Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chiew Sing-Ping School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Selected Topics for Verification Material ductility & toughness Basis of design combination of actions Structural analysis imperfections & second-order second order effects Member design beam & column b kli buckling g & buckling g Web bearing Shear buckling & plate girder Hollow section joints
Ductility Requirement
Trend is to use higher grade and better quality steel in modern design codes. EC3 has additional ductility requirements compared dt to BS5950 (CL (CL. 3 3.2.2) 2 2) i in t terms of f stress ratio, elongation and strain ratio. It is okay for hot-rolled steel but will be difficult for steel for cold cold-forming forming and cold-formed cold formed section.
fu/fy 1.10
elongation at failure not less than 15% u 15 y ( y is the yield strain, t i y= fy/ E)
fu/fy 1.05 ( EC3-1-12) fu/fy 1.10 ( UK NA to EC3-1-12) elongation g at failure not less than 10% u 15 y
fyLower
Strain
fyLower
amount of plastic deformation represented by shaded area under the curve
Strain
AS 1397: Steel sheet and strip hot-dip zinc-coated or aluminium/zinc-coated AS 1595: Cold-rolled, unalloyed, steel sheet and strip EN 10149-2: Hot-rolled flat products made of high yield strength steel for cold forming EN 10326: Continuously hot-dip coated strip and sheet of structural steels ISO 4997: Cold-reduced carbon steel sheet of structural quality * steel for profile metal decks and purlins
Typical Curve with no distinct Yield Point - gain in yield and loss in ductility due to cold working
Stre ess Rm Rp Rt
Agt
At
Strain
Toughness Requirement
To prevent sudden brittle fracture failure, both adopted a simple i l d deemed-to-satisfy dt ti f d i design approach h by b ensuring the maximum permitted thickness value is satisfied by choosing a steel quality grade with adequate notch toughness, taking into account factors such as service temperature, temperature thickness, thickness steel grade, grade member shape and detail, stress level and strain rate. Unlike BS5950, BS5950 EC3-1-10 EC3 1 10 allows an alternative design for brittle fracture using fracture mechanics in addition to the above. above
S275
S355
Notes: (1) The units for the thickness values are mm. (2) Th The hi highest h t reference f t temperature t th that t EC3 allowed ll d is i 100C. C (3) This comparison is done under generally welded and high stress condition
j 1
(6.10)
Permanent actions
From SS NA of EN1990 0 = 0.5 for the wind load; 0 = 0.7 for the imposed load; G = 1.35 for unfavorable permanent action; Q = 1.50 1 50 f for l leading di or non-leading l di variable i bl action ti .
Combination of Actions
Combination Dead & imposed Dead & wind Dead, imposed & wind Design Action BS5950 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk 1.4Gk + 1.4Wk 1.2Gk + 1.2Qk+ 1.2Wk EN1990 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Wk 1.35Gk + 1.05Qk+ 1.50Wk or 1.35Gk + 1.50Qk+ 0.75Wk
Gk = permanent action; Qk = imposed variable action; Wk = wind variable action Example: Gk = 20 kN; Qk = 10 kN; Wk = 8 kN Combination Dead & imposed Dead, imposed & wind Design Action BS5950 44.0 kN 45.6 kN EN1990 42.0 kN 49.5 kN or 48.0 kN
F3
F3
F2
F2
=
F2
F1
F1
F1
1 in i 200 = 0.5% 0 %
Combination of Actions
Combination Dead & imposed D d & wind Dead i d Dead, imposed & wind Design Action BS5950
1.4Gk + 1.6Qk + NHF 1 4Gk + 1.4 1.4 1 4Wk* (no ( NHF) 1.2Gk + 1.2Qk+ 1.2Wk* (no NHF)
EC3
1.35Gk + 1.5Qk + EHF 1 35Gk + 1.5 1.35 1 5Wk + EHF 1.35Gk + 1.05Qk+ 1.50Wk + EHF or 1.35Gk + 1.50Qk+ 0.75Wk+ EHF
In BS5950, minimum Wk is 1% of factored dead load; this is to provide a minimum level of robustness but why no NHF when the wind is blowing?
Level of Non-Linearity y
Ref: Figure 8.1 8 1 of Matrix Structural Analysis, Analysis 2nd Edition, Edition William McGuire McGuire, Richard H H. Gallagher and Ronald D D. Ziemian Ziemian, John Wiley & Sons, 2000
Exact method:
Moments about minor axis only:
Fc m y M y + M cy Pcy 1 + Fc 1 P cy
In-plane buckling
m M Fc + 0.5 LT LT 1 Pcy Mb
Out-of-plane buckling
fy M1
but
LT
1,0 10
LT = Wy f y M cr
2 LT = 0,51 + LT LT 0,2 + LT
where LT is imperfection factor depending on which buckling curves (Figure 6.4 of EC3)
Af y M1
A eff f y M1
where the compressive strength pc is is the reduction factor for the relevant based on the strut curve, slenderness buckling mode 1 & design strength py = = L/r r = (I/A)0.5
+ 2
2
but 1,0
2 = 0,51 + 0,2 +
Aeff f y N cr
N cr =
2 EI
Lcr
2
M cr = C1
EI z I w
2
Lcr
L GI T I + EI z Z
2 cr 2
0.5
where h Lcr is i the h effective ff i l length h and d C1 is i the h correction i f factor f for non-uniform and unequal end moments. Unlike BS5950, EC3 does not provides any tables for effective length factors and equivalent uniform moment factors.
Px =
25t
(b1 + nk k )d
Pbw
25t
FRd =
Pbw
f yw Leff t w
M1
Px =
e + 0.7d
1.4d
(b1 + nk )d
where Leff ff is the effective length for resistance against transverse force:
Leff ff = f l y
3 tw Fcr = 0.9k F E hw
F =
0 .5
1 .0
0.7d Pxr = Px LE
F =
l y t w f yw Fcr
BS5950-1
EC3-1-5
The design resistance for shear buckling is taken as: fyw hw t Vb,Rd = Vbw ,Rd + Vbf ,Rd (5.1) 3M1 in which the contribution from the web and flanges are:
Vbw ,Rd =
Vbf ,Rd =
w fyw hw t 3 M1
bf tf2fyf c M1 M 2 1 Ed M f , Rd
(5.2) (5.3)
0.6275=165
EC3 rigid end post TFA qw (BS5950-2000)TFA EC3 non-rigid end post TFA qcr (BS5950-1990) No TFA 71 61 55.7 28
200 250 300
Tension field action is mobilized in both BS5950 and EC3 to realize much higher g shear buckling g resistance of the thin web
Hollow section joints can be very flexible because they are unstiffened! Designing unstiffened welded hollow section joints is a skilled task and must be done at member design stage.
Mode E: Overall shear failure of the chord Mode F: Local buckling of the chord walls
Verification
Topic Material D tilit Ductility Toughness BS5950 EC3
M b b Member buckling kli (b (beam & column) l ) Web bearing & buckling Shear buckling & Plate girder Hollow section j joints