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Topics p
9 General Information 9 Design Resistance of individual fastener
Non Non-preloaded preloaded Blots Rivet Connections Preloaded Bolts
General Information
Types of Bolts & Rivets Bolts Rivets
Anchor Bolts
General Information
Types of Bolts Non-Preloaded Non Preloaded Bolts Class 4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 5.8, 6.8, & Class 8.8, 10.9 Preloaded Bolts Class 8.8, Class 10.9 The yield strength fyb and the ultimate strength fub for bolts are g given in Table 3.1 in EN 1993-1-8:
Bolt class fyb (N/mm2) fub (N/mm2) 4.6 240 400 4.8 320 400 5.6 300 500 5.8 400 500 6.8 480 600 8.8 640 800 10.9 900 1000
General Information
Tensile Stress Area Th Thread d
Diameter of Bolt d (mm) 12 16 20 24 30 Tensile Area As (mm2) 84.3 157 245 353 561 Tensile Area As determined g at thread region
Shank
Nominal Diameter d Area A determined at shank
Positioning g of Holes
Detailing requirement Minimum end distance Minimum edge distance g Maximum end and edge distance Minimum i i bolts b l spacing i Maximum bolts spacing Holes dimensions Normal +1 mm for M 12 +2 mm for M 16 up M 24 +3 mm for M 27 and bigger Close fitting flushed bolts for bolt M20 must be the clearance d < 0,3 mm
Positioning g of Holes
e4
e3
Positioning g of Holes
Minimum and maximum spacing and end and edge distances f bolts for b lt and d rivets i t are given i in i Table T bl 3.3 33i in EN 1993 1993-1-8. 1 8
Table 3.3: Minimum and maximum spacing and end and edge distances Distances and spacings End distance e1 End distance e2 Distance e3 In slotted holes Distance e4 In slotted holes Spacing p1 Spacing p2 Minimum 1.2d0 1.2d0 1.5d0 1.5d0 2.2d0 2.4d0 min{14t: 200mm} min{14t: 200mm} Maximum 4t + 40mm 4t + 40mm
Positioning g of Holes
Failure modes in bolted composite joints: (a) net-section failure; (b) shear-out failure; (c) bearing failure
e1 p1
Positioning g of holes
In compression between the fasteners, the local buckling resistance: need not to be checked if p / t < 9 and = 235 / f y
1
according to EN 1993-1-1 using 0,6 p1 as buckling length and t is the thickness of the thinner outer connected part
For staggered rows of fasteners Minimum line spacing of p2 = 1.2d0 Minimum distance between any two fasteners of L = 2.4 2 4 d0
11
Design g of Bolts
Single g & double shear
12
Fv , Rd
v f ub As = M2
Where, v = 0.6 for Class 4.6, 5.6 & 8.8 v = 0.5 0 5 for Class 4.8, 48 5 5.8, 8 6 6.8 8& 10.9 fub is the ultimate strength g of bolt As is the tensile stress area of bolt M 2 = 1.25 refer to NA to SS EN 1993
13
Fv , Rd
v f ub A = M2
Where, v = 0.6 for all Class fub b is the ultimate strength of bolt A is the full area of bolt M 2 = 1.25 refer to NA to SS EN 1993
14
Fb , Rd =
k1 b f u dt
d0
M2
M 2 = 1.25
d
Where, d is the bolt diameter t is i the th nominal i l thickness thi k of f the th e1 connected plate fu is the strength of material b is the smallest of {d, fub/fu, 1.0}
p1
Resistance in Bearing g
In oversized holes reduce bearing by 0.8 If load on a bolt is not parallel to the edge, the bearing resistance may be verified separately for the bolt load components parallel and normal to the end p
R 10 30 e1 40 p 1 60 e1 40 tw 5,6 tp 10 L 140 20 IPE 200 P 10 - 140 x 100 M 20 - 5.6 4 4 VSd = 110 kN
10
50 10
16
p1 = 3 d0
For holes 1 (inner bolts) Holes 1 Holes 2 3 d0 p1 = 0,25 = 0,25 = 1 0,25 = 0,75 3 d0 3 d0 If F b , Rd F b , Rd for individual fastener, , apply pp y 1), ), if not 2). )
Total bearing resistance based on direct summation 2,5 d t f u 2,5 d t f u 2,5 d t f u Fb , Rd = ( ) = (2 0,4 + 2 0,75 0 75 ) = 2,3 M2 M2 M2 Total bearing resistance based on smallest individual resistance 2,5 d t f u 2,5 d t f u 2,5 d t f u Fb. Rd = ( ) = (2 0,4 + 2 0,40 ) = 1,6 M2 M2 M2
