9.

SUPPLEMENTARY READING
Anonymous. 1992. Handbook on reference methods for soil analysis. Soil and Plant Analysis Council, Athens, GA, USA. Black, C. A. 1993. Soil fertility evaluation and control. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. Boutton, T. W., and S. Yamasaki. (ed.). 1996. Mass spectrometry of soils. Marcel Dekker, New York, USA. Brady, N. C., and R. R. Weil. 1999. The nature and properties of soils, 12th ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA. Bergman, W. (ed.). 1992. Nutrient disorders of plant development: Visual and analytical diagnosis. Gustav Fischer, Jena, Stuttgart, New York, USA. Carter, M. R. (ed.). 1993. Soil sampling and methods of analysis. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. Council on Soil Testing and Plant Analysis. 1999. Soil and plant analysis laboratory registry for the United States and Canada, 2nd ed. Council on Soil Testing and Plant Analysis, Athens, GA, USA. Elliott L. F., and F. J. Stevenson (ed.). 1977. Soils for management of organic wastes and wastewaters. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Foth, H. D., and B. G. Ellis. 1997. Soil fertility, 2nd ed. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. Glendinning, J. S. (ed.). 1999. Australian soil fertility manual. CSIRO Publishing, Collingswood, Victoria, Australia Havlin, J., and J. S. Jacobsen (ed.). 1994. Soil testing: Prospects for improving nutrient recommendations. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Kalra, J. P. (ed). 1998. Handbook of reference methods for plant analysis. Soil and Plant Analysis Council, Athens, GA, USA. Mortvedt, J. J., F. R. Cox, L. M. Shuman, and R.M. Welch (ed.). 1991. Micronutrients in agriculture, 2nd ed. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Mortvedt, J. J., P. M. Giordano, and W. L. Lindsay. 1972. Micronutrients in agriculture. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Peck, T. R. (ed.). 1977. Soil testing: Correlating and interpreting the analytical results. Amer. Soc. Agrono., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Smith, K. A. (ed.). 1996. Soil analysis: Modern instrumental techniques, 2nd ed. Marcel Dekker, New York, USA. Smith, K. A., and C. E. Mullins (ed.). 1996. Soil analysis: Physical methods. -153-

Marcel Dekker, New York, USA. Sparks, D. L. (ed.). 1996. Methods of soil analysis: Part 3- Chemical methods. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Sumner, E. M. (ed). 1999. Handbook of soil science. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. Peverill, K. I., L. A. Sparrow, and D. J. Reuter (ed.). 1999. Soil analysis: An interpretation manual. CSIRO Publishing, Collingswood, Victoria, Australia Weaver, R. W. (ed.). 1994. Methods of soil analysis: Part 2 - Microbiological and biological properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

-154-

Appendix 1.
Weight g mg g gram milligram microgram

Abbreviations.
Length m cm mm meter centimeter millimeter

Concentration mg/L meq/L Volume L Liter mL milliliter Temperature C degree Celsius Miscellaneous AAS CEC SAR ECe nm Atomic absorption spectrophotometer Cation exchange capacity Sodium adsorption ratio milligram per liter milli equivalent per liter

Salt Concentration decisiemens millisiemens microsiemens -1 mS cm = dS m-1 = S m-1 10 mS cm-1 0.1 = S m-1 Area ha da du A hectare decare Dunums Acre OM sp gr pHs ESP Organic matter Specific gravity pH of saturated soil paste Exchangeable sodium percentage dS mS S

Electrical conductivity of the saturation extract Wavelength

-155-

Appendix 2. Conversion Factors for SI and Non-SI Units.

To convert Column 1 Column 1 into Column 2, SI Unit multiply by: 0.621 1.094 3.28 1.0 3.94 10-2 10 2.47 247 0.386 2.47 10-4 10.76 1.55 10-3 9.73 10-3 35.3 6.10 104 3.53 10-2 0.265 33.78 2.11 2.20 10-3 3.52 10-2 2.205 0.01 1.10 10-3 1.102 1.102 0.893 0.107 893 893 0.446 kilometer, km (103 m) meter, m meter, m micrometer, m (10-6 m) millimeter, mm (10-3 m) nanometer, nm (10-9 m) Column 2 non-SI Unit Length mile, mi yard, yd foot, ft micron inch, in Angstrom, , To convert Colum 2 into Column 1, multiply by: 1.609 0.914 0.304 1.0 25.4 0.1 0.405 4.05 10-3 2.590 4.05103 9.29 10-2 645 102.8 2.83 10-2 1.64 10-5 28.3 3.78 2.96 10-2 0.473 454 28.4 0.454 100 907 0.907

