VOL 2 Rehab Guide

VOL 2
THE
REHAB
GUIDE
EXTERIORWALLS
PATH(PartnershipforAdvancingTechnologyinHousing)isanewprivate/publicefforttodevelop,demon strate,andgainwidespreadmarketacceptancefortheNextGenerationofAmericanhousing.Through theuseofneworinnovativetechnologiesthegoalofPATHistoimprovethequality,durability,environ mentalefciency,andaffordabilityoftomorrowshomes. Initiated at the request of the White House, PATH is managed and supported by the Department of HousingandUrbanDevelopment(HUD).Inaddition,allFederalAgenciesthatengageinhousingresearch andtechnologydevelopmentarePATHPartners,includingtheDepartmentsofEnergyandCommerce,as well as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).Stateandlocalgovernmentsandotherparticipantsfromthepublicsectorarealsopartnersin PATH.Productmanufacturers,homebuilders,insurancecompanies,andlendersrepresentprivateindus tryinthePATHpartnership. TolearnmoreaboutPATH,pleasecontact:
PATH
SuiteB133
451SeventhStreetSW.
Washington,DC20410
202-708-4250(fax)
e-mail:pathnet@pathnet.org
website:www.pathnet.org
DISCLAIMER
ThestatementsandconclusionscontainedinthisreportarethoseofStevenWinterAssociates,Inc.and donotnecessarilyreecttheviewsoftheDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment.StevenWinter Associates,Inc.hasmadeeveryefforttoverifytheaccuracyandappropriatenessofthereportscontent. However,noguaranteeoftheaccuracyorcompletenessoftheinformationoracceptabilityforcompliance withanyindustrystandardormandatoryrequirementofanycode,law,orregulationiseitherofferedor implied.Theproductslistedinthereportareincludedonlyasexamplesofsomeavailableproducts.No endorsement,recommendation,orevaluationoftheseproductsortheiruseisgivenorimplied.
E X T E R I O R WA L L S
VOLUME 2 OF THE REHAB GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD3 1.INTRODUCTION4 2.DESIGN&ENGINEERING6 3.MASONRY/BRICKVENEER21 4.SHEATHING28 5.VAPORRETARDERS&AIRINFILTRATIONBARRIERS32 6.INSULATION39 7.VINYLSIDING45 8.METALSIDING49 9.WOODSHINGLES&SHAKES52 10.SOLIDWOODSIDING55 11.HARDBOARDSIDING60 12.ENGINEEREDWOODSIDING63 13.PLYWOODPANELSIDING65 14.FIBER-CEMENTSIDING68 15.EIFS&STUCCO72 16.EXTERIORTRIM77 17.SEALANTS&CAULKS80 18.PAINT&OTHERFINISHES84 APPENDIX:PROFESSIONALASSOCIATIONS&RESEARCHCENTERS89
Preparedfor: U.S.DepartmentofHousing andUrbanDevelopment OfceofPolicyDevelopment andResearch Preparedby: StevenWinterAssociates,Inc. BuildingSystemsConsultants Norwalk,CT ContractDUIOOCOOOOO5956 August1999
CREDITS
STEVENWINTERASSOCIATES,INC.STAFFMEMBERS WHOWEREINSTRUMENTALINTHEDEVELOPMENTAND PRODUCTIONOFTHISGUIDEBOOKINCLUDE: StevenWinter Principal-in-charge AlexanderGrinnell Projectmanagerandprincipalresearcher MichaelJ.Crosbie,Ph.D.,RA Editor-in-chief ChristophWeigelandMasakiFurkawa Illustrators GordonTully,WilliamZoeller Projectteammembers U.S.DEPARTMENTOFHOUSINGANDURBANDEVELOPMENT OFFICEOFPOLICYDEVELOPMENTANDRESEARCH,AFFORDABLE HOUSINGRESEARCHANDTECHNOLOGYDIVISION DavidEngel Director NelsonCarbonell Seniorarchitect GUIDEBOOKDESIGN AndrewP.Kner ArtDirector MicheleL.Trombley AssistantArtDirector ElizabethRosen Symbols
FOREWORD
PresidentClintonrecognizesthatresearchandtechnologicalinnovationarecrucialifAmericaistomeet itsaffordablehousingneeds.In1998,thePresidentintroducedamajornewinitiative:ThePartnershipfor AdvancingTechnologyinHousing(PATH).Thisinitiativebringstogetherleadersfromthehomebuilding, productmanufacturing,insurance,andnancialindustries,aswellasrepresentativesfromfederalagen cies,tospurhousingdesignandconstructioninnovations. Thankstothedevelopmentofnewmachineryandmaterialsandthecreationofnewtechnologies andtechniques,theconstructionindustryhasmadegreatprogress.Butabreakthroughmaterial,alaborsavingtool,oracost-cuttingtechniqueisonlyvaluableifitiswidelyadopted,whichmeanstheconstruction industrymustrstbecomeawareofthesenewdevelopments. TheDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopmentcanhelp.Wehavecommissionedasetof guidebooksthatwillpresentstate-of-the-arttechniques,materials,andtechnologiesforhousingrehabil itation.Thisvolume,ExteriorWalls,isthesecondofnineguidebooksknowncollectivelyasTheRehab Guidethatwillappearoverthenextfewyears. Wearepresentingtheseguidebooksbecause,likeresearchandtechnologicalinnovation,housing rehabilitationisanessentialcomponentofAmericascommitmenttoprovideaffordablehousing.Iam pleasedtopresentthisimportantpublicationinthehopethatitwillbecomeavaluableresourcethatleads toaffordable,highqualityrehabilitation,andthustobetterhousingforallAmericans.
AndrewCuomo,Secretary
U.S.DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment
THEREHABGUIDE: E X T E R I O R WA L L S
INTRODUCTION
Thispublication, TheRehabGuide:ExteriorWalls isoneinaseriesofguidebooksproducedbythe U.S.DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment(HUD)tokeepthedesignandconstructionindus tryabreastofinnovationsandstate-of-the-artmaterialsandpracticesinhomerehabilitation.Asistoo oftenthecase,innovativetechniques,materials,technologies,andproductsareslowtomaketheirway into accepted practice. The Rehab Guide series is intended to accelerate this process by informing builders,architects,engineers,andotherhousingrehabilitationprofessionalsaboutsuchinnovationsand state-of-the-artpractices. TheRehabGuide wasalsopromptedbythelackofacomprehensivepublicationtomakethe designandconstructionindustryawareofinnovativeandcost-savingdevelopmentsinhousingrehabilita tion.Professionaltrademagazines,conferences,andtradeshowsoffersomedistributionofthisinforma tion,buttheyarerarelyfocusedonhousingrehabilitation,asthisseriesis,noraretheycomprehensive. Itisevidentthatsuchinnovationswillnotadvanceunlesstheindustryismadeawareofthemandtheyare tested.
FOCUS OF THE REHAB GUIDE

The focus of this series is on housing rehabilitation, which is different than home improvement. Rehabilitatemeanstorestoretogoodcondition,notnecessarilytoimprovetoastatethatissignicantly differentthantheoriginal.Thisisaneline,butitdistinguishesthisseriesfromhomeimprovement bookswrittenfortheamateur.TheRehabGuide focusesonbuildingtechnology,materials,components, andtechniquesratherthanprojectssuchasaddinganewroom,convertingagarageintoaden,or nishinganattic.NorisTheRehabGuide intendedtobeadiagnostictool;anumberofsuchbooksare alreadyavailabletotheindustry. The content for this guidebook, Exterior Walls, has been gathered from professionals in the housingrehabilitationeld;manufacturersandsuppliersofinnovativetechnologies,materials,compo nents,tools,andequipment;tradeshows,conferences,reports,andpublicationsconsideringsuchissues; tradeorganizations;andbuildingresearchcenters.
A NOTE ON SOURCES
Particularlyusefulsourcesoftechnicalinformationonexteriorwalldesignandconstructionarepublica tionsbyAPA--TheEngineeredWoodAssociation,theCedarShakeandShingleBureau,theBrickIndustries Association,theWesternWoodProductsAssociation,theCaliforniaRedwoodAssociationandotherindus tryassociations.Othervaluableanddetailedsourcesofinformationfromthegeneralconstructionindus tryincludetechnicaltrademagazinessuchasConstructionSpecier andRSIRoongSidingInsulation magazine. Publications relating more directly to residential construction include the Journal of Light Construction, Old House Journal, This Old House, Fine Homebuilding, Energy Design Update, 4
EnvironmentalBuildingNews,PreservationBriefs,andpublicationsoftheForestProductsLaboratory oftheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture.AvaluablesourceofpublicationsonwallconstructionistheCanada MortgageandHousingCorporation,whichhasanextensivecatalogofexcellentbooksandarticlesona widerangeofsubjectsonhousingconstructionandrehab.Themostcompleteandcomprehensivebooks onexteriorwallconstructionmaterialsaretheproductinformationandinstallationmanualsofindividual manufacturers.Othervaluableresourcesarethe TroubleshootingGuidetoResidentialConstruction, producedbythe JournalofLightConstruction,and RehabilitationofWood-FrameHomes,produced bytheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture.
HOW THE GUIDE IS ORGANIZED

NinevolumeswilleventuallymakeupTheRehabGuide initsentirety,andtheyarelistedonthebackcover ofthisvolume. Eachoneisdevotedtodistinctelementsofthehouse,andwithineachvolumeisarange ofissuesthatarecommontothatelementofhomerehabilitationwork.ThepresentvolumeonExterior Wallscoversthemajorwallenclosuresystemsincludingframingandsheathing;protectivestrategiessuch asbuildingpaper,flashing,andhousewraps;energyandairinfiltrationissues;variouscladdingmaterials; andtrim.Eachvolumeaddressesawiderangetechniques,materials,andtools,andrecommendations basedonregionaldifferencesaroundthecountry.ThroughoutTheRehabGuide,specialattentionisgiven toissuesrelatedtoenergyefficiency,accessibledesign,andsustainability.
EASILY ACCESSIBLE FORMAT

TheRehabGuide iswrittenandpresentedinaformatintendedforeasyuse.Thespiralboundvolumes openatsothattheycanbeeasilyphotocopied,andtheycanbeassembledandstoredinasinglethreeringbinder.Withineachvolume,drawings,photos,andothergraphicmaterialssupplementwrittendescrip tionsofabroadrangeofitems:state-of-the-artandinnovativebuildingtechnology,products,materials, components,constructionandmanagementtechniques,tools,equipment,softwarevirtuallyanyandall itemsthatmakehousingrehabilitationmoreefcientintermsofcostandtime.Whilethecontentfocuses onpresenttechnologies,techniques,andmaterialsthatarecurrentlypartofthehouse-buildingindustry, The Rehab Guide also includes information on materials, products, and procedures from other con structionsectors(suchascommercial,industrial,institutional)thatarerelevanttohousingrehabilitation. Theinformationisorganizedindifferentsectionsaccordingtorehabsubjects,andunderhead ingsthatmakethisbookeasytounderstand.EssentialKnowledgegivesthereaderabasicoverviewof theimportantissuesrelatedtothesectionheading.Next,Techniques,Materials,Toolspresentsstate-ofthe-artandinnovativeapproachestoaccomplishingthework.Eachentryisexplainedindetail,including itsadvantagesanddisadvantages.Thismakesiteasyforreaderstocompareapproachesandchoosethe onethatismostapplicabletotheirparticularproject.Bydesign,theTechniques,Materials,Toolssec tion is an overview, not a detailed description of implementation. Further Reading lists the valuable resourcesrelevanttothesubjectwhichreaderscangotoformoredetailedinformation.Finally,Product Informationprovidesnamesandaddressesofmanufacturersofproducts,materials,systems,andcom ponentsmentionedinthetextsothatmoreinformationcanbeattained.Byvirtueoftheirbeinglistedhere, suchproductsarenotnecessarilybeingrecommended;theirexistenceandavailabilityisbeingbroughtto thereadersattention.Newproductsshouldbecarefullyevaluatedintheeldastotheirefcacy.Theprod uctlistsarenotcomprehensive,andweencouragereaderstobringnewmaterialsandproductstoour attentiontobeincludedinlatereditionsofTheRehabGuide.
2 D E S I G N & ENGINEERING
2.1 EXTERIORWALLOVERVIEW
FromthetimeoftherstEuropeansettlersinNorthAmerica,thepredominantwallframingsystemfor houseswastimber(withwoodexteriorcladding).Alsopopular,buttoalesserdegreethanwoodfram ing,wasmasonryconstruction(mostcommonlybrickorstone).Otherexteriorwallsystemslesswidely usedincludedlogconstructionandadobe. Inthersthalfofthe19thCentury,theintroductionofmachine-sawnlumberandfactory-made nailsledtolighterstructuralsystems(Fig.1),includingbraced-frameconstruction,(whichcombinestim ber framing and inll studs), and balloon framing, which replaced heavy timber columns and girts (beams)withlight-weightframingmembersthatrancontinuouslyfromthefoundationtotheroof.Bythe beginningofWorldWarII,balloonframinghadlargelybeenreplacedwithplatformframing,whichuses shorterframingpiecesandgainslateralstabilityfromtheoorplatform.Thissystemprevailstodayinboth stick-builtandprefabricatedhousing.
FIGURE1
BRACEDFRAMING
BALLOONFRAMING
PLATFORMFRAMING
Becauseithasbeenthedominantframingmaterial,therehabilitationofwood-framesystemswill begiventhemostattentioninthisguide.Masonrysystemssuchasstone,brick,andconcreteblockwill beaddressedbriey.Additionalrecommendationsforremedialworkwillbeaddressedintheindividual chapters that discuss specic wall materials and application systems. Steel framing has not been used extensivelyinresidentialrehab,exceptoccasionallyforinteriornon-load-bearingpartitions.Structural 6
insulatedpanels(SIPs)havealsonotbeenusedmuchinresidentialrehabwork,becauseitisrarethat largesectionsofwallsarecompletelyreplaced. Older,pre-code-complyingdomesticstructuresemployedcarpentersrulesofthumbandbuild ingswere,forthemostpart,strong,resilient,andadequatefornormalconditions.Whenbuildingsfail structurally, which is infrequent, it is typically due to one or more of the following causes: inadequate design,earthquakes,stormsandhighwinds,re,insectdamage,andstructuraldeteriorationcausedby moisture.Thischapterwilloutlinesomeofthecausesofstructuralfailure,andrecommendedremedial approachesandreferencesourcestobecontactedforadditionalrecommendations.
FURTHER READING
TheStructureofWoodFrameHomes,GordonBock, Old-HouseJournal,March/April1992.
2.2
WOODFRAMESEISMIC RESISTANCE
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Ahousesload-bearingwallsandcolumnstransmitliveanddeadloadsfromtherooftothefoundation, whichinturndistributestheseloadstotheground.Resistanceisalsoneededtolateralforcesfromwind andseismicoccurrences,whichcancauserackinganddisplacebuildingsfromtheirfoundations.These loadsaretakenintoaccountinthedesignofnewercode-complyingbuildings,butforhousesconstructed beforestateandlocalcodeenforcementitislikelythattheywerenotspecicallyaddressed.Forinstance, theuseofanchorboltswasnotuniformlyenforceduntilthelate-1950s,andseismicrequirementswere notdevelopedandenforceduntiltheearly-1960s. The most serious structural damage to wood-frame houses in seismic areas results from insufcientanchoringoftheframetothefoundation,andthecollapseofcripplewallsincrawlspaces. Localmunicipalities,workingontheirownandwithcodeagencies,havedevelopedprescriptivestandards thatareacceptedbylocalbuildingdepartmentsandinsuranceproviders.Typicalstandards,suchasthose approvedbythecityofSanLeandro,California,aredescribedbelow.Othermunicipalitiesmayreference theUniformCodeforBuildingConservation (UCBC),1994edition,or1997forseismicrequirements. Codesareevolving,mayvaryamongmunicipalities,andshouldberesearchedcarefully.
TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

1. ATTACHASILLTOTHEFOUNDATIONWITHANCHORBOLTS. Unreinforcedbrickandblockfoundationsareproblematicbecauseanchorboltsaredifculttodrilland installproperly,andthemortarmaynotbestrongenoughtoholdthewalltogetherinanearthquake. Crumbling,cracked,orporousconcretecannotholdmechanicalanchorsandwilltendtoshearadjacent toepoxiedanchorbolts(inadequateorsubstandardfoundationsshouldberebuiltorreplacedtocurrent codestandards).Reinforcedconcretefoundationsarepreferable,buttheyarenottypicalinolderhomes. Ifthefoundationisadequateandthereissufcientheightinthecrawlspacetouseanimpact/rotarydrill, theeasiestmethodofattachmentofasillisbymeansofanexpansionboltorananchorboltepoxiedinto thefoundation(Fig.2).Sillsshouldbeboltedatamaximumof6footintervalswithboltslocatedwithin 12inchesofeachjointorstepinthesill,butnotlessthan9inchesfromtheendofasillboard.Inaddi tionto,orinlieuof,conventionalanchorbolts,specialhold-downbracketsareofteninstalledatshear wallsoratwallopenings.Thesehold-downssecurethestuds/postthroughthebottomplateintothefoun7
dations(Fig.3).Specicreinforcementrequirementswilldependonindividualsiteandbuildingcode
requirementsandshouldbereviewedwithastructuralengineer.
ADVANTAGES:Simplest,mostpositiveconnection.
DISADVANTAGES:Maynotbepossiblewherethereisinsufcientheadroomtodrill.
2.ATTACHASILL,JOIST,ORSTUDTOTHEFOUNDATIONWITHSIDEBRACKETS ORSTRAPS. Whereitisnotpossibletoinstallanchorboltsbecauseofinsufcientheadroom,avarietyoffastenershas
beenspeciallydevelopedtoafxframestofoundations.Anchorsareavailablefrommanufacturerssuch
asSimpsonStrong-TieCo.,Inc.,amongothers.Typicalproductsincludestrapsandplatesdesignedfor
attachmentofplatesandjoiststothefaceoffoundationsandmudsills(Fig.4).
ADVANTAGES:Canconnectwallstofoundationsinareaswithlimitedheadroom.
DISADVANTAGES:Notasstrongordirectaconnectionasanchorbolts.
FIGURE2
EPOXIEDANCHORBOLT,EXPANSIONANCHORBOLT
FIGURE3
TYPICALHOLD-DOWNS
FIGURE4
TYPICALANCHORS
3. REINFORCECRIPPLEWALLSWITHPLYWOODOROSB.
Thelateralforcesofanearthquakeareconcentratedontheinterfaceofthefoundationandthewood
frame.Cripplewallsareinherentlyweakconnectionsandhavetobereinforcedtopreventbucklingand
collapse.Thisiseasilyaccomplishedwithplywoodororientedstrandboard(OSB)structuralsheathing
usedasarigiddiaphragmconnectingthetopandbottomplateswiththestuds(Fig5).Theselectionof
theproperfastenertypeandspacingiscritical.Forcrawlspacesthatarenotaccessible,mostmunicipal
itieshavestandardsfortheapplicationofplywoodoralternativestructuralsheathingtotheoutsideofthe
crawlspace.Consultationwithalicensedengineerisrecommended.
ADVANTAGES:Aninexpensiveandeffectiveremedy.
DISADVANTAGES: Requires accessible crawlspace, otherwise existing siding and sheathing have to be
removedandnewsheathingappliedtothebuildingexterior.
FIGURE5
PLYWOODREINFORCEMENT
4. PROVIDESECURELOADPATHFROMROOFTOFOUNDATION.
Engineersrecommendthatacontinuousloadpathorholddownpathbecreatedwithmetalconnec
torsorsheathingsothewalls,oors,androofacttogetherasastructuralunit.Thisisaccomplishedby
providing,inadditiontothewall/foundationconnection,asecureloadpathbetweenthewallsandoors
(inplatformconstruction)andbetweenthewallsandtheroof.Typicaloor-to-oorconnectorsinclude
bolted hold-downs with threaded rods or straps designed specically for that use. The choice would
dependonjob-siteconditionsandloadingrequirements(Fig.6).Anothermaterialusedtotiebuilding
componentstogetherisplywoodorOSBsheathingwhichprovidesahold-downpathandresistsshearor
rackingforces.Thelowerportionoftheplywoodsheathingshouldconnectthelowertotheupperoor
andbenailedintothebottomplate,thewallstuds,thetopplateandthesecondoorrimjoist,theupper
portionshouldconnecttherimjoists,bottomplateandstuds,tothetopwallplate(Fig.7).Inareasof
highseismicprobability,engineersmayspecifyatopgradeofplywood,Structural#1,inlieuofregular
ratedsheathing.Consultationwithalicensedengineerisrecommended.Wall/roofconnectionsinseismic
areasarereviewedinRehabGuide,Volume3:Roofs.
ADVANTAGES:Providesstructuralcontinuitytotheentirehouse.
DISADVANTAGES:Costly,requiresremovalofsidingandpossiblysheathing.
FIGURE6
FLOOR-TO-FLOORCONNECTIONS
FIGURE7
SHEATHINGRESISTSSHEARANDRACKING
FURTHER READING
AGuidetoStrengtheningandRepairingYourHomeBeforetheNextEarthquake. Developedbythe Governors Ofce of Emergency Services, State of California, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency, revised May 1995. Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) Publications, P.O. Box 2050, Oakland,CA946042050. An Ounce of Prevention: Strengthening Your Wood Frame House for Earthquake Safety: A Do-ItYourselfProgram.Videoandbook.GovernorsOfceofEmergencyServices,StateofCalifornia,1993. AssociationofBayAreaGovernments(ABAG)Publications,P.O.Box2050,Oakland,CA946042050. BracingWallsAgainstRacking,HarrisHyman,P.E.,JournalofLightConstruction,April1987. BuildingsatRisk:WindDesignBasicsforPracticingArchitects,MichaelJ.Crosbie,Washington,DC: AmericanInstituteofArchitects,1998. HowtheCityofSanLeandroCanHelpStrengthenYourHomefortheNextBigEarthquakeintheBay Area (publicationincludesprescriptivedetails).TheCityofSanLeandroDevelopmentServices,Building RegulationDivision,835East14thStreet,SanLeandro,CA94577;5105773405. PrescriptiveSeismicStrengtheningPlanforWoodFrameResidentialStructures, SimpsonStrong-Tie Co.,1996. RehabGuide,Volume3:Roofs,Washington,DC:USDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment,1999. TheSanFranciscoBayAreaOnShakyGround.AssociationofBayAreaGovernments,1995(multimedia CD-ROM, 1996). Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) Publications, P.O. Box 2050, Oakland,CA946042050. StructuralStrengtheningforSeismicConditions,(Video1997),SimpsonStrong-Tie Co. TyingDowntheHouse,JohnScoggins,JournalofLightConstruction,September1997.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
EarthquakeResistantConstructionConnectors,SimpsonStrong-Tie Co.,4637ChabotDrive,Suite200, Pleasanton,CA94588;8009995099;www.strongtie.com. UnitedSteelProductsCo.(USP),703RogersDrive,Montgomery,MN56069;8003285934.
2.3
WOODFRAMEWINDRESISTANCE
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Exteriorwalls,incombinationwithinteriorshearwallsthatbracethem,resistperpendicularandlateral loads and uplift forces generated by high winds (which can tear off roofs and porches). The increasing amountofdamagecausedbyhurricanestotheGulfandAtlanticcoastalstatesandthemountingcoststo repairandreplaceexistingstructuresdemonstratetheneedtobetterdesign,build,andretrothousesfor windresistance. Whilecoderequirementsregardingwindresistanceareextensivefornewhomeconstruction,there arerelativelyfewrequirementsforrehabofexistinghouses(unlesstheworkisextensiveenoughtowarrant bringingtheentirebuildinguptocode).Exceptionstothisoccurinsomemunicipalities,suchasDadeCounty, Florida,whichhavespecicrequirementsforrehabingexistingbuildings.Rehabguidelinesregardingwind 11
resistancebeingconsideredbylocal,state,andmodelcodeagenciesincludethefollowingrecommendations. Akeyaspectoftheseconsiderationsiswhethertoprovideprescriptivexesforsimplebuildingcongura tionsorwhethertorequirethataprofessionalengineerorarchitectprescribethespecicdetails.Thelatter isrecommendedforcomplicatedbuildinggeometries.
TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS , TOOLS