17
Prying Action
18
Ft , Rd =
k2 f ub As
M2
M 2 = 1.25
Where, fub is the strength of bolt As is the tensile stress area of the bolt For countersunk bolts: k2 = 0.63 For regular bolts: k2 = 0.9
19
B p , Rd =
tp
0.6d mt p f u
M2
M 2 = 1.25
plate thickness
dm the mean of the across points and across flats dimensions of the bolt head or the nut, whichever is smaller
d1 + d 2 dm = 2
d1 d2
d w dm
20
Fv , Ed Ft , Ed + 1 .0 Fv , Rd 1.4 Ft , Rd
0.5
Ft , Ed Ft , Rd
21
1,0
9d p = but p 1,0 8 d + 3 tp
p
Packing gp plates
tp
05 0,5
0,3 d
1,0 d
1,5 d
22
Lf
1.0 0.75
Lf = 1
L j 15d 200 d
0 0 15d 65d
LJ
23
Rivet Connection
Philosophy of design was used for bolts (class A) Bolts spacing's recommendations came from rivets Table 3.3 for min and max spacing p g of rivets & bolts Clause 3.6 Design resistance of rivets & bolts
24
Slip-Resistant p Connections
The design slip resistance at ultimate of a preloaded class 8.8 or 10.9 bolt should be tanked as:
Fs , Rd =
k s n
M3
FP , C
Wh Where, ks is i the th coefficient ffi i t corresponding di to t different diff t holes h l (see Table 3.6) F F P ,C p.Cd p n in i the th number b of f friction f i ti planes l is the friction coefficient Fp,C is the design preloading force of bolt F s.Rd
FP , C = 0.7 f ub As
f to NA to SS EN 1993 M 3 = 1.25 refer
25
Friction Coefficient
Tests EN 14399-2:2002 High strength structural bolting for preloading Part 2 : Suitability Test for Preloading Table for different classes of friction surfaces With painted surface results in a loss of pre-load
Class of friction surfaces A blasted, metal spraying (EN 1090) B blasted (EN 1090) C cleaned (EN 1090) D cleaned (EN 1090) Slip factor 0,5 04 0,4 0,3 02 0,2
26
Values of ks
Table 3.6 Values of ks Description Normal holes Oversized holes or short h t slotted l tt d holes h l with ith the th axis i of f the th slot l t perpendicular di l to t the direction of load transfer Long L g slotted l tt d holes h l with ith th the axis i of f the th slot l t perpendicular di l to t the th direction of load transfer Short slotted holes with the axis of the slot parallel to the direction of load transfer Long slotted holes with the axis of the slot parallel to the direction of load transfer ks 10 1,0 0 85 0,85
0,7 0,76
0,63
27
Fs , Rd , ser =
k s n
M 3, ser
FP , C
28
Fs , Rd =
k s n (FP, C 0.8 Ft , Ed )
M3
k s n (FP , C 0.8 Ft , Ed , ser )
M 3 = 1.25
Fs , Rd , ser =
M 3, ser
M 3, ser = 1.1
29
30
Veff ,1, Rd =
f u Ant
M2
( 1 3)f A +
y
nv
M0
Ant net area subjected to tension Anv net area subjected to shear For bolt group subject to eccentric loading:
f u Ant
M2
( 1 3)f A +
y
nv
M0
M 0 = 1 .0 M 2 = 1.25
31
32
d0
e2
1 bolt
33
2 bolts
N u.Rd
2A netf u M2
3 or more bolts
N u.Rd =
3A netf u M2
N u ,Rd = 2 Anet f u / M 2
N u ,Rd = 3 Anet f u / M 2
Where: Wh 2 = 0,4 if p1 2,5 d0 2 = 0,7 , if p1 5,0 , d0 3 = 0,5 if p1 2,5 d0 3 = 0,7 if p1 5,0 d0 Anet = net t area of f angle l
34
35
Worked Example p 1
Design load = 1.35 70 + 1.5 35 = 147 kN
Design strength: t=7mm, , fy = 275 N/mm2, fu = 430 N/mm2 Net area
A = (56.5 + 76.5) 7 = 931mm 2
Anet = (56.5 + 76.5 22) 7 = 777mm 2
The spacing: p g
p1 = 80 mm
p1 80 = = 3.64 d 0 22
Using U i T Table bl 6.1, 6 1 for f intermediate i t di t values l of f pitch it h p1 values l of f may be determined by linear interpolation
= 0.4 + (3.64 2.5)
0.7 0.4 = 0.54 5 2 . 5
36
Worked Example p 1
The ultimate resistance of the net cross section
N u , Rd =
M0
45
130
37
Worked Example p 1
Ant = (45 11) 7 = 238mm 2
M2
M0
0.5 430 238 275 679 + 1 .1 3 = 46.5 + 107.8 = 154.3kN > 147 kN =
The angle is satisfactory.