Area hectare, ha acre square kilometer, km2 (103 m)2 acre square kilometer, km2 (103 m)2 square mile, mi2 square meter, m2 acre square meter, m2 square foot, ft2 2 -3 2 square millimeter, mm (10 m ) square inch, in2 cubic meter, m3 cubic meter, m3 cubic meter, m3 liter, L (10-3 m3) liter, L (10-3 m3) liter, L (10-3 m3) liter, L (10-3 m3) Volume acre-inch cubic foot, ft3 cubic inch, in3 cubic foot, ft3 gallon ounce (fluid), oz pint (fluid), pt pound, lb ounce (avdp), oz pound, lb quintal (metric), q ton (2000 lb), ton ton (U.S.), ton 0.907

gram, g (10-3 kg) gram, g (10-3 kg) kilogram, kg kilogram, kg kilogram, kg megagram, Mg (tonne) tonne, t ton (U.S.), ton

Mass

Yield and Rate kilogram per hectare, kg ha-1 pound per acre, lb acre-1 1.12 liter per hectare, L ha-1 gallon per acre 9.35 -1 -1 tonnes per hectare, t ha pound per acre, lb acre 1.12 10-3 -1 megagram per hectare, Mg ha-1 pound per acre, lb acre 1.12 10-3 -1 megagram per hectare, Mg ha ton (2000 lb) per acre, ton acre-1 2.24

-156-

(Contd...)

Appendix 2 (Contd...) To convert Column 1 Column 1 into Column 2, SI Unit multiply by: Column 2 non-SI Unit To convert Colum 2 into Column 1, multiply by:

9.90 10 1.00 2.09 10-2 1.45 10-4

Pressure megapascal, MPa Pa) atmosphere bar megapascal, MPa (106 Pa) megagram per cubic meter, Mg m-3 gram per cubic centimeter, g cm-3 Pascal, Pa pound per square foot, lb ft-2 Pascal. Pa pound per square inch, lb in-2 (106 Kelvin, K Celsius, C Temperature Celsius, C Fahrenheit, F

0.101 0.1 1.00 47.9 6.90103

1.00 (K-273) (9/5 C) + 32 10 104 9.73 10-3 9.81 10-3 4.40 8.11 97.28 8.1 10-2 1 0.1 1 2.29 1.20 1.39 1.66

1.00 (C+273) 5/9 (F - 32) 0.1 10-4 102.8 101.9 0.227 0.123 1.03 10-2 12.33 1 10 1 0.437 0.830 0.715 0.602

Electrical Conductivity, Electricity, and Magnetism siemen per meter, S m-1 millimho per centimeter, mmho cm-1 tesla, T Gauss, G Water Measurement cubic meter, m3 acre-inches, acre-in cubic meter per hour, m3 h-1 cubic feet per second, ft3 s-1 3 -1 cubic meter per hour, m h U.S. gallons per minute, gal min-1 hectare-meter, ha-m acre-feet, acre-ft hectare-meters, ha-m acre-inches, acre-in hectare-centimeters, ha-cm acre-feet, acre-ft Concentrations centimole per kilogram, cmol kg-1 milliequivalents per 100 grams, (ion exchange capacity) meq 100 g-1 -1 gram per kilogram, g kg percent, % milligram per kilogram, mg kg-1 parts per million, ppm P K Ca Mg Plant Nutrient Conversion P 2O 5 K 2O CaO MgO

Source: Tekalign et al. (1991).

-157-

Appendix 3.
Element Symbol
Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be BI B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Dy Es Er Eu Fm 9 Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf He Ho H In

Symbols, Atomic Number, and Atomic Weights of Elements.