1. REINFORCECONNECTIONSOFWOOD-FRAMEWALLSTOFOUNDATIONS. Dependingonthetypeoffoundationandaccesspossible,thereareanumberofanchorbolts,straps,or threaded-rodconnectionsthatcanbeusedtoreinforcetheconnectionoftheframetothefoundations. Manyoftheseconnectorsaresimilartothoseusedinseismicareas.InNorthernareas,crawlspacesmight provideaccessibility,whilefoundationsinSouthernregionsareslabongradeor,alongthecoast,pilings orpiers.TypicalrehaboptionsforreinforcementareshowninFigs.3and4. ADVANTAGES:Relativelysimple,cost-effectiveremedies. DISADVANTAGES:Mayinvolveremovingexteriororinteriornishes. 2. REINFORCEWOOD-FRAMEWALLSFORSHEARRESISTANCE. Windscauselateralforcesonbuildingsthatcan,inseverecases,displaceandcollapsethebuildingwalls. Resistancetotheseforcesisprovidedbyexteriorandinteriorshearwallsthatbracethebuildingsstruc tureandtransferloadstotheoorsandfoundations.Themosteffectiveshearwallsaremadeofplywood ororientedstrandboard.Alternativesystemsincludeotherstructurallyapprovedsheathings,let-inwood bracing,metalstrapping,Tbracing,orspecialstudconnectors.Forbuildingsthathavequalifyingstruc turalsheathings,acost-effectiveretrotistoincreasethenumberoffastenersorconnectorsfromthe sheathingtothestudsortoaddresistancewithfoamed-in-placeadhesivessuchasFoamSeal products. Thiscanbeaccomplishedwiththeremovalandreplacementofthesiding. ADVANTAGES:Asimplewayofprovidingshearresistance. DISADVANTAGES:Willrequireremovalofsidingandmayrequireremovalofsheathingifitisnotstruc turallyadequate. 3. REINFORCECONNECTIONSOFWOOD-FRAMEWALLSTOFIRSTFLOOR. Connections are simple to make in new construction but difcult in rehab work unless the siding is removedtoexposethewallsheathing.Metalstrapssimilartothoseusedinseismicareasprovidestruc turalcontinuityfromonebuildingcomponenttoanother(Figs.5and6). ADVANTAGES:Providesacontinuousloadpath. DISADVANTAGES:Requiresremovalofsidingandsheathing,ifitisstructurallyinadequate.
FIGURE8
WALL/ROOFCONNECTORS
12
4. REINFORCECONNECTIONSOFWOOD-FRAMEWALLSTOROOFTRUSSES ANDRAFTERS. Theconnectionoftheexteriorwallstotheroofstructureisthekeyelementintransferringwindloadsto

thebuildingframeandinpreventingupliftforcesfromtearingofftheroof.Whilenewhousesinhighwind
areasarerequiredtohavemetalconnectors,olderhousesmostlikelydonothavethem.Thesimplestcon
nectionismadefromtheoutsideafterthesoftisremoved(Fig.8).Thisjuncturecanbereinforcedfrom
theinside,butthetopportionsofthewallaswellasportionsoftheceilingatthewallhavetoberemoved
foraccess.SeeRehabGuide,Volume3:Roofs,forfurtherdiscussion.
ADVANTAGES:Aneffectivemeansofprovidingupliftresistance.
DISADVANTAGES:Willrequireremovalofsoftmaterial.
5.REINFORCECONNECTIONSOFWOOD-FRAMEWALLSTOROOFOVERHANGS.
Themostvulnerableportionofabuildingforwindupliftistheconnectionofroofoverhangsandwalls.
Thetypicalconnectionofthewalltotheladderoverhang(Fig.9)isinadequateiftheoverhandexceeds
onefootindepth,andupliftforcescanleadtoseparationoftheladderfromthewall.Thepreferreddetail
onneworrepairedconstructionistouselookoutstiedtothetopoftheexteriorwallandanchored
backtotheadjoiningtrussorrafter(Fig.10).
ADVANTAGES:Effectivemeansofprovidingupliftresistance.
DISADVANTAGES:Willrequireremovalofsoftandmodicationtogableend.
FIGURE9
SHALLOWLADDEROVERHAND
FIGURE10
DEEPOVERHANGSSUPPORTEDBYLOOKOUTS
13
FURTHER READING
BuildingsatRiskWindDesignBasicsforPracticingArchitects,MichaelJ.Crosbie,Washington,DC: AmericanInstituteofArchitects,1998. RehabGuide,Volume3:Roofs,Washington,DC:USDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment,1998.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
High-Wind-ResistantConstructionConnectors,SimpsonStrong-TieCo.,Inc.,4637CabotDrive,Suite 200,Pleasanton,CA94588;8009995099;www.strongtie.com. High-WindRetrotofWoodTrussesorRafterstoMasonryorConcreteWalls,SimpsonStrong-TieCo., Inc.,4637CabotDrive,Suite200,Pleasanton,CA94588;8009995099;www.strongtie.com.
2.4
REINFORCINGEXISTING MASONRYWALLCONSTRUCTION
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Itisoftendifculttoreinforceexistingmasonrywallsforseismicorhighwindresistance.Reinforcement strategiesshouldbedevelopedforindividualbuildingsonacase-by-casebasisbyalicensedprofessional. Masonrybuildingsgenerallyperformwellinhighwindaslongastheyarereinforcedinaccordancewith codes, and as long as the connections to the roof structure are adequate to prevent uplift failure. Unreinforcedmasonrybuildingsperformpoorlyinseismicareas.Theconnectiontoroofstructuresand secondarystructuressuchasporchesaresimilarinconcepttothoseusedforwood-frameconstruction butadaptedtomasonry.Typicalmasonry-to-roofconnectorsareillustratedinFig.11. ADVANTAGES:Aneffectivemeansofprovidingupliftresistance. DISADVANTAGES:Willrequireremovalofsoffitmaterial.
FIGURE11
MASONRY-TO-ROOFCONNECTORS
PRODUCT INFORMATION
14 High-WindRetrofitofWoodTrussesorRafterstoMasonryorConcreteWalls, SimpsonStrong-TieCo., Inc.,4637CabotDrive,Suite200,Pleasanton,CA94588;8009995099;www.strongtie.com.
2.5
MOISTUREDETERIORATION
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Waterabsorbedbystructuralwood-framingcanraiseitsmoisturecontent,reduceitscompressiveandtensile strength,ultimatelycauserotanddecay,andalsoattracttermites.Themostcriticalpointsofthebuildingenve lopesusceptibletoleakageare:tearsorgapsintheroongmaterial;atashingsandpenetrationsoftheroof plane;roof/wallconnections;wallpenetrationssuchaswindowsanddoors;rainwaterpenetrationthroughsid ingmaterials;andwall/foundationconnections.Roongwater-relatedproblemsarediscussedintheRehab Guide, Volume3:Roofs,wallpenetrationleaksatwallopeningsarecoveredin Volume4:Windowsand Doors,andwaterpenetrationsthroughwallmaterialsarecoveredinotherchaptersofthisvolume. Wall/foundationjuncturesareparticularlycriticalbecauserun-offfromroofsandwallscollects onthegroundatthatlocation.Ifthesillandoorassemblyarenotsufcientlyelevated,rotwilloccur. Oldertimber-framedandballoon-framedstructureswithsillplatesthatrestonafewcoursesofstone(or, occasionally,directlyongrade)areatgreatestrisk.Platform-framedhousesthathavefoundationwalls withthesillaminimumof6inchesto8inchesabovegrade(tocomplywithcodeminimums)arelesssus ceptibletorotanddecayfrommoisture.However,unlessthegradebelowthesidingissufcientlysloped awayandkeptclearofdebrisandplantings,moisturecanwickupthroughthesidingandcausedecay.Rot anddecaycannotprogressintheabsenceofmoisture. Sillscanbeinspectedfrominsidethebuildinginthecrawlspaceorfromoutsidebyremovinga portionofthesidingandsheathing.Theconditionofthewoodcanbecheckedwithasharpobjectsuch asascrewdriverorpocketknife.Soundwoodwillsplitintobroussplinters,whiledecayedwoodwillsep arateintosmallchunksofadarkbrown,black,orgraycolor.Decaycanalsoberevealedbyrappingthe surfaceofthewoodmember;adull,hollowsoundfrequentlyindicatesdecaybelowthesurface. Decayedsillscanbereplacedwithfull-sizedmembers,partiallyreplacedwithbuilt-uplumber, orstabilizedwithstructuralepoxyconservationtechniques.

1. REPAIRSILLWITHBUILT-UPLUMBER. Ifthesillisaheavytimbersection(4by6to8by8)andthewallstudsare3or4incheswide,thehouse ismostlikelyofpost-and-beamconstruction.Theroofandoorloadsaretransferredbymeansofbeams (girts)tothecolumnsandthestudsbetweencolumnscarryverylittleweight.Accordingly,itispossibleto temporarilysupportthebuildingatitsbearingcolumnsandreplacesectionsofthesillbelow.Ifthebuild ingisballoon-framedorplatform-framed,withindividualstudscarryingtheload,thewallhastobesupported along its length. Once the load is taken by the shoring, deteriorated sections of the sill can be removedwithareciprocatingsawandamalletandchisel.Pressure-treatedsectionsoflumbercanbe scabbed(spliced)intotheaffectedarea(usingAPA-TheEngineeredWoodAssociation(APA)approved gap-llingadhesives)andfastenedwithgalvanizeddrywallscrews,spikes,orotherrust-resistantfasteners. ADVANTAGES:Relativelysimplefixforsillsrequiringisolatedrepairs. DISADVANTAGES: Requiresaccurateassessmentofsillcondition;sectionsofrottingsillmaybeoverlooked. 2. REPLACELARGESECTIONSORTHEENTIRESILL. Ifsignicantdecayrunsthelengthofthesill,itshouldbereplacedinitsentirety.Theexteriorwallcanbe supported by jacking timbers placed next to the plate, running perpendicular to the joists (Fig. 12). Sectionsofthesillcanbecutwithachainsaworreciprocatingsawbetweenjoiststhatframeintothesill. Anewsillisplacedontopofthefoundation.Iftheoorjoistsdonotrestdirectlyontopofthesillthey canbehungfromthenewsillwithjoisthangersor,iftheendsofthejoistsarenotdecayed,theycanbe mortisedintothenewsill.Replacingasillismucheasierwithstud-framedhouses,asindividualjoistsrest 15
FIGURE12
JACKINGFLOORJOISTS
ontopofthesill.Becauseeachstudofaload-bearingwallcarriesarelativelysmallportionoftheload,
theprocessofsupportingtheoorjoistswhileremovingtherottedsillorrimjoistisrelativelysimple.
Oncethenewsillisanchoredtothefoundation,thegradenexttothewallshouldbeslopedtoprovide
drainageawayfromthewall.
ADVANTAGES:Replacingamajorportionortheentiresillisawaytocomprehensivelyaddresstheprob
lemsofdecay,andmaybemorecost-effectivethanaseriesofsmall,interimrepairs.
DISADVANTAGES:Costly;mightrequireextensiveexteriorsheathingandsidingrepairs.
3. REPAIR PORTIONS OF THE FOUNDATION OR SUPPORTING COLUMNS USINGEPOXYTECHNIQUES. Smallportionsofthefoundationorcolumnsthatsupportstructureabovecanbereconstitutedandcon
solidatedusingliquidepoxyorepoxyputty(Fig.13).Thisisparticularlyappropriateifthebuildingisof
historicsignicance.
ADVANTAGES:Canrepairexistingstructurewithoutremoval.
DISADVANTAGES:Timeconsuming.Notpracticalwithlargeareasofwork.
FIGURE13 16
EPOXYREPLACEMENT
FURTHER READING
RenovatingOldHouses,GeorgeNash,Newtown,CT:TauntonPress,1996. Renovation:ACompleteGuide (SecondEdition),MichaelW.Licheld,NewYork:PrenticeHall,1991. TheOldHouseJournalGuidetoRestoration,editedbyPatriciaPoore,NewYork:Dutton,1992. RehabilitationofWood-FrameHomes,USDA,ForestService,HandbookNo.704,February1998. SavingHouseSills,StructuralRepairUnderOldFloors,OldHouseJournal,March/April1992. TheStructureofWood-FrameHouses,OldHouseJournal,March/April1992.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
IN-SITUSTRUCTURALREPAIRS PreservationResourceGroup,P.O.Box1768,Rockville,MD208491768;3013092222. Abatron, Inc. Wood Restoration Systems, 550195th Avenue, Department HP, Kenosha, WI 53144; 8004451754;www.abatron.com.
2.6
MITIGATINGINSECTDAMAGE
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Destructiveinsectsincludetermites,carpenterants,andwood-boringbeetles(Fig.14).Termitesaccess above-groundwoodthroughcracksinfoundationwallsorslabsorbuildtubesfromthegrounduptothe woodabovetoprovidethenecessarymoistenvironment.Havinginfestedthewood,theycanlivethere indenitelywithnogroundcontactifthemoisturelevelisadequate.Sourcesofmoistureincluderoof leaks,condensation,orplumbingproblems.Termitesincrawlspacesmaybuildfree-hangingtubesfrom woodmemberstotheground.Evidenceoftermiteinfestationincludes:thepresenceofmudtubes;damagedwood;activeswarmsofwingedtermitesorlargenumbersofdiscardedwingsorevidenceofcon duciveconditions(e.g.,moisture;wood-to-groundcontact;inadequateventilation;settlementcracks;and otherlikelyentrypoints).Detectiontoolsinclude:visualinspection;probingofthewoodsurfacewitha screwdriverorpocketknife;sounding(tapping)oftheaffectedareawithahardobjectsuchasthehandle of the screwdriver; the use of a moisture meter to detect likely environments; infestations; listening devices;electronicgas(methane)detectors;andberopticdevicestoinspectareasotherwiseinaccessible tovisualinspections.Manyspeciesoftermitespreferwoodthathasbeenpreviouslyinvadedbyfungi.To guardagainstdrying,termitesconsumewoodonlyuntiltheoutershellremains,leavingthewoodlook ingintact.Woodthathasbeentunneledbytermiteswillsoundhollowwhentappedwithasolidobject. Termiteswillattackalltypesofwoodincludingredwood,cypress,andjunipersifthewoodhasagedand thechemicalsthatprovidetermite-resistance(alcohols,oils,gumsandresins)haveleachedout.Termites havebeenknowntopenetrateanddamagemanynon-cellulosicmaterialssuchasdrywall,plaster,stucco, andplastics.Itemsdamagedincludesomesoftermetals(e.g.,lead,copper,aluminum).Insulationboard usedasasubstrateforExteriorInsulationandFinishSystems(EIFS)hasoftenbeenriddledbytermiteslead ingtotheprohibitionoffoamplasticwithin8"ofthegroundinstateswithveryheavyinfestationoftermites. Antsarethemostreportedpestsinmanypartsofthecountryandrangefromthearctictothe tropics.Carpenterants,themajorgroupthatdamagesbuildings,tunnelthroughwoodbutdonotcon sumeitforfood.Maincoloniesofcarpenterants,giventheirnamebecausetheytypicallydwellinand 17
FIGURE14
TERMITE
POWDERPOSTBEETLE
CARPENTERANT
excavate wood, are located in trees surrounding the infested structures. Inside buildings, satellite colonieswillnestinavarietyofvoidsincludingwalls,hollowdoors,behindappliances,inoorcavities andatticrafterspaces,underkitchencabinets,bathroomxtures,etc.Carpenterantinfestationscanbe locatedbytheirverypresenceorbypilesoffrass,piecesofdeadantsandotherinsectsmixedinwith bitsofwood. Thereisavarietyofwood-boringbeetles.Amongthebestknownandmostdestructivearethe powderpost,roundhead,andatheadbeetles.Somebeetlesattackbothhardwoodandsoftwoods,usually limitingtheirfeedingtothesapwoodportion.Theirpresenceisusuallyindicatedbyfrassandanumber ofexitholesinwood,althoughthenumberofholesdoesnotnecessarilyindicatetheactivityorseverity ofinfestation.Thepotentialfordamageisgreatestwhentheinfestationsarenewandthenumberofexit holesislow.Beetlesaretypicallyintroducedintostructuresinbuildingmaterialsthathavebeeninfested atlumberyardstockpiles,althoughtheymayalsoenterhomesinnishedwoodproductssuchasoor ing,paneling,furniture,andrewood.Deadtreelimbsmayserveasahabitatfromwhichyingadultsmay enterthehouse.

MITIGATEANDCONTROLINSECTS. Mitigationmethodstoreducethelikelihoodoftermiteinfestationsinclude:removalofallcellulousmaterialonorbeneaththesoiladjacenttostructuresorincrawlspaces;eliminatingdetailsthatallowmateri alstocontinuefromtheexteriorwallintothesoil;providingadequateclearancebetweengradeandstruc turalmemberstoallowaccessandinspectionoftermitetunnels;eliminatingdirt-lledporches,steps,and similar raised attachments; providing termite shields; and using pressure-preservative-treated lumber. Treatmentstrategiesincludetheuseof:liquidtermiticides;termiticidalfoamsthatllcracksandgapsin materialsandcanbeinjectedintosoils;borateinsecticides;andtermitebaits.Thevarietyoftreatment productsiswidespreadandnewproductsarebeingdeveloped.Theeffectivenessofindividualproducts, especiallynewones,mayvarydependingonlocalsoilandbuilding-relatedconditions.Localpestcontrol expertsshouldbecontactedforsite-specicrecommendations.Certaintreatmentsmaybeprohibitedby localauthorities. Mitigationmethodsforsubterraneantermitesareoflittlebenetagainstdrywoodtermitessince infestationsoriginatefromswarmersenteringthroughvents,cracks,orotheropenings.Drywoodter miteslivewithintheaffectedwood.Theirpresenceisindicatedbypilesoffecalpelletsordiscardedwings adjacenttoholesorjointsintheaffectedwood.Methodstocontroldrywoodtermitesincludetheuseof: pressure-preservative-treatedwood;sprayedinsecticides;silicaaerogeldust(adesiccant);boratedust; fumigation;heattreatment;anddrill-and-treatwithtermiticides.Somenew,andasyetunproven,strate18
giesincludetheuseofmicrowaveequipmentandelectrocution.Localpestcontrolexpertsshouldbecon tactedforsite-specicrecommendations.Antmitigationmethodsinclude:reducingmoistureconditions; sealingcracksinthebuildingsexterior;trimmingtreesawayfromthehouseroofs;keepinglogpilesaway fromhouses;andeliminatingwood-to-soilcontact.Treatmentstrategiesincludeavarietyofsprayedinsec ticides,baits,andsoiltreatment.Treatmentofaffectedhousesforwood-boringbeetlesincludes:remov inginfestedwood;useofsprayedinsecticides;fumigation;moisturereduction;anduseofboratesprays. ADVANTAGES:Soiltreatmentandeliminationofcelluloseinbackllcanbeeffectivedeterrents. DISADVANTAGES: New chemical treatments need replenishing sooner and are less effective than those approvedinthepast.Treatmentscanbecostly.
FURTHER READING
HandbookofPestControl,EighthEdition,ArnoldMallis,MallisHandbook&TechnicalTrainingCompany,1997. The Approved Reference Procedures for Subterranean Termite Control, National Pest Control Associations(NPCA),1991.
2.7
FIREDAMAGETOWOODFRAMING
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Damagefromrecanrangefromthetotallossofabuildinganditscontentstominorinconveniencefrom smokeodors.Theprocessofdeterminingtherestorationrequirementsofare-damagedbuildingvaries considerablywiththebuildinglocationandextentofdamage.Insuranceadjustersoftenmakesettlement offersbasedontheirownevaluationofrestorationneeds,althoughtheymayemployconsultantsonmore complexprojects.Recommendationsmayalsooriginatefromlocalremarshals,buildingdepartment ofcials,contractors,consultingengineers,industrialhygienists,publicadjusters,andarchitectshiredby thebuildingowner.Unlessthedamageislimited,therestorationprocesscanbecomplicated,involving structural,electrical,HVAC,andplumbingsystems,aswellasbuildingnishes.Inaddition,signicant healthandcomfortissuesarisefromtheresidualsmoke,combustiongases,moisturefromredepart ment hoses, and the existence of products containing asbestos. For these reasons the selection of a restorationcontractorwhoisexperiencedandknowledgeableincurrenttechniquesiscritical.Atleast onenationalassociation,theAssociationofSpecialistsinCleaningandRestoration(ASCR)managestrain ingandcerticationprogramsandpublishesarestorationguideline.

FIRE-DAMAGERESTORATION. Therststepinarestorationprojectistoassessthedamagetothewallstructure.In2by4construction, signicantly charred members are generally removed in their entirety. Heavy timber construction can remain (according to the American Society of Civil Engineers), once the char is removed and if the remainingsectionisstillstructurallyadequate(afterareduction-in-size-factorof 1/4 inchonallsides). Charisremovedbyscrapingandabrasiveblasting.Itshouldgenerallyberemovedbecauseitholdsodors, althoughencapsulatingcoatingsinhibittheirtransmittal.Newconstruction,replacingthedamagedcon struction, should meet codes for new construction. Smoke-damaged materials should be cleaned and deodorizedasnecessary.Theuseofozonegenerators,sometimesusedtoremoveodorsandcontami nants,iscontroversialandconsideredbyanumberofspecialiststobeineffectiveandpotentiallydanger ous(seeFurtherReading). 19
ADVANTAGES:Restorationcanberelativelyeffectiveinremovingodorswhenredamageisslight. DISADVANTAGES:Restorationafterseriousresisexpensiveandcomplicated.Findingcompetentrestora tionprofessionsissometimesdifcult.
FURTHER READING
Evaluation,Maintenance,andUpgradingofWoodStructures,AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers. Research Sheds New, Unfavorable Light on Ozone Generators, IEQ Strategies, P.O. Box 129, Center Strafford,NH038150129;6036646942;www.cutter.com/energy/. NIDR-GuidelinesforFireandSmokeDamageRepair,NationalInstituteforDisasterRestoration(a division of the Association of Specialists in Cleaning and Restoration); 1997; 4107299900; www.ascr.org. OdorRemovalManual,VolumeI,CliffordB.Zlotnik,UnsmokeSystems,Inc. RestorationTechnology,VolumeI,CliffordB.Zlotnik,UnsmokeSystems,Inc.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
UnsmokeSystems,Inc.,1135BraddockAvenue,Braddock,PA15104;8003326037.
20
MASONRY/ BRICKVENEER
Brickandstonemasonryareamongtheoldest,long-lasting,andmostversatilematerials.Throughoutthe U.S.manybrickhomes,centuriesold,continuetoperformwell.Inmanyregionsbrickisthepredomi nant building material because of its low maintenance, non-combustibility, availability, moisture resis tance,andaestheticappeal. Anycorrectiveworkshouldbeprecededbyacarefulvisualassessmentofthewallsconditions todetermineoverallpatternsofdeteriorationanddistresssothatunderlyingproblemscanbeappraised andcorrected.Somecommonproblemsincludefoundationdisplacement(seeRehabGuide,Volume1: Foundations);waterpenetrationintothewallassembly;inappropriatematerialchoices;poorconstruc tionpractices;stressescausedbyexpansionandcontractionduetotemperaturechanges;shrinkageofthe woodstructuralwalls;androutineagingofthemasonryfacingandjoints. Thischapterfocusesonrepairandrehabilitationofbrickmasonry,primarilyclayandconcrete brickveneerwallconstruction,asthisisthemostcommonconstructiontype,althoughmanyoftherec ommendationsapplyalsotostone,concreteblock,andsolidbrickconstruction.Topicsincludecleaning, protectivecoatings,repointing,andrepair.
3.1
CLEANEXISTINGMASONRYWALLS
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
The decision to clean a masonry veneer facade requires careful consideration because the cleaning processmayremoveweatheredmaterialaswellasaccumulateddirt.Itmightbejustiedifthedirtand pollutants(suchasthatfromacidicrain,eforescence,birddroppings,deterioratedpaint,etc.)arehav ingaharmfuleffectonthewall,however,lighteningupthefacadeforcosmeticreasonsmaynotbepru dent.Thebenetsofcleaningshouldbeweighedagainstthepossibilityofadverseaffectsonthemasonry surfacesandmortarjoints,aswellasonashing,windows,andotherelements. The least invasive cleaning is usually recommended; improper or over-cleaning can cause irreparabledamage.Cleaningstrategiesforhistoricbuildingsshouldbereviewedwitharestorationpro fessional.Allcleaningproceduresandmaterialsshouldbetestedpriortothestartoftheproject.Forlarge jobs,thetestareashouldbeaminimumof20squarefeet.Beforechemicalcleanersareused,thewall shouldbesaturatedwithwatertoavoidstainingbyheavyconcentrationsofcleaningagents.Awaiting periodofatleastoneweekafternishingthetestareaisrecommendedinordertojudgetheresultsof thecleaningprocedure,especiallyifchemicalagentsareused.Forrecommendationsoncleaningspecic stainsseeFurtherReading.

1. CLEANWITHBRUSHBYHAND. Thistechniqueemploysavarietyofcleaningagentsincludingwater,detergents,proprietarycleaners,and 21
acid.Eforescencecanoftenberemovedbydrybrushing,withpressurizedwater,orwithproprietary cleaners.Dirtcanberemovedwithwaterorwithadetergentsolutionsuchastrisodiumphosphateand laundrydetergentsdissolvedinwater.Manystainscanberemovedwithconventionalkitchencleaners. Otherstains,resultingfromleachingofsaltsorcoloringagentswithinthebrick,requireacidcleaners, whichshouldbeusedverycarefullyindilutedform.Someacids,suchashydrochloric(muriaticacid) canseriouslydegrademortar.Acidcanalsodiscolorlightermasonrysurfacesanddamagemetal,glass, marble,terracotta,limestone,andcaststonesurfaces,andcanalsoleaveawhitelmthatisdifcultto remove.Wallstreatedwithacidmustbethoroughlyushedwithwateraftercleaning. ADVANTAGES: Easiest and most conservative approach. Employs the widest variety of cleaning options. Allowsformostcost-effectiveapproach.Canconrmtheappropriatenessofcleaningstrategiespriorto large-scaleapplication. DISADVANTAGES:Appropriateonlyforrelativelysmallareas.Timeconsuming;requiresdirectaccessto wallsurfaces. 2. CLEANWITHPRESSURIZEDWATER. Usefulincoveringlargeareas,pressurizedcleaningmaybeaccomplishedwithlow-ormoderate-pressure water,steam,orwaterincombinationwithdetergentsorothercleaningsolutions.Wallsshouldbesatu ratedwithwaterpriortocleaningandcompletelyushedaftercleaning.Careshouldbetakenwithacidic compoundsasdiscussedabove. ADVANTAGES:Cost-effectiveforlargeareas;canreachheightsof100feet. DISADVANTAGES: Requires specialized equipment. Nozzle pressures in excess of 700 psi may damage brick,especiallysand-nishedmaterial,anderodemortarjoints.Maynotremovecertainstainsaseffec tivelyasbrushcleaningbyhand.Disposalofwaterrun-offmaybeaproblem.Excesswatercanbringsol ublesaltsfromwithinthemasonrytothesurface.Cannotbeusedduringperiodsoffreezingweather. Steam cleaning with or without chemicals may be useful in removing paint and embedded grime, but requirescarefulanalysis,testing,andexperiencedprofessionals.Canbecostly. 3. CLEANBYABRASIVE-BLASTING. Abrasive-blasting,usuallywithsand,isoftenconsideredameansoflastresort,andinmanycasesispro hibitedbecauseitcanerodeornamentaldetailsanddestroyorscarbrickandstonefaces.Lessabrasive andsofteraggregatesthansand,suchasglassandplasticbeads,andorganicmattersuchasnelyground nutshells,wheatstarch,peachandapricotpits,andcherrystones,aresometimesusedonsmallsections ofdecorativebrick,stoneormetalelements. ADVANTAGES:Willcleanwhenothertechniqueswillnot. DISADVANTAGES:Potentiallydestructive;useonlyaftercarefulanalysisandtesting.Maybeprohibited.
FURTHER READING
TheCleaningandWaterproofCoatingofMasonryBuildings,PreservationBriefs,No.1,RobertC.Mark, NationalParkService,Washington,D.C.,1975. CleaningBrickMasonry,BrickIndustriesAssociationTechnicalNote#20,Rev.11,November1990. GentleBlastingNewMethodsofAbrasiveCleaning,ValerieSivinski,OldHouseJournal,July/Aug.1996. MoistureResistanceofBrickMasonry,BIATechnicalNote#7F,January1987.
22
3.2
APPLYCOLORLESSPROTECTIVE COATINGS
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Colorlesscoatingsaresometimesconsideredformasonrywallsinordertoenhancewaterresistanceor torepelgrafti.Thechemicalsusedfallwithintwoclassications:lmsandpenetrates.Thesetwohave signicantlydifferentphysicalpropertiesandperformance.Whereasthesecoatingsmayhavesomelim itedusefulness,inmanycasestheyprovidelittleornoadvantages,requirefrequentreplacement,andcan haveadverseeffects.Brickmanufacturersshouldbecontactedforrecommendationsontheuseofcolorlesscoatings.

1. APPLYFILMCOATINGTOMASONRYWALL. Productsincludeacrylics,stearates,mineralgumwaxes,urethane,andsiliconeresins.Thelargemolec ularsizeofthesematerialspreventsthemfrompenetratingintothemasonry. ADVANTAGES:Canreducetheabsorptionofsomebricksandcanbridgehairlinecracks.Cankeepsur facescleanandhelppreventgraftifrompenetrationintothemasonrysurface. DISADVANTAGES:Caninhibitevaporationofwaterwithinthemasonrythroughtheexteriorface,whichcan causethecoatingtocloudorspallundersomefreeze/thawconditions.Generallynotrecommendedin suchenvironments.Sheenorglossmaydarkenmaterial.Vulnerabletocrackingduetothermaluctua tions.UrethaneoftenbreaksdownunderUltravioletlight.Siliconesdonotchemicallybondwithsubstrate, andasaresulthaveashortlife. 2. APPLYPENETRATINGCOATINGTOMASONRYWALL. Thesecoatingstypicallypenetrateintothemasonrytodepthsupto3/8 inch,duetotheirsmallmolecular structure.Materialsincludesilaneandsiloxanesthatchemicallybondwithsilica-oraluminum-content materialstomakethemwaterrepellent.Thesecoatingsarenotgenerallynecessaryonnewwallsorbrick veneerwallswithdrainagecavities. ADVANTAGES:Coatingscanlastupto10years,decreaseabsorption,andincreasewaterrepellence.Unlike lmcoatings,penetratingcoatingsallowwalltobreathe.Siloxaneshavebeenshowntobeeffectiveon somemulti-wythebrickbarrierwallswherewaterpenetrationisaproblem. DISADVANTAGES:Mayhavelimitedlifetime;cannotbeappliedoverlmcoatings.Mayreactwithother buildingmaterials.Cankillvegetationandemitharmfulvapors.Willnotsealcracksinmortarjoints.
FURTHER READING
ColorlessCoatingsforBrickMasonry,BIATechnicalNote#6AApril1995.
23
3.3
REPOINTEXISTINGWALLS
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Whiletheservicelifeofmanytypesofbrickcanexceed100years,thelongevityofmortarjoints,depend ingontheexposure,iscloserto25years,accordingtotheBrickIndustriesAssociation(BIA).Atsome pointthemortarjointwillfail,allowingwatertoenterthewallcavity.Conditionsthatrequirerepointing mayinclude:mortarerosionmorethan1/4inch,crumblingmortar,andhairlinecracksinthemortarand betweenthemortarandbrick.

