Questi fin gut sono di Coranto. [The area covered in these twelve entries corresponds roughly to the Castellany of Corinth under the Acciaiuoli; see the accounts of the Castellany in 1365, Longnon-Topping 157-192, and the list of its castles in 1377, Bon 691. The Castellany did not extend so far northwest (Xylokastro), nor southeast (Phanari, Damala). The present catalogue follows no particular order, except t hat the five castles to the northwest precede the six to the southeast. Cf. Coranto - Vasco - San-Zorzi Tropico Vassili, rovin. - Sillo-Castro, rov. - Lirota - Altori, r. (1471); Vasilica sivl Valica S. Zorzi Tropico (i403A).] NORTHERN ACHAIA (col. 2, 1-12) Diacastro'. ? Diakopton, v. and k., e. Aigialeia, n. Achaia. Sphekopoulos 134 tentatively locates the M K at the v. Kastron, five and a half kilometres south, where Ernst Meyer had noted an ancient city wall and a mediaeval building (Peloponnesische Wanderungen [Z rich 1939] 135). Vistizza: Vostitsa (now Aigion), d., e. Aigialeia, n. Achaia. One of the original eleven baronies of the Principality. M K not preserved; Bon 463-466; Sphekopoulos 135-137. Listrena'. N. G. Lekkas, , - (Athens 1916) 93-96, n. l, associates the name with a hill east of the v. Graikas, in the homonymous k., e. Aigialeia, n. Achaia; cf. Sphekopoulos 138-139. Selmenico'. Salmenikos, w. (Ano, Kato) and k., e. Patrai, n. Achaia. Lekkas, op. cit. 64-74, associates the name with an acropolis above the region of Mesochori, close to Ano Salmenikos; cf. Sphekopoulos 140-142. Patras'. Patrai, d., e. Patrai, n. Achaia. One of the eleven original baronies. On the M K, see Bon 670-673, with plan, fig. 23; cf. 449-453. Saravali'. Saravalion, v. and k., e. Patrai, n. Achaia; Bon 454. Sphekopoulos 159-160 reports a M K at the west of the village. Sidro Castro: Siderokastro, noted on the map of the Expedition scientifique de Moree, near the Monastery of Omplos, k. Krene, e. Patrai, n. Achaia. The name is no longer current; Bon 454; Sphekopoulos 161-162. Cf. Sidro Castro (col. 3, 32). Curnaro Castro'. Pournarokastron, v. in k. Elikistra, e. Patrai, n. Achaia; Bon 455; Sphekopoulos 157-158. Alberghetti 121 gives Curnaro-Castro s a villa in the Territorio di Patrasso. Castrizzi: Kastritsion, w. and kk. (Ano, Kato), e. Patrai, n. Achaia; Bon 455; Sphekopoulos 146. Paulo Castro'. Pavlokastron, v. in k. Thea (formerly Tsaplanaiika), e. Patrai, n. Achaia. The map of the Expedition scientifique de Moree notes a palaiokastro on the hill to the east; Bon 454; Sphekopoulos 163. Camemonia'. Kamenitsa, v. in k. Alissos, e. Patrai, n. Achaia. M K not preserved; Bon 454-455; Sphekopoulos 164. Riolo: Riolos, v. and k., e. Patrai, n. Acha'ia. M K not preserved; Bon 333; Sphekopoulos 167. [The twelve entries are arranged in a line across northern Achaia from the borders of Corinthia to the confines of Elis, with a single loop in the vicinity of Patras. Cf. Dracofeo, r. -Justizza, r. (1471); Listrena, r. - Salmenico - Patrasso - Sanavalli - Sidero-Castro Cuzanaro-Castro - Castrizi (1471); Sidero Castro - Camero Castro vel Cumero Castro (1463 A); Paulo-Castro - Camomenitza, r. (1471).] SOUTHERN ACHAIA (col. 3, 1-12) Tricalia'. Trikala, w. and kk. (Ano, Kato, Mese Synoikia Trikalon), e. Korinthia, n. Korinthia. Tarses'. Tarsos, vv. (Ano, Kato) and k. (Kato), e. Korinthia, n. Korinthia. M K not preserved; Sphekopoulos 78.