Atomic No. Atomic Weight Element Symbol
I Ir Fe Kr La Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Md Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rb Ru Sm Sc

Atomic No.
53 77 26 36 57 103 82 3 71 12 25 101 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 37 44 62 21

Atomic Weight
126.904 192.2 55.847 83.8 138.91 257 207.19 6.94 174.97 24.312 54.938 258 200.59 95.94 144.24 20.183 237 58.71 92.906 14.0067 254 190.2 15.9994 106.4 30.9738 195.09 239 209 39.102 140.907 145 231 226 222 186.2 102.905 85.47 101.07 150.35 44.956

Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkeliom Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine F Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium

89 227 13 26.9815 95 243 51 121.75 18 39.948 33 74.9216 85 210 56 137.34 97 249 4 9.0122 83 208.98 5 10.81 35 79.909 48 112.4 20 40.08 98 251 6 12.011 58 140.12 55 132.905 17 35.453 24 51.996 27 58.9332 29 63.54 96 247 66 162.5 99 254 68 167.26 63 151.96 100 25 18.9984 87 233 64 157.25 31 69.72 32 72.59 79 196.967 72 178.49 2 4.0026 67 164.93 1 1.0079 49 114.82

Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum LawrenciumLr Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium

-158-

(Contd...)

Appendix 3 (Contd...) Element Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Symbol Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb TI Th Atomic No. 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 Atomic Weight 78.96 28.086 107.87 22.9898 87.62 32.064 180.948 99 127.6 158.925 204.37 232.038 Element Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium Symbol Tm Sn Ti W U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr Atomic No. 69 50 22 74 92 23 54 70 39 30 40 Atomic Weight 168.934 118.69 47.9 183.85 238.03 50.9412 131.3 173.04 88.906 65.37 91.22

Source: Tekalign et al. (1991).

-159-

Appendix 4.
System Name Molar Molal Formal Normal Weight per volume, percent Volume percent Weight percent Parts per million Parts per billion

Solution Concentrations.
Abbreviation M M F N w/v, % Vol % or v/v % wt % or w/w % ppm ppb Definition gram-molecular weight (mole of solute) per liter of solution. gram-molecular weight (mole of solute) per kilogram of solvent. gram-formula weight of solute per liter of solution. gram-equivalent weight of solute per liter of solution. number of grams of solute 100 per volume of solvent (mL). Volume of solute 100 per volume of solution. Weight of solute 100 per weight of solution. milligrams of solute or milligrams per liter of solution kilogram. micrograms of solute or micrograms per liter (kilogram) of solution.

Source: Tekalign et al. (1991).

-160-

Appendix 5. Some Useful Relationships.

1 g = 1000 mg = 1,000,000 g 1 g = 0.001 mg = 0.000001 g 1 L = 1000 mL 1 mL = 0.001 L ppm = g/mL (solid per liquid) ppm = mg/L (solid per liquid) ppm = g/g (solid per liquid) ppm = L/L (liquid per liquid) ppm 2 = 1lbs/A ppm 10-4 = % 1% = 1 gm/100 ml 1% = 10,000 ppm

-161-

Appendix 6. Concentration Normality, and Amount of Concentrated Acids and Bases to Make 1-L of 1 N Solution.
Acid or Base Specific Gravity Acetic acid 1.05 Ammonium hydroxide 0.90 Chemical Properties Percent Grams Approximate by Weight per Liter Normality (N) 99.0 1042.0 17.45 28.3 255.0 (NH3) 451.6 577.5 1024.0 1436.0 1165.0 762.7 1742.0 15.0 Solution Needed1 (mL) 58 67

Hydrochloric 1.19 acid Hydrofluoric 1.16 acid Nitric acid Phosphoric acid Perchloric acid Sodium hydroxide Sulfuric acid
1To

38.0 50.0 72.0 85.0 70.0 50.0 96.0

12.4 28.8 16.2 44.0 11.6 19.0 35.5

81 35 62 23 86 53 28

1.42 1.69 1.66 1.53 1.84

make up 1-L of 1 N. Source: Tekalign et al. (1991).

-162-

Appendix 7.
Soil pH < 5.5

Soil pH Levels and Associated Conditions.

Indications Soil is deficient in Ca and/or Mg, and should be limed Soil is lime-free, should be closely monitored Ideal range for crop. Associated Conditions Poor crop growth due to low cation exchange capacity and possible Al3+ toxicity.Expect P deficiency. Satisfactory for most crops

5.5 - 6.5

6.5 - 7.5

Soil cation exchange capacity is production near 100% base saturation. Usually excellent filtration and percolation of water due to high Ca content of clays. Both P and micronutrients are less available. Poor physical conditions. Infiltration and percolation of soil water is slow. Possible root deterioration and organic matter dissolution.