REPOINTEXISTINGWALL. Visualobservationincombinationwithalightscrapingwithametaltoolcandetectmostdeciencies. Otherconditionsrequiringrepairsbeyondrepointingarediscussedinsection3.4.Whererepointingwork isundertakenonhousesofspecialarchitecturalorhistoricalsignicance,adviceshouldbesoughtfrom apreservationspecialist.Portlandcementmortarwasnotusedbeforethebeginningofthe20thcentury. Toavoidseriousbrickdamagethecompressivestrengthoftherepointingmortarshouldbesimilartoor weakerthanthatoftheoriginalmortar.Ifitisnot,deadloadsandstressesfromtheexpansionandcontractionofthebrickcantransferloadsthroughthenewmortarintothebrickandcanspallandcrackthe brickface.MortarsusedinmorerecentconstructionincludetypesNandO(Table1). TABLE1 MORTARTYPESANDINGREDIENTSBYVOLUME Type N O K Cement 1 1 1 HydratedLime 1 2 4 Sand 6 9 15
ADVANTAGES:Repointingwallscanstabilizedeterioration,strengthenwalls,andprovideweathertightness. DISADVANTAGES:Costly,mayrequirescaffolding.Requiresskilledandthoroughmechanics.
FURTHER READING
MortarsforBrickMasonry,BIATechnicalNote#8,revisedAug.1995. Repointing(Tuckpointing)BrickMasonry,BIAEngineeringandResearchDocument#622.
3.4
REPAIREXISTINGMASONRYWALLS
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Therearecertainconditionswhererepointingaloneisnoteffectiveandreplacementofaportionofawall mayberequired.Someoftheseinclude: Wallcrackingassociatedwiththermalmovement: Suchcracksarecyclicalandwillopenandclosewith thermalswings.Thesecracksmaygraduallyexpandasdislodgedmortaraccumulatesinthecrackafter
24
eachcycle.Thecracksshouldbecleanedandprotectedwithexiblesealants.Remortaringcyclicalcracks willpreventthemfromclosingandmayleadtofurthercracking.Insomeinstances,themasonrymayneed tobecutandexpansionjointsinstalled. Wallcrackingassociatedwithmoisturepenetrationandcausedbyfreeze/thawcyclesandcorrosion: Examplesincludecrackingaroundsills,cornices,eaves,parapets,jointsbetweendissimilarmaterials, andotherelementssubjecttowaterpenetrationandfreezing;crackingaroundcloggedornon-function ingweepholesatlintelsandatthebaseofbrickveneercavitywalls.Anumberofcompanies,including Mortar Net and Heckman Building Products, Inc., make plastic mesh products for cavity wall con structionthatsuspendmortardroppingsabovetheweepholes,therebyreducingthechanceofblocking themwithmortardebris(Fig.1).MortarNetalsomakesaverticalinsertbetweenbricksthatactsasa continuousweep(Fig.2).
FIGURE1
NO.365TRASHMORTARDIVERTER
CAVITYDRAINAGESYSTEM
FIGURE2
WEEPVENT
Wallcrackingassociatedwithfailureofstructuralelements. Above-groundexamplesincludecracking ordisplacementofbrickoveropeningsresultingfromdeectionorfailureoflintelsorthedeterioration ofmortarjointsinmasonryarches;crackingfromoutwarddisplacementofslopedroofsduetolackor failureofcollarties;bulgingandcrackingofwallscausedbydeterioratedorinadequatewallties;crack ingduetoinadequatelysupportedpointloads;crackingduetogroundtremors,nearbyconstruction,or heavytrafc.Lightgauge(22or24ga.)corrugatedwalltiestypicallyusedinresidentialconstructionare notrecommended,accordingtotheBIA,forthreereasons:thetieshapeallowswatertoowmorefreely totheinteriorofthewall;theyaresusceptibletocorrosion;theyhavepoorstrengthtotransferloads betweenthebrickwythesandthebuildingstructure.Adjustableties,similartothoserecommendedfor usewithmetalstuds,(Fig.3)arepreferred.Seriousstructuralproblemsrequireaprofessionalengineers assistanceindeterminingappropriatecorrectivemeasures. 25
FIGURE3
CONVENTIONALCORRUGATEDTIE
PREFEREDWIRETIES
Deterioratedmasonry:Anumberoffactors,inadditiontostructuraldistress,cancontributetothedeteriorationofamasonrywall,includingweatheringeffectsofrain,UV,temperaturechanges,aswellasthe effectsofchemicalsintheairorground,inappropriatecleaningorcoatings,anderosionfromfaultyleadersanddownspouts.

REPAIRMASONRYWALL. Ifindividualbricksormasonryunits,orsectionsofthemasonrywall,requirereplacement,theymaybe removedrelativelyeasilybycuttingouttheunitstobereplacedandreplacingwithnewmaterial.Thearch actionofmasonrywallscanoftenpreventadjacentsectionsfromcollapsingiftheareatoberemovedis small.Alternatively,intheeventthatthemasonrytiesaremissingordeteriorated,anumberofcompanies makestabilizationsystemsthatconnectexteriorbrickwytheswithbackupwalls(Fig.4).Theseareeither mechanically-attachedpinsortiesthataredrilleddirectlythroughtheveneerintoitssubstrate,ortiesthat areanchoredtothesubstratewithepoxycements(seeProductInformation).Consultationwithaprofessionalengineerisadvisediftheaffectedareaofwallissignicantlylarge,orifthebrickfailureisdueto underlyingstructuralproblem. ADVANTAGES:Therepairorreplacementofbrickonlowstructuresisrelativelysimpleandcost-effective. DISADVANTAGES:Replacedbrickandmortarwillnotmatchcolorofexistingwall.Thereplacementof brickonhighwallswillrequirescaffoldingandiscostly.
PLAN
FIGURE4
STABILIZATIONTIES
SECTION
26
FURTHER READING
AnchoredBrickVeneerWoodFrameConstruction,BIATechnicalNote#28,revisedAug.1991. BrickMasonryCavityWallsDetailing,BIATechnicalNote#21B,Jan.1987. BrickVeneerBasics,RobSwanson,JournalofLightConstruction,June1994. BrickVeneerExistingConstruction,BIATechnicalNote#28A,Sept.1988. GettingStartedwithBrickVeneer,SteveThomas,JournalofLightConstruction,Nov.1997. GuidelineontheRehabilitationofWalls,Windows,andRoofs,U.S.DepartmentofHousingandUrban Development,1986. Guidelines for Residential Building Systems Inspection, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development,1986. PreservationBriefs1:TheCleaningandWaterproofCoatingofMasonryBuildings,RobertC.Mark, U.S.NationalParkService,Nov.1975. PreservationBriefs2:RepointMortarJointsinHistoricBuildings,RobertC.Mark,PattersonTiller,and JamesS.Askins,U.S.NationalParkService,Sept.1980.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
DRAINAGEMESH MortarNetUSALtd.,3641RidgeRoad,Highland,IN46322;8006646638;www.mortarnet.com. BRICKTIES,ACCESSORIES,ANDSTABILIZATIONSYSTEMS Dur-o-Wal, Inc., 3115 North Wilke Road, Suite A, Arlington Heights, IL 60004; 8003230090; www.dur-o-wal.com HeckmanBuildingProducts,Inc.,4015WestCarrollAvenue,Chicago,IL60674;8006214140. Helix,30MillwickDrive,Weston,Ontario,CanadaM9L1Y3;8005613026. Hohman and Bainard, Inc. 30 Rasons Court, P.O. Box 5270, Hauppauge, NY 117880270; 8006450616;www.H-B.com.
27
S H E AT H I N G
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Exteriorwallsheathingservesanumberoffunctions.Itprovidesrigidityandshearresistancetothemain framingelements;itispartofthebarriersystemthatkeepsoutthedestructiveeffectsofmoisture;itpro videsvaryingdegreesofinsulation;anditcanserveasthenailbaseforexteriorsiding. Untilthemid-1960s,whenplywoodwasintroduced,thedominantsheathingmaterialwas1-by-3inch and1-by-4-inchwoodboards,typicallynaileddiagonallytothestudframe.Todaythemostcommon wall sheathing materials are oriented strand board and plywood, which together account for approxi mately55percentofthesheathingmarket,withslightlymoreplywoodsoldthanOSB(othersidingprod uctsaredescribedbelow).ItisimportanttorecognizethatAPA-TheEngineeredWoodAssociation(APA) doesnotdifferentiatebetweenplywoodandorientedstrandboard(OSB)underitsAPARatedSheathing program.OSBpriceshavedroppedbyhalfoverthepastseveralyears,andinsomeareasofthecountry itisabouthalfthepriceofcomparableplywood.OSBisexpectedtobethemostcommonsheathingmaterialby2002. Ifthenishedsidinghasbeenwellmaintained,thewallsheathingshouldnothavedeteriorated. Exceptionstothiswouldbedeteriorationfrommoisturetrappedbehindthenishedsiding.Moistureentry isduetoimproperlyashedorcaulkedjointsbetweenthesidingandopeningssuchasdoorsandwindows; inadequateorpoorlyfabricatedashingatthewall/roofjuncture;waterdrivenbyhighwindsbetweensid ingmaterialduringrainstorms;moisturepenetrationthroughmortarjointsinbrickveneerwalls;andthe lackof,orimproperlylapped,moistureretardersuchasbuildingpaperorhousewrapbehindthesiding. Muchoftheresearchintosheathingfailuresuggeststhat,particularlyinthecaseofExteriorInsulationand FinishSystems(EIFS),itshouldbeassumedthatmoisturewillpenetratethenishedsidingandthatprovi sionsshouldbemadetoallowthesystemtobeself-drainingbetweenthenishmaterialandthesheathing bymeansoffurringstrips,drainagechannels,plasticmatting,orotherdevices.

1. REPAIREXISTINGWALLSHEATHING. Thespecicsheathingrepairwilldependonthelocationandextentofdamageandthetypeofsheathing encountered.Thereisverylittlepossibilityofconsolidatingexistingsheathingmaterial.Replacementis necessaryifthematerialisunsoundandcannolongerfunctionasintended.Replacementofsheathing willrequireremovalandreplacementofsidingaswell. ADVANTAGES:Localizedrepairsofsheathingarecost-effectiveifthedamageislimited. DISADVANTAGES:Localizedrepairswillonlymasktheproblemsiftheyarewidespreadandresultina patchworkofnewsiding.Iftheproblemsarewidespreadtheaffectedsheathingshouldbereplacedinits entiretyandnewsidinginstalled. 2. REPLACEEXISTINGSHEATHINGWITHORIENTEDSTRANDBOARD. Introducedintheearly1980s,OSB(madewithrectangular-shapedwoodstrandscross-orientedinlayers forbetterstructuralperformance)hasreplacedparticleboard,akeboard,chipboard,andwaferboardasthemostpopularalternativetoplywoodsheathing.OSButilizesavarietyoffast-growingwood species, including aspen, southern yellow pine, poplar, birch, and mixed hardwoods, with waterproof phenolicresinorpolyisocyanatebinders.Availableinvaryingthicknesses,ittypicallycomesin4-by-8-foot sheets,butcanalsobecustomorderedinlengthsupto24feetandinwidthsupto12feet. ADVANTAGES:Excellentshearresistance,dimensionalstability,andbonddurabilityundernormalconditions. 28
Increasinglypopularandreadilyavailablenationally.Economical(signicantlylessexpensivethanplywood). Recognizedbyallthreemodelcodeagencies.Canserveasanailbaseforavarietyofsidingmaterial. DISADVANTAGES:Edgescanswellifsubjecttocontinuouswetting.HasarelativelylowR-factorof1.25/inch. 3. REPLACEEXISTINGSHEATHINGWITHPLYWOOD.

Structuralplywoodisgenerallyidentiedintermsoftheveneergrades(A-B,B-C,C-D)usedontheface
andbackofthepanelsorsheets,orbyatermsuggestingthepanelsintendeduse(APARatedSheathing).
Veneer grades dene appearance in terms of natural unrepaired growth characteristics and allowable
numberandsizeofrepairsthatmaybemadeduringmanufacture.AccordingtotheAPA-EngineeredWood
Association,theminimumfaceveneergradepermittedinexteriorplywoodisC.D-gradeveneerisused
inpanelsintendedforinterioruseorinapplicationsprotectedfromtheweather.CDX(exterioradhesive)
panelsshouldnotbeusedinapplicationswheretheplywoodispermanentlyexposedtoweatherormois
ture.AccordingtoAPA,theCDXplywoodisnotarecognizedgradedesignation.Abetterdesignationis
(DOC)PS1-95(aprescriptivestandardthatreferencesplywoodonly).(DOC)PS2-92isaperformance
standardthatallowsthesuppliertosubmiteitherplywoodorOSB.Plywoodsheathingalsocomesina
structural-1grade,ahigherperforminggradethannormalsheathing,whichisusedforshearwallsin
seismicareas.
ADVANTAGES:Longconsideredthehighest-performingsheathing.Hasexcellentstructuralandweathering
characteristics.Canbeusedasanailbaseforvirtuallyanytypeofsiding,includingbothcementsandsyn
theticstuccos,andbrickveneerapplications.
DISADVANTAGES:ConsiderablymoreexpensivethansimilarstructuralsheathingsuchasOSB,thuslosing
marketshare.HasrelativelylowR-factorof1.25/inch.
4. REPLACEEXISTINGSHEATHINGWITHFIBERBOARDSHEATHING.
Fiberboardsheathinghasa40-yeartrackrecordintheconstructionindustry,andisinwideusethrough-
out the country. Known under a variety of names, such as blackboard, grayboard, and buffalo
board,thematerialismadefromrecyclednewspaper,woodber,andothercelluloseproducts,held
togetherwithabinder.Itisavailableinregulardensity,whichrequiresadditionalcornerbracing,andhigh
densitywithsufcientrackingstrengthtobeusedwithoutadditionalbracing(unlessrequiredbylocal
codeofcials).
ADVANTAGES:Historicallylessexpensivethanmostothersheathingmaterial.HashigherR-value(approx.
2.4/inch)thanOSB,gypsumsheathing,andpaperboardsheathing.Isvapor-permeable.Canbeusedasa
substrateforavarietyofnishmaterialsincludingstuccoandwood.
DISADVANTAGES:HasalowerR-valuethaninsulatedsheathings.Cannotbeusedasanailbaseforalu
minumandvinylclapboardsiding(sidingmustbenailedtostudsorfurringstrips).Becominglesscost-
competitivewithOSBinsomeareas.
5. REPLACEEXISTINGSHEATHINGWITHGYPSUMSHEATHING.
Inuseformanyyearsasasubstrateforstucco,brickveneer,andavarietyofothersidingmaterialswhere
re-ratedassembliesarerequiredbycodeofcials.Thereisavarietyofdifferenttypesofgypsumsheath
ingavailableasbothnonre-ratedandre-rated.
5.1. PAPER-FACEDGYPSUMSHEATHING.
Inuseforover30years,combinesawax-treatedwaterresistantgypsumcorewithawaterrepellantpaper
facing.
ADVANTAGES: Economical, widely available in 4-by-8-foot and 2 by 8 feet sheets of varying thickness.
Relatively inexpensive sheathing for brick veneer, stucco, and EIFS. Provides re ratings for a variety of
assemblies.
DISADVANTAGES:Standardpaper-facedgypsumcannotbeleftexposedformorethanfourweeks before
applicationsofnishmaterial.Therehavebeenproblemswithdelaminationofthepaperfacewhenused
underexteriorinsulationnishsystems(EIFS).Requirescarefulhandling,asedgesaresubjecttobreakage.
29
5.2. GLASSMAT-FACEDGYPSUMSHEATHING.
A product recently developed by Georgia Pacic, Dens-Glass Gold combines inorganic glass mats
embeddedwithawaterresistantandsilicone-treatedgypsumcoreandanalkali-resistantsurfacetreat
ment.Theproductismorewaterresistantandgenerallyperformsbetterthanpaper-facedgypsumsheath
ing,particularlyasasubstratetoEIFSandbrickveneer.Availablein 1/2-and 5/8-inchthicknessesand
lengthsof8to10feet,andgreateronspecialorder.
ADVANTAGES:Resistanttowicking,moisturepenetration,anddelamination.Canbeinstalledandexposedup
tosixmonthsbeforeapplicationofnishsiding.Superiorperformancecomparedtopaper-facedgypsum.
Canbeusedasasubstrateforawidevarietyofsidingapplications,butnotasanail-base.Doesnotrequire
additionalbracingfornormalapplications.Aslight-weightandeasytohandleaspaper-facedsheathing.
DISADVANTAGES:Costsupto50percentmorethanpaper-facedgypsumsheathing.R-valuefor 1/2-inch
thickness is 0.56; 5/8-inch thickness is 0.67, which is considerably less than for insulative sheathing.
Cannotbeusedasanailbaseforsiding.
5.3. GYPSUM SHEATHING MADE WITH A NON-PAPER-FACED BLEND OF CEL LULOSEFIBERANDGYPSUM. Developed recently as a high-performing alternative to paper-faced boards by Louisiana Pacic,
FiberBondber-reinforcedwallsheathingsaremadefromrecyclednewsprint,perlite,andgypsum,
withaspecialwater-resistantfacetreatment.
ADVANTAGES: Stronger and more moisture resistant than paper-faced boards. Structural wall bracing;
superiorresistencetoscrewwithdrawal.CanbeusedasasubstrateforEIFS,brickveneer,andavariety
of other claddings. Higher impact strength than other gypsum sheathings; harder edges and ends.
Availableinupto12-footlengths.Usesrecycledmaterials.
DISADVANTAGES:Somewhatheavierthanother4x8sheetsofgypsumsheathing(paper-faced:56pounds,
Dens-Glass: 64 pounds, FiberBond: 72 pounds). Priced comparable to Dens-Glass; signicantly more
expensivethanpaper-faced.Unnishedexposurelimitedto60days.Cannotbeusedasanailbaseforsidings.
6. REPLACEEXISTINGSHEATHINGWITHPAPERBOARDSHEATHING.
Inuseforover60years,paperboardsheathingisacode-approved,low-costalternativetotheotherstruc
turalsheathings,andhasfoundaconsiderablefollowingamonglargehomebuildersfornewconstruc
tion.AvailablefromSimplexProductsDivision(Thermo-Ply)andothermanufacturers,inthicknesses
from0.078to0.137inch,itcanbeobtainedinsheetsupto80incheswideand16feetlong,withboth
reectivefoilsurfacesandnon-reective.Vapor-permeablesheathingisunderdevelopment.Itisoften
availabletobuilderswiththeirownprivatelabel.
ADVANTAGES:Doesnotrequireadditionalshearbracing.Recognizedasstructuralsheathingbynational
modelcodes.Lessexpensivethanothersheathingalternatives.Excellentairinltrationresistancedueto
overlappingjoints.
DISADVANTAGES:Thinnessofthematerialmakesitdifculttouseinsmall-scalerehabprojectsasinll
forthickersheathingproducts.NotasstrongasOSBorplywood.SheathingmaterialhasR-valueof0.2,but
isclaimedtobegreaterwithreectivesurfaceandairspace,butlessthanotherinsulatingsheathing.May
requireadjustmentstowoodwindowtrimdetailingduetothinnessofmaterial.Cannotbeusedasanail-
baseforsidingproducts.
7. REPLACEEXISTINGSHEATHINGWITHFIBER-CEMENTSHEATHING.
Anumberoffiber-cementsheathingproductsareavailableasstructuralsheathingunderlayments.These
productsrangefrom30-year-oldcementandwoodberproductssuchasWonderboard,tohigh-tech
ber-cementproductssuchasHardiboardandEternit,whichperformwellinhigh-moistureloca
tions.Assuch,theyarefrequentlyusedasunderlaymentsforthinbrick,tile,andEIFS.
ADVANTAGES: Good performance in high-moisture locations. Resistant to face delamination.
Noncombustible,strong,andrigid.
DISADVANTAGES:Morecostlythangypsumboardandothertypesofsheathing.Nottypicallyusedfor
sidingsystemsotherthanforEIFS.
30
8. REPLACEEXISTINGSHEATHINGWITHFOAMINSULATINGSHEATHING. Withincreasedenergyconservationmandatedbystateandmodelenergycodes,andanincreasedaware nessbythepublicofpossiblecostsavingsandenvironmentalbenets,theuseofinsulatingsheathings includingpolyisocyanurate(ISO),extrudedpolystyrene(XPS),andmoldedexpandedpolystyrene(EPS) hasgrownsteadily.Thisisespeciallytruewithsteelconstruction,whichhaspotentiallylargeheatlosses throughthermalbridging.Foaminsulatingsheathingsgenerallyarenotstructuralandrequirestructural sheathingunderlayment,suchasOSB,orotherapprovedformofshearbracing;theyrequirea15-minute re-ratedbarrier(usuallygypsum)whenusedontheinteriorofhabitableresidentialspaces.Foaminsu latingsheathingsarediscussedinChapter6,Insulation.SeeProductInformationforalistofsuppliers. ADVANTAGES:Foaminsulatingsheathingprovidesthemostenergy-savingmethodofprovidinginsulation ontheoutsideofwallswithR-valuesupto7.7/inchforISOinsulationmaterial.Providesathermalbreak. CanalsobeusedincavitywallconstructionandasasubstratetostuccoandEIFSsystems. DISADVANTAGES:Mostfoamsheathingsarenotstructuralsheathings.Applicationsofmanysidingprod ucts over foam sheathings require special nailing provisions (see individual siding manufacturers specications).Thicknessesof1inchandoverpresentattachmentproblemstoexistingornewframing ifnotadequatelyaddressed.
FURTHER READING
HouseBuildingBasics,APA-EngineeredWoodAssociation,APAFormX461,1997. OrientedStrandBoard,APA-EngineeredWoodAssociation,APAFormW410,April1996. OSBPerformancebyDesign, StructuralBoardAssociation,199798. Residential&CommercialDesign/ConstructionGuide,APA-EngineeredWoodAssociation,APAForm E30,April1996.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
PLYWOODANDOSB APAThe Engineered Wood Association, P.O. Box 11700, Tacoma, WA 984110700; 2535656600; www.apawood.org. OSB StructuralBoardAssociation,45SheppardAvenueEast,Suite412,Willowdale,Ontario,CanadaM2N5W9; 4167309090;www.sba-osb.com. RIGIDFOAMINSULATION CelotexBuildingProducts,P.O.Box31602,Tampa,FL336313602;8138734230. DowChemicalCompany,StyrofoamBrandProducts,2020WillardH.DowCenter,Midland,MI48674; 8002582436. OwensCorning,OneOwensCorningParkway,Toledo,OH43659;800354PINKor800GETPINK. TennecoBuildingProducts,2907LogCabinDrive,Smyrna,GA30080;8002414402. RADIANTBARRIER/PAPERBOARDPRODUCTS Energy-Bracereectivesheathing;Fiber-Lam,Inc.,P.O.Box2002,Doswell,VA23047;8048763135. Thermo-ply reective sheathing; Simplex Products Division, P.O. Box 10, Adrian, MI 49221; 5172638881. 31
VA P O R R E T A R D E R S & A I R I N F I LT R AT I O N BARRIERS
VAPORRETARDER
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Vaporretardersrstappearedinbuildingconstructioninthe1920s.Earlytheoriesheldthatmoisture vaporwillmigratefromaregionofhighconcentrationtowardsaregionoflowconcentrationalongalin earpath.Theamountofmoisturetransferisdependentonthedifferencesinconcentrationandthevapor permeabilityofthemembraneseparatingthetworegions.Thisisthetheoryofvapordiffusion,which viewedtheowofmoisturevapordirectlyanalogoustotheconductiveowofthermalenergy.Inthisthe ory,airmovement,andthemoisturepropelledbyit,werenotconsideredtobemajorfactors.Intheearly 1950s,Canadianresearchfoundthatairmovementwastheprimarymechanismofmoisturevapormigra tion.Withoutactiveairinltrationcontrol,vaporretarderbarriersbecomeineffective. Currenttheoryonvaporretardersindicatesthatbothairinltrationanddirectdiffusionplay signicantrolesinthetransferofmoisturevaporand,therefore,bothmustbeaccountedfor.Effective vaporretardersmusthaveawatervaporpermeabilitynotexceeding1.0grainsperhourpersquarefoot perinchofmercuryvaporpressuredifference(referredtoas1.0perms),andmustbeinstalledinsuch amannerastopreventairleaksatjointsandlaps. Althoughtheissueofwhatmakesavaporretardereffectiveisgenerallysettled,controversystill remains as to where to install it, if at all. From this standpoint, the authority on the subject is the 1997 ASHRAEHandbookofFundamentals,whichhasmoretosayonthetopicthananyofthemodelcodes.In whatisdenedasheatingclimates(4,000heatingdegreedays,base65F,ormore),vaporretardersbelong ontheinteriorsideoftheinsulation.Inwarm,humid,coolingclimates(FloridaandGulfCoast)wheremois turevaportransferconditionsareeffectivelyreversed,vaporretardersarebestplacedclosetotheexterior. In mixed climates (not tting either of the above denitions), the vapor retarder should be placedtoprotectagainstthemoreseriouscondensationcondition,summerorwinter.Ifinamixedcli matethewinterindoorrelativehumidityiskeptbelow35percent,avaporretarderattheinteriorsideof theinsulationisusuallynotrequired,andanexteriorvaporretarderstrategyismosteffective.Wherewin terinteriorhumidityisnotcontrolledorifahumidierisused,aninteriorvaporretarderismostuseful. Vapor retarders should never be placed on both sides of a wall. Where a vapor retarder is employed,theoppositewallsurfacemustprovideapermeablesurfacetoallowdryingtooccur.Thus,in hot,humid,coolingclimates,whereavaporretarderisemployedattheexterior,theinteriorwallsurfaces shouldbepermeable.Novaporretarderpaints,kraft-facedinsulation,orvinylwallcoveringsshouldbe used.Conversely,innorthernheatingclimates,withinteriorvaporretarders,theexteriorwallcoverings shouldbevaporpermeable. Theprimarypurposeforinstallingavaporretarderinresidentialrehabilitationistominimize
5.1
32
moisturevapormigrationintoawallorroofassemlywhereithasthepotentialtodepositcondensatewhen thedewpointisreached.Theresultingwaterinliquidformmaycausedecayinstructuralwoodframing, wood-based sheathing materials, and interior gypsum board or plaster wall coverings. The prolonged presenceofmoisturewillalsoencourageandfacilitatemoldandmildewgrowth,raisingpotentialserious healthconcernsforthehomesoccupants.