38
50 50 60
39
80 70 230 70
45 70 70 45 50 50
In beam web
VRd,11 =
M2
1 Anv + fy,b1 M0 3
( 0,5 360 (50 11)7,1 1 220 2 22 11)7,1 = + 235 3 1,2510 1,0 103 3 = 39.9 +159kN = 199kN
40
In beam web
NRd,u,6 =
fu, Ant u b1
M,u
1 Anv + f y,b1 M0 3
360 7,1(140 2 22) 1 2 7,1(50 11) = + 235 1,1 1,0 3 = 223 + 75.1 = 298 kN
41
Pin Connections
Pin connections in which no rotation is required may be d i designed d as single i l bolted b lt d connections, ti provided id d th that t th the length of the pin is less than 3 times the diameter of the pin.
42
Design g of Pin
Given thickness t & do
a FEd M 0 2 d 0 F d + : c Ed M 0 + 0 2 t fy 3 2 t fy 3
43
FV, Rd =
0,6Af up
M2
FV, Ed
Wh Where, fup i is the h ultimate li tensile il strength h of the pin A is the cross cross-sectional sectional area of the pin Fv,Ed = 0.5FEd
a c
c a
M 2 = 1.25
FEd
44
M Rd =
1.5Wel f yp
M0
0.8Wel f yp
M Ed
M Rd , ser =
M 6 , ser
M Ed , ser
a c c a
Wel =
d 3
M 6 , ser
FEd
M 0 = 1 .0
M Ed FEd (b + 4c + 2a ) = 8 45
M Ed M Rd
Fv , Ed + F v , Rd
1 .0
a c c a
FEd
M Ed
FEd (b + 4c + 2a ) = 8 46
Fb , Rd =
1.5tdf y
M0
0.6tdf fy
Fb , Ed
Fb , Rd , ser =
M 6 , ser
Fb , Ed , ser
47
h,Ed f h , Rd
h, h Ed = 0,591
f h , Rd = 2.5 f y
E FEd , ser (d 0 d ) d2 t
M 6 , ser
the diameter of the pin; the diameter of the pin hole; d0 t the thickness of the connected part; fy is the lower of the yield strengths of the pin and the connected part; FEd,ser the design value of the force to be transferred in bearing bearing, under the characteristic load combination for serviceability limit states
48
Injection j Bolts
Injection bolts may be used as an alternative to ordinary bolts and rivets for category A, B & C connections. Bolts of class 8.8 or 10.9 The design ultimate shear load of any bolt in a Category A Preloaded injection bolts should be used for Category B and C connections
49
coefficient depending p g of the thickness ratio bearing strength of the resin effective bearing thickness of the resin 1,0 for serviceability limit state 1,2 for ultimate limit state 1 0 for holes with normal clearances or (1,0 1,0 (1 0 - 0,1 0 1 m), ) for oversized holes; m the difference between the normal and oversized hole dimensions
50
Injection j Bolts
2 1 2 t2 t1 t2
1,33 1,0 ,
1
1.0
1
2.0
2 t1/ t2
(EC3) Figure 3.5:Factor as a function of the thickness ratio of the connected plates
(EC3) Table 3.5: Values of and tb,resin t1/t2 2.0 1.0 < t1/t2 < 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.66-0.33( 1.66 0.33(t1/t2) 1.33 tb,resin b i 2t2 1.5d t1 1.5d t1 1.5d
51
Weld Design
52
Topics p
Basis of design Fillet weld
Detailing g requirements q Design model p method for design g resistance Simplified Design example long g welds Connection to unstiffened flange g members Full resistance of connecting
53
54
55
56
57
58
Residual Stress
Unhomogenous heating causes local thermal expansion of metals. This is reflected in residual stress after cooling. Residual stress is a tensile stress in the center of a weld. Tensile stress in a weld is compensated by compressive stress in base metal.
59
Residual Stress
During g welding, g edges g move relative to each other, mostly perpendicular to the welding direction. Residual stress results in shrinkage of the structure. structure The opposite welding sequence may make the distortion smaller. The residual stress decreases as annealing temperature increases.