7.5 - 8.4

Free lime (CaCO3) exists in soil

>8.4

Invariably indicates sodic soil

Source: Hach Company, USA (1992).

-163-

Appendix 8. Summarized Soil Test Methods for Fertility Evaluation of Alkaline Soils.
Parameter Property/ Nutrient(s) Sample size (g) 2.5 Olsen P AB-DTPA NO3-N, , P, K Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn 10 20 1 M NH4HCO3+ 0.005 M DTPA (pH7.6) NH4OAc K, Mg, Na, Ca 5 25 1N NH4OAc DTPA Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn 10 20 0.005 MDTPA+ 0.01 M TEA+ (pH7.3) Shake/boil (min.) 30 15 5 120 0.01 M CaCl2 5 10 20 H 2O Hot Water B

Volume50 extractant (mL) Extracting solution 0.5 M NaHCO3 at pH 8.5

pH 7.0

Shaking action and speed: All use reciprocating, 180+ oscillations/min., except for B Extraction method Colorimetry, at 880 nm (Molybdenum blue) P, 2 - 200 P: Colorimetry ,K: Flame emission Zn, Cu, Fe,Mn: AAS P, 2 - 100; K, 5 - 750; Zn, 0.5 - 35 K&Na: Flame emission Mg & Ca: AAS AAS Colorimetry, at 430 nm (Azomethine-H)

Soil nutrient., concentration no dilution; (ppm) Primary reference

K, 50 - 1000; Ca, 500 - 2000; Mg, 50 - 500; Na, 10 - 250

Zn, 0.5 - 20

B ,1 -10

Olsen et al. (1954)

Soltanpour & Schollenberger Schwab (1977) & Simon (1945)

Lindsay & Berger & Norvell (1978) Truog(1939)

AAS=Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Source: Soil and Plant Analysis Council (1992).

-164-

Appendix 9. Generalized Guidelines for Interpretation of Soil Analysis Data.

Measurement Organic matter Nitrate Phosphate Soil Test Walkley- Black AB-DTPA NaHCO3 AB-DTPA NH4OAc AB-DTPA DTPA AB-DTPA DTPA AB-DTPA DTPA AB-DTPA DTPA AB-DTPA Hot water HCl Low Marginal Adequate ------------------------ % ----------------------<0.86% 0.86 - 1.29% >1.29 ------------------------ppm--------------------<11 11 - 20 >20 <8 <4 <100 <60 <0.5 <1.0 <0.2 <0.2 <4.5 <2.0 <1.0 <1.8 <0.5 <0.45 8 - 15 4-7 100-150 60 - 120 0.5 - 1.0 1.0 - 1.5 0.2 - 0.5 >15 >7 >150 >120 >1.0 >1.5 >0.2 >0.5 >4.5 >4.0 >2.0 >1.8 >1.0 >1.0

Potassium

Zinc Copper Iron Manganese Boron

2.1 - 4.0 1.0 - 2.0 0.5 - 1.0 0.45 - 1.0

DTPA= diethylene triamine pentoacetic acid. AB = ammonium bicarbonate. NaHCO3 = Sodium bicarbonate. Sources: FAO (1980); Soltanpour (1985); Ludwick (1995); Martens and Lindsay (1990); Johnson and Fixen (1990); Soil and Plant Analysis Council (1992); Matar et al. (1992).

-165-

Appendix 10. Suggested Plant Tissue Sampling Procedures for Selected Dryland Crops1.
Growth Stage Plant Part to Sample Wheat and Barley All the aboveground portion Flag leaf Corn All the aboveground shoot. The entire leaf fully developed below the whorl The entire leaf at the ear node (or immediately above or below it) Sorghum Prior to or at heading Seedling stage (<30 cm tall) Prior to or during initial flowering Maximum tillering Prior to or at 1/10th bloom stage Second or 3rd leaf from top of plant Soybean or other Beans All the above-ground portion Two or three fully developed Leaves at the top of the plant Peanut Recently matured leaflets Alfalfa, Clover and other Legumes Mature leaf blades taken about One-third of the way down the plant Food Legumes including Chickpea and Lentil Whole shoots Recently matured leaf Plants Sampled 50 - 100 25 - 50 20 - 30 15 15 - 25