Vaporretarderscanbeclassiedintotwomajorgroups:exibleorcoatings.Metalfoils,laminatedfoils, treatedpaper,andplasticlmsareexiblesheetgoods,whilepaint,semi-uidmastic,andhotmeltare coatings.Intypicalresidentialconstructionandrehabilitation,thecommonlyusedmaterialsareexteriororinterior-appliedplasticlms,interior-appliedfoil-facedproducts,interiortreatedpaper-facedproducts, andinteriorpaintcoatings. 1. APPLYAVAPORRETARDERPAINTCOATING. Arelativelynewproductonthemarketsuitableforinteriorapplicationsisvaporretarderpaint.Producedby severalmanufacturers,includingSherwin-WilliamsandGlidden,vaporretarderpaintsareavailableasinterior latexprimers,typicallywithapermratingofapproximately0.7.Theseprimersareformulatedtobehavemuch likestandardlatexinteriorprimers,intermsofconsistency,coverage,andapplication.Theyaretintableand suitableforuseovernewgypsumboardorpreviouslypaintedsurfaces.Aswithstandardinteriorprimers,nor malprepworkisneeded,andstainedareaswillrequireastain-hidingprimerpriortoapplication.Thecost pergallonofthevaporbarrierprimersisgenerallycompetitivewithstandardinteriorprimers. ADVANTAGES:Vaporretarderprimersarethesimplestapplicationinsituationswhereexistingwallboardor plastersurfacesarenottobesignicantlydisturbed.Whereinteriorprimersareused,thevaporretarder functioncomesatvirtuallynoadditionalcost.Caneffectivelyupgradethevaportransmissionperformance ofanexteriorframewallwithnomoreeffortandcostthananewprimerandnishcoatpaintapplication. DISADVANTAGES:Appropriateforinteriorwallsurfaceapplicationsonly.Withthevaporretarderattheinside surfaceofthewallassembly,damagetothepaintcancompromiseretardingability.Ifrequiredpreprimingprep workisinadequate,theprimercoatvaporretardereffectivenesswillbediminished.Tobefullyeffective,allpen etrationsandmaterialintersectionsattheinteriorsurfaceofthewallmustbecaulkedorotherwisesealed. 2. INSTALLTREATEDPAPERORFOILVAPORRETARDERS. Forresidentialrehabilitationpurposes,treatedpaperandfoilvaporbarriersusuallytaketheformofkraft andfoil-facedbattinstallation.Inasituationwhereinteriorwallnishhasbeenremovedandnewexterior wallinsulationistobeinstalled,kraftorfoil-facedbattsarecost-effectiveanddoprovideanadequatetomar ginalvaporbarrier.Theamountofunsealededgeissignicantanddoesprovideapathformoisturevapor migration.Toimproveeffectiveness,thekraftorfoilangescanbeinstalledoverthefaceofthestudsand lappedinsteadofstapledtotheinnerstudfaces(Fig.1).Convenientandcost-effective,kraftandfoilbatt insulationfacingsdohavelimitationsandtheiruseasaprimaryvaporbarriershouldbelimitedtoapplica tionswherevaporbarrierperformanceisnotcritical,suchasinmixed,non-humidclimates.Inheatingcli mateswith4,000degreedaysormore,amorecontinuousvaporbarriersurfaceshouldbeconsidered. ADVANTAGES: The most cost-effective interior vapor retarder strategy where exterior wall framing is exposedandnewinsulationistobeinstalled.Saveslaborcostsasberglassbattinsulationandvapor retarderareinstalledinonestep. DISADVANTAGES:Installationrequiresthatwallsarestrippedtoroughframingandthatberglassbattinsula tionbeinstalled.Thenumberofjointsandedgesinherentinthissystemmakeforafunctionallymarginalvapor retarder, but sufcient for mixed climates or where indoor humidity is controlled in heating climates. Performancecanbeimprovedbyinstallingfacedbattswithangesattachedtonarrowfaceofstudsandlapped.
33
FIGURE1
LAPPEDFLANGE
3. INSTALLACLEARPOLYETHYLENEVAPORRETARDER.
Mostplasticbarrierlmsareeitherclearpolyethylene,blackpolyethylene,cross-laminatedpolyethylene,or
reinforcedpolyethylene.Themostbasicofthesematerials,clearpolyethylene,isalsothemosteconomical.
Availablein4-,6-,and10-milthicknesses,itisbestsuitedforinteriorwallapplicationsoverframingandinsu
lation.Asclearpolyscontentisupto80percentreprocessedmaterial,itisalsoanenvironmentallysus
tainablechoice.Thehighrecycledcontentcomesatacost:itsqualitycanbeunevenanditgenerallyhaspoor
tearandpunctureresistance.Clearpolyshouldneverbeusedforexteriorapplicationsorapplicationswith
morethanlimitedexposuretosunlight.Clearpolyisavailableinwidthsof4to32feetin100-footlongrolls.
Aswithallpolyethylenevaporretarders,forhorizontalapplicationoverwoodframing,staplesaremostoften
used.Formaximumeffectiveness,jointsshouldbekepttoaminimumandseamsshouldbelappedandtaped.
ADVANTAGES:Relativelyinexpensiveandeasytoinstall.Inmoresevereheatingclimates,theuseofinte
riorpolyethylenelmsismosteffectiveandispracticalwhereinteriornishsurfacesareremoved.Being
transparent,attachmentstoframingmembersaresimplied,asistheinstallationofwallboardmaterial
overthepolyethylene,becausethestudsarevisible.
DISADVANTAGES:Limitedtearandpunctureresistance.Clearpolymustbeinstalledwithcaretoavoiddamage.
Allpenetrationssuchaselectricaljunctionboxesmustbetapedandsealedtoensureeffectiveness.Clearpoly
canbeusedonlyininstanceswherewallnishesandsurfaceshavebeenremoved,fullyexposingwallframing.
4. INSTALLABLACKPOLYETHYLENEVAPORRETARDER.
Blackpolyethyleneisnearlyidenticaltoclearpoly,exceptfortheadditionofcarbonblacktothecompo
sitionasaUltravioletinhibitor.Thispermitstheuseofthepolyethylenewheresomelimitedexposureto
sunlightisrequired,suchasatexteriorwallsurfaces.Blackpolyethylenestrengthcharacteristicsaresim
ilartoclearpoly,withlowtearandpunctureresistance.
ADVANTAGES:Forexteriorwallsurfaceapplicationsinhot,humid,coolingclimates,blackUVprotected
polylmscanprovidesuperiorvaporretarderperformance.
DISADVANTAGES:Limitedtearandpunctureresistance.Unreinforcedblackpolymustbeinstalledwithcareto
avoiddamage.Itsopaquenaturemakesinstallationmoredifcultbyobscuringunderlyingframing,sheathing,
andothercomponents.Jointsandseamsmustbelappedandtapedforfulleffectiveness.Installationislimited
toconditionswheresidinghasbeenfullyremovedandattachmentdirectlytoexteriorsheathingcanbemade.
5. INSTALLACROSS-LAMINATEDPOLYETHYLENEORFIBER-REINFORCED POLYETHYLENEVAPORBARRIER. Compared with standard polyethylene, high-density cross-laminated poly and ber-reinforced poly are bothspecialtyproductsmanufacturedforapplicationswherehigherstrengthisrequired.Forretrofitting 34
overrough,irregularsurfaces,suchassolidboardsheathing,bothproductswouldbelesssusceptableto tearingorpuncturebyliftednailheads,splinters,orexposedsharpcorneredges.Eitherproductwould alsobeappropriatewhereroughhandlingandadversesiteconditionsareexpected. ADVANTAGES:Strongerthanstandardpoly,reinforcedandlaminatedmaterialcanwithstandmoreadverse siteconditionsandroughhandling.ThereinforcedandlaminatedproductsaretypicallyratedforlimitedUV exposureforexterioruseandsituationswheretheinstallationofsidingandcoveringsisdelayed.Blackreinforcedandlaminatedpolycanbeusedastherequiredweatherbarrierunderexteriorsidingandcladding. DISADVANTAGES:Higherinitialcostcomparedtostandardblackpoly.Applicationislimitedtoconditions wheresidingandexteriorwallcoveringshavebeenremoved.Seamsmustbelappedandsealedforfull effectiveness.
FURTHER READING
ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, Chapters 2224. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, RefrigerationandAirConditioningEngineers,1997.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
Sto-CoteProducts,Inc.,218SouthRoad,GenoaCity,WI53128;8004352621(Tu-Tufproducts). RavenIndustries,P.O.Box5107,SiouxFalls,SD571175107;8006353456(RufcoMoisture/Vapor Barriers). OwensCorning,FiberglassTower,Toledo,OH43659;800GETPINK(kraftandfoil-facedbattinsulation). ReefIndustries,Inc.,P.O.Box750250,Houston,TX772750250;800236074(GriffolynReinforced VaporBarriers).
5.2
AIRINFILTRATIONBARRIERS
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Airinltrationbarriers,orhousewraps,astheyareknownintheindustry,havegrowninpopularity sincetheirappearanceinthe1970sinthewakeoftheenergycrisis.DuPont,oneoftherstcompanies tointroducesuchaproduct,cameoutwithTyvekinthelate1970s.Todaythereisavarietyofsimilar productsthatreduceairinltrationandimproveenergyperformance. Theprimaryattributeofhousewrapsistheirabilitytooperateasairinltrationbarrierswhilenot forminganimperviousvaporbarrier.Whenplacedovertheexteriorsurfaceofthewallsheathing,thematerialallowsmoisturevaportoescapefromtheframewallcavitywhilereducingconvectiveairmovementin theinsulation,therebyhelpingtomaintainthecompositeR-valueofthewall.Thegreatertheexteriorair movement,thegreaterthebenet. Thetenbiggestsellinghousewrapproductsfallintooneoftwobasiccategories:perforatedandnonperforated.Perforatedproductsareeitherwovenpolyethylene,wovenpolypropylene,spunbondedpolypropy lene,orlaminatedpolypropylenelm.Thesematerialsaremoreimpervioustomoisturevapormigrationthan nonperforatedwraps,thusareprovidedwithmicro-perforationstoallowvapormigrationanddiminish theirvaporretardingproperties.Withtheexceptionofthepolyethylenelms,alltheperforatedhousewraps arefurthercoatedwitheitherpolyethyleneorpolypropyleneforaddedairinltrationresistance.Incontrast, nonperforated housewraps are either spun bonded polyethylene or ber-mesh-reinforced polyolen. The structureofthesematerialsallowswatervaportopassthrough,whileinhibitingairinltration. 35
Inadditiontotheirprimaryfunctionsasairinltrationbarriersandwatervaportransmitters, some(butnotall)ofthemajorhousewrapbrandsarecodeapprovedassubstitutesforrequiredmois tureprotectionbarriers.TogainnationalcodeapprovalasasubstituteforNo.15felt,theproductman ufacturermustapplytoeachofthethreemajormodelbuildingcodes,orCABO,andsupplyspecictest ingdataonwaterpenetrationresistance.Withcoderecognition,theproductcanbeusedunderallsiding applications,includingstuccoandmasonryveneer.Currently,atleastfourproductsarelistedbyallthree modelcodesasacceptablemoistureprotectionbarriers:Amowrap,Pinkwrap,R-Wrap,andTyvek.Tyvek alsoproducesaproduct,StuccoWrap,thatisspecicallyintendedforusewithtraditionalandsynthetic stucco,andiscodelistedforthatapplication.Otherhousewrapsareacceptabletosomecodesasweather resistantbarriers.Beforeusingaparticularproductasaweatherbarrier,itsapprovalshouldbeveried withthegoverningcode. Inadditiontoairleakageresistance,permeance,andmoistureresistance,twoothermaterial characteristicsareworthconsidering:UVsunlightresistance,andstrength.Allmajorhousewrapbrands haveamanufacturersratedUVexposuretimerangingfrom120daystomorethan1year.Someproducts aremanufacturedwithantioxidantsandUVstabilizers,whileothersarenaturallymoreresistantbytheir composition.Intheeld,however,coveringthehousewrapasquicklyaspracticableisrecommended,as someUVdegradationwilloccurevenoverashortperiod,andotherunrelateddamagetothemembrane canbeavoided. Strengthofthehousewrapcanbecritical,aswindconditionsoradversejobsitehandlingcan tearorpuncturethematerialduringandafterinstallation.Evensmallholescannegativelyaffectoverall performance.Theinherentstrengthsofhousewrapcanbejudgedonthreelevels:tensilestrength,tear strength,andburststrength.Respectively,thesearethematerialsabilitytowithstanddamagefrompulling and stretching; withstand tearing at nail and staple locations; and to withstand separation of material bers,fabrics,orlms.Unfortunately,testingproceduresandstandardsvarybetweenmanufacturers,so productcomparisonisdifcult.Generally,thespunbondedproductshavegoodtensileandburststrength butteareasily;wovenandber-reinforcedhavegoodtearandburststrength,butaresusceptibletodiag onaltensileloading;laminatedlmproductstendtobeweakestofallandcanlosestrengthsignicantly, makingatightinstallationmoredifcult. Althoughthewidevarietyofhousewrapproductswithvaryingperformancecharacteristicsmay appearconfusing,theyofferawideselectionforanyparticularjob.Innorthernheatingclimates,where interiorvaporbarriersarethenorm,ahighlymoisturevaporpermeablehousewrapmayberequired.In hot,humid,coolingclimates,whereaninteriorvaporbarrierisnotrequired,ahousewrapwithalowair leakageratemaybepreferred.Inlow-windenvironments,alow-strengthmaterialmaybeselected.Apar ticularlycost-consciouschoicewouldbelaminatedlm.

INSTALLHOUSEWRAPOVERNEWOREXISTINGSHEATHING. Forrehabapplications,housewrapswillgenerallybeplacedoverexistingsolidboardsheathing,plywood, orOSB,orovernewplywoodorOSBwheretheexistingsheathingneedsreplacement.Housewrapscomein rollsofvaryingwidths,with9feetbeingthestandard.Otherwidthsareavailable,dependingonthemanu facturer,including1foot6inches,3feet,and4feet6inches.Rolllengthsvaryfrom60to200feet.Some customsizesandlengthsareavailable.Materialthicknessvariessomewhat,butisirrelevantintermsofappli cation.Beginningatanoutsidecorner,holdtherollofhousewrapverticallyandunrollthematerialacross thefaceofthesheathingforashortdistance.Makesuretherollremainsplumbandthatthebottomedgeof thehousewrapextendsoverthefoundationbytwoinches.Theapplicationshouldstartatanoutsidecorner extendingaroundthestartingpointcornerbysixinches(Fig.2). Manufacturersspecifyacceptablefasteners,typicallylargeheadnails,nailswithplasticwashers,or large crown staples. Fastener edge and eld spacing patterns are also specied. Housewrap sheets are installedshingle-style,fromthebottomup.Horizontallapsshouldbeaminimumof2inches;verticallaps of6inchesareacceptable(Fig.3).Tobefullyeffectiveintheirprimaryroleasairinltrationbarriers,all 36
FIGURE2
HEADLAP
FIGURE3
SILLLAP
seamsandedgesmustbetapedorcaulked.Whilesomemanufacturersmarketproductsforthispurpose, othersprovideinformationoutliningtheperformancerequirementsforapprovedproducts. ADVANTAGES:Relativelylowcost,lightweight,easilyinstalledenergyconservationandmoisturecontrol product.Especiallyeffectiveinmixedandnorthernheatingclimateswhereuncheckedairinltrationcan signicantly degrade house energy performance and occupant comfort. Benecial in limiting airborne moisturevaportransmissionintothewallcavitybylimitingairmovement,whileallowingmoistureinthe cavitytobeexpelled.Someproductscanbeusedasacode-approvedsubstituteforbuildingfelt. DISADVANTAGES:Slightlymoreininitialcostthanbuildingfelt.Availabilityofsomeproductsmaybelimited. Inferiorperformanceasaweatherbarriercomparedwithbuildingfelt.Nailpenetrationsinhousewrapare notself-sealing,astheytendtobeinfelts.Housewrapsarenotselectivevaporpermeablemembranes:moisturevaporwillpassthroughinbothdirections.Aswater-absorptivesidingmaterialssuchaswoodandbrick veneerdry,moistureinvaporformcanbeforcedthroughhousewrapintosheathingandinsulation.Less vapor-permeablebuildingfeltcanbetterwithstandreversevapormigration.Somerecentstudiesappearto indicatethatsurfactants,aclassofsubstancesfoundinwood,stucco,soapanddetergents,candecreasethe naturalsurfacetensionofwaterandallowittopassthroughhousewrapswettingtheunderlyingmaterials. Accordingtoanectdotaleldobservations,thisprocessismostlikelytooccurinregionswithheavyrainfall andwhenunprimedwoodsidingisplacedindirectcontactwiththehousewrap.
FURTHER READING
CanMoistureBeatHousewrap?,TedCushman,Ed.,JournalofLightConstruction,June1997,p.9. SizingUpHousewraps,BruceGreenlaw,FineHomebuilding,October/November1994,No.91,p.42.
37
Housewrap Manufacturers Prescribe New Details for Windows and Doors, Energy Design Update, August1998. HousewrapsorBuildingPaper?NoPerfectAnswer,EnergyDesignUpdate,July1998. Housewrapvs.Felt,PaulFishett,JournalofLightConstruction,November1998.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
TheCelotexCorp.,P.O.Box31602,Tampa,FL33631;800CELOFAX(TuffWrap). DuPont,P.O.Box80705,Wilmington,DE198800705;80044TYVEK(TyvekHomewrap). OwensCorning,FiberglassTower,Toledo,OH43659;800GETPINK(Pinkwrap). RavenIndustries,P.O.Box5107,SiouxFalls,SD571175107;8006353456(RufcoWrap). Simplex Products Division, P.O. Box 10, Adrian, MI 49221-0010; 5172638881 (R-Wrap, Barricade BuildingPaper).
38
I N S U L AT I O N
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Insulationisoneelementinatightlyknitconstructionsystemintendedtoimproveindoorcomfortand reduceenergyconsumption.Inrehabwork,installinginsulationorimprovingexistinginsulationlevels willbecriticalinprovidingcomfort.Insulationshouldneverbeappliedwithoutconsideringitseffecton otheraspectsofconstruction.Somefactorstoconsiderwhenevaluatingwallinsulationaredensityand compressibility,airleakage,moisturecontrol,resafety,andwallconstructioninexistinghomes. EachtypeofinsulationhasadensityatwhichitsR-valueperinchisgreatest,butreachingthis densityisnotalwayscost-effective.For31/2-inchthickberglassbatts,anR-13battcontains40percent
FIGURE1
TYPICALFIBERGLASSBATTDENSITIESANDVALUES
morematerial,andanR-15batt180percentmorematerial,thananR-11batt(Fig.1). ToachieveadesiredoverallR-valuefordryblown-ininsulation,andtopreventsettlement,the installeddensitymustbeabovearecommendedminimum.Forconvenienceincomparingestimatesor monitoringtheinstallation,havethebidderorinstallercalculatethenumberofbagsrequiredtoachieve therequireddensity. Unlessinsulationcompletelyllsallthewallcavities,airleakagecanbypasstheinsulationand createariskofcondensation.Reducingairleakageisaninseparablepartofinsulating:youshouldnotdo onewithoutdoingtheother.Typicallocationsforairleakagethroughwallsareatthesill,thewallplates, verticalcorners,aroundopenings,andatelectricaldevices. Beforellingstudcavitiesofolderhomeswithblown-inorfoamed-in-placeretrotinsulation, exploretheconstruction.Studcavitiesareofteninterruptedbyblockinghalf-wayupthewall,oringirtframe construction, by full-depth diagonal corner braces. The outside walls may be back-plastered, whereahiddenlayerofplastercreatestwoparallelcavitieswithineachstudspace,neitherdeepenough toreceiveloose-llinsulation.Afterinsulating,aninfraredcamerascanofthewallwillshowcavitiesthat havenotbeenfullyinsulated. Avoiddeliberatelyventilatingwalls,sinceanyconvectiveairowwithinanoutsidewallriskscon densationwithinthewallandcompromisesitsR-value.Ventilationpassagesbehindtheexteriornishare calledforwhenextremeinteriorhumidityisexpectedandnovaporretardercanbeapplied,orwhere woodsidingisapplieddirectlyoverexteriorfoaminsulation. 39