60
Welded Connections
Four most common types of welds are introduced in EN 1993-1-8: Fillet welds Butt welds Plug g welds Groove G welds ld
(a)butt
a
61
Type of Joints
Butt Joint
Lap Joint
Edge Joint
Tee Joint
Corner Joint
62
Additional symbols:
Field weld
63
L > Tw
L Tw
t1
Lp
t2
64
incorrect
65
For p penetration fillet weld, , the throat thickness account should be taken of its additional throat thickness.
66
s
60
Fillet Welds
Each weld transfers a l longitudinal it di l shear h VL and d transverse forces or shear VTy and VTz between the plates. The average normal and shear stresses w and w on the weld throat may be expressed in terms of the forces
(V
68
Fillet Welds
It is customary to assume that the static strength of the weld id
determined d t i d by b the th average throat th t stresses t w and d w alone. l From Von. Mises Yield Criterion, the plane stresses must be satisfied
w + 3 w f uw
2 2
In which fuw is the ultimate tensile strength of the weld. Substituting the foregoing two equations into w 2 + 3 w 2 f uw and rearranging leads to
3 VTy + VTz + VL - 2(VTy sin + VTz cos ) ( f uw La )
2 2 2 2
69
Ty
Tz
The design weld forces per unit length due to the factored loads are limited by
Fw, Ed Fw, Rd
Where,
Fw, Ed =
VR L
Fw , Rd = a f vw, d
f vw, d = fu 3 w Mw
(4.3)
(4.4)
w is a correlation factor
70
Correlation Factor w
Standard and steel grade EN 10025 S 235 S 235 W S 275 S 275 N/NL S 275 M/ML S 355 S 355 N/NL S 355 M/ML S 355 W S 420 N/NL S 420 M/ML S 460 N/NL S 460 M/ML S 460 Q/QL/QL1 S 460 NH/NLH EN 10210 S 235 H S 275 H S 275 NH/NLH S 355 H S 355 NH/NLH EN 10219 S 235 H S 275 H S 275 NH/NLH S 275 MH/MLH S 355 H S 355 NH/NLH S 355 MH/MLH S 420 MH/MLH S 460 NH/NLH S 460 MH/MLH Correlation f factor w 0,80 0,85
0,90
1,00
1 00 1,00
71
normal stresses perpendicular to the throat normal stresses parallel to the axis of weld (omitted) shear h stresses perpendicular di l to the h axis i of f weld ld shear stresses parallel to the axis of weld
72
Design g Model
2 2 Based on the criterion w + 3 w f uw , the design resistance of the h fillet fill weld ld will ill b be sufficient ffi i if the h following f ll i are both b h satisfied: i fi d
+ 3( + II )
2 2 2
w M 2 M2
fu
(4 1) (4.1)
and
0.9 f u
Where, fu is the ultimate tensile strength of the weaker part joined; w is a correlation factor
73
74
H to be Has b satisfied i fi d
+ 3
2 2
w MW
fu
After substitution
2 +3R
) (
2
= 2 R
2
w MW
fu
fu 2 w MW
75
Cantilever Bracket
Shear force
VSd = FSd
II = FSd 2 ah h
Bending moment
M Sd = FSd e
Transferred by the shape of weld Centre of gravity Iwe and cross section modulus Wwe For weld at lower flange cross section modulus Wwe,1 , and stress is: M Sd
1 = 1 =
2Wwe ,1
2 = 2 =
M Sd 2Wwe , 2
76
VI =
VSd S
VSd
Where, VSd is the shear force S is the static moment of flange to neutral axis I is the moment of inertia
This longitudinal force is carried by two welds effective thickness, a, shear stress:
fu VI II = 2a 3 w MW
Maximum stress is at the point of maximum shear force
77
b1
Plate
F C a2 b1 = - 2 a w
- a - b1
78
b2 =
Add one leg length and rounded to the nearest 5mm, 5mm We get, b1 = 35mm and b2 = 145mm. Directional method Use 6mm fillet weld For longitudinal weld: w, L , Rd = 0.94 kN / mm For transverse weld:
w ,t , Rd = 1.15kN / mm
79
Force equilibrium
F = wL (b1 + b2 ) + a wt or b = F - a wt - b 2 1
b2 =
Add one l leg l length th and d rounded d dt to th the nearest t5 5mm, We get, b1 = 25mm and b2 = 130mm
wL
80
Long g Welds
In lap joints, the design resistance of fillet weld should be reduced by multiplying it by a reduction factor Lw to allow the effects ff of f non-uniform if di distribution ib i of f stress along l its i length. l h
//
//
//
//
Lw
81
Long g Welds
In lap joints longer than 150a, Lw should be taken as Lw,1 , given by:
Lw ,1 = 1.2
0 .2 L j 150a
1 .0
Lj is the overall length of the lap in the direction of the force transfer.