Seeding stage (< 30 cm tall) Before head emergence Seedling stage (< 30 cm tall) Prior to tasselling From tasselling to silking

15 - 25 20 - 30 20 - 30

25 40 - 50

Vegetative growth stage Bloom initiation

1When

40 - 50 50 - 200

specific guidelines are unknown, the general rule of the thumb is to sample upper mature leaves at flower initiation. Sources: Jones et al. (1971, 1991); Reuter and Robinson (1986); Tandon (1993).

-166-

Appendix 11.

Generalized Interpretation of Cereal Tissue Analysis Data.

Nutrient Concentration in Dry Tissue

Nutrient Nitrogen (winter grains) (spring grains) Phosphorus Potassium Calcium (wheat, oats) (barley) Magnesium Sulfur

Low Sufficient High Deficient -----------------------------%---------------------------<1.25 <1.50 <0.15 <1.25 1.25 - 1.74 1.50 - 1.99 0.15 - 0.19 1.25 - 1.49 <0.20 <0.30 <0.15 <0.15 1.75 - 3.00 2.00 - 3.00 0.20 - 0.50 1.50 - 3.00 0.20 - 0.50 0.30 - 1.20 0.15 - 0.50 0.15 - 0.40 >3.00 >3.00 >0.50 >3.00 >0.50 >1.20 >0.50 >0.40

------------------------ppm------------------------Manganese Zinc Copper Source: Walsh and Beaton (1973). <5 5 - 24 <15 <5 25 - 100 15 - 70 5 - 25 >100 > 70 > 25

-167-

Appendix 12. Classification Criteria for Salt-Affected Soils.

Soil Normal Saline Sodic Saline-Sodic ECe1 --dS/m-<4 4 <4 4 Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) <15 <15 15 15 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) <15 <15 15 15

1EC in saturated paste extract. Source: Bohn et al. (1985).

Appendix 13.
Soil Texture

Soil Salinity Classification.

Degree of Salinity (Electrical Conductivity)1 None Slight Moderate Strong Very Strong

---------------------------- dS/m -------------------------Coarse sand to sandy loam Loamy fine sand to loam Silt loam to clay loam Silty clay loam to clay
1EC

<1.2 <1.3 <1.4 <1.5

1.2 - 2.4 1.3 - 2.4 1.4 - 2.5 1.5 - 2.8

2.5 - 4.4 2.5 - 4.7 2.6 - 5.0 2.9 - 5.7

4.5 - 8.9 4.8 - 9.4 5.1 - 10.0 5.8 - 11.4

>9.0 >9.5 >10.1 >11.5

in 1:1 soil/water suspension. Source: Hach Company (1992).

-168-

Appendix 14. Relative Salt-Tolerance Limits of Crops.

ECe1 -dS/m22.0 15.0 13.5 14.0 Crop ECe -dS/m1

Crop

FORGE CROPS Kallar grass (Leptochloa fusca) 14.4 Sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense) Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) 9.0 Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Barley, hay (Hordeum vulgare) 10.3 Berseem (Trifolium alexandrium) Mustard (Brassia campestris, Glauca group) 7.0 Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Barley, grain (Hordeum vulgare) Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) FIELD CROPS 9.0 Sesbania (Sesbania aculeata) 10.0 Sugarcane (Saccharum officnarum) Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) 8.0 Rice, paddy (Oryza sativa) Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) 6.0 Maize (Zea mays) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) 6.5 Flax (Linum usitatissimum) Wheat (Triticum aestivum) 9.1 Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) 4.9 Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Soybean (Glycine max)

18.0 15.0 16.0 12.0 14.0 13.0 10.0 8.0 9.6 8.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 18.0 6.7 4.9 4.8 4.1 3.7 4.3 4.1
1EC