Oftheinnumerablepossiblecombinationsofinsulatingmaterialsandwallconguration,thefollowinglist coversthoseincommonuseanduncommonsystemsthatarerecommended. 1. INSTALLBATTINSULATION. Fiberglassinsulationisavailableinbattform,typicallysized93incheslongtotwithinthestud-spaceofan 8-footwall,orincontinuousrolls.Bothformsareherereferredtoasbattinsulation.Itisavailableinmany thicknesses,densitiesandinwidthstotframingat16-inchand24-inchcenters.Unfacedbattscaneasilybe cuttotintoodd-sizedspaces,andarepreferredwhereacontinuousmembranevaporretarderisinstalled. Residentialbattsareavailablefacedwithkraft-paperandaluminumfoil,andcommercialbattswithaameresistantfoilfacingareavailable.Allhaveextendedtabsonthefacingstosecuretheminplace.Whenprop erlyapplied,thefacingscreateapartialvaporretarder.Onlyunfacedorre-retardant-facedbattscanbeleft exposedinatticsoroccupiedspaces.Ifnotaccuratelycutaroundwiringandotherobstacles,facedbattscre atelargeaircavitiesthatcompromisetheireffectiveness.Tabscanbeinsetstapledtothesidesofthestuds, or face stapled to the inner face (Fig. 2). Face stapling is preferred because it creates a better vapor retarderandavoidstheaircavityleftbetweenthefacingandthewallnishwheninsetstapling.Unlessthis cavityiscarefullysealedatthetopandbottom,itcancompromisethewallsair-tightnessandR-value.Staples intostudfacesmustbefullysettoavoidinterferingwithdrywallinstallation.Inathree-sidedwallcavity,fric tion-tunfacedbatts,coveredwithaseparatevaporretarder,willtypicallyresultinamoreeffectiveinstalla tionthanwillstapledfacedbatts.Inanopenwall,thefacingsareusuallynecessaryforattachment. ADVANTAGES:Aneconomical,exible,andwell-knownproduct.Providesadependablethicknessofuni formdensityanddoesnotsettle,ifproperlyinstalled.Facedbattscaninsulateanopenstudwall. DISADVANTAGES: Effectiveness requires careful installation to avoid gaps and consequent convective losses.Glassberscanbeirritatingiftouchedorinhaled.
FIGURE2
FACESTAPLED
INSETSTAPLED
2. INSTALLENCAPSULATEDFIBERGLASSINSULATION. Fiberglassinsulationisavailableinrollsorbatts,encapsulatedwithkraftpaperorplastictoreducemechan icalirritationtoinstallers.Thesecanbeusedinanyinstallationwherebattsareappropriate.Onefaceis extendedtoformattachmenttabs.Thefacesonsoundcontrolbattsdonothaveavaporretarder;andsome exteriorwallbattshaveapolyethylenevaporretarderontheangeside.SomeencapsulatedbattshaveaClass Are-ratingandcanbeleftexposedifallowedbylocalcodes.OwensCorningmarketsMiraex,madefrom loose,virtuallyitch-freeglassberswithnobinder,containedinaplasticsleeve.Cuttingencapsulatedbatts aroundobstructionsispossible,butexposestheberglass.CuttingMiraexreleasesthebers;theproduct 40
isthereforeintendedprimarilyasatticoorinsulation.
ADVANTAGES: dealforrehabcontractors.Canbeleftexposed(checklocalcodes).Flange-attachedwith
orwithoutavaporretarderonsomeproducts.
DISADVANTAGES:Morecostlythanregularbattinsulation.Cuttingencapsulatedbattsexposestheber-
glass,andcuttingMiraexreleasesthebers.
3. INSTALLBLOWN-INLOOSE-FILLINSULATIONINTOCLOSEDSTUDSPACES. Loose-llinsulation(berglass,cellulose,ormineralwool)canbeblownintoclosedstudspacesthrough openingsformedbydrillingholesthroughtheinteriororexteriornish,orbyremovingstripsofinterioror exteriornish,atthetopandbottomofeachrafterspace.Carefulinstallationisrequiredbecausematerialcan bridgeoverelectriclinesandotherobstructions,causingvoidsandlatersettlement.Bewareofblocking;blow intocavitiesaboveandbelowit.Atleastamoderateamountofpressureisrequiredtoproducesufcientden sitytoinhibitsettlement.Fiberglassblownintoa2by4studcavityatadensityofabout1.5pcfproducesR-13 withoutexcesspressureonnishes.Inadense-packinstallationofcellulose,drymaterialisappliedathigh velocitythroughanarrowtubeinsertedthroughasingleholeatthetopandextendedtothebottomofthecav ity.Thetubeisgraduallywithdrawn,compactingthematerialtoadensityof3to31/2 pcf.Stabilizedcellu loseincludesanadhesive,andFiberizedcelluloseismadeinstrandsinsteadofchunks;bothprocesses areclaimedtoinhibitorpreventsettlement.Insulationpackedintoandllingwallcavitiessuppressesair movementwithinthecavity,doesnotcreateavaporretarder,butmaysubstantiallyimproveresafety. ADVANTAGES:Ifthecavitiesarecompletelylledundersufcientpressure,providessuperiorinsulatingper formancewithoutsettlement,greatlyreducingaircirculationwithinthewalls,andmayimproveresafety. DISADVANTAGES:Sometypesofinstallationmayleavevoidsand/orsettleafterinstallation.Blown-inmaterialsdonotformavaporretarder,andformonlyapartialairbarrier. 4.INSTALLBLOWN-INORSPRAYED-ONINSULATIONINTOOPENSTUDSPACES. Aninexpensivematerialcanbeappliedasamembraneoveropenstudstoformsee-throughcavities, withinwhichanyblown-ininsulationcanbeappliedundermoderatepressure.InArk-SealsBlown-inBlanket (BIBS)system,berglassmixedwithsomewaterandadhesiveisblownthroughslitscutina tightlystretchednylonnetting.InPar-PacsDry-PacWallSystem,drycelluloseisblownat3pcfdensity intoacavityclosedbyareinforcedpolyethylenevaporretarder(Fig.3).Thematerialisinstalledfromthe
FIGURE3
BIBSSYSTEM
bottomuptominimizevoidsandsettlement.Allsuchinstallationswillcausethemembranetobulgeout; makesurethisbellyingdoesnotinterferewithdrywallinstallation.Varioustypesofpolyurethane-and polyisocyanurate-basedinsulations,suchasIcynene,canalsobespray-appliedintostudcavities.Athin layerofsuchmaterialcanformanair-barrierskin,overwhichcheapermaterialcanbeplaced.Excess 41
materialmustbescrapedoff,andwindowsandelectricaldevicesprotectedorcleaned.Waterismixed
withcelluloseinawet-sprayapplication.Thewatercombineswiththestarchinthecellulosetoforma
natural adhesive, which holds the material in place. Excess material must be scraped off, but can be
reused.Thematerialmustdryoutbeforeanishisapplied;excessivewatercanpreventdryingandgen
eraterotormildew.High-densityinsulationllingcavitiesmayimproveresafety.
ADVANTAGES:Fillsthecavitieswithoutsettling.Visualinspectionispossibletoinsurelledcavities.Greatly
reducesaircirculationwithinwalls.Mayimproveresafety.
DISADVANTAGES:Bellyingoftheinteriormembranemayinterferewithdrywallinstallation.Sprayed-on
foamproductsaremoreexpensivethanbattorloose-llinstallations,andaremessyprocesses,requiring
cleanupandprotection.Excesswaterinwet-sprayapplicationsmayleadtorotandmildew.
5. INSTALLRIGIDWALLINSULATION.
A3/4-inchto1-inchlayerofrigidinsulation,typicallypolyisocyanurate(ISO),moldedexpandedpolystyrene
(EPS),orextrudedpolystyrene(EPS),isawidelyusedadjuncttocavityinsulation.Wherecavityinsulation
cannotbeinstalled,rigidfoammaybetheonlywaytoinsulateawall.Itispreferablyappliedontheoutside
oftheframing,keepingtheframingwarmenoughincoldweathertopreventcondensationwithinthewalls,
andinhibitingthermalshort-circuitsthroughthestuds.Itisalsousefulontheoutsideasabaseforcement
stuccoorextoriorinsulationandfinishsystems(EIFS),althoughthelattershouldbepartofanengineered
systemthatprovidesinteriordrainage.Alayeroffoamisessentialinconjunctionwithconventionalsteel
framingtopreventsurfacecondensation.InGulf-coastclimates,alayeroffoambehindtheinteriornishis
preferredoveranexteriorlayeroralayeronbothsidesofthestuds,especiallywithsteelframing.Sincefoam
cannotbereliedupontoresistracking,itmustbeappliedoverstructuralsheathingorinparallelwitha
systemofwallshearbracing.Structuralsheathingseparatedfromtheframingbyanoutsidelayeroffoam
maynotmeetcoderackingrequirements(consultwithastructuralengineer).Celotexmakesastructural
polyisocyanuratefoamsheathingthat,whengluedandnailedtotheframing,actsasrackingbracing.Wood
sidingshouldnotbeapplieddirectlytofoaminsulation.
ADVANTAGES:Isolatesframingtominimizeoreliminateinternalcondensationandreducecoldbridging
throughframing.CanaddmorethanitsratedR-valuetoawallassembly.
DISADVANTAGES: More costly per R than berglass insulation. If substituted for exterior sheathing,
requiresothermeasurestocreaterackingresistanceinthestructure.ShouldnotbeusedwithEIFSexcept
aspartofanengineeredsystemwithinteriordrainage.EPScannotsupportone-coatcementstuccoover
morethan16" studspacing.
6. INSTALLARADIANTBARRIER.
Whileradiantbarriersandcoatingsarecommonplaceinhigh-temperatureindustrialapplications(typically
500Formore),theyaremarginallyeffectiveatordinarytemperatures.Tobecost-effectiveinbuildingappli
cations,theymusthaveaverylowincrementalcost(from2to10cents/sf,dependingontheapplication).Clean,
shinyaluminumfoilfacinga3/4 inch ordeeperairspacecancreatearadiantbarrier.Foil-facedinsulationheld
backandinset-stapledcreatesonlyamarginallyeffectiveradiantbarrierbecausetheinsulationbulgesintothe
airspace,andbecausethecavitycancreateheatlossthroughconvection:itisalwaysmoreeffectivetollthe
cavitywithinsulation.Ifanairspaceispresentforotherreasons(forexample,thecavitybetweensheathingand
brickveneer),facingtheairspacewithfoil-facedsheathingwilladdthermalresistanceifthematerialremains
clean.AnewformofradiantbarrierisRadiance paint,whichcontainsaluminumdust.
ADVANTAGES:Aneasywaytoaddinsulatingvalueatbrickcavitywalls.
DISADVANTAGES:Marginallycost-effective;unlikelytobeeffectiveifexposedtodirtorcondensation.Notcost-
effectiveincoldclimates,exceptpossiblyRadiance paint.Seldomornevercost-effectiveiftheairspaceis
deliberatelystolenfromconventionalinsulation.Foilmaycreateavaporbarrierwhereoneisnotdesired.
7. INSTALLASTRUCTURALINSULATEDPANELWALL.
Rigid foam insulation adhered to structural skins can create a structural insulated panel (SIP). SIPs
provide a combination of structure and insulation. Depending upon the design, the panels may be
42
self-supportingormaybeanon-load-bearingexteriorskinappliedoverapostandbeamframe.Verytight jointsarecrucial,sinceasmallamountofairleakagethroughajointisguaranteedtocreatedestructive condensationatthemostcriticalstructuralpoint.Panelsaretypicallyfabricatedtoorderanddeliveredto thesiteforquickerection.Acousticaltightnessisreadilynoticeable. ADVANTAGES:Ahigh-Rwallthatcanbeloadbearingandresistsracking.Providesexcellentacousticalresis tance.Allowsahighlevelofprefabricationandfaston-siteerection. DISADVANTAGES: Notyetincommonuse,andthereforemoreexpensivethanordinaryframing.Requires carefulair-sealingatalljoints.
FURTHER READING
ASHRAE,1997HandbookofFundamentals,Inch-PoundEdition,Chapter22:ThermalandMoistureControl in Insulated AssembliesFundamentals; Chapter 23: Thermal and Moisture Control in Insulated AssembliesApplications; Chapter 24: Thermal and Water Vapor Transmission Data, American Society of Heating,RefrigeratingandAir-ConditioningEngineers,Inc.,Atlanta,GA;4046368400;www.ashrae.org. Fiberglassvs.Cellulose:MakingtheChoice,TedCushman, JournalofLightConstruction,Sept.1995, pp2731. EnergySourceCatalog;IrisCommunications,Inc.;8003460104. Energy Star Fact Sheets; Builder Guides; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Atmospheric PollutionPreventionDivision;888STARYES. HomeEnergysConsumerGuidetoInsulation;www.homeenergy.org/eehem/96/9609insulation.html. ResidentialEnergyEfciencyDatabase(REED);http://139.142.36.88/reed/index.htm. SawneeEnergyLibrary;/www.energydepot.com/sawnee/library/library.cfm. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Efciency and Renewable Energy Clearing House (EREC); 8003633732;e-mail:doe.erec@nclinc.com; http://erecbbs.nclinc.com. InsulationFactSheet,August1997,DocumentDOE/CE0180. Loose-FillInsulations,May,1995,DocumentDOE/GO10095060. InsulationMaterials:EnvironmentalComparisons,AlexWilson,EnvironmentalBuildingNews,Volume 4,Number1,January/February1995. InsulationComesofAge,AlexWilson,FineHomebuilding,February/March1996,No.100.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
BATT,SPRAY-ON,ANDLOOSE-FILLINSULATION Cellulose Insulation Manufacturers Association, 136 South Keowee Street, Dayton, OH 45402; 9372222462;www.cellulose.org. AmericanRockwool,Inc.,P.O.Box880,SpringHope,NC27882;9194785111. Ark-SealInternational,2190SouthKalamath,Denver,CO80223;8005258992. BuildingProductsDivision,TheCelotexCorporation,P.O.Box31602,Tampa,FL33631;8138734000. CertainTeedCorporation,750EastSwedesfordRoad,ValleyForge,PA19482;8005237844. GreenStoneIndustriesInc.,6500RockSpringDrive,Suite400,Bethesda,MD20817;8885927684. IcyneneInc.,376WatlineAvenue,Mississauga,ONL4Z1X2,Canada;8009467325. 43
InternationalCelluloseCorp.,12315RobinBoulevard,Houston,TX772450006;8004441252. JohnsManvilleCorporation(formerlySchullerInternationalInc.),71717th Street,Denver,CO80202;or P.O.Box5108,Denver,CO80217-5108;8006543103. KnaufFiberGlass,240ElizabethStreet,Shelbyville,IN46176;8002000802. OwensCorning,OneOwensCorningParkway,Toledo,OH43659;800354PINKor800GETPINK. Par-Pac,4545East52nd Avenue,CommerceCity,CO80022;8008508505. RockWoolManufacturingCo.,203NorthSeventhStreet,Leeds,AL35094;2056996121. SlossIndustriesCorporation,350035th AvenueNorth,Birmingham,AL35207;2058087803. U.S.Fiber,Inc.,905EastMartinLutherKingDr.,Suite400,TarponSprings,FL34689;8006664824. WesternFiberglassGroup,6955UnionParkCenter,Suite580,Midvale,UT84047;8015629558. STRUCTURALINSULATEDPANELS Structural Insulated Panel Association, 1331 H Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington D.C. 20005; 2023477800;e-mail:sipadc@aol.com. RIGIDFOAMINSULATION ExpandedPolystyreneMoldersAssociation(EPSMA),1926WaukeganRoad,Suite1,Glenview,IL600251770; 8006073772. Polyisocyanurate Insulation Manufacturers Association (PIMA), 1001 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., 5th Floor,Washington,DC20004;2026242709;www.pima.org. CelotexBuildingProducts,P.O.Box31602,Tampa,FL336313602;8138734230. Dow Chemical Company, Styrofoam Brand Products, 2020 Willard H. Dow Center, Midland, MI 48674; 8002582436. JohnsManvilleCorporation(formerlySchullerInternationalInc.),71717th Street,Denver,CO80202;or P.O.Box5108,Denver,CO802175108;8006543103. OwensCorning,OneOwensCorningParkway,Toledo,OH43659;800354PINKor800GETPINK. TennecoBuildingProducts,2907LogCabinDr.,Smyrna,GA30080;8002414402. RADIANTBARRIERPRODUCTS Energy-Brace reectivesheathing,Fiber-Lam,Inc.,P.O.Box2002,Doswell,VA23047;8048763135. Radiance Low-einteriorpaint,ChemRex,889ValleyParkDrive,Shakopee,MN55379;8004339517. Thermo-ply reective sheathing, Simplex Products Division, P.O. Box 10, Adrian, MI 49221; 5172638881.
44
VINYLSIDING
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Introducedinthe1960s,vinylsidinghasbecometheleadingwallcladdingmaterialforsiding(60to70 percent of the national residing market, and 40 to 50 percent of the national new siding market). Regionally, its most prevalent use is east of the Mississippi. Originally considered a relatively low-performingproductthathadfadingandcold-weathercrackingproblems,vinylsidinghasevolvedintoahigh performingproductwithgoodweatherabilityandalevelofdetailingandnishthat,inthemostsophisti catedandinnovativeexamples,comesfairlycloseinappearancetothewoodsidingproductsthatitemu lates.Itisessential,however,thatvinylsidingbeallowedtoexpandandcontractfreely.Itisestimatedthat over90percentoftheproblemswithvinylsidingarecausedbyalackofsufcientclearancebetweenthe nailheadandthenailingslotorbetweenthesidingandtrim. Vinylsidingismadeofpolyvinylchloride(PVC)resinswithinorganiccolorpigments,Ultraviolet (UV)stabilizers,andvariousplasticizers.Ithasatypicalexposureof8or10inchesplusafasteningtab (hem),andiscommonlyavailablein12footlengths,althoughlongerlengthsareavailablefromsome manufacturers.PhysicalcharacteristicsareestablishedbyAmericanSocietyforTestingMaterials(ASTM) D3679,whichsetsminimumthicknessat0.035-inch.Thicknessisnottheonlyindicatorofperformance. ThespecicPVCformulation,sidingprole,andattachmentdetailsarealsoimportantcharacteristics.The industryisreviewingwaystosetmultipleperformancerequirements,butatthistimesidingthicknessis theprimarymeansofdifferentiatingproducts. There are three general classications for vinyl siding based on thickness, with subclassicationsforlowandhigh-endproducts:
TABLE1 SuperEconomy 0.035"to <0.040" Economy 0.040"to <0.042" Standard 0.042"to <0.044" Premium 0.044"to <0.048" SuperPremium 0.048"+
Pricesvaryaccordingly,withsomesuperpremiumproductscostinguptotwicethecostofsuper economy.Mostofthematerialsoldisintheeconomyrange.Industryconsensusholdsthatmaterialbelow 0.040inchmaybetoothintoconcealunevensubstrates.Thesuperpremiumproducts,at40percent thicker,willnotnecessarilylast40percentlongerthanstandardproducts,althoughtheywillbestraighter, lesswavy,moreresistanttoimpactdamage,andmaybearchitecturallymoredistinctive.Mostvinylsiding issoldasacommodityproduct,instandardeconomystylesandnishes.However,somefairlyrecent evolutions/innovationsinvinylsidinghavebeenintroducedlargelyinhigher-endproducts.Manyofthese reectsmallnichemarketstoday,butthemarketisbecomingmoreselectiveandqualityconscious: Productformulations:Mostmanufacturershavecontinuedtoreneexistingformulastodevelopbet terweatheringandnon-fadingcharacteristics.Non-fadingwarrantieshavebeenintroducedthatextendthe warrantyperiod.Newpremiumresinsarebeingdevelopedthatwillallowdarkercoloredpanelstoperformaswellaslighterones. Finishes:Anumberofmanufacturershavedevelopedlowglossnishesthatreplicatesanded,sealed, andpaintedcedar.Somecloselyresemblethetextureofcedarclapboardandthecolorofstainedsiding. Simulatedplainandscallopedcedarshinglesanddecorativecedarpanels,suchasCertainteedsCedar Impressions,madefrompolypropylene,arealsoavailable.Extendedwarrantiesareavailableagainst peeling,blistering,rotting,aking,chipping,cracking,corroding,andexcessivefading. 45
Prolesandreinforcements:High-endproducts,suchasWolverinesSuperPremiumPortfolioHP, provide thicknesses up to 0.055 inch, deeper reveals, reinforced nailing hems, and stronger locking proles.WolverineoffersaberglassreinforcementbarinitsBenchmarkseriesthatoverlapsadjacent panels and provides increased rigidity. Wolverine has recently developed a exible nail hem on its Millenniumseriesthateliminatestheconventionalslottedhem,makingfasteningfasterandsimpler, reducing expansion and contraction problems, and allowing the use of stapling as well as nailing. Certainteed,Heartland,andAlsidealsohavedevelopedreinforcedinterlocks(Fig.1). Insulatedsidingproducts:ProgressiveFoamProductsmanufacturesaninsulatedcontouredunderlay ment,ThermoWall,thatisdesignedtogooverexistingsidingproducts,providearigidbasefornewvinyl sidingandaddanR-valueofupto4.2totheexistingwall.Theunderlaymentpanels(Fig.2),20inches high,48incheslong,andminimum1/2 inchthick,areprole-specicandhavebeendevelopedforover
WOLVERINE MILLENNIUM SIDING
ALSIDECENTERLOCK
BENCHMARK LAPLOCK
CERTAINTEEDCERTILOCK
WOLVERINE GRIPLOCK
STANDARDVINYLSIDINGS
46
FIGURE1
VINYLSIDINGLOCKINGPROFILES
FIGURE2,3
THERMOWALL
ZIPTOOL
750existingvinylsidingproductsfromdifferentmanufacturers.ProgressivehashelpeddevelopafourcourseproleforVIPCO(adivisionofCranePlastics)thatislaminatedtoavinylsidingpanelapproxi mately12feetlongby16incheshigh,soldunderthenameofTechWall. Trimandaccessorypanels:Anumberofmanufacturersproducewidewindow,door,andcornertrim withrevealsthateliminatethestandardJchannelandmakethejoiningofmaterialappearclosertothat ofwoodsiding.NotethatsidingcannotbebutteddirectlyagainstwoodtrimwithoutuseofaJchannel. Vinylsidingrequirestrimonoutsideandinsidecorners.

1. REMOVESTAINSFROMEXISTINGVINYLSIDING. Somevinylsiding,whichmightappeartoneedreplacement,canberehabilitatedbycarefulcleaning.Vinyl sidingwillfadeovertime,butmaintenanceandcleaningwillprolongtheservicelifeandappearanceof the material. Vinyl siding is easily cleaned with a variety of approved cleaners that are formulated for specicstainingproblems.TheVinylSidingInstitutehaspreparedacomprehensivelistofthosecleaners thatwillremovemoststains(seeFurtherReading). ADVANTAGES:Alow-costapproachtovinylsidingrehab. DISADVANTAGES:Cleaningmightnoteliminateallstainingandwillnoteliminatefading. 2. REPAIREXISTINGVINYLSIDING. Sectionsofvinylsidingthatarebuckled,dented,cracked,stained,orotherwisedamagedcanbeeasily replacedbymeansofaZiptoolthatslipsbehindthebottomofthesidingpanelabovethedamaged panel,allowingaccesstothedamagedpanelforreplacement(Fig.3).Instructionsareprovidedbythe VinylSidingInstituteandindividualmanufacturers(seeFurtherReading). ADVANTAGES:Allowsportionsofvinylsidingtobereplacedwithoutcompleteresiding. DISADVANTAGES:Newvinylreplacementsidingwillnotmatchweatheredvinylsiding.Smalldiscolored sectionscanbepaintedwithanall-acrylicpaint,althoughtheVinylSidingInstitutedoesnotspecically endorsepainting. 3. REPLACE/COVEREXISTINGSIDINGWITHNEWVINYLSIDING. Existingsidingcanbepreparedinthreeways: 1.Stripoffexistingsidingthathasdeterioratedtothepointwhereitcannotbeusedasasub strate.Thiswillassurethestraightestandattestapplicationandwillallowinspectionofthesheathingand 47
insulation,whichcanbereplacedifnecessary.Installnewvinylsidingaspermanufacturersinstallation requirements.Notethatvinylsidingrequiresasmooth,even,rigidsubstratesuchasplywood,woodcom position,rigidfoaminsulation,orbersheathing.Itcannotbeinstalleddirectlytostructuralframingor it will sag and deect between framing members. (Failure to establish a smooth solid substrate may constituteamisapplicationunderthetermsofthewarranty.) 2. Apply rigid or semi-rigid (e.g. FoamCore by International Paper) sheathing to existing sidingtoprovideasmoothsubstrate.Nailsecurelythrougholdsidingandintoframingmembers.Flash asnecessaryaroundprojectionsandopenings. 3Applyverticalfurringstripstooldsidingtostrengthenandstraightenunevensurfaces.Then applyrigidsheathingasdescribedinexample1above.Vinylsidingcannotbeapplieddirectlyoverfurring.Residingoverexistingmaterialwillrequirejambandtrimextensions. Vinylsidingshouldbeappliedwithcorrosionresistantnails(aluminumorgalvanized)witha minimum 3/4 inchpenetrationintowoodorwoodcompositionsubstrate.Whenfoamsheathingisused directlyoverstuds,nailsmustpenetratestudsbyatleast3/4 inch.Nailsshouldbedrivensothattheheads are1/16 to1/8 inchawayfromtheslottednailingtabtoallowforshinglemovement.Pneumaticstaplersor nailerscanbeusedbutcanbindsidingmoreeasily(especiallystaples)thanhandnailing,unlessusedby anexperiencedinstaller.Individualmanufacturersinstallationguidelinesshouldbefollowedcarefully. ADVANTAGES:Betterqualityvinylsidingreplicateswoodsidingappearance.Newformulations,textures, colors,anddetailsarenowavailablethatallowmorechoiceandimprovetheappearanceofmostarchi tecturalstyles.Arelativelylowmaintenanceproduct. DISADVANTAGES: Vinyl siding, especially the thinner products, might appear wavy and will reect the irregularityofsomesubstrates.Expandsandcontractsmorethanothersidingmaterials.Thinnergages are susceptible to oil canning and may become brittle over time. Overdriven or improperly placed fasteners can resist siding movement and cause buckling. Colors, especially dark ones, will fade over extendedperiods.Vinylsidingisnotweatherproofandrequiresaweatherbarrier.
FURTHER READING
ApplicationInstructions,VinylSidingInstitute,theSocietyofPlasticsIndustryInc.,1994. CleaningofVinylSiding,VinylSidingInstitute,theSocietyofPlasticsIndustryInc.,1994. FireProperties,VinylSidingInstitute,theSocietyofPlasticsIndustryInc.,1994. Installation Guide for Vinyl Siding and Accessories, Wolverine/Certainteed, 1998; 8888388100; www.vinylsiding.com. VinylSiding,GeorgeSchamback,TheJournalofLightConstruction,June1997,pp.2731.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
VinylSidingInstitute,1801KStreet,Suite600K,Washington,DC20006;888FORVSI1;www.vinylsid ing.org.(Acompletelistofmembercompanies,theirwebsitesandproducts,canbeobtainedfromthe VinylSidingInstitute.) ProgressiveFoamProducts,BeachCity,Ohio;8008603636;www.progressivefoam.com. TechWallVIPCO,1441UniversalDrive,Columbus,OH43216;8003668472;www.crane-plastics.com. Foam-CoreInternational Paper, P.O. Box 1839, Statesville, NC 086871839; 8004381701; www.ipaper.com.
48
M E TA L S I D I N G
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Aluminumandsteelsidinggainedgreatpopularityinthe1950sand1960sasthemostdurableandcosteffectivematerialsforreplacingorcoveringupold,deterioratingsiding.Itfrequentlycontainedthinfoam insertswhich,manufacturersclaimed,greatlyenhancedtheinsulatingqualitiesofthematerial.Whilethe newsidingmayhavebeeneffectiveinreducingairinltration,thethinnessoftheinsulationandthegreat thermalconductivityofmetalmadethissidingapoorperformerintermsofenergy. Theuseofaluminumandsteelsidinghasdrasticallydeclinedinrecentyearswiththeemergence andpopularityofvinylandbercementsidingproducts,tothepointwheremetalsidingnowaccounts foronlyabout1percentofthenewsidingmarket.PrimarymarketsincludetheMidwest(particularlyfor steel siding) where cladding must resist hailstorms and temperature extremes. In metropolitan areas where local codes require noncombustible building materials, metal siding is an obvious choice. The plethoraofexistingmetalsidingmakesitaprimecandidateforrepairorreplacementinrehabwork.

1. MAINTAINMETALSIDING. Undernormalconditions,metalsidingwillrequireonlyoccasionalwashdownwithagardenhoseanda softbristlebrush.Ifthesidingismoderatelydirty,useasolutionof1/3 cupofamildclothwashingdetergenttoagallonofwater.Forheavierdirtandstainsthenon-abrasivedetergentcanbemixedwith2/3 cup trisodium phosphate (Soilax, or Spic-N-Span for example) to a gallon of water. Use mineral spirits to removecaulkingcompounds,tarandsimilarsubstances.Cleanfrombottomtothetop.Rinsethoroughly. Avoidabrasivecleanersandstrongsolvents. ADVANTAGES:Maintenanceissimpleandeffective. DISADVANTAGES:Willnotremovefadingandseverecaulking.
FIGURE1
REPLACEMENTOFSIDING
49
FIGURE2
ON-SITEROLLFORMING
2. REPAIRMETALSIDING. Thereplacementofmetalpanelsisrelativelysimple:1.Cutthedamagedpanelalongitscenterwithautil
ityknifeormetalshears.Removeanddiscardthebottomsection;2.Cutandremovethetoplockoranew
panel;3.ApplyaheavybeadofGutterseal(Alcoaorotherbrand)thefulllengthofthedefectivepanel;4.
InstallthenewpanelovertheGutterseal.Applypressurewiththepalmofthehand.Donotnailthepanel.
(Fig.1)
ADVANTAGES:Repairisrelativelysimpleprocedure.
DISADVANTAGES:Colorofreplacementwillnotmatchoriginal.
3. REPLACEEXISTINGSIDINGWITHSTEELSIDING.
Consideredbysomeintheindustrytobeoneofthehighestperformingsidingproductsonthemarket
becauseofitsresistancetocracking,bending,highwinds,andhightemperatures,steelcontinuestohave
astrongnichemarket.Steelcanbeplaceddirectlyoverexistingsidingmaterials,overinsulatedsheath
ingontopofexistingmaterial,orattachedtofurringstripsplacedonmasonryorunevenwalls.Ittypi
callycomesin12-footlengthsandpanelwidthsofdouble4or5-inchexposures,withaPVCoracrylic
nish.Anumberofcompanies,suchasABCSeamless,provideseamlesssteelsidingthroughfranchised
installers.Itisroll-formedonsitetoeliminateverticaljoints(Fig.2).
ADVANTAGES: One of the strongest and most damage-resistant siding products available; lays at and
straightagainstmostsubstrates;colornisheswarrantedagainstfadingandpeeling;noncombustible;can
betouchedupwithpaint.
DISADVANTAGES:Approximatelydoublethecostofstandardvinylsiding;30percentmoreexpensivethan
aluminumsiding.Fewerproles,styles,colors,trim,andaccessoriesthanvinylsiding.
4. REPLACEEXISTINGSIDINGWITHALUMINUMSIDING.
Aluminumcontinuestohavesomenichemarketappeal,althoughitsuseisdiminishing.Aluminumsiding
istypicallyavailablein12-footlengthsandpanelwidthsofdouble4or5-inchexposures,withaPVCor
acrylicnish.Themostpopularcoloriswhite,butalimitedcolorpaletteisavailable.Likesteelsiding,
aluminumcanbeapplieddirectlyoverwood-sidedwallsthataresoundandstraight,overinsulatedsid
ing,andoverfurringstrips.
ADVANTAGES:Laysstraightovermostsubstrates;lesslikelytoshowwavinessthanvinylsiding;lightweight,
noncombustible,durable,andeasytoclean.
DISADVANTAGES: Morecostlythanvinyl;dentsrelativelyeasily;comesinlimitedstylesandcolors.
50
PRODUCT INFORMATION
ABCSeamless,3001FeichnerDrive,Fargo,ND58103;7012935952. Alcoa Building Products, P.O. Box 57, 1501 Michigan St., Sidney, OH 453650057; 8009626973; www.alcoahomes.com. Alside,373StateRoad,P.O.Box2010,Akron,OH44309;8002574335. EDCO,8700ExcelsiorBoulevard,Hopkins,MN55343;8003332580. Norandex/ReynoldsDistributionCo.,8450SouthBedfordRoad,Macedonia,OH44056;3304682200; www.norandex.com;www.reynoldsbp.com. ReynoldsBuildingProducts,OneNorandexPlace,Macedonia,OH44056;3304682200. UnitedStatesSeamless,Inc.,2001FirstAve.N.,P.O.Box2426,Fargo,ND581082426;7012418888; www.usseamless.com.
51
WOODSHINGLES &SHAKES
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Woodshinglesandshakes(thickerversionsofshingles)havebeenusedforsidingformorethan300 years.Today,mostofthismaterialismilledinCanadaandismadeofWesternredcedar,Easternwhite cedar,orAlaskanyellowcedar.Pressure-preservative-treatedSouthernyellowpineisalsousedforshakes onalimited,regionalbasis.Westernredcedarweathersadarkergraythantheothertwomaterials.Afew millsmakeredwoodshingles,buttheyarenotaspopularascedarbecausetheyweatherconsiderably darker.Cedarshinglesandshakesarewarrantedagainstmaterialdefectsforaminimumof20years(30 ifpressure-treatedwithCCA)bymembersoftheCedarShakeandShingleBureau(CSSB). Westernredcedarshinglesareavailableinavarietyofgrades,includingNo.1BLUELABEL(100 percentheartwood,100percentclear,100percentendgrain)andNo.2REDLABELwithsomeatgrain and limited sapwood. Other grades are available for secondary structures, economy installations, and undercoursing.No.1isthepreferredgradeforbothroongandsiding,butNo.2gradeisalsousedfor sidingbecausetheweatheringconditionsarenotasextremeasroong. Eastern white cedar shingles (increasingly coming from small, second growth trees) are not availablein100percentedgegrain,andaregradedbyknotcontent.GradeABLUELABELisallheartwoodwithnoimperfections;GradeBREDLABELallowsimperfectionsuchasknotsonnon-exposed partsandhasarecommendedmaximumexposureof6inches.GradesAandBarerecommended forsiding.GradeCBLACKLABELisaneconomygradethatallowssoundknotsonexposedportions, andhasarusticappearance.GradeDisautilitygradeforunderlayment.Easternwhitecedarshingles areavailableprenishedfromSovebec,Inc.(EasternCanadaslargestconsortiumofwhitecedarmills) inatailoredrebuttedandsquaredcongurationwithaperoxidebleachingagentandlatexstaincalled Ultra Bleach, which accentuates and accelerates the silver gray weathered appearance (see Product Information). Westernredcedarshakesareavailableinavarietyoftexturesandnishesincluding:machine grooved;handsplitfaceandresawnback;tapersawnonbothsides(resemblinganextra-thickshingle); tapersplitbyhandbothsidesandstraight-splitbymachinebothsides.SeetheCedarShakeandShingle BureauDesignandApplicationManual fordetailedspecicationsoncedarsiding.