24 Byant. Zeitschrift (65) 1972

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I- Abteilung Fonea: Phonias (now Panorama), v. and k., e. Korinthia, n. Korinthia. A ruined tower is noted by Sphekopoulos 77-78. Calavita: Kalavryta, d., e. Kalavryta, n. Achaia. One of the eleven original baronies. The M K of Tremola, two kilometres east, is described by Bon 634, with plan, pl. 116; cf. 466-469. Calandrezza: Chalandritsa, v. and k., e. Patrai, n. Achaia. One of the eleven original baronies. The only vestige of the M K is a tower in the village; Bon 458-461; Sphekopoulos 181-182. Chestena: ? Phostaina, v. and k., e. Patrai, n. Achaia; Bon 458. Selevizza: tmidentified. Stellt Levizza vel Seliviza (1463 A); Salluizza (1471). S. Dameri: Santomerion, v. and k., e. Patrai, n. Achaia. On the MK, see Bon 342-343, 646-648; Longnon-Topping 236; Sphekopoulos 173-175. Pertes: Portes (now Portai), v. and k., e. Patrai, n. Achaia. M K not preserved; Bon 343; Sphekopoulos 175. Guevano: Grevenon (now Spartia), v. and k., e. Patrai, n. Acha'ia; Bon 343; Sphekopoulos 178. Xironeo Castro: unidentified. Xerso (1471). S. Biasio: Hagios Vlasios, v. in k. Glastra (formerly Vrostena), e. Kalavryta, n. Achaia. [The ten identified places are in a line which begins by running roughly from east to west from the western Corinthia to the edge of Elis; it then turns south and returns eastward. Cf. Farcalle - Farsas - Foura, r. Callarita (1471); Calladrizza - Postena (1471); Salluizza - Sandameri - Portes - Greveno - Xerso - San Biaso (1471); Santameri vel Santomari - Porsos vel Pertes (1463 A). Of the unidentified places, Selevizza should be in western Achaia, south of Phostaina and north of Santomerion; Xironeo Castro, in southern Achaia, east of Grevenon and west of Hagios Vlasios.] LOCATION UNCERTAIN (col. 4, 1-2) Gardicht: unidentified. Cf. Gordicht salo (col. 3, 21); Gardizi (col. l, 31); Tradici grando (col. 2, 36). S. E Ha: unidentified. [The names Gardiki and Hagios Elias are both common in Greece. The former is derived from a Slavonic word meaning "fortification"; see Max Vasmer, Die Slaven in Griechenland (Abh. Berlin, Phil.-Hist., 1941, no. 12) index, s. v. The latter is particularly associated with heights. Both occur in Messenia: a village Hagios Elias, now no longer cxtant, is noted on the map of the Expedition scientifique de Moree, in k. Chandrinos, e. Pylia (Bon 432-433); and the name Gardiki was formerly given to vv. (Ano, Kato) and k. (now officially called Ampheia), e. Kalamai (Bon 423-424; Sphekopoulos 317-318). But it is likely that the two names occurred also in other regions. In 1471, the names Gardicht - Skalia immediately follow San Biasio; this might indicate that the sites are to be sought in southern Achaia.] MESSENIA (col. i, 13-25) Greban: Krebene, a height above Melpeia, w. and kk. (Ano, Kato), e. Messene, n. Messenia. The nearby MK is described by Bon 654; cf. 440-441; Longnon-Topping 244-245. Aito: Aitos (officially Aetos), v. and k., e. Triphylia, n. Messenia. South of the village is a MK, described by Bon 650, with plan, fig. 16; cf. 417; Georgacas-McDonald no. 303. S. Lauro: Saflaouros, the name of a height with a M K, in k. Koromelea, e. Messene, n. Messenia; Bon 439; Georgacas-McDonald no. 6999. Janina: unidentified. Tonava vel Janina (1463 A).