VEGETABLE CROPS Beet, garden (Beta vulgaris) 5.0 Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) 5.0 Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) 4.0 Onion (Allium cepa) Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) 4.5 Carrot (Daucus carota) Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) 3.5 French or green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Potato (Solanum tuberosum) 5.0 Radish (Raphanus sativus) Sweet corn (maize) (Zea mays) 6.3 Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) 6.5 Turnip (Brassica rapa) FRUIT CROPS Date (Phoenix dactylifera) 8.4 Olive (Olea europaea) Grape (Vitis spp.) 4.8 Lemon (Citrus limon) Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) 4.8 Apple (Malus sylvestris) Orange (Citrus sinensis) 4.8 Pear (Prunus communis) Peach (Prunus persica) 2.5 Strawberry (Fragaria spp.) Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) 8.4 Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Plum and prune (Prunus domestica) 4.8 Walnut (Juglans regia) Almond (Prunus dulcis)

corresponding to or causing 50% crop yields reduction. Source: California Fertilizer Association (1980), Ayers and Westcot (1985).

-169-

Appendix 15. Relative Tolerance of Species to Boron Toxicity.

Crop species Threshold Crop Species Concentration -- mol B/m3 -Pea (Pisum sativum) Carrot (Daucus carota) Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Celery (Cepium graveolens) Turnip (Brassica rapa) Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Corn (Zea mays) Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) Radish (Raphanus sativus) Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Sweet clover (Melilotus indica) Squash (Cucurbita pepo) Muskmelon (Cucumis melo) TOLERANT CROPS Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Purple vetch (Vicia benghlensis) Oat (Avena vulgare) Parsley (Petroselium crispum) Red beet (Beta vulgaris) Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) Threshold Concentration --mol B/m3-0.093

SENSITIVE CROPS Lemon (Citrus limon) 0.028 Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) Blackberry (Rubus sp.) Avocado (Persea americana) Orange (Citrus sinensis) Grapefruit (Citrus paradise) Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) Peach (Prunus persica) Cherry (Prunus avium) Plum (Prunus domestica) Persimmon (Diosysos kaki) Fig (Ficus carica) Grape (Vitis vinifera) Walnut (Juglans regia) Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Cowpea (Vigna sinensis) Onion (Allium cepa) Garlic (Allium sativum) Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) Wheat (Triticum aestvium) Mung bean (Phaseolus aureux) 0.046 Strawberry (Fragaria sp.) 0.074 Kindney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) SEMI-TOLERANT CROPS Sesame (Sesamum indicum) Red pepper (Capsicum annum)

0.19 0.37

0.093

0.56 0.56 - 0.93 0.93 - 1.39

Source: Keren and Bingham (1985).

-170-

Appendix 16. Mesh Sizes of Standard Wire Sieves.

Sieve Opening (mm) 2.00 1.00 0.500 0.420 0.250 0.210 0.149 0.125 0.063 0.053 Source: Tekalign et al. (1991). Standard Mesh Number US 10 18 35 40 60 70 100 120 230 270 British 8 16 30 36 60 72 120 240 300 French 34 31 28 25 22 19 -

-171-

Appendix 17. Equivalent Weights.

Symbol/Formula

Ions

Equivalent Weight-

Common Name
Calcium ion Magnesium ion Sodium ion Potassium ion Chloride ion Sulfate ion Carbonate ion Bicarbonate ion Phosphate ion Nitrate ion Calcium chloride Calcium sulfate Gypsum Calcium carbonate Magnesium chloride Magnesium sulfate Magnesium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium sulfate Sodium carbonate Sodium bicarbonate Potassium chloride Potassium sulfate Potassium carbonate Potassium bicarbonate Sulfur Sulfuric acid Aluminium sulfate Ion sulfate (ferrous)

Ca++ Mg++ Na+ K+ Cl-

---g---20.04 12.16 23.00 39.10 35.46 48.03 30.00 61.01 31.65 62.01 55.50 68.07 86.09 50.04 47.62 60.19 42.16 58.45 71.03 53.00 84.01 74.56 87.13 69.10 100.11 16.03 49.04 111.07 139.01

Salts

HCO3PO4--NO3CaCl2 CaSO4

SO4-CO3--

CaSO4 2H2O CaCO3 MgCl2 MgSO4

MgCO3 NaCl Na2SO4

Na2CO3

NaHCO3 KCl K2SO4 K2CO3

Chemical Amendments
Al2(SO4)3 18H2O FeSO4 7H2O S H2SO4

KHCO3

Conversion of milliequivalents per liter to parts per million: ppm = milliequivalents/liter equivalent weight.

-172-