Lw,1
1.2 0.6
0 0 150 300
Lj
a
82
Long g Welds
For fillet welds longer g than 1.7metres connecting g transverse stiffeners, Lw should be taken as Lw,2 given by:
Lw Lw, 2 = 1.1 17 but Lw, 2 1.0 & Lw, 2 0.6 Lw is the length of the weld (in meters).
Lw, 2
1.1 0.6
0 0 1.7 8.5
Lw (m)
83
84
beff = t w + 2 s + 7k t f
tf Where k = t p f y, f f y, p 1 .0
fy,f f is the yield strength of the flange fy,p is the yield strength of the plate f a rolled ll d II or H-section H i s = r for s = 2a for a rolled I- or H-section
85
Ft , fc , Rd = (t wc + 2 s + 7 k t fc )
Where
t fb f yb
M0
f yc t fc ; 1 k = min f t yb fb
t fb
twc is the web thickness of column tfc is i the th flange fl thi k thickness of f column l tfb is the thickness of beam flange fyb is i the th yield i ld strength t th of f beam b fyc is the yield strength of column
t fc t wc rc beff
86
t a > 0,7 f u / Mw
= FSd / (t h) FSd the acting design force fu plate design strength t the h thinness hi of f connecting i plate l b width of connecting plate full capacity of a plate the thickness S235:
w
t
FSd
a > 0,7
( fy / M0) t f u / Mw
VSd t h
t a > 0,85 f w / Mw
VSd
= VSd / (t h)
f y /( 3 M 0 ) t t 235 /(1,1 3 ) t 0,85 = 0,85 = 0,36 t 0,4 t a > 0,85 f w / Mw f u / Mw 360 / 1,25
88
89
90
a = anom - 2 mm
91
anom ,1 + anom , 2 t
cnom t 5
and
cnom 3 mm
92
93
94
Root Opening p g
Root opening is used for electrode accessibility to the base or root of the joint. The smaller the angle of the bevel, the larger the root opening m st be to get good fusion must f sion at the root root. If the root opening is too larger, more weld metal is required.
60
45
30
3mm
6mm
9mm
Root opening
95
97
Beam
Joint
Beam-column
98
C A D D
Connection
Left joint
Right connection
100
Joints Classification
Classification of joints according to rotational stiffness: Simple (pinned) joints g j joints Semi-rigid Rigid joints
101
102
103
Partial-strength joints: The bending resistance < that of the connected members. I In pinned i d joints, j i t the th design d i resistance is quite limited and it is therefore neglected.
Pinned
Mb
Mb2
Mb1
Joint configuration
Connection in bending
106
Joints Modelling g
For simplify, a single-sided joint configuration may be modelled d ll d as a single i l joint; j i t and a double-sided joint configuration may be modelled as two separate but inter inter-acting acting joints. joints
107
Joints Modelling g
When determining the design moment resistance and rotational t ti l stiffness tiff for f each h of f the th joints, j i t the th influence i fl of f the th web panel in shear should be taken into account by means of the transformation p parameters 1 and 2, where:
1 = 1 2 = 1-
M j ,b 2. Ed M j ,b1, Ed M j ,b1. Ed M j ,b 2, Ed
2 2
1 is the value of for the right-hand side joint; 2 is the value of for the left-hand side joint. will be used to determine design resistance of basic components of f joints j i
108
Joints Modelling g
A simplified method to determine the approximate for 1 and 2 is i shown h in i Table T bl 5.4 5 4 in i EN 1993 1993-1-8: 1 8
109
Joints Modelling g
For frame design, the following joint modelling types are usually made available to designers: rigid / full-strength full strength rigid / partial-strength pinned As soon as the concept of semi-rigid joints is well accepted, new available joint modelling types be identified: semi-rigid / full-strength semi-rigid / partial-strength
110
Semi-Rigid g Joints
Modelling g of j joints ( (elastic design) g ) Mj Mj Mj
rigid joint
pinned joint
semi-rigid joint
111
Semi-Rigid g Joints
The influence is not limited to the moment distribution; the d fl ti deflections, th the other th internal i t l forces, f the th collapse ll mode, d the th collapse load are also affected by the joint properties.