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Arcadia: Arkadia (now Kyparissia), d., e. Triphylia, n. Messenia. On the M K, see Bon 669-670, with plan, pl. 99; cf. 412-414; Georgacas-McDonald no. 677. Neocastro: The Frankish castle of Chteau neuf; almost certainly to be identified with the M K immediately north of Mila, v. and k., e. Messene, n. Messenia; Bon 656-658 with plan, fig. 19; cf. 439-440; Longnon-Topping 242. Lot: Loi (now Diodia), v. and k., e. Messene, n. Messenia. M K not preserved; Sphekopoulos 315-316; Georgacas-McDonald no. 4153. Adruisa: Androusa, d., e. Messene, n. Messenia. M K described by Bon 637-639 with plan, pl. 94; cf. 411-412. Spedal: Spitalion, v. and k., e. Messene, n. Messenia. Lila: Nesi (now Messene), d., e. Messene, n. Messenia. M K not preserved; Bon 410-411. Apidimia: Pedema, v. and k., e. Kalamai, n. Messenia. M K described by Bon 654-656 with plan, fig. 18; cf. 438-439Maina: Mikromane, v. and k., e. Kalamai, n. Messenia; Bon 438; Longnon-Topping 246. Cf. Maina grande (col. 3, 39). Calamita: Kalamata (the old name has now officially replaced Kalamai), d., e. Kalamai, n. Messenia. On the M K, see Bon 666-668 with plan, pl. 92; cf. 408-410. [The twelve identified sites are arranged roughly from north to south, from the edge of Triphylia to the edge of the Mani; a line joining them makes a loop at Kyparissia, and then proceeds southeastward in an irregulr zigzag. Cf. Pidimia - Maina Calamata (1463 B). The site of Janina should be towards northwestern Messenia, east of Kyparissia and west of Saflaouros.] EASTERN ARCADIA (col. 2, 13-25) Mucli: Palaiomouchli, a mountain on the border between k. Achladokampos, e. Argos, n. Argolis, and k. Hagiorgitika, e. Mantineia, n. Arkadia. On the MK, see Bon 524; Sphekopoulos 122-126. Zipiana: Tsipiana (now Nestane), v. and k., e. Mantineia, n. Arkadia. Proiteri: unidentified. Droboliza: Tripolitsa (now Tripolis), d., e. Mantineia, n. Arkadia. M K not preserved; Sphekopoulos 208. Silimo: Silimna, v. and k., e. Mantineia, n. Arkadia. Nearby is a MK; Bon 405-406; Sphekopoulos 247. Piada: ? Piana, v. and k., e. Mantineia, n. Arkadia. Nearby is a MK; Bon 406; Sphekopoulos 221-222. Tavia: Davia, v., in k. Tselepakos, e. Mantineia, n. Arkadia. Nearby, a MK; Bon 406; Sphekopoulos 220. Arziro Castro: Argyrokastro, a mountain above Magouliana, v. and k., e. Gortynia, n. Arkadia. There is a MK here; Bon 404-405; 648; Sphekopoulos 213-214. Posenichi: Bezenikos (now Vlacherna), v. and k., e. Mantineia, n. Arkadia. Four kilometres west is a M K, identified s Bocenico; Bon 403-404; Sphekopoulos 210-211. Candela Catafigo: Kandela, v. and k., e. Mantineia, n. Arkadia; Sphekopoulos 127-128. Vestra Catrona: ? Palaiokatouna, v. in k. Mostitsion (now Drymos), e. Kalavryta, n. Acha'ia. Castelli: Kastellion, v. and k., e. Kalavryta, n. Achaia. Sphekopoulos 193-194 reports aMK. Ruballo: Rouvali (now Nea Chora), v. and k., e. Kynouria, n. Arkadia (but see the next paragraph).