1. REPLACEINDIVIDUALCEDARSHINGLES. Ifasmallnumberofindividualshinglesarebadlycurled,cracked,ormissing,theycanberemovedand replacedrelativelyeasily:Cutnailsholdingdamagedshingleswithahacksawblade.Splitshingleswitha chiselandremovepieces.Cutanewshingletotwitha1/8 to1/4 inchclearanceeachside. ADVANTAGES:Aninexpensivewaytorepairexistingsiding. DISADVANTAGES:Willnotworkwithalargeareaofdefectiveshingles. 2. RESIDEWITHNEWCEDARSHAKESANDSHINGLES. Certaintypesofexistingsidingincludingverticalwoodsidingorpaneling,andexistingwoodclapboardthat areflatandinsoundcondition,canbeleftinplaceandnewshinglesappliedoverthem.Shinglescanbe appliedoverbeveledsidingbyllinginthelowpointsofthewallwithlowgradetimberstrips (called
52
horsefeathers)andtherebyincreasingthepotentialnailingsurface,orbynailingtheshinglesorshakes tothehighpointsofthebevelsofeachcourseoftheoldwall(Fig.1).However,manyshinglemanufactur ersrecommendtheuseoffurringstripsoraplasticmeshproductsuchasCedarBreatherbeusedto allowforaircirculationandtoreducethepotentialofexcessivemoisturebuild-upbehindtheshingle(Fig. 2).Iftheexistingsidingisstuccoormasonry,orifthesurfaceisuneven,horizontal,oracombinationof horizontalandvertical,furringisnecessarytoushoutthewall,allowforaircirculation,andtoprovidea nailingsurfaceforthenewsiding(Fig.3).Iftheexistingsidingissubstantiallydeteriorated,removalofthe shinglesallowsfortheinspection,removal,andreinstallationofexistinginsulation,sheathing,ashing, caulking,buildingpaper,orhousewrapasnecessary.Ifthesheathingisnonstructuralorfoam,newshingles shouldbefastenedtofurringthatislaidoverthesheathing.Furringistypically1by3or1by4material (Fig.4).Whereverpossible,buttlinesshouldalignwithtopsorbottomsofwindowsorotheropeningsfor appearance.Shingleexposureshouldbeconsistent.Cornerscanbebuttedagainstcornerboardsorlaced togetheronoutsideandinsidecorners,ormiteredonoutsidecorners(Fig.5). ADVANTAGES:Anattractive,naturalmaterialforbothtraditionalandcontemporarybuildings.Canbetreated withavarietyofcoatingsandpreservativesorlefttoweathernaturally.Asustainablematerialthatcomesfrom renewablesources.Residingoverexistingwalleliminatesthetimeandexpenseofremovingexistingsiding. DISADVANTAGES: More costly than other siding material. Can weather unevenly in certain conditions. Combustibleunlesspressure-treatedwithreretardants.Somewarpingandcuppingwilloccur.
FIGURE1,2
BEVELEDSIDINGDETAIL
CEDARBREATHER
FIGURE3,4
MASONRY DETAIL
STUCCODETAIL
53
a.Shinglesbuttedagainstcornerboards b.Shinglesbuttedagainstsquarewoodstriponinsidecorner,flashingbehind c.Lacedoutsidecorner d.Lacedinsidecornerwithflashingbehind e.Miteredcorner
FIGURE5
CORNERDETAILS
FURTHER READING
Cedar Shake and Shingle Bureau Design and Application Manual for Exterior and Interior Walls, CedarShakeandShingleBureau,1991. CedarShakeandShingleBureauMembershipDirectoryandBuyersGuide,CedarShakeandShingle Bureau,Jan.1998. AGuidetoSouthernPineShakes,SouthernForestProductsAssociation,Kenner,L.A.,1994. TheSovebecGuidetoInstallingEasternWhiteCedarShingles,Charney,Canada:Sovebec,Inc.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
CedarBreather,BenjaminOpdyke,Inc.,65SteamboatDrive,JohnFitchIndustrialPark,Warminister, PA189744889;8003467655. CedarShake&ShingleBureau,P.O.Box1178,Sumas,WA98295;6044628961;www.cedarbureau.org. SovebecEasternWhiteCedar,Sovebec,Inc.,9201CentreHospitalierBlvd.,Charny,Quebec,CanadaG6x 1L5;4188321456.
54
10 S O L I D W O O D SIDING
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Solidwoodsiding(particularlybeveledsidingsuchasclapboard)hasbeenpopularintheU.S.forthepast 300years.Theuseofwoodsidinghasincreasedsomewhatrecently,accordingtotheWesternRedCedar LumberAssociation.However,itsuseisexpectedtodeclineaslumberbecomesmorecostly,asquality materialsbecomehardertoobtain,andasothersimilarlookingandlessexpensivematerialsbecome morepopular(suchasvinylandber-cementsiding). ThelargemajorityofsolidwoodsidingcomesfromtheWesternUnitedStatesandCanadaandis madeofWesternredcedar.AsmallportionisalsomadefromWesternredwood,andisavailablefromindividualmills.SolidwoodsidingfromothersoftwoodssuchasverticalgrainWesternDouglasFirisoccasionallyavailable,butindecreasingamounts.SomeEasternmillsproducesidingfromsoftwoodssuchas whitepineandspruce.Woodsidingisusuallytreatedwithaprotectivecoatingsuchasasemi-transparent or opaque stain or paint. Individual industry associations have their own nishing recommendations (seeFurtherReading). Mostbevelsiding(themostpopularformofsolidwoodsiding)ismadefromresawnlumber(1 inchthickboardsthataresawnfromlogsandthencutdiagonallyonabandsaw.Dependingonwhere the1inchboardsarecut,resawnlumbercanbeverticalgrain,curvedgrain,oratgrain.Quartersawn (alsoknownasradialsawn)sidingismadefromcutsradiatingoutfromthecenterofalog,withthe resultthateachpieceisverticalgrain(Fig.1).Verticalgrainsidingisbetteratresistingwarpingandtwisting.Curvedandatgrainsidingtendstotwistoppositetothecurveofthegrowthring.Verticalgrainsidingalsotakesandholdspaintbetterthanatgrainbecausethemaximumnumberofgrainsurfacesis exposedandactsascapillariesabsorbingpaintorstainforbetteradhesion.Sinceverticalgrainismore stablethanatgrain,thepaintisalsolessstressedbytwisting.
FIGURE1
GRAINCONFIGURATIONANDSHRINKAGECHARACTERISTICS 55

1. REPAIR/REPLACEDAMAGEDPIECESOFEXISTINGBEVELWOODSIDING. Individualpiecesofbevelwoodsidingcaneasilyberemovedandreplacedbycuttingthenailsholdingthe damagedsectionswithahacksawblade,andthenbywedgingandsawingthedamagedsectionsout.New materialcanthenbeinstalledtobuttexistingmaterialandfastenedintoplace. ADVANTAGES:Mosteconomicalrepair. DISADVANTAGES:Willnotworkwithlargeareasofdeterioratedmaterial,whichwillhavetobestripped downtothesheathingorstructure. 2. REPLACEDETERIORATEDORDAMAGEDSIDINGWITHNEWWESTERNRED CEDARBEVELSIDING. ResawnWesternredcedarbevelsidinghaseithertwotexturedsides,oronetexturedandonesmooth sandedside,dependingongrade.Clearbevelsidingresultsinthehighestqualityappearancewithnovis ibleknots.Bevelsidingisavailableinplainbevelandrabbetedbevel(Fig.2).Plainbevelisthemostpop ular.Rabbetedbevellaysatteronthewallandissomewhateasiertonail,butithasalesspronounced shadowline.Bevelsidingrangesinexposurefrom4to12inches;withabuttthicknessrangingfrom1/2 to7/8 inch.Redcedarbevelsidingisavailableinsixtraditionalgrades:ClearV.G.Heart(smoothface,all verticalgrain);AClear(mixedgrain);Rustic(someknots,sawntexture);BClear(moreknotsandother growthcharacteristics);SelectKnotty(signicantsoundandtightknots);QualityKnotty(considerable knots);andArchitectKnottyBevelSiding(comeswithavarietyofknotsandothergrowthcharacteristics andisfactoryprimed).Bevelsidingisalsoavailablenger-jointedinlengthsupto16feetinclearand knottygradesandinsmooth,resawn,andcombed(multiplegrooved)textures.
PLAIN SAW-TEXTURED
RABBETED
RABBETED SAW-TEXTURED
TWOLAPDROP
FIGURE2
BEVELSIDING
Anumberofmillshavearrangementswithpaint/staincompanies,includingOlympic,Cabot,and SherwinWilliams,whichwillprovide5-yearwarrantiesforfactory-appliedprimercoat,increasedto15 yearsaftertheeldapplicationofanapprovedtopcoat.Ifthesidingisrecoatedbeforethe15-yearwar rantyisover,itcanbeextendedanother15yearsforupto30years.Althoughsomelowergradesareused inconjunctionwithsomeextendedwarrantypaintingprograms,verticalgraincedarwillperformthebest overanextendedperiod(seeProductInformation). Bevelsidingcanbeapplieddirectly,overbuildingpaperorhousewraptosolidsidingorsheath ing,ortoinsulatingsheathingifspecialapplicationrequirementsfortheinsulatingsheathingareadhered to(seeFurtherReading).Itcanalsobeappliedtofurringovermasonry(onunevenwallsortoallowfor 56
theventilationoftheinsidefaceofthecedar).Facenailingofbevelsidingisrecommendedasblindnailingwillsplitthethin,featheredportionoftheshingle(Fig.3).Stainlesssteelnailsarerecommended, especiallyinareasneartheocean.Hot-dippedgalvanizedoraluminumnailsareacceptableinlesscorrosiveenvironments.Avarietyofinsideandoutsidecornerdetailsispossible(Fig.4).Miteredcorners areusuallycaulkedandcanseparateifthewoodisnotproperlyseasonedandknotshavebeenallowed togetwetpriortoapplication.Cornerboardsareagoodalternative.Non-hardeningcaulksarerecommended,includingpolyurethane,polysulde,orlatex-silicone.Formoreinformationoninstallationrefer toInstallingCedarSiding (seeFurtherReading). ADVANTAGES:Westernredcedarbevelsidinghasnaturaldecayresistance,dimensionalstability,workability,andpaintability.Upto30-yearwarrantiesavailablefrompaintcompaniesmakepaintedbevelsidingcompetitivewithothersidingproducts.Availableinverticalgrainandinavarietyofsizes,lengths(up to16feet),andnishes. DISADVANTAGES:Willdeteriorateanddiscolorovertimeifnotmaintainedproperly.Expandsandcontracts with changes in humidity and will shrink over time, causing vertical joints (which should be beveled)toopen.Maycupandtwist,especiallyifatgrainisusedinsteadofverticalgrain.Combustible material;morecostlythanothersidingproducts.
FIGURE3
FACENAILINGOFBEVELSIDING
FIGURE4
CORNERDETAILS 57
3. REPLACEDETERIORATEDORDAMAGEDSIDINGWITHNEWWESTERN REDWOODBEVELSIDING. Redwoodbevelsidinghasallofthefavorableattributesofcedarbevelsiding,butitislessavailablenationallyandusuallymorecostlythancedar.ItcomesinavarietyofgradesincludingClearAllHeart(allheartwoodandfreeofknots);Clear(somesapwoodandsomesmall,tightknots);BHeart(alimitednumber oftightknotsandothercharacteristics);BGrade(similartoBHeartexceptthatitpermitssapwoodas wellasheartwood).Allthesegradesareavailablecertiedkilndried,recommendedfortopperformanceandminimalshrinkage.ClearorClearAllHeartmaybeorderedeitheratgrainorverticalgrain (recommended for best performance). Rustic grades are also available. Redwood bevel siding comes plainandrabbeted,smoothandroughsawn,andinafullrangeofsizesfrom1/2 by31/2 inchesto3/4 by 10inches.Thinnerwidthsarelesslikelytoshrinkandsplitthanthewiderwidths.Redwoodtakespaint well,butindividualmillshaventbeenasaggressiveasthecedarmillsindevelopingwarrantyprograms withtheleadingpaintcompanies.Redwoodbevelsidingisappliedandnishedinthesamemannerascedar. ADVANTAGES:Naturaldecayresistance,dimensionalstability,paintability,andworkability.Availableina varietyofnishes,grains,sizes,andstyles. DISADVANTAGES:Willdeteriorateanddiscolorovertimeifnotmaintainedproperly.Expandsandcontracts with changes in humidity and will shrink over time, causing vertical joints (which should be beveled)toopen.Maycupandtwist,especiallyifatgrainisusedinsteadofverticalgrain.Combustible material;morecostlythanothersidingproducts. 4.REPLACEDETERIORATEDORDAMAGEDSIDINGWITHNEWQUARTERSAWN SPRUCEORPINEBEVELSIDING. QuartersawnEasternspruceorpinebevelsidingisavailablefromtheGranvilleMfg.Co.Thebevelsiding comesin1xClear(clear,unmarked,orexposedsectionofsiding);2xClear(uptooneknotorblemish perpiece);Cottage(notmorethanthreeknotsorblemishes,nolooseknots).Availableinsizesfrom7/16
FIGURE.5
NON-BEVELWOODSIDING
by4to6inchesandupto6feetlong.Thematerialcomesunpainted,primed,orpainted. ADVANTAGES:Verticalgrainresiststwistingandwarpingandacceptspaintwell.Authenticmanufacturing meetsallcolonialreproductionspecications.LesscostlythanWesternredcedarorredwood;longlifespan. DISADVANTAGES:Requiresmaintenanceandrepainting.Availableonlyinrelativelyshortlengths(which shrinkless).Willnotmatchresawnsiding.Availableonlyin21/2 to4-inchexposures.Combustiblematerial. 5. REPLACE DETERIORATED OR DAMAGED SIDING WITH NON-BEVEL SOLID WOODSIDING. Non-bevelwoodsidingtypesincludeboardandbatten,dropsiding,shiplap,tongue-and-groove,andvari ationsofthesetypes(Fig.5).Many,includingtongue-and-grooveandshiplap,canbeinstalledhorizontallyinthesamemannerasbevelsiding,andverticallywithblockingbetweenstuds,oroverhorizontal furringstrips.Thegradesofthesidingproductsaresimilartothoseforbevelsiding.Fordetailedsizes andspecications(seeFurtherReadingandProductInformation). ADVANTAGES:Awidevarietyofdistinctive,historicallycorrectproductsforbothtraditionalandcontem poraryuse.Availablefromindividualsupplierswithverticalgrainandextendedpaintingwarranties. DISADVANTAGES:Requiresperiodicmaintenance;morecostlythanothersidingproducts;combustible.
FURTHER READING
Certied Kiln Dried Siding Applications, Novato, CA: California Redwood Association, 1995; 8882257339;www.calredwood.org. Designers Handbook, Vancouver, BC: Western Red Cedar Lumber Association, Nov. 1997; 6046840266;www.wrcla.org. GuidelinesforInstallingandFinishingWoodandHardboardSidingOverFoamSheathing,American ForestandPaperAssociation;2024632700;www.afandpa.org. InstallingCedarSiding,WesternRedCedarLumberAssociation;6046840266;www.wrcla.org. NaturalWoodSidingTechnicalGuide,Portland,OR:WesternWoodProductsAssociation,May1998; 5032243930;www.wwpa.org. Redwood Architectural Guide, Novato, CA: California Redwood Association, 1998; 8882257339; www.calredwood.org. Redwood Lumber Grades and Uses, Novato, CA: California Redwood Association, Dec. 1995; 8882257339;www.calredwood.org. Specifying Cedar Siding, Vancouver, BC: Western Red Cedar Lumber Association, May 1998; 6046840266;www.wrcla.org. UsingRedwoodSidingOverRigidFoamInsulation,Novato,CA:CaliforniaRedwoodAssociation,Sept. 1994;8882257339;www.calredwood.org.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
GranvilleManufacturingCo.,Granville,VT05747;8027674747;quartersawnspruceandpineclapboardsiding. Siding2000,prenishedcedarsiding:CoastalForestProducts,451SouthRiverRoad,P.O.Box10898, Bedford,NH03110;800932WOOD. SkookumLumberCo.,Box1398,Olympia,WA985071398;3603527633(cedarsiding). StepSaverSiding:FactoryPrimedWesternRedCedar;PPGIndustries,Inc.,1PPGPlace,Pittsburgh,PA 15272;8004419695;www.ppgaf.com. 59
11 H A R D B O A R D SIDING
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
HardboardsidingwasrstdevelopedbyWilliamMasonin1922.Theproductismadeofwoodchipscon vertedintobers,combinedwithnaturalandsyntheticbinders,bondedunderheatandpressure.The earlysuccessofthismaterialledtoaproliferationofhardboardmanufacturersintheearly1950swhen theoriginalpatentsexpired.Morethanascoreofcompanieswereproducinghardboardsidingbythe 1970s when the EPAs newly declared environmental restrictions on the dumping of waste water from hardboardswetmanufacturingprocessledtotheclosingofanumberofplantsthatdidnothavethespace or resources to make required changes. By the mid-1980s hardboard siding accounted for about 30 percent of the United States residential siding market. Today, hardboard sidings market share has declinedtoapproximately15percent.Thenumberofcurrentmanufacturershasbeenreducedtosix.The constrictedmarketisduetothegrowthinuseofothermaterialssuchasvinylsiding,exteriorinsulation andnishsystems(EIFS),andber-cementsiding. Therehasbeenconsiderablepublicityaboutclassactionlawsuitsagainstcertainmanufacturers regarding the materials performance when exposed to moisture. Manufacturers have countered that, whilelapsesinqualitycontrolmayhaveoccurred,hardboardhasalonghistoryofgoodperformanceand thatthemajorityofproblemsisduetoinadequateeldsupervision(particularlyregardingincorrectash ing,caulking,nailings,andpainting)byinstallersaroundwindows,doors,deckterminations,andother potentialmoistureentrypoints,andthelackofsufcientmaintenanceonthepartofhomeowners. Themajorityoftheclassactionlawsuitshasbeensettled,andthemajormanufacturerscontinue toproduceandsellhardboardsidingwithlimited25-to30-yearwarranties.Someproductsareundergoingcontinueddesignimprovements,othershavechangedrelativelylittleovertheyears.MasoniteCorp., forexample,hasdevelopedanewlapsidingproductcalledHiddenRIDGEwithconcealedfastenersand interlockingdesignthatspeedsinstallationandprovideslevelalignment(Fig.2).

1. REPAIREXISTINGHARDBOARDLAPSIDING. Smallsectionsofdamagedordeterioratedlapsidingcanbecutoutandreplacedwithmatchingprolesrel ativelyeasilywithconventionalcarpentrytools,includinghandsawsandpowersaws.Deterioratedsheathing shouldbereplacedasrequired.Panelsidingsectionscanberepairedaswell,butwithgreaterdifculty. ADVANTAGES:Mosteconomicalrepair. DISADVANTAGES:Largeareasofdamagedmaterialhavetobestrippeddowntosheathingorstructure. Repairedsectionsmaynotexactlymatchexistingsiding. 2. REPLACEEXISTINGSIDINGWITHNEWHARDBOARDLAPSIDING. Lapsidingisavailablein 7/16 and 1/2 inchthicknessesandinawidevarietyofcongurationsincluding shiplapsiding12and16incheswideinlengthsupto16feetwithvaryingproles,aswellasconventional 6,8,or12incheswidelapsidingmadetolooklikebeveledsiding(Fig.2).Mostproductsarepre-primed and require two coats (4 dry mils) of eld painting. Masonite offers a completely pre-nished, Colorlocksidingthatcomeswitha15-yearlimitedwarrantyonthenish.Lapsidingcanbeappliedover 60
SHIPLAPSIDING
FIGURE1
LAPSIDING
COLORLOKSIDING
SHIPLAPSIDING FIGURE2 HIDDENRIDGE
LAPSIDING
existingsoundandlevelsiding,oversolidorinsulatingsheathing,directlyoverstuds16incheso.c.with anapprovedwater-resistantbarrier,oroverfurringstrips.Staples,t-nails,orbugleheadnailsarenotrec ommended.Hardboard,asallmaterials,willexpandandcontractwithtemperatureandhumidityvaria tions.Aminimum 3/16 inchspaceisrecommendedbetweenthesidingandwindows,doorframes,and corner boards and 1/16 inch between vertical butt joints, which must fall on studs. All joints must be caulkedwithnon-hardening,mildew-resistantexteriorgradesealant. 61
ADVANTAGES:Hardboardlapsidinghasbeenusedsuccessfullyforover50yearsandremainsthepre ferredsidingmaterialinsomemarkets.Availableinawidevarietyofproles,textures,andstylesthat accuratelysimulatetheappearanceofwoodproducts.Easilyworkedandhandled.Aconsistentproduct withnosurfacedefects.Availableinlengthsupto16'.Lesscostlythansolidwoodsidingproducts. DISADVANTAGES:Moresusceptibletomoisture-relatedproblemsthanothersidingmaterials.Requires carefulstorageandprotectionduringconstruction.Shouldnotbeappliedoverwetsheathing.Requires carefulattentiontofastening,caulking,andpaintingrecommendations.Longlengthsofsidingmaybuckle duetoexpansion.Requiresperiodicinspectionandmaintenanceofcaulkingandpainting. 3. REPLACEEXISTINGSIDINGWITHNEWHARDBOARDPANELSIDING. Ofthehardboardsidingsold,panelsidingrepresentsaboutathird.Itisavailablein4x8and4x9squareedgepanels(forboardandbattenapplications)andshiplap-edgepanels.Thepanelscomeinavarietyof texturesandgroovecongurationsthatsimulateverticallyappliedwoodboards.Thematerialisalsoavailable without grooves in a stucco appearance. Temple-Inland offers a 16 by 48-inch panel called Shadowround that simulates scalloped shingles. Hardboard panels may be applied to sheathed or unsheathedwallswithstudsnomorethan24"o.c.,oroversoundatexistingsiding.Paneledgesmust fallonandbenailedtoframingmembers.Horizontaljointsmusthaveadequateblockingandbeoverlappedaminimumof1"orbeprovidedwithZ-shapedpreformedashing.Thematerialisavailable pre-primedforeldpainting. ADVANTAGES:Aconsistentmaterialwithoutknots,raisedgrain,checks,orothersurfacedefects.Takes paintwellandhasbeenusedsuccessfullyformanyyearswhenproperlyinstalledandmaintained.Can provideshearresistancewheninstalleddirectlyoverstuds.Availableinavarietyofattractivepatternsand nishes.Easilyworkedandhandled. DISADVANTAGES:Requirescarefulstorageandprotectionduringconstruction.Requirescarefulattention to fastening, caulking, and painting requirements. Requires periodic inspection and maintenance of caulkingandpainting.
FURTHER READING
ANSI/AHA135.6-1990HardboardSiding,Palatine,IL:AmericanHardboardAssociation,1998. MaintenanceTipsforHardboardSiding,Palatine,IL:AmericanHardboardAssociation,1997. RecommendedBasicApplicationInstructionsforHardboardSiding, Palatine,IL:AmericanHardboard Association,1994. TodaysHardboard,Palatine,IL:AmericanHardboardAssociation,February1998.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
AmericanHardboardAssociation,1210WestNorthwestHighway,Palatine,IL60067;8479348800. HardboardManufacturers: ABTBuildingProductsCorp.,3250WestBigBeaverRoad,Troy,MI48084;8106493300. CollinsProducts,LLC,P.O.Box16,KlamathFalls,OR97601;5418834853. ForestexCo.,P.O.Box68,ForestGrove,OR97116;5033572131;www.stimsonlumber.com. GeorgiaPacicCorp.,133PeachtreeSt.,NE,Atlanta,GA,30303;8002845347;www.gp.com. MasoniteCorp.,1SouthWackerDrive,Chicago,IL60606;3127500900. TempleInlandForestProductsCorp.,P.O.DrawerN,Diboll,TX75941;4098295511. 62
12 E N G I N E E R E D WOODSIDING
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Louisiana-Pacic(thelargestproduceroforientedstrandboard(OSB))introducedInner-SealOSB siding in the mid-1980s as an economical alternative to conventional wood siding products that had becomemorecostlyduetorisinglumberprices.Whilethematerialprovedpopularwithbuilders,some performanceproblemsarose,particularlyinhumidenvironmentssuchastheNorthwestandSoutheast. Wherenailholes,materialsurfaces,andedgeswerenotadequatelypaintedorsealed,waterpenetrated, causingtheOSBsidingtoswellandexpand.SomeOSBsidingdeterioratedduetorot,fungus,andinva sionbyinsects,insomecasescausingdamagetosheathingbeneath.Anumberofclassactionlawsuits werebroughtagainstthemanufacturer,andL-Phassettledtheseclaims. Sincethen,L-Phasre-engineeredthematerialandhasreintroduceditasatreatedengineered woodproductinsteadofanOSBproduct,offeringbevel-edgedsidingin16-footlengthswith6,8,91/2, and12inchwidths;and4by8to4by16panels.Thecompositionandproductionprocesshavebeen substantiallyrevised.Thebinderhasbeenchangedfromaphenolictomethylenediphenyldiisocyanate (MDI),whichismorewaterresistantandprovidesastrongerbondtothewoodakes,thereforereduc ingtheswellingandexpansion.Powderedzincboratehasbeenincludedtopreventrot,fungalgrowth, andinsect-causeddeterioriation.Aprenishedresin-saturatedpaperembossedwithapronouncedwood grainisthermal-fusedtothewoodsubstrate,andaproprietarysealanttreatmentisappliedtoendsand edges.Thesidingisprenishedwithanall-acrylicprimer.Fasciaandtrimproductsarealsoavailable.

1.REPLACEDAMAGEDORDETERIORATEDSIDINGWITHNEWL-PSMARTLAP SIDING. Dependingonthemostcost-effectiveapproach,engineeredwoodlapsidingcanbeinstalleddirectlyto studswithaweatherbarrier(Fig.1);directlytonailablesheathing;overfan-foldinsulatingsheathing; ortofurringstripsovermasonryorirregularsurfaces(sidingshouldnotcomeincontactwithmasonry). Ifarainscreen/drainagechannelbehindthesidingisdesiredthesidingcanbeinstalledoververticalfurringstripsatamaximumspacingof24incheso.c.SectionsofexistingInner-SealOSBsidingthathave swelled,edgecracked,orotherwisedeteriorated,canbecutoutandreplacedwithnewsectionsofL-P engineeredwoodsiding,whichwillcloselymatchtheappearanceoftheoldOSBsiding.Forcomplete instructionsrefertoApplicationInstructionsforSmartPanelandSmartLapSiding. ADVANTAGES:Lightweight,strong,easilyworkedwithconventionaltools;appearanceoftexturedpainted cedarsiding;jointsattrimsimilartowoodbevelsiding;laysat.Dimensionallystable;willnotwarpor cup;freefromknotholes;resistanttoend-checkingandsplitting,shrinkage,andbuckling.Twenty-veyearproratedlimitedwarrantyagainstfungaldegradation,andcracking,peeling,separating,chipping, aking, or rupturing of the resin-impregnated surface overlay. Environmentally sound; made from a renewableresource. DISADVANTAGES:Requiresrepaintingandrecaulkingovertime.Newproductwithlimitedperformance history.Combustiblematerial.Currentlynotavailableinsmoothpatterns. 63
FIGURE1,2
SMARTLAP
SMARTPANEL
2. REPLACE DAMAGED OR DETERIORATED SIDING WITH NEW L-P SMART PANELANDEZPANELENGINEEREDWOODPANELS. Availableinavarietyofthicknessesandpatternssimulatingverticallygroovedplywoodsiding(Fig.2).Panels haveshiplappededgesandmaybeuseddirectlyoverstuds,overstructuralornonstructuralsheathing,over existingsoundwoodsiding,andonfurringstripsovermasonryandunevenwalls.Panelsshouldnotcontact masonrysurfacesandverticallygroovedpanelsshouldnotbeappliedhorizontally.Nailsmustbestainand corrosionresistantandhaveaminimum 1/4 inchhead.Nailsdrivenbelowthesurfacemustbesealed.All jointsmustbecaulkedwithnon-hardeningpaintablesealantwithaservicelifeofatleast25years.Horizontal trimshouldnotbeplacedovergroovedsidingwithoutproperashing.Ifashingisnotpracticable,space trimawayfromsidingsothatmoistureisnottrappedbetweensidingandtrim.Fordetailedinstallationand paintingrequirementsrefertoApplicationInstructionsforSmartPanel&EZPanelSiding. ADVANTAGES:Lesscostlythanplywood.SmartPanelcanactasashearwall;doesnotrequiresheath ing.Comesprimedandcanbepaintedanycolor.Naturallookingwoodgraintexture.Easilyhandledand installedwithconventionaltools.Twenty-ve-yearproratedlimitedwarrantyagainstfungaldegradation, cracking, peeling, separating, chipping, aking, or rupturing of the resin-impregnated surface overlay. Comparableve-yearwarrantyonEZPanel,whichisautilitygrade. DISADVANTAGES:Engineeredpanelsrequireregularrepaintingandrecaulking.Newproductwithlimited performancehistory.Combustiblematerial.
FURTHER READING
ApplicationInstructionsforSmartPanel &SmartLap Siding,Louisiana-Pacific,March1998.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
Louisiana-Pacic,111SWFifthAvenue,Portland,OR97204;8006486893;www.LPcorp.com(Smart Lap,SmartPanel,andEZPanelsiding).
64
13 P LY W O O D P A N E L SIDING
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Plywood panel siding has been a popular material, especially in the Northwest, North Central, and Northeasternstates,sincetheearly1950s.Itsusehasdeclinedinthelastdecade,however.Furthermar keterosionisexpectedinthenextdecadeasothersidingproducts,suchasvinylsidingandbercement, continuetoincreaseinpopularity. Asamaterial,plywoodpanelsidinghaschangedverylittleintermsofspecicationsorproduct conguration,exceptthatavarietyofspecialveneerfacingsisnowavailablethatincreasespaintabilityand extendsthelifeofthesiding.SomeoftheseproductsincludeSimpsonForestProductsGuardiansid ing made with a medium density overlaid resin-impregnated craft paper; Roseburg Forest Products BreckenridgeSidingmadewithokoumehardwoodsurfaceoverlayimportedfromNewZealand;and StimsonLumberCompanysDuratempmadewithahardboardsurfaceoverlay.Asanalternativetospe cialsurfaceoverlays,manymanufacturersofferpreprimedplywoodsiding,althoughthegreatmajorityof sidingisstillsoldasunprimed.