pinned i d frame f
semi-continuous i ti f frame
112
Type of Frame Analysis g p Rigid-plastic Full-strength Partial-strength g Elastic-plastic p Rigid/full-strength Rigid/partial-strength g /p g Semi-rigid/full-strength Semi-rigid/partial-strength Pi Pinned d
113
Pi Pinned d
Pi Pinned d
St Structural t lC Connections ti
114
Topics p
9 9 9 9 General Component method Basic s c co components po e ts Resistance
Equivalent T T-stub stub in tension Equivalent T-stub in compression Design resistance of basic components Bending moment resistance
115
General
A joint may be represented by a rotational spring connecting th centre the t lines li of f the th connected t d members. b Th properties The ti of f the spring can be described by the relationship between the bending g moment Mj,Ed p g rotation Ed. j Ed and the corresponding
116
Structural Properties p
The design moment-rotation characteristic includes three main structural properties: Moment resistance (Mj,Rd) The design moment resistance Mj,Rd is equal eq al to the maximum moment of the design moment-rotation characteristic. Rotational stiffness (Sj) The definition of Sj applies pp up p to the rotation Xd at which Mj,Ed first reaches Mj,Rd, but not for larger rotations. Rotation capacity (Cd) Cd is equal to the maximum rotation of the design moment rotation characteristic. moment-rotation characteristic
117
Different Approaches pp
M
Experimentation Curve fitting Finite element analysis Si Simplified lifi d analytical l i l models d l Component C Method M h d
Experiment lt
Function
= C1( kM )1 + C3 ( kM )3 + C5 ( kM )5
hb ta
118
Components in tension
Classification Representation Modelling in analyses
119
VEd
Fc,Ed
3. Column web in transverse tension 4. Column flange in bending 5 End-plate in bending 5. 6. Flange cleat in bending etc.
Ft,Ed
Ft,Ed
Ft,Ed t Ed
120
121
F n m t B B
122
L eff 2
123
Q
0.5 FT,Rd+Q
Q FT,Rd T Rd
0.5 FT,Rd+Q
Q
0.5 FT,Rd+Q
Q FT,Rd
0.5 FT,Rd+Q
Mode 3: Bolt failure. is the design tension Where, FT,Rd , resistance if a T-stub flange; Q is the prying force.
0 5 FT,Rd 0.5
0 5 FT,Rd 0.5
124
FT,1, Rd =
FT,1, Rd =
4 M pl ,1, Rd m
or
n
dw F/4
2 M pl ,1, Rd m
Where, ,
Q/2
n C
C
125
FT,1, Rd = FT,1, Rd =
Where Where,
tbp
126
FT,2, Rd =
2 M pl , 2 , Rd + n Ft , Rd m+n
For Mode 3:
FT,3, Rd = Ft, Rd
2 Where M Where, = 0,25leff , 2t f f y / M 0 pl,2 ,Rd
n = e min
but n 1.25m
128
The design compression resistance of a T-stub flange FC,Rd should be determined as follows:
129
c=t
fy 3 f jd M 0
where: h t i is the th thickness thi k of f th the T T-stub t b fl flange; fy is the yield strength of the T-stub flange.
130
Vwp , Rd =
0.9 f y , wc Avc 3 M 0
Where, Avc is the shear area of the column, see EN 1993-1-1. 1993 1 1
131
132
133
beff,c,wc is the effective width of column web in compression, see clause l 6.2.6.2 6 2 6 2 in i EN 1993 1993-1-8. 1 8
134
= 1.0
= p - 0.2 / p
p = 0.932
if p 0.72
2
if p > 0.72
2
beff ,c , wc d wc f y , wc Et wc
The column-sway buckling mode of an unstiffened column web in compression should be prevented by constructional restraints. t i t
136
Ft , wc , Rd
beff , t, wc t wc f y , wc = M0
Where, see Table 6.3 in EN 1993-1-8; For a bolted F b lt d connection, ti beff,t,wc = th the effective ff ti length l th of f equivalent T-stub; F a welded For ld d connection, ti
Ft,Ed ,
F fc , Rd =
beff , b,fc t fb f y , fb
M0
Wh Where, beff,b,fc is i the th effective ff ti breath b th beff defined d fi d in i clause l 4.10 4 10 For unstiffened column flange, bolted connection, the design resistance and failure mode should be taken as similar to those of an equivalent T T-stub stub flange: each individual bolt-row required to resist tension; bolt-rows rows required to resist tension each group of bolt
138
139
140
F 2r
r=m
r=n
/2
r
Leff ,cp = 2 m
/2
x
/2
141
142
e = ex m = mx
143
=8
2p
5,5
4,75
4,45
Leff ,op = m
m m+e m2 2 = m+e
1 =
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
144
145
146
ra
emin m 0,5 t a
a
g 0,4 t
g >0,4 t
g 0,4 ta
g > 0,4 ta
ba
147
M j , Rd =Ft , Rd z
Where, z is the lever arm; Ft,Rd t Rd is the tension force of tensional flange.