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[Of the identified sites, the first eleven are arranged roughly from south to north, beginning near the border with the Argolid above Lerna, then swinging west, north, and east, and returning northwest to the edge of Achaia. The twelfth site is situated south of the beginning of the line - a fact which may lead to reservations about its Identification. Chalcocondyles 445.18 Bonn records a fortress of Roupele in Phliasia, captured by the Sultan in 1458; the notice is unique, the site is unidentified, but the location is right. Cf. Castelli, r. - Rubelli (1471). The unknown site of Proiteri should be near the plain of Mantineia, southwest of Nestane and northeast of Tripolis.] WESTERN ARCADIA (col. 3, entries 13-24) Ajutopandatoria Casali: this rubric, or pair of names, Aito-Pedetoria - Casalli, recurs in 1471 betwten Justzzza (Vostitsa) and Listrena, which are both in northern Achaia. Trisotenia: Tripotama vel Trisetenia (1463 A): Tripotama, w. (Tripotama, Ano T., Kato T.), in k. Psophis, e. Kalavryta, n. Achaia. On the ancient fortification, reused in mediaeval times, see Bon 401-402, 662. Acoua: Akova, one of the original eleven baronies. Generally recognized in a hill near Vyzikion, v. and k., e. Gortynia, n. Arkadia. The name Akoves was applied to the vicinity into the nineteenth Century. On the M K, see Bon 634-635, with plan, pl. 83; cf. 393-396. Limisana: ? Demetsana, v. and k., e. Gortynia, n. Arkadia. Ancient, but no mediaeval, remains are reported; Sphekopoulos 222. Caricena: Karitaina, one of the eleven baronies. v. and k., e. Gortynia, n. Arkadia. On the M K see Bon 629-633 with plan, pl. 66; cf. 366-369. S. Zorzi Scorta: The castle of Saint George in Skorta is discussed by Bon 386-389. He hesitates between two candidates: Ai Psilo Georgi, a M K between Kourounios, v. and k., e. Gortynia, n. Arkadia and Ano Karyai, v. and k., e. Megalopolis, n. Arkadia; and Hagios Georgios or Stala, in k. Lykosoura, e. Megalopolis, n. Arkadia. He inclines to the latter; in a brief paper Thanos Vaghenas, "Three Castles of the Morea Identified," Neo-Hellenika l (1970) 23-29, argues vigorously for the former. Lendari: Leontarion, v. and k., e. Megalopolis, n. Arkadia. M K noted, Bon 646; Sphekopoulos 243. Diracchi: Dirrachion, v. and k., e. Megalopolis, n. Arkadia. Sphekopoulos 248 notes a M K, now called Paliopyrgos, two kilometres east of the village. Gordicht salo: Gradizzi-Piccolo (1471): The name Gardiki is applied by Buchen, La Grece continentale et la Moree 486-488, to a M K in the vicinity known in his time s Kokkala, in k. Merope, e. Messene, n. Messenia; Bon 423-425; Longnon-Topping 244. Acovo: Akovos, v. and k., e. Megalopolis, n. Arcadia. Siminia Casal: unidentified. Semiza-Casal (1471). Longanico: Longanikos v. and k., e. Lakedaimon, n. Lakonia; Bon 512; Sphekopoulos 362-363. [The ten identified sites are arranged roughly from north to south; the first seven are in a straight line, which then Swings west, and finally crosses over to the east, ending in northern Laconia. Both candidates for Saint George in Skorta fit equally well. Cf. AcoraDimizana - Caritena - San-Zorzi (1471); Caritena vel Carizena - S. Zorzi de Scorta (i463A); Vendari - Dirachi* - Gradizzi-Piccolo (1471); Semiza-Casal - Longatigo* (1471). Siminia Casal might best be sought in the south of this region, northeast of Akovos and southwest of Longanikos.] ELIS AND TRIPHYLIA (cols. i and 2, 26-32; col. 3, 25-32) Stamiro: a well attested Frankish castle. Alberghetti 124 gives Stamerb Canzides s a villa in the Territorio di Gastugni. The name is no longer current; but it was probably located somewhere in the Elean plain; Bon 336-337. Chilidoni: Chelidonion, v. and k., e. Eleia, n. Eleia. MK not preserved; Bon 344; Sphekopoulos 277.