1. REPAIREXISTINGPLYWOODSIDING. Sectionsofdamagedordeterioratedplywoodpanelscanbecutoutandrepairedwithconventionalcar pentrytoolsifthereissheathingbelow,butthemosttypicalrepairwouldbetoreplacetheindividualpanel. ADVANTAGES:Mosteconomicalrepair. DISADVANTAGES:Repairofindividualpanelsisoftennotpractical,especiallyifpanelisfasteneddirectly tostructure. 2. REPLACEEXISTINGSIDINGWITHNEWPLYWOODPANELSIDING. MadefromDouglasror(increasingly)Southernpineveneers,plywoodsidingisavailablein4by8,4 by9,and4by10panelsinvaryingthicknesses,including11/32, 15/32,and 19/32 inches.Panelsareavailablesmoothfacedortextured,groovedorungrooved,squareorshiplapedged.Sidingpatternsinclude channel-grooved, brushed, overlaid, Texture 1-11, reverse board-and-batten, rough sawn, and kerfed roughsawn(Fig.1).Battenscanbeappliedforaboard-and-battenappearance.Dependingonthedepth ofthegrooves,thepanelsaredesignedtobeattacheddirectlytoframingmembers16or24incheso.c., oroverexistingatsiding,insulatingorsolidsheathing,orfurringstripsagainstmasonryorunevenwalls. Plywoodsidingmustbeprimedandnishpaintedorstainedwithin30daysofinstallation.Unlessprop erlymaintained,thesurfaceplywilldegradeduetoUVandweatheringeffectsandwillbecomebrittle, cracked,anderoded. ADVANTAGES:Longhistoryofsuccessfulapplications.Canbeapplieddirectlytostudswithoutsheathing.Can provideshearresistance.Easilyworkedanderectedwithconventionaltools.Onepanelcoversalargesur facearea.Dimensionallystable.Availableinavarietyoftexturesandstyles.Productswithspecialoverlaps havesurfacesthat,afterpainting,willnotsplit,check,orcrack.Limited25-yearwarrantiesareavailable. DISADVANTAGES:Verticalgroovesimpartadistinctive,contemporaryappearancethatmaynotbesuitablegiventheexistingdesignofthehousetoberehabed.UseisgenerallyconnedtoNorthernregions 65
BRUSHED
CHANNELGROOVE
TEXTURE1-11
LAPSIDING
SMOOTHOVERLAIDT1-11
REVERSEBOARD-AND-BATTEN
KERFED
OVERLAIDT1-11
FIGURE1 66
PLYWOODPANELTEXTURES
oftheU.S.Conventionalplywoodwithoutoverlaysrequirescarefulattentiontoinitialpainting/stainingrec ommendations.Combustible.Requireson-goingmaintenance.
FURTHER READING
303SidingManufacturingSpecications,APAEngineeredWoodAssociation,March1997. PerformanceRatedSiding,APAEngineeredWoodAssociation,April1996. ResidentialDesignandConstructionGuide,APAEngineeredWoodAssociation,April1996.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
BreckenridgeSiding:RoseburgForestProducts,P.O.Box1088,Roseburg,OR97420;8008596998. ChampionInternationalCorporation,OneChampionPlaza,Stamford,CT06921;8008743240. DuratempPlywoodSiding:StimsonLumberCompany,520SouthwestYamhill,Suite325,Portland,OR 97204;8004459758. GeorgiaPacicCorporation,P.O.Box105605,Atlanta,GA303485605;8002845347. GuardianSiding:SimpsonTimberCompany,ThirdandFrankline,Shelton,WA98584;8007829378. LouisianaPacic,111SouthwestFifthAvenue,Portland,OR97204;8002311292. U.S.ForestIndustries,Inc.,P.O.Box820,Medford,OR97501;8005416906.
67
14 F I B E R - C E M E N T SIDING
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Fiber-cement siding, in its present form, is a relative newcomer to the U.S. homebuilding market, having been introduced in the late 1980s. Asbestos-cement siding, an earlier incarnation of the material, had been used extensively in the U.S., as well as in Europe, throughout the 20th century. The use of asbestos in the U.S. was discontinued in the 1970s. Currently ber-cement siding products are composed of Portland cement, sand, clay (in some products), and specially treated wood. Todays products are thicker, less brittle, and easier to cut and work with than asbestos materials. They are also available in a wider variety of products such as backer board, lap siding, panel siding, trim, softs, and fascias. Fiber-cement siding has generated a great deal of interest among builders and homeowners because of its strength and impact, rot, and re resistance. Expectations are that the use of ber-cement products and the development of new product types, such as ber-cement shingle siding, will increase dra matically in the next several years. Fiber-cement siding can be cut and drilled with conventional wood-working tools (although some installers use diamond-tipped masonry blades for cutting) or scored with special shearing tools and broken much like paper-faced drywall. Fiber-cement panels are available either preprimed or unpainted, depending on the individual manufacturer. Paint adheres very well to the materials slightly textured and porous surface. The material itself is not affected by intermittent wetting, but it will discolor and stain unless painted.

1. REPAIR EXISTING FIBER-CEMENT SIDING. Dented, cracked, or otherwise distressed siding can be repaired with the use of a latex-modified cemen titious patching compound available from ber-cement manufacturers or from specialty product manu facturers (see Product Information). Damaged sections can be cut out with hand or power saws and new sections installed as necessary. Joints between new and old materials should be primed and caulked. ADVANTAGES: Can be repaired in much the same manner as solid wood siding. DISADVANTAGES: Some of the wood grain and stucco patterns have changed somewhat. Adjoining new and old sections may not match exactly. 2. REPLACE EXISTING SIDING WITH FIBER-CEMENT LAP SIDING. Fiber-cement lap siding is typically available in a variety of textures, widths from 6 to 12 inches, lengths up to 12 feet, and in thicknesses between 5/16 and 7/16 inches (Fig. 1). It can be installed directly to studs with a suitable weather barrier such as housewrap or building paper, or over solid or insulating sheathing, exist ing solid wood siding, or furring strips applied to uneven walls or existing masonry surfaces. Fiber-cement lap siding can be used with conventional wood, ber-cement, hardboard, or vinyl trim. Lap siding is fastened by means of stainless or galvanized steel nails, or by means of screws with corrosion-resistant coatings. Staples are not recommended. Refer to individual manufacturers installation manuals for specic recom mendations. ADVANTAGES: Smooth lap siding is close to wood in appearance when painted. Performs well in highhumidity environments; will not rot; termite resistant; non-combustible; good impact resistance; can be
68
SMOOTH FINISH
TEXTURED
SMOOTH BEADED LAP
TEXTURED BEADED LAP
COLONIAL SMOOTH
COLONIAL ROUGHSAWN
FIGURE 1
LAP SIDING TEXTURES painted or stained. Up to 50-year limited product warranty against manufacturing defects. DISADVANTAGES: Wood grain is somewhat more pronounced than rough-sawn cedar. Surface texture can be distracting in appearance at joints where grain does not align. Requires periodic painting and caulk ing, although requires less frequent painting than wood. Variety of siding patterns is less than with other 69
SMOOTH FINISH
STUCCO FINISH
CEDAR TEXTURE WITH 5/8- INCH GROOVES, 8- INCH ON-CENTER
CEDAR TEXTURE WITH MOLDED GROOVES AT 4- INCH INTERVALS
FIGURE 2
PANEL SIDING TEXTURES siding materials. Heavier than wood. Cutting of material with saws produces silica dust. Brittleness of material results in significant wear on tools. 3. REPLACE EXISTING SIDING WITH FIBER-CEMENT PANEL SIDING.
Fiber-cement panels are typically 4 by 8, 4 by 9, and 4 by 10, and typically in 5/16-inch thickness. A variety
of textures is available, depending on the manufacturer (Fig. 2). Installed vertically to studs directly, the
panels can act as shear wall bracing. They can also be installed over solid sheathing, existing ush solid
wood siding, or over furring strips against masonry or uneven walls. If required by code, a weather bar
rier must be installed. Corrosion-resistant nails or screws may be used. Staples are not recommended.
Joints should fall on structural framing members and are typically caulked or covered with a batten strip.
Horizontal joints are ashed with metal Z ashing.
70
HorizontaljointsareashedwithmetalZashing. ADVANTAGES:Installsquickly,coveringalargearea;performswellinhigh-humidityenvironments.Can provide shear bracing. Termite resistant, noncombustible, good impact resistance. Can be painted or stained;upto50-yearlimitedproductwarrantyagainstmanufacturingdefects. DISADVANTAGES:Texturesdonotaccuratelyreectmaterialstheysimulate.Heavierandmorebrittlethan mostsidingmaterials.Materialrequiresspecialtoolstocutandinstall;requiresperiodicpaintingand caulking.Cuttingofmaterialwithsawsproducessilicadust.Varietyofpanelpatternsandtexturesisless thanothertypesofpanelmaterials.
FURTHER READING
OnSitewithFiber-CementSiding,DavidFrane,JournalofLightConstruction,January1998.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
FIBER-CEMENTMANUFACTURERS ABTco.,10115KinceyAve.,Suite150,Hunterville,NC28075;8005662282;www.abtco.com(lapand panelsiding). FCP,Inc.(successorsalesarmofEternit,Inc.),ExcelsiorIndustrialPark,P.O.Box99,Blandon,PA 19510-0099; 8883270723 (Cemplank smooth, rough-sawn, and wood grain lap siding; Cempanelsmooth,stucco,andwoodgrainverticalsidingpanel). James Hardie Building Products, Inc., 26300 La Alameda, Suite 250, Mission Viejo, CA 92691; 8009HARDIE; www.jameshardie.com (Hardiplank smooth, rough sawn, and wood grain lap siding; Hardipanel smooth, stucco, wood grain vertical siding panels; Shingleside ber-cement shingle; Hardisoft,Harditrim). Maxitile, Inc., 17141 S. Kingview Ave., Larson, CA 90746; 8003388453 (MaxiPlank smooth and woodgrainlapsiding;MaxiPanelsmooth,woodgrain,V-groove,stuccopanels;MaxiTrim). Temple-Inland Forest Products Corp., Inc., P.O. Drawer N, 303 Temple Dr., Diboll, TX 75941; 8002316060. CUTTINGTOOLS PacicInternationalTool&Shear,P.O.Box1604,Kingston,WA98346;8002977487. PATCHINGPRODUCTS MacklanbergDuncan,4041NorthSantaFe,OlkahomaCity,OK73118;8006548454. VINYLTRIMANDVENTACCESSORIES TamlynandSons,10406CashRoad,Houston,TX77477;8003341676.
71
15 E I F S & S T U C C O
15.1 EXTERIORINSULATIONAND FINISHSYSTEMS
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
DevelopedinEuropeinthe1950s,andintroducedintotheU.S.byDryvitSystems,Inc.intheearly1970s, exteriorinsulationandnishsystems(EIFS),whicharesometimescalledsyntheticstuccosystems,have largelyreplacedconventionalthree-coatPortlandcementsstuccosystems.Theindustrysassociation,the EIFSIndustryMembersAssociation(EIMA)estimatesthatEIFScurrentlyaccountforabout 3.5percent oftheresidentialwallmarketintheU.S. Thesystemsattributesincludethebenetsofinsulationoutsidethestructure(asignicantthermalbreakadvantage);reducedairinltrationduetothemonolithicnatureofthenishedmembrane;and greatdesignexibility.WhilemanyofthethousandsofbuildingscladwithEIFShavehadfew,ifany,problems,poorEIFSperformancehasbeendocumentedonindividualprojectsonanongoingbasis,particularly inclimateswithseveretemperatureswingsandhighmoisturelevels.Mostrecently,attentionhasfocusedon large-scalerepairstohousesinWilmington,N.C.,followingthediscoverythatmoisturehadenteredtheEIFS barriercladdingsystemsthroughthejuncturebetweenEIFSandwindowsordoors,atdeckterminations,at roof/wallconnections,andatwindowsills.Intheabsenceofdrainageways,moisturetrappedbehindtheEIFS claddingcauseddeteriorationofthesubstrate.Theadversepublicityandclass-actionlawsuitsthatfollowed haveledtoacurtailmentintheuseofbarrierEIFSsystemsinsomestates,althoughnotnationally. ConcernabouttheuseofEIFSamongthepublic,theinsuranceindustry,buildingofcials,and manufacturers has also led to the development and promotion of new EIFS products that incorporate drainagewaysandmoisturebarriermembranesbehindtheinsulationboardsthatallowinltratingwater todrainout(Fig.1).TheEIFSindustryremainsfragmented(EIMArepresentsonly8ofthe30to40EIFS manufacturers,althoughitsmembersproduceanestimated85to90percentofthesystemssold)andEIFS installation systems and details vary among manufacturers. However, American Society for Testing Materials(ASTM)hasdevelopedrecommendedinstallationdetailsandspecicationsthatarepartofa new ASTM standard (ASTM C1397) for barrier type systems. Water managed systems have yet to be addressedbyASTM.EIMAisworkingwiththeNationalAssociationofHomeBuilders(NAHB)Research Centertodevelopathird-partyapplicatorcerticationprogram.
72 FIGURE1
GROOVEDINSULATIONBOARD
DRAINAGELATH/MAT

TherearetwomajorclassicationsofEIFS:barriersystems(whichdependontheintegrityoftheEIFSsur face,ashing,andsealantstoprevententryofwater),anddrainagesystems(whichemployavarietyof drainagetechniquestoallowmoisture,thatmayhaveentered,toexitthesystem). 1. REPAIREXISTINGEIFS. TherepairofsmalldamagedareasofEIFS,wherethesubstrateissound,isrelativelysimple.Theaffected areaiscutoutandthesystemisrebuiltinmuchthesamewayasitwasoriginallyinstalled.Ifthedamage wascausedbywaterinltrationfromdecientashing,theashingshouldberepairedorreplacedbefore correctiveworkbegins.Ifthesealanthasfaileditshouldberemovedandreplacedorcoveredwithcaulk ingproductsdesignedforthisremedialwork.DowCorning,amongothermanufacturers,hasdeveloped avarietyofrestorationrecommendationsandremedialproducts,includingapreformedsiliconeextrusion (DowCorning123siliconesealFig.2)thatisdesignedtospanfailedsealantjointsandweathersealsat theperimeterofwindowsandotherwallpenetrations(seeFurtherReading).Ifthedeteriorationdueto faultyinstallationorwaterentryisextensive,theEIFSmayhavetoberemovedinitsentiretyand,insome cases,thesheathing,trim,windows,andstructureaswell. ADVANTAGES:Repairsaresimpleandworkwellonsmalldamagedareaswheresignicantwaterpene trationandsubstratedeteriorationhasnotoccurred. DISADVANTAGES:Seriouswaterentryproblemscanrequireextensiveremovalandrebuildingwork.Repaired areaswillprobablynotmatchthecolorofadjacentexistingareasandmayrequireanewcolorcoat. 2. INSTALLANEIFSBARRIERSYSTEM. Barriersystemshavebeenthebasicindustrystandarduntilrecently,andEIMAandmanymanufacturers maintainthatwhenproperlydetailedandinstalledtheywillperformsatisfactorily.Somemanufacturers, however,disagree.U.S.Gypsumoffersonlydraining,water-managedsystemsandSenergy,Inc.willnot authorizetheinstallationofbarriersystemsonwoodframeconstruction(allmanufacturersagreethat barriersystemsworkovermasonryblockorconcretesubstratesthatarerelativelyunaffectedbymois-
FIGURE2
SILICONESEAL
ture).EIFStypicallyconsistofinsulationboardmadeofpolystyrene(usuallyexpanded)orpolyisocyanu ratefoam,whichissecuredtotheexteriorwallsurface(usuallyDensGlassGold,plywood,OSB,orbercementboard)withaspeciallyformulatedadhesiveorwithmechanicalfasteners.Thefoamprovidesinsu lationandallowsthecoatingtoexduringtemperatureswings.SomemanufacturersprovideEIFSwithout 73
theinsulationforinstallationovermasonryordirectlytosheathingwheninsulationisnotrequired(Fig. 3).Awater-resistantbasecoatisappliedtothetopoftheinsulationandreinforcedwithglass-bermesh foraddedstrength.Analcoat,typicallyacrylic,similartoathickenedacrylicpaintwithaneaggregate, isappliedasthenishsurface.Somemanufacturersprovideelastomericcoatings,whicharesofterand moreexiblethanthecoatingstypicallyused. ADVANTAGES:Moreeffectivethan(althoughoftenusedinconjunctionwith)comparablebetween-thestudsinsulation,especiallyovermetalstuds.Providesanimportantthermalbreak.Reducesairinltration (EIMA claims up to a 55 percent reduction over standard masonry or wood construction). Provides attractiveexteriorsanddesignexibilitythroughawidevarietyofcolorsandtextures.Canbefashioned into a variety of shapes and sizes to produce decorative details such as cornices, quoins, keystones, arches,columns,reveals,shadowlines,specialmoldings,etc.Relativelyeasytocleanandrepairsmall areas. DISADVANTAGES:Properdetailingandchoiceofanexperiencedapplicatoriscritical.Somemanufacturers havesignicantlylessexperiencethanothersandhavemorelimitedtechnicalsupportstaff.Somemanufac turershavemodelcoderesearchreports,othersdonot.Manyresidentialcontractorsdonothavetheskills andexperienceofcommercialapplicators.Thespecicationcontrolandinspection,typicalwithcommer cialwork,isfrequentlyabsentonresidentialprojects.Warrantiesvaryconsiderablyandshouldbestudied andcomparedcarefully.Insuranceandcodeagenciesmaynotallowbarriersystemswithoutcerticationby design professionals as to their proper detailing. Some states, such as North Carolina, and model codes (UBC)donotallowtheuseofbarriersystemswithwood-frameconstruction.Theuseofbarriersystems shouldbecarefullymonitoredonacase-by-casebasis,asthecodesarechanging.Extremeheat,dryness, cold (especially freeze-thaw), and moisture conditions affect the systems performance. Proper ashing, high-performancesealants,andweatherbarriersareessentialtogoodperformance,butsealantsshouldnot berelieduponintheabsenceofotherweatherbarriers.Requirescarefulselectionofwindowsandashing detailingtoassurewallintegrityisnotcompromisedbywaterweepingintothewallcavityatsillandsill/jamb interface.Termitesandcarpenterantscantunnelintofoamplasticanduseitasahabitat. 3. INSTALLANEIFSMOISTUREDRAINAGESYSTEM.
Moisturedrainagesystems,alsocalledwater-managedorrain-screensystems,havebeenusedincom
mercialapplicationssincetheearly1990s,andarecurrentlybecomingthesystemofchoiceforhousing
amongarchitects,designers,builders,andcodeofcials.Theyaresimilartobarriersystemsexceptthat
FIGURE3
EIFSWITHOUTINSULATION
74
theyemployadrainagewaybehindtheinsulationeitherintheformofverticalgroovescutintheinsula tion board, vertical furring strips, or a woven fabric drainage mat or other drainage system (Fig. 1). Properashings,weatherbarriers,andsealantdetailsremaincriticalaswatershouldstillbekeptoutof thesystem.EIFSsystemsshouldstopwellabovegradetorestrictinsectaccessandallowforinspection. ADVANTAGES:AlltheadvantagesofbarrierEIFSwiththeadditionalprotectionofdrainagewaystoevacuate
moisturefromthesystem.Perceivedbymostbuilders,architects,anddesignersasanimprovedsystem. Recommendedorrequiredbyincreasingnumbersofinsurancecompaniesandcodeagencies. DISADVANTAGES:Generallyrequiremechanicalfasteningofthefoaminsulationboard,whichismorelabor intensivethanadhesiveapplications.Requiremoreattentionandcostforsecondaryweatherbarriersand accessories.Requirecarefulattentiontosystemdetails,includinghousewrapoverlapstoavoidthechannel ingofmoisturebehindtheseweatherbarriers,particularlyatwindows,doors,andotheropenings.Termites andcarpenterantscantunnelintofoamplasticbackinganduseitasahabitat.Therehasbeenlimitedtest ingandperformancedataonthevariousdrainagesystemsemployed.Somebuildingresearchersandexperts remainunconvincedthatthissystemsolvesalltheperformanceproblemswithbarriersystems.
FURTHER READING
EIFS Design Handbook, CMD Associates, 1800 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 203, Seattle, WA 98109; 2062856811;www.eifs.com/aboutcmd.htm. EIFSNewConstructionInspectionManual,CMDAssociates,1800WestlakeAvenueNorth,Suite203, Seattle,WA98109;2062856811;www.eifs.com/aboutcmd.htm. EIFSRestorationGuide,DowCorning#62-510B096;5174966000. EIFSWallWeathers75-mphWetSprayTestwithNoSealers,EnergyDesignUpdate,October1998,pp. 10-12. Housewrapsvs.Felt,PaulFisette,JournalofLightConstruction,November1998. Installation Checklist, Exterior Insulation Manufacturers Association (EIMA), 3000 Corporate Center Drive,Suite270,Morrow,GA30260;8002943462;www.eifsfacts.com. InstallingWater-ManagedSyntheticStucco,RussMinkovich,JournalofLightConstruction,September 1998. SillSentryDesignedtoTreatLeakingWindows,EnergyDesignUpdate,June1998,pp.12-13. SyntheticStucco,StevenCulpepper,FineHomebuilding,October/November1996.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
EIFSIndustryMembersAssociation(EIMA),3000CorporateCenterDrive,Suite270,Morrow,GA30260; 8002943462;www.eifsfacts.com. DowCorningCorporation,Midland,Michigan486860994;5174966000;www.dowcorning.com. DryvitEnergySystems,Inc.,OneEnergyWay,P.O.Box1014,WestWarwick,RI02893;8005567752; www.dryvit.com. Finestone(SimplexProductsDiv.),1149TreatStreet,Adrian,MI492210010;5172638881. OmegaProductsCorp.,P.O.Box1889,Orange,CA92668;7149350900;www.omega-products.com. Parex,Inc.,P.O.Box189,Redan,GA30074;8005372739;www.parex.com. PlekoSystemsInternational,Inc.,P.O.Box98360,Tacoma,WA98498;2064729637;www.pleko.com. RetroTek,4987CountyHighwayNorth,SunPrairie,WI53590;8002259001. SenergyDivisionofHSC,10245CenturionParkwayNorth,Jacksonville,FL32256;9049966000. Stuc-o-FlexInternational,Inc.,17639Northeast67thCourt,Redmond,WA98052;8003051045. TECIncorporated,315SouthHicksRoad,Palatine,IL60067;8473589500. 75
UniversalPolymers,Inc.,319NorthMainStreet,Springeld,MO65804;8007525403. USGypsumCompany,125SouthFranklinStreet,Chicago,IL60606;800USG4YOU;www.usg.com. W.R.BonsalCo.,8201ArrowridgeBlvd.,Charlotte,NC28273;8003340784;www.bonsal.com.
15.2
STUCCO
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
PortlandcementstuccoisatraditionalnishmaterialthathasbeeninuseinNorthAmericaforover300 years.Currentlyinstalledasathree-coatsystem(scratch,brown,andcolorcoat)itissometimesabbre viatedtoatwo-coatsystem,particularlyovermasonry.

1. PATCHEXISTINGSTUCCO. Hairlinecracksareverydifculttopatchwithoutmakingtherepairmorenoticeablethanthedefect.Some installersrecommenddustingwithstucco.Cracksbetween 1/8 to 1/4 inchcanberepairedbyscraping outthetopcoatstoexposescratchcoat.Anacrylicbondingagentcanbeusedtohelpbondtherepair coats.Onevenlargercracksorholes,aself-adhesiveberglassmeshcanbeusedtostrengthentherepair. Somelargeholeswillrequiretherepairofthebuildingpaperbehindthewiremesh.Forrecoloringold stuccoafogcoatofcement,colorpigment,andlime,butnosand,issometimesused.Acrylicadditives increaseeaseofapplicationandcover.Elastomericcoatingscanalsobeusedtosealand recolor old stucco. ADVANTAGES:Stuccorepairisrelativelyeasyandcost-effective. DISADVANTAGES:Iflargeareasareaffected,removalmaybemorepractical. 2. INSTALLASTUCCOEXTERIORWALLFINISH. StuccoisinstalledintheNortheasternandNorthCentralstatesovergypsumsheathingusingdimpleor expandedmetaldiamondlaththatholdstheplasterawayfromthesheathingallowingforbettercement bond,expansionandcontractionwithtemperaturechanges,andforthecreationofadrainageway.Over masonrysubstrates,stuccoistypicallyapplieddirectlytothesubstratewithoutlath.Inhotterclimatesin theSouthandSouthwest,stuccoisofteninstalledoverpaper-backedlathwithoutsheathingmaterial.This requires adequate bracing of the walls to prevent shear cracks. Stucco can be colored and scored to appearlikebrick,stone,andothermaterials. ADVANTAGES:Aprovenmaterialthatstandsupwelltomoistureincoldclimates;canhaveintegralcolor orcanbecoatedwithelastomericcoatings.Canhaveavarietyofnishes.Easilyrepaired. DISADVANTAGES:Requiresexperiencedapplicators.Requiresfoggingtopreventexcessivefastcuringand hairlinecracking.Integralcolorcanfade,especiallyifadarkcolorischosen.Canbestainedatgradeby rain-splatteredearth.Requiresreinforcementatallopeningsandperiodicexpansionjoints.Stuccoisa poorinsulator.
FURTHER READING
OrientalStucco,U.S.GypsumCo.,P682,April1993. PortlandCementPlasterStuccoManual,PortlandCementAssociation,No.EB049,1996. 76 PatchingStucco,RonWebber, JournalofLightConstruction,September1997.
16 E X T E R I O R T R I M
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Trimhasalwaysbeenanimportantelementintheappearanceofhouses,aswellasakeyweatherand waterproongcomponent.Asanishingelementarounddoors,windows,porches,roofedges,atcor ners,andatotherbuildingfeatures,trimprovidesadecorativeelementandscale.Thereisawidevariety ofmaterialavailableforuseastrimotherthantraditionalsolidwood,suchaslaminatedwoodlumber, engineeredwood,wood/thermoplasticcomposites,bercement,andpolymers.Thesenewmaterialshave theappearanceofwoodtrimbutpromiselongerservicelife.Themajorthreatstotrimareultravioletradi ation,waterdamage,snowandice,mold,rot,andinsectinfestation(allexceptultraviolet(UV)relatedto moisture).Materialsshouldbeselected,detailed,andinstalledtolimittheeffectsofexposure.