Ft,Rd Fc,Rd
M j,Rd
148
M j , Rd = iFti , Rd zi
Ft.Rd z Fc.Rd
Ft.Rd z Fc.Rd
149
z = h - tfb
z
150
Rotational Stiffness
Deformation of a component Rotation in Joint
Fi i = ki E
Rotational Stiffness
Fi z Fi z 2 Ez 2 Ez 2 = = = Sj = F 1 1 1 i j i Ki Ki z E Ki Mj
j =
i
i
Fi Z
Where, ki is the stiffness coefficient for b i joint basic j i t component t i; i z is the lever arm; is the stiffness ratio. ratio
151
Rotational Stiffness
The stiffness ratio should be determined from: S j ,ini = Sj 2 M M j , Rd j , Ed if 3 S j ,ini = =1 Sj
2 if M j , Rd M j , Ed M j , Rd 3
=
S j ,ini Sj M j , Ed = 1.5 M j , Rd
Type of connection Welded Bolted end-plate Bolted angle flange cleats Base plate connections
Rotational Stiffness
The stiffness coefficients ki for basic component should be determined from Table 6.11 in EN 1993-1-8:
Component Column web panel in shear
VEd
VEd
k1 =
0.38 Avc z
k1 =
Stiffened
k2 =
0.7beff ,c , wc t wc dc
k2 =
Stiffened welded connection
Ft,Ed
Other connections
k3 =
0.7beff ,t , wc t wc dc
k3 =
153
Continue
Component Column flange in bending
Ft,Ed
Stiffness coefficient ki
k4 =
0.9leff t fc m3
End-plate in bending
Ft,Ed
k5 =
0.9leff t p m3
Ft,Ed
k6 =
0.9leff t a m3
154
Equivalent q Stiffness
For end-plate joints with two or more bolt-rows on tension, a single i l equivalent i l t stiffness tiff coefficient ffi i t keq determined d t i d from: f
k eq =
k eff ,i zi
i
zeq
Mj
Where,
1 keff = 1 i k i
zeq = k eff ,i zi
i i 2
z1 z z 2
3
z1 z4
k eff , r hi
155
Rotation Capacity p y
For plastic global analysis For basic safety Ductile D til components t Plate in bending Column web in shear Brittle components bolts welds
M M j.Rd
Cd
0,0
el
Cd
156
Rotation Capacity p y
Deem to satisfy criteria Welded joints Unstiffened
Cd , min = 0,015
Cd , min c b
Unstiffened in tension + stiffened in compression + no shear influence = 0,025 h / h Bolted B lt d joints j i t Plate failure End-plate/column flange thickness
t 0,36 d f ub / f y
157
158
Topics
9 General 9 Failure F il modes d 9 Example CHS members
Range of validity Design charts
159
Web Design g
tubular shape p is p popular p due to its excellent geometrical properties in compression and torsion mass distributed away from longitudinal axis making it ideal for use as columns
160
because of their hollow centre, they can be easily filled with concrete for composite structural applications good ductile properties and due d t to the th confinement fi t effect, ff t concrete t cannot split away even if ultimate strength is reached
161
Hollow Section Joints can be very flexible! Designing un-stiffened joints is a skilled task and must be done at the member design stage
162
Mode E: Overall shear failure of the chord Mode F: Local buckling of the chord walls
Warren Trusses are a popular way to minimi e the number minimize n mber of members and joints
165
166
167
Table 4.2 EN1993-1-8 r/t 25 10 3,0 30 2,0 1,5 1,0 10 Maximum M i thickness thi k (mm) ( ) Fully killed Aluminium-killed steel (Al 0,02 %) any any 24 12 10 6
168
169
170
Gapped
Overlapped
Higher g static and fatigue g strength, generally Produces stiffer truss ( d (reduces truss t deflections) d fl ti )
171
General
Chapter 7 of EN 1993-1-8 Background CIDECT materials Uni-planar and multi-planar joints Circular, Circ lar square sq are or rectangular rectang lar hollow hollo sections + Uni Uni-planar planar joints Combinations of hollow sections with open sections Detailed application rules to determine the static resistances of joints in lattice structures
172
K joint j i t
KT joint j i t
N jjoint i t
T joint
X joint
Y joint
173
DK joint
KK joint
Xj joint
TT j joint
DY joint
XX joint
174
175
Punchiing shear
-------
176
Local buckling
Brace fa ailure
177
178
179
gap
180
Y joint
Model
181
182
183
Model of the brace effective width Distribution of the stresses and deformations at the end of a RHS member
184
185
186
50 40
10 di / ti 50
187
N i , Ed M ip ,i , Ed + N i , Rd M ip ,i , Rd
Mip,i,Rd ip i Rd Mip,i,Ed Mop,i,Rd table; Mop,i,Ed
M op ,i , Ed 1,0 + M op ,i , Rd
the design g in-plane p moment resistance, , in table; ; the design in-plane internal acting moment; the design g out-of-plane p moment resistance, in the design out-of-plane internal acting moment.