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Vumero: Goumeron, v. and k., e. Eleia, n. Eleia. On a nearby hill called Palaiokastro is a MK; Bon 344; Sphekopoulos 274-276. Cusibeni: unidentified. Demeco : unidentified. Gardizi: Garditsa (now Perivolia), v. and k., e. Olympia, n. Eleia; Georgfacas-McDonald no. 1321. Spoliza: Pavlitsa (now Phigaleia), v. and k., e. Olympia, n. Eleia; Bon 337-338; Georgacas-McDonald no. 6271. Arvano Castro: Alvaina (now Minthe), v. and k., e. Olympia, n. Eleia. If so, the MK is probably the one known s Chrysouli, described by Bon 648-649 with plan, fig. 15; cf. 374; Sphekopoulos 291-296; Georgacas-McDonald no. 337. Acumba: Paliakoumba, the name of a height above Platiana (now Platana), v. and k. e. Olympia, n. Eleia. There is a MK here; Bon 391, 648; Sphekopoulos 288-290; Georgacas-McDonald no. 5872. Mondriza: Moundritsa (now Gryllos), v. and k., e. Olympia, n. Eleia. M K not preserved; Bon 349; Sphekopoulos 300; Georgacas-McDonald no. 4934. Zoia: Tzogias (now Prasinon), v. and k., e. Eleia, n. Eleia. M K not preserved; Bon 346-347; Sphekopoulos 302-303. Belveder: the Frankish castle of Beauvoir, near Katakolon, v. and k.,e. Eleia, n. Eleia. On the castle, see Bon 663-665 with plan, fig. 22; cf. 328-330. Crivo Cori: the Frankish castle of Creve Coeur; identified with the ruins on the summit of Mount Palaiokastro, on the border between k. Phanarion and k. Linistaina, e. Olympia, n. Eleia; Bon 388, 648; Sphekopoulos 297-298. Strovizi: Strovitsi (now Lepreon), v. and k., e. Olympia, n. Eleia. M K not preserved; but the hill of Hagios Demetrios, southeast of the village, is a likely site for it; Bon 389; Longnon-Topping 239-240; Georgacas-McDonald no. 7537. Chiaramonte: the castle of Clermont (Chlemoutsi), in the v. and k. Kastron, e. Eleia, n. Eleia. On the MK, see Bon 608-629 with plans, PL 33-35; cf. 325-328. Olena: Olene, v. and k., e. Eleia, n. Eleia. On the M K, see Bon 652; cf. 344-346; Sphekopoulos 273-274. Fanari: Palaiophanaro, a height in k. Phrixa, e. Olympia, n. Eleia. M K not preserved: Bon 347-348; Longnon-Topping 238; Georgacas-McDonald no. 6027. Diminiza: ? Dimenistra, toponym near Graikas, v. and k., and again near Zakha (now Kallithea), v. and k.,both in e. Olympia, n. Eleia; Georgacas-McDonald nos. 1908-1909. Vunargo: Vounargon, v. and k., e. Eleia, n. Eleia. M K not reported; Bon 337; Sphekopoulos 272. Araclavo: the well documented castle of Araklovon; its location is disputed. After a fll review of the evidence for its position and the previous proposals for its identification, Bon concludes that the necessary conditions are best met by a MK near Smerna, v. and k., e. Olympia, n. Eleia; described by Bon 646 with plan, fig. 14; cf. 369-377, Thanos Vaghenas, "Three castles of the Morea identified," Neo-Hellenika \ (1970) 23-29, writing before Bon's book was available, identifies Araklovon with the MK of Liodoros, near v. Palaiokastron, k. Sarakinion (formerly Palaiokastron), e. Gortynia, n. Arkadia. Poria: ? Poria, a toponym near Strovitsi (Lepreon), v. and k., e. Olympia, n. Eleia; Georgacas-McDonald no. 6589. Sidro Castro: Siderokastron, v. and k., e. Triphylia, n. Messenia. On the M K, see Bon 390-391, 648; Longnon-Topping 240; Sphekopoulos 308-309; Georgacas-McDonald no. 7063. [The order of names here is less clear than in the earlier parts of the list. Col. l begins with three sites in the northeast of Elis, which are followed by two unrecognizable names;

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Col. 2 begins with five places towards the south of Elis and in northern Triphylia, in a line from south to north. In Col. 3 the first five names are in a group situated between the names at the beginning of Col. l, and those et the beginning of Col. 2. The last two names of Col. i, the last two of Col. 2, and the last three of Col. 3, are all in the extieme south of Triphylia, if one accepts Bon's identification of Araklovon. Cf. Stamero vel Stamiro - Chilidoni vel Clidoni- Vumeri(\46^ A; in inverse order); Chilidoni~ Vumero (1463 B). One might look for Cusibeni and Demeco in the northeast of Elis.] LACONIA (Cols. i, 2, and 3, 33-40) Serenes: Serones vel Seraphena (14633): ? Zaraphona (now Kallithea), v. and k., e. Lakedaimon, n. Lakonia. On the M K, see Bon 512, 661. Castri: Kastrion, v. in k. Kastoreion, e. Lakedaimon, n. Lakonia. The M K is mentioned by Bon 