1. REPAIREXISTINGWOODTRIMWITHEPOXYFILLER. Thedecisionwhethertorepairorreplacetheexistingtrimwilldependonitscondition,andwhetherthe building is historically signicant (if so, follow the U.S. National Park Services Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings referenced in Further Reading). Before repair or replacement, the conditionsthatcauseddamagetothetrimshouldbecorrected,ifpossible,andthedecisiontorepairor replacecanthenbeaddressed.Mostwood,evenifitisseriouslydecayed,canbereconstitutedbymeans ofliquidepoxyconsolidantsthatimpregnatethewoodbersandhardenintoamassthatcanbesawn, planed,drilled,nailed,sanded,glued,andpainted.Mostoftheseepoxymaterialshaveweatherabilityas goodasorbetterthanwood,andworkwellatsills,thresholds,andotherpartsofthebuildingthatcannot be easily replaced. Epoxy putties are also available that work in conjunction with liquid epoxy to rebuildmissingsectionsofdecorativefeaturesandtrim(Fig.1). ADVANTAGES: Restoration of damaged trim material may be less disruptive and less expensive than replacement.Helpsmaintainhistoricalintegrityoftrim. DISADVANTAGES: Requirescarefulapplication.Maynotbecost-effectiveforaveragerehabilitationproject. Maynotbepracticableifdeteriorationisextensive.
FIGURE1
USEOFEPOXYPUTTYTOREBUILDTRIM
2. INSTALLNEWTRIM. Ifabuildingstrimhasdeterioratedtotheextentthatitisunsightlyordoesnotfunctionasintended,and ifepoxyconsolidationisnotcost-effective,thetrimandanydeterioratedsubstrateshouldberemovedand replaced.Ifdeteriorationwascausedbyalackofflashing(especiallywindowordoorheads),sealantsor 77
poordetailing,thosedeficienciesshouldbecorrectedortheconditionwillberepeated.Thechoiceof trimmaterialhasexpandedconsiderablybeyondthatofsolidwood.Trimoptionsinclude: SOLIDWOOD: Fortrimandfascias,solidwoodisstillthefavoritematerialinmanypartsofthecountryduetoitsease ofapplicationandgeneralavailability.Woodspeciesincludewhiteand(toalesserextent)southernyellow pine,importedpinespecies,andlocallyavailablerincludingDouglasrandHem-r.Heartwoodgrades ofWesternredcedarandredwoodaremoreexpensive,butconsideredmoredimensionallystableand resistanttodecaybecauseoftheirnaturalextractives. Cedaroftencomesrough-sawn.Redwoodisavailableinwideboardsandisoftenusedforfascias.Clear,verticalgrain,all-heartwoodmaterialtakespaint better,ismorestable,andlastslongerthanothergrades.Finger-jointedtrimisincreasinglyusedandis availableinlargersizesbecauseitiscomprisedofgluedsectionsofmaterial.Backprimingofallsolid woodtrimisrecommendedtoprotectitfrommoistureandtokeepitfromwarping.Finishedsidesare bestprotectedwithtwocoatsofpaintorstain. LAMINATEDVENEERLUMBER(LVL): Atleastonecompany,SouthCoastLumber,makesLVLtrimproducts.ItsClearLamproductismadeof Douglasrcoreveneersandolderfaceveneersgluedtogetherwithphenolicadhesivesandsprayedwith apreservativetoprotectthetrimintheeld.Thefaceisoverlaidwithaphenolic-basedmediumdensity overlay(MDO)sheetthateliminatesfacecheckingandservesasanexcellentsubstrateforpaint.Alledges arefullycoatedwithanelastomericedgecoatingandprimer.Easytocut,nail,andinstall,ClearLam canbeusedforfascia,cornerboards,andwindowanddoortrim,dimensionallystablewithoutknots, checks,orcracks. ENGINEEREDWOODTRIM Engineeredtrimisacompositeofwoodbersandresins.Itresembleshardwood,buthasaddedwaxes, resins,andoilstogiveitbetterweatherresistance.Engineeredwoodcanbeusedforcornerboards,fas cias,rakeboards,softs,anddoorandwindowtrim. Arelativelyinexpensive,uniform,consistentproduct, smootherandstraighterthanregularwood. WOOD/THERMOPLASTICTRIM Wood/thermoplastictrimisarelativelynewcompositeproductmadefromthermoplasticresinsandwood ber.Thismaterialisexceptionallydurableandisbecomingpopularforexteriordeckingapplicationsand aswindowsillsanddoorjambs.Severalcompaniesmakelimitedsizesofatstockfortrimandextruded brickmold. FIBER-CEMENTTRIM Fiber-cementtrimisavailablefrommanufacturersofber-cementsidingproductsandisgenerallyusedin conjunctionwiththosematerials,althoughitneednotbe.Usedasfascias,rakeboards,cornerboards,softs, andwindowanddoortrim.Availableinsmoothandwoodgrainnishes,primedorunprimed.Thismaterial takespaintwellandisavailablewitha50-yearwarrantyagainstwarping,cracking,anddelamination. POLYMERTRIM Polymertrim,madefromhighdensitypolyurethane,iscosteffectiveinreplicatingtheappearanceofheav ilydecorativetrimelementssuchascolumns,railings,balusters,brackets,trellises,pediments,shutters,etc.
FURTHER READING
Alternatives to Solid Wood Exterior Trim, Paul Fisette, Building Materials and Wood Technology Program,UniversityofMassachusettsatAmherst,www.umass.edu/bmatwt/index.html. 78
The Secretary of the Interiors Standards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating HistoricBuildings,Washington:USDept.oftheInterior,NationalParkServicePreservationAssistance Division,1990.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
RESTORATIONPRODUCTS Abatron,Inc.,550195thAvenue,Kenosha,WI53144;8004451754. ConservationServices,8LakesideTrail,Kinnelon,NJ07045;9738386412. GougeonBros.,Inc.,P.O.Box908,BayCity,MI48707;5176847286. PreservationResourceGroup,P.O.Box1768,Rockville,MD208491768;3013092222;www.prginc.com. LAMINATEDVENEERLUMBER SouthCoastLumberCo.,815RailroadAve.,P.O.Box670,Brookings,OR97415;5414694177. ENGINEEREDWOOD SmartTrim, LouisianaPacic Corp., 1 East First Street, Duluth, MN 55802; 8006486893; www.lpcorp.com. PrimeTrim,GeorgiaPacicCorp.,133PeachtreeStreet,NE,Atlanta,GA30303;4046524000. TrimCraft,TempleInlandForestProducts,P.O.BoxN,Biboll,TX75941;8002316060;www.tem ple.com/tpgl.html. Protrim, ABT Co., 10115 Kencei Avenue, Suite 150, Halessville, NC 28078; 8009273146; www.altco.com/trim.htm. Forestrim,Forestex,P.O.Box68,ForestGrove,OR97116;5033572131. AmericanHardboardAssociation,520NorthHicksRd.,Palatine,IL60067;3129348800. WOOD/THERMOPLASTICCOMPOSITE DurawoodPE,TheEaglebrookCompanies,2600WestRooseveltRd.,Chicago,IL60608;3124912500. FrameSaver,BMS,P.O.Box631247,1124BennetClarkRd.,Nacogdoches,TX75963;4095698211. CranePlasticsCo.,P.O.Box1047,Columbus,OH43216;8003668472. FIBERCEMENT Cem-Trim,FLPInc.,ExcelsiorIndustrialPark,P.O.Box99,Blandon,PA195100099;8883270723; www.pinc.com. Harditrim,JamesHardieBuildingProducts,26300LosAlameda,Suite250,MissionViejo,CA92691; 888JHARDIE;www.jameshardie.com. Maxitrim,Maxitile,Inc.,17141SouthKingviewAvenue,Lason,CA90746;3102170316;www.maxitile.com. TempleInlandForestProducts,P.O.BoxN,Biboll,TX75941;8002316060;www.temple.com. POLYMER Fypon,22WestPennsylvaniaAvenue,Stewartstown,PA17363;8005375349. OutwaterPlasterIndustries,P.O.Box347,Woodridge,NJ07075;8008354400;www.outwater.com. Style-Mark,Inc.,960WestBarreRoad,Archibold,OH43502;8004463040;www.style-mark.com. 79
17 S E A L A N T S & CAULKS
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Sealantsandcaulksaretherstlineofdefense,servingasabarriertobothwaterandairinltration. However,notalljointsaremeanttobecaulked;someprovideanexitforairormoisturetrappedwithin thewallassembly.Inlow-riseresidentialstructuressealantsand(toalesserextent)caulksareusedas elementsofaweatherbarriersystemthatincludestheexteriornishmaterial,drainageplanes(building paperorhousewrap),iceandweathershieldmembranes,andashing.Sealantsandcaulksaretypically usedatexpansionjoints,jointsbetweendissimilarmaterials,jointsatwindowanddooropenings,atthe junctureofsidingandtrim,andatashing.Severalfactorsshouldbeconsideredinordertoachievesat isfactoryperformanceofbothsealantsandcaulks. MaterialSelection:Materialsmusthavetheproperphysicalcharacteristicsforthespecicapplication, includingelasticity(theabilityofasealanttoreturntoitsoriginalprole),elongation(theabilityofa sealant to stretch, as expressed as a positive or negative percentage), adhesion (bonding between the sealant and adjacent materials), durability, paintability, and compatibility with substrate and adjacent materials. Weatherability: Sealants vary with respect to weathering characteristics. Indications of weathering includehardeningofthematerial,chalkingordiscoloration,alligatoring,wrinkling,bubbling,sagging, erosion,orsofteningofthesealantsurface.Sealantsandcaulksshowingthesecharacteristicsshouldbe replaced. JointDesign:Sealantmanufacturersrecommendthatsealantsshouldadheretoonlytwosurfacesby useofpolyethylenebackerrodsorbondbreakertape.Three-surfaceadhesionwillleadtocohesivefail ure(tearing).Narrow(lessthan3/8 inch)orexcessivelydeepsealantjoints,thatexceedadepthtowidth ratioof1to2,maynotallowforthepropercompression,elongation,oradhesionofsealants.Smalljoints provetobethemostdifculttosealbecausethesmallestmovementcanrepresentasignicantpercentage of expansion. Interior applications typically do not require nearly the same degree of elongation becausethetemperatureismaintainedwithinanarrowrange. Installation:Theleadingcauseofsealantfailureisimproperinstallation,elementsofwhichinclude improperprimingorcleaningofthesubstrate;installationoverincompatiblecoatings,materials,orcon taminants(includingexistingsealantsandlubricants);installationduringperiodsofexcessive cold or heat,rain,ordampness.Suchfailuresareprimereasonsforreplacementofsealantsandcaulksinrehab work. Thedistinctionbetweencaulkandsealant,termsoftenusedinterchangeably,isessentiallythe abilitytoconformtomovement.Caulktypicallyprovidesforlessmovementbutiseasiertoworkandis usedforinteriorapplications,whileasealantisusedforexteriorpurposes.Caulkingusuallyreferstolatex sealingcompoundsthatmeetASTMC834 StandardSpecicationforLatexSealingCompounds while sealants usually refer to ASTM C 920 Standard Specications for Elastomeric Joint Compounds. 80
Manufacturersinstructionsandtechnicalassistanceshouldbecloselyfollowed.Theselectionofcaulk shouldbeguidedbyknowledgeofthematerialsthataretobeadheredandthematerialpropertiesthat aremostcritical,suchaselongation,durabilityoreaseofinstallation. Sealants are continuously evolving with new formulations for lower cost, ease of installation, adherence,exibility,anddurability.Newerformulationshaveallowedgreaterrangeofuses,butnoone productisidealinalltheserespects.Itisestimatedthatthereareover300sealantmanufacturers.Some maketheirownsealantswhileotherssellsealantsmanufacturedbyothersundertheirprivatelabel. Amongthemostcommontypesare: Latex and oil-based sealants, generally referred to as caulks with low exibility and relatively poor durability,arelowcostandeasytowork,suitableforinteriorapplicationsnotexposedtoprolongedmois ture. Acryliclatex,sometimesreferredtoasrubberizedlatex,isamoredurableandelasticvariationsuitableforinteriorandexteriorapplications.Smallamountsofsiliconeemulsionsarefrequentlyaddedto enhanceperformancesomewhat. Butylrubberiscommonlyemployedininsulatedwindowassembliesandbetweenlayersofmetalash ingsbecauseofitsgoodadhesionqualities,abilitytoresistwaterandtemperatureextremes,andbecause itremainstacky.Ithasonlymoderateexibilityandisdifculttoinstall. Kraton,aprimer-less,solvent-based,syntheticrubberthathasbecomepopularasageneralpurpose sealantthatadherestomostcommonsubstrates.Becauseitissolvent-based,itmayshrinkslightly. Silicone,usedextensivelyincurtainwall,exteriorinsulationandnishsystems(EIFS),andglazing applications.Itisthemostelasticanddurablesealant,butnotgenerallypaintable.Itisdifculttoremove, andnotsuitableforporousmaterialsinsomeformulations.Minimalshrinkage. Polyurethaneshaveexcellentmovementanddurabilitycharacteristics,buttheexibilitydegradesover time,particularlyindirectsunlight,andtheyaredifculttoapplyandclean-up. TABLE1 TYPESOFCAULKINGMATERIALS BASETYPE RETAIL$ (per10oz) 1-2 1.50-2 2-2.50 2.50-3 2-4 5-7.50 4.50-10 4-7 EST.LIFE (years) 1-3 1-3 3-10 4-10 5-20+ 10-15 15-20+ 20+ USES CLEANUP
Oil Polyvinylacetate Styrenerubber Butyl Acryliclatex Kraton Polyurethane Silicone
Mostdrysurfaces* Indoorsurfacesonly* Mostdrysurfaces* Masonryandmetal** Mostdrysurfaces* Mostdrysurfaces* Masonry** Glass,Aluminum* (notformasonry)
paintthinner water paintthinner paintthinner water paintthinner acetone,MEK paintthinner, naphtha,toluene
*wood,drywall,aluminum;e.g.,gapsinwoodframesaroundperimeterofhouse,plumbingpenetrations, gapsinroughopeningsaroundwindowsanddoors,bootsaroundsupplyandreturnHVACgrills,seal betweenbottomplatesandsuboor. **gapsinmasonryconstruction. 81
Allsealantsrequiresurfacepreparationandappropriateprimersasdirectedbythemanufacturer.Sealantsareonlyabletoprovideformovementintwodirections;ifthesealantcontactsathirdsurfaceitwilldetachfromthesurfacewiththeleastadhesion.Sealantstypicallyareappliedwithhalfthewidth adheredtoeithersideoftheopeninginanhourglassshape(Fig.1).Thewidthoftheopeningisexposed ononesideandmustbepreventedfromadheringtomaterialsalongitsothersidewithanon-adhering surfacereferredtoasabondbreakerorbackermaterial.Thebondbreakermaterialalsoservestoshape andsupporttheproleofthesealantandasasecondarybarrier.
BAND-AIDJOINTS
BUTTJOINTS
FILLETJOINTS
FIGURE1
JOINTTYPES

1. PREPARESURFACE,REMOVEEXISTINGSEALANTS Allsurfacesmustbesound,clean,dry,andfreeoffrost,dirt,oilreleaseagents,looseparticles,efflorescence, oldsealants,andotherforeignsubstancesthatimpairadhesionbond.Onimpervioussurfaces,suchasglass, metals,orpaints,sealantmanufacturersmayrecommendacommercialgradesolventcleanersuchasXyol, toluene,oralcohol,ormayproduceonethemselves.Forporoussurfacessuchascementboard,concrete, concreteblock,oldbrick,andstone,jointscanbecleanedbycutting,scraping,sandblasting,sawcutting, orgrinding.Remainingloosedustandparticlesshouldberemovedbydustingwithastiffnon-metallicbrush, vacuuming,orblowingwithoil-freecompressedair. Somesealantsrequireaprimerpriortoapplication, somedonot.Followmanufacturersrecommendations. ADVANTAGES:Properpreparationwillhelpensuremaximumlifeofsealantperformance. DISADVANTAGES:Removingcontaminantsandoldsealants,especiallysilicones,istimeconsumingand expensive. 2. INSTALLSEALANT. Properinstallationofsealantisabsolutelycriticaltoperformance.Themethodsofpreparationandinstallationvaryamongmanufacturersanditisbesttoconsulttheirliteratureforinstructions.Sealantsare availableinessentiallyfourtypes:preformed,tube,cartridge,bulk.Typically,theeasiertheinstallation 82
method,thelowertheanticipatedperformance.Forthisreasonmaterialsavailableintubestendtobe water soluble caulk materials suitable for interior repairs. Materials designed for exterior purposes, specicallywindowsanddoors,requirehigherperformingmaterialsandlargerquantities.Thesemateri alsgenerallyrequiresomeformofmechanicalmeansofapplyingthesealant.Thetraditionalhand-oper atedgunprovidesarelativelysimpledevicewithconvenientcartridges.Largerbulk-loadinggunsarealso availabletoprovideforeconomyinthepackagingofmaterialsorwhentwo-partsealantsaretobecom binedonsite.Applicationsoflargeamountsofsealantareideallysuitedforpower-assistedequipment. Traditionally this was pneumatically driven, requiring an air compressor. New equipment developed specicallyforthispurposeiseitherelectricallyorbatterydriven.Withtherequirementsofapplication beingsospecic,thesepowertoolsandpreformedmaterialsprovideforconsistencyofapplication. ADVANTAGES:Newautomatedtoolsandnewmaterialsprovideforgreatereaseofinstallationandperfor mancethaneverbefore.Thewidevarietyofmaterialsissuitableforvirtuallyanycondition. DISADVANTAGES:Theimproperselectionofsealantshasthepotentialofdamagingordiscoloringadjacent materials.
FURTHER READING
Caulking, Al Brendenberg, Todays Homeowner, www.todayshomeowner.com/todayarticles/paint/ 04.97.62.html. CaulkingAbouttheWeather,JoshGarskof,Old-HouseJournal,November/December1996. CaulksandSealants,FineHomebuilding,BruceGreenlaw,June/July1990. PrematureSealantFailure,TheConstructionSpecier,DavidH.NicastroandJosephP.Solinski,April1997. SiliconeCaulkingBasics,BrianZavitz,FineHomebuilding,August/September1997.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
ACProducts,172EastLaJollaStreet,Placentia,CA94870;8002384204. AEG,3ShawsCove,P.O.Box6003,NewLondon,CT063201777. ChemRex/PLAdhesives&Sealants,889ValleyParkDrive,Shakopee,MN,55379;8004339517. DAP,2400BostonStreet,Suite200,Baltimore,MD21224;8005433840;www.dap.com. DowCorningCorporation,Midland,MI486060994;5174966000;www.dowcorning.com. Franklin International, Construction Adhesives and Sealants, 2020 Brooks St., Colombus, OH 43207; 8008774583;www.franklini.com. GESilicones,260HudsonRiverRoad,Waterford,NY12188;8002558886;www.ge.com. Insta-FoamProducts,Inc.,1500CedarwoodDrive,Joliet,IL60435;8008003626. MaccoAdhesives,925EuclidAvenue,Cleveland,OH44115;8006340015;www.liguidnails.com. Macklanburg-Duncan,4041NorthSantaFe,OklahomaCity,OK73118;8006548454;www.macdunc.com. MiracleAdhesives,TACIntl,AirStationIndustrialPark,Rockland,MA02370;8005036991. NPCSealants,1208SouthEigthAvenue,P.O.645,Maywood,IL60153;8006541042. OSISealants,7405ProductionDrive,Mentor,OH,44060;8003213578;www.osisealants.com. Polytite,324RidgeAvenue,Cambridge,MA02140;8007760930;www.polytite.com. RedDevil,2400VauxHallRoad,Union,NJ07083;8004ADEVIL;www.reddevil.com. ResourceConservationTechnology,2633NorthCalvertStreet,Baltimore,MD21218;4103661146. 83
18 P A I N T & O T H E R FINISHES
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
Paints,stains,andothercoatingsprotectwoodfromthedeterioratingeffectsofmoistureandultraviolet radiation.Areasexposedtothegreatestamountofsunandwind-drivenraindeterioratethefastesttyp icallythesouthandwestexposures,andthehigherportionsofthebuilding. Theperformanceofpaintsandstainsonwoodandwood-basedcompositeproducts(plywood, orientedstrandboard,laminatedbeams,etc.)isaffectedbythewiderangeofpropertiesbetweenand withinwoodspecies.Understandingthephysicalcharacteristicsofvariouswoodspeciescontributesto appropriatepaintandstainselection.Varyingpropertiesaffectingtheperformanceofnishesinclude: Density:Highdensitywoods(southernpine,Douglasr,oak)tendtoswell,cup,andcheckmorethan lowdensity,lightwoods(redwood,cypress,westernredcedar)causingstressesinlmcoatingsthat canleadtocrackingandaking. Graincharacteristics:Verticalgrainwoods(westernredcedar,redwood)haveexcellentpaint-holding characteristics because of their narrow bands. Flat grained woods (southern pine, Douglas r) have dense,widebandsandholdpaintlesswell,especiallyifsmoothnished. Texture:Somehardwoods(oak,ash)havelargeporesthatcausepinholestoforminthenish.Other hardwoods(yellowpoplar,magnolia,andcottonwood)havesmallerporesandgoodpaintability.Paint and penetrating stains will last longer on rough-sawn lumber and plywood than on smooth surfaces because,inordertoachievethepropercoverage,thepaintbuildupisnecessrilygreater.Smoothsurfaces ofsomespecies,includingwesternredcedar,mayexhibitaconditionknownasmillglazecreateddur ingtheplaningordryingprocess.Thisconditioncaninhibittheadheranceofsolidbodystains. Knots,extractives,andotherirregularities:Knotsabsorbnishdifferentlythanthesurroundingwood. Pitch(resin),oils,andotherextractivescanleachoutofwoodandcausestaining.Bettergradesofwood havefewerdefectsandarepreferableforpainting. Growthringorientation:Flat-grained,softwoodlumber(typicallyusedinmostgrades)shrinksand swellstoagreaterextentthanvertical-grainedlumber.Edge-grainedsoftwoods(availableatapremium price)cuplessandholdpaintbetterthanat-grainedwoodofthesamespecies(Fig.1). Most residential paints and stains are classied as oil or alkyd-based or latex-based (which includesacrylic).Oiloralkyd-basedpaintscontaininorganicpigmentssuspendedinanaturaloilsuchas linseed,orsyntheticresin(alkyd),andusuallyasolventsuchasmineralspirits(paintthinner),toluene, orxylol(allpetroleumdistillates).Thesepaintscurebyreactingwithoxygentoformapolymericlm. Latexpaintscontaininorganicpigments,petroleum-basedsolvents,andvariouslatexresins,butthesolventismostlywater.Thecuringofbothpaintsreleasesvolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)buttheamount ismuchlessinlatexpaints(7to9percent,comparedtoasmuchas50percentforalkyds).Newpaints onthemarketreleaseverylowornoVOCs. 84
Modernexteriorlatexpaints,especiallytheall-acrylic,aregenerallyconsideredtoperformbetterthanoiloralkyd-basedcoatings.Eventhoughalkydpaintsprovideamorepermeablebarriertomoisture,acrylicpaintsarefasterdrying,moreelastic,holdcolorbetter,tendnottocrackasmuch,andare easiertoworkwithandcleanup.Ingeneral,latexpaintsandsolid-colorstainscanbeappliedovereither oilorlatex-basedfinishes.Oil-basedcoatingsshouldonlybeappliedoveroil-basedfinishesandnotlatex products. Betterqualitypaintscontainagreateramountofpigmentbyweight,coverbetter,lastlonger, andaremorecost-effectivethanlower-qualitypaints.
FIGURE1
GROWTHRING/GRAINORIENTATION

1. MAINTAINEXISTINGCOATEDSURFACES. Painted,stained,ortreatedsurfacesmustbeprotectedfromUVradiation,rain,dirt,andmoldandmildew toperformproperly.Roofoverhangscanhelp,however,soffitsandsidewallsunderwideoverhangswill stillcollectdirtandwater-soluablesalts(whichcaninterferewiththeadhesionofnewpaints).Dirt,salts, and chalk (individual pigment particle from weathered paint) can be removed by scrubbing with non-metallicbristlebrushesandwater.Forstubbornstains,anon-ammoniateddetergentcanbeadded. Moldandmildewcanberemovedbyscrubbingwithamixtureofoneortwopartsofbleachtoagallon of water. Surfaces should be rinsed thoroughly with clean water prior to renishing. All landscaping shouldbeprotected. ADVANTAGES:Cost-effective,willincreaseservicelifeofcoatings. DISADVANTAGES:Surfaceswilleventuallyneedrenishing. 2. PREPAREPREVIOUSLYCOATEDSURFACES. Film-formingpaintsandsolidcolorstainscanfailbycracking,flakingorpeeling.Suchfailuresaretypicallycausedbymoisturepenetration,paintingoverweatheredwood,prolongedweathering,toomuch timebetweenapplicationofprimerandtopcoatapplications,andchalked,mildewed,ordirtysurfacesthat wereinsufcientlycleanedpriortocoating.Blistering,anothercommonfailuremode,canbecausedby hightemperatureormoisture.Temperatureblistersarecausedbyrapidincreasesintemperaturesoon afterpaintingorbypoorqualitypaint.Moistureblisterscanoccuranytimeexcessivemoisturepenetrates thesurfaceedges,orbacksideofthepaintedmaterial.Thesourceofthemoistureshouldbeeliminated priortorenishing.Deterioratedcoatingscanberemovedbyscrubbing,scraping,sanding,heat,chemical 85
strippers,orpressurewashing.Scrubbingisdiscussedinparagraph1above;scrapingisbestdonewith longhandledprofessionalscrapers;sandingisbestdonewithorbitalorsidingsandersequippedwith tungstencarbideabrasivedisks(lesslikelytoclogthanconventionalsandpaper);electricallyheatedpaint removerscanbeusedtosoftenandstripoil-oralkyd-basedpaints;chemicalstripperssuchaslyeand trisodiumphosphate(TSP)containcausticsolutionsandshouldbeusedwithcare.Naturalizingandsandingisessential.Refertochemicalmanufacturerssrecommendationsanddirections.Wetsandblasting andhigh-pressurewaterspraysarealsoused,butsandblastingcaneasilyerodeanddestroymaterials. Pressurewashingcanbeeffectiveforlargeareas,butshouldalsobeusedcarefullyasitcanalsodamage material.Drysandblastingshouldneverbeusedasitistoodestructive.Paintcanberemovedwithan open-flameblowtorch,butthisshouldbelefttoprofessionalsasthedangerfromfireisconstantandlead paintcangiveoffnoxiousfumes.National(OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)and HUD),state,andlocalhealthdepartmentsshouldbecontactedforrecommendationsandrequirements affectingtheremovalofleadpaint(forhousesbuiltorpaintedpriorto1978). ADVANTAGES:Properpreparationwillmakepaintingeasierandenhancethecoatingperformance. DISADVANTAGES:Time-consumingandexpensive. 3.APPLYPAINTTONEWOREXISTINGWOODORWOOD-BASEDCOMPOSITE MATERIALS. Toachievemaximumpaintlifeonnewwood,theU.S.ForestProductsLaboratoryrecommendsthatnew woodbeinitiallytreatedwithapaintablewaterrepellantpreservative(especiallyatopeningssuchaswindowsanddoorswherewatercancollectonhorizontalsurfacessuchassills,andatlap,butt,andend jointsofsidingwheretheedgegrainisexposed).Onexistingpaintedsurfaces,sandingisparticularly importantinordertofeathertheedgesoftheexistingpainttoallowforuniformcoveragewherenewand oldcoatingsabut.Iftheexistingpaintisnotfeathered,thenewpaintwillfailrst(Fig.2).High-quality stain-blockingacryliclatexprimersarerecommended.Alkydoroil-basedprimersarerecommendedfor woodswithwater-solubleextractivessuchasredwoodandwesternredcedar,andarestillpreferredby manyprofessionalpaintersfornewwood.Rawwoodshouldbeprimedwithinafewweeksofinstallation asalongerdelaycancauselossofadhesion.Twocoatsofgood-qualityall-acrylichousepaintoverthe primerarerecommended,especiallyonsouthandwestexposures.Aone-coatacrylichousepaintovera properlyappliedprimershouldlastfourtoveyears;twocoatscanlasttwiceaslong.Aswithallremedial work,thevariousproductmanufacturersrecommendationsforpaintselection,surfacepreparation,and paintapplicationshouldbefollowed.Mostpaintfailuresoccurwhenrecommendationsarenotfollowed.
EVENCOVER
FEATHEREDEDGE
THINCOVER
NON-FEATHEREDEDGE
PEELING PAINTFAILUREAT NON-FEATHEREDEDGE
86 FIGURE2
FEATHEREDEDGES
ADVANTAGES:Paintprotectsmaterialsfromweatheringanddeteriorationduetotheeffectofrainandsun, andcandramaticallyaltertheappearanceofahouse.Hasthehighestpercentageofsolidsofconventional woodnishes,andcanconcealsurfacedefectsanddiscolorations.NewformulationsofVOC-freepaints areodorless,fastdrying,andcanbeappliedatlowertemperaturesthanconventionallatexpaints,and adherewell,includingoveralkydpaints. DISADVANTAGES:Paintisnotapreservativeandwillnotprotectasubstratefromdecayifmoisturepene tratesthesurfaceorisabsorbedfrombehind.Willfailifappliedincorrectlyorwithoutproperprepara tions.Notrecommendedforhorizontalexposedsurfacessuchaswooddecking,aswatercangetbehind paintlmandleadtodecay.Requiresperiodicmaintenanceandrepainting.Somenewformulationsdry soquicklythatitissometimesdifculttokeepawetpaintedge.Alkydpaintsarenotrecommendedfor usedirectlyonmasonryorotheralkalinesurfacesexceptoveranalkali-resistingprimerorsealer,not;or overaun-primedgalvanizedmetalsurface.Toofrequentrenishing,especiallywithoil-basedpaintsand solid-colorstains,canleadtoathickcoatingbuildupandsubsequentcrackingandpeeling. 4. APPLYOIL-BASEDPENETRATINGSTAINSTONEWOREXISTINGWOODOR WOOD-BASEDMATERIAL. Oil-basedpenetratingstainsuselinseedoiloralkydformulastosealandprotectthewoodsubstrate.Stains typicallycontainfungicides,waterrepellants,UVblockers,andotheradditives.Thesestainsareavailablein varyingdegreesofpigmentdensities,fromvirtuallyclearandsemi-transparentformulationsdesignedtoreveal andenhancethegrain,toincreasinglyopaquecoatingsincludingsemisolidandsolidstainsthathidethegrain, butallowthesubstratetexturetobeexpressed.Thegreatertheamountofpigment,thegreaterthehiding powerandUVprotection.Solidcolorstainsareusuallyappliedoverprimers,transparentstainsarenot. ADVANTAGES: Time proven, popular coatings that protect and enhance the appearance of substrates. Resistsblistering