188
Design Charts
Bourrier P., P Brozzetti J.: J: Construction metallique et mixte acier-beton, Tome 2, Conception et mise en oeuvre, Editions Eyrolles APK et ACIER, Eyrolles, ACIER Ce Paris, 1996.
d0 t0 10
f yo to k p N1.Rd = Ce A1 f y 1 f y 1 t1 sin1
0,7 06 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
15 20 30 40 50
1,0
189
N1.Sd
h1 =1 50
N2.Sd t1=6
b1=150
50 =1 h2
45?
45?
h0=200
542,8
1363
t0=8
e=+20
b0=200
190
Range g of Validity y
For excentricity
0,55 h0 e 0,25 h0 20 mm 0,25 200 = 50 mm
For diagonals
b 35 t
150 35 6
b E 1,25 t fy
150 210000 1,25 6 355
For chord
0 ,5
0 ,5
h0 2 ,0 b0
200 2 ,0 200
b0 35 t0
200 35 8
h0 35 t0
200 35 8
b0 + h0 25 t0
200 + 200 25 8
191
Failure Modes
The possible failure modes
Chord face failure Chord shear failure Punching shear failure Brace failure
192
N1. Rd
193
Sh Shear area
Av = (2 h0 + b0 ) t 0 = (2 200 + 0,241 200 ) 8 = 3586 mm 2
The resistance
N1. Rd = Av f y 1 3 sin M5 = 3586 355 1 = 903,8 kN 3 sin 45 1,15
194
195
Brace Failure
F effective For ff ti width idth
beff = 10 b1 t0 f y 0 b0 t1 f y1
2
M5
196
Final Resistance
Resulting resistace is the minimum: Chord face failure Chord shear failure Punching shear failure Brace failure 594,8 kN 903,8 kN 1278,9 kN 937,2 kN
The diagonal resistance 594 594,8 8 kN is higher compare to the acting forces in both diagonals (580 kN). OK
197
198
Range of Validity
Plate
M1 N1 h1 = 200 N0 M0 b0 = 200 t1 = 15 t 0 = 6,3
h0 0 ,5 2 ,0 b0
200 0 ,5 2 ,0 200
b0 35 t0
h0 30 t0
b0 + h0 25 t0
200 + 200 = 63 ,4 25 6 ,3
199
M0
N0 = - 300 kN
h 0 = 200
Additional factors
= h1 / b0 = 200 / 200 = 1
km = 1
n=
M0 j
1,1
N 0 ,Sd A0 f y ,0
M 0 ,Sd W0 f y ,0
)=
Design Check
M1 = 6 kNm N1 h1 = 200 N0 M0 b 0 = 200 t1 = 15 t 0 = 6,3
M0
N0 = - 300 kN
h 0 = 200
N1.Rd = N1.Rd
t 0 f y ,0 1 t1 / b0
(2 + 4 (
1 t1 / b0 k m
1,1
M0 Mj
CIDECT Materials
Wardenier J., Kurobane Y., Parker J.A. Dutta D., Yeomans N.: Design guide for circular i l hollow h ll section i (CHS) (C S) joints j i under predominantly static loading, CIDECTT, Construction with hollow steel sections, Verlag TUV Rheinland Gmbh, Kln, 1991. Wardenier J., Dutta D., Yeomans N. Parker J.A., Bucak O.: Design Guide for Structural Hollow Sections in Mechanical Applications, CIDECTT, Construction with hollow steel sections, Verlag TUV Rheinland Gmbh, Kln, 1995.
202
t0=5
t p =20
f 3 = 5,30
for ratio on exes x of graph
d 0 t0 168 5 = = 0,617 d 0 t 0 + 2 e1 168 5 + 2 51
Souinitel
10 8 6 4 2 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
d 0 - t0 d 0 - t 0 + 2 e1
204
Mb
205