512; Sphekopoulos 365-366. Verdonia: Vordonia, v. and k., e. Lakedaimon, n. Lakonia. Traces of MK; Sphekopoulos 364-365. Misitra: Mystras, v. and k., e. Lakedaimon, n. Lakonia. On the castle see Bon 639-642, with plan, pl. 142; 500-501. Asopes: ? Asopos, an ancient city on the peninsula of of Xyli, k. Pappadianika, e. Epidauros Limera, n. Lakonia; Pausanias 3.22.9 and Frazer III 382; Sphekopoulos 390. Vadica: Vatika (now Neapolis), v. and k., e. Epidauros Limera, n. Lakonia; M K, Sphekopoulos 391; Heien Waterhouse-R. Hope Simpson, B. S. A. 56 (1961) 144. Arna villa: Arna, v. and k., e. Lakedaimon, n. Lakonia. Janizza: Gianitsa (now Elaiochorion), v. and k., e. Kalamai, n. Messenia. Manconico: unidentified. Mayayiado vel Maconico (1463 A); Moncinuiaco (1471). Lico Castro: Sphekopoulos 363-364 applies the name Lykokastron to the ancient fortification of Sellasia, on the hill of Hagios Konstantinos, east of the v. Vroulias (now Sellasia), in the homonymous k., e. Lakedaimon, n. Lakonia. The ancient fortification was reused in mediaeval times. Teologo: Theologos, k. (with v., Hagios Joannes Theologos), e. Lakedaimon, n. Lakonia. Tradici grando: presumably Gardici Grando. Possibly Gardiki (now Anavryton), v. and k., e. Megalopolis, n. Arkadia. Zerachi: Geraki, one of the eleven original baronies. Gerakion, v. and k., e. Lakedaimon, n. Lakonia. On the M K, see Bon 642-645 with plan, fig. 13; cf. 510511. Ales Linidi: Leonidion, d., e. Kynouria, n. Arkadia; Sphekopoulos 202. Mantegna: Mantineia, vv. (Mikra, Megale) and k. (Mikra), e. Kalamai, n. Messenia. M K not preserved; Sphekopoulos 329. Comusta villa: Koumousta (now Pentavloi), v. in k. Xerokampion, e. Lakedaimon, n. Lakonia. Malvasia: Monemvasia, v. and k., e. Epidauros Limera, n. Lakonia. On the M K, see Andrews 192-210; Sphekopoulos 390-391. Astro: Astros, w. and kk. (Astros, Paralion A.), e. Kynouria, n. Arkadia. There is a fort at the coastal site, but it is post-mediaeval; Bon 515-516. Astritsi: unidentified. Presumably near Astros, since the two are usually mentioned together. Platanos villa: Platanos, v. and k., e. Kynouria, n. Arkadia. Gariposti overo Garipoli: Karyoupolis, v. and k., e. Gytheion, n. Lakonia. Three kilometres north is the MK of Passava; Bon 508-509; Sphekopoulos 383. Cochichia over Colichitia: Kolokythia, the name of a bay, off the k. Kotronas, e. Gytheion, n. Lakonia. A peninsula in the bay has traces of a MK; Bon 508.

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Maina grande: the Frankish castle of Grand Maina, which was evidently located in the southern Mani; its precise location is disputed. The name has been applied to a castle near the harbour of Porto-Kagio, k. Lagia, e. Gytheion, n. Lakonia, and to remains on Cape Tegani, k. Kounos, e. Oitylos, n. Lakonia; Bon 502-504 shows that the most likely site is the Chteau de la Belle, on Capo Grosso, further south in k. Kounos. Lefco: Leftron (officially Lefktron), v., in k. of Neochorion, e. Kalamai, n. Messenia. The M K of Leutron (Beaufort) is described by Bon 650-652 with plan, pl. 147; cf. 504. [Once again the order is not s clear s one could wish. Col. l begins with six names in an oblique band across Laconia from northwest to southeast. In Col. 2 the first five recognizable names are north and east of this band. In Col. 3 the first four names are on or near the east coast of Laconia and Cynuria. The last four names of col. 3 are in the Mani; the last two of both col. i and col. 2 are north of the Mani. Cf. Serones vel Seraphena - Castri - Verdonia (1463B); Castri vel Castriti - Verdognia (1463 A); Castro* Verdonia* - Mistra (1471); Arnavilla* -Janina-Villa (1471); Moncinuiaco* - VicoCastro* - Teologo* (1471); Zeraschi Alosisani (1471); Malvasia* Astro* - Astrissi Paltanos Villa - Garipoli* (1471); Astro - Astrizi (1463 A); Astro - Astrid - Platanos vile - Cariposti sive Caropoli in brazzo di Maina - Cocchochia sive Colochita ut supra (14636); Maina grande in brazzo ut supra - Lefro (14636). One might expect that Manconico would be in northeastern Laconia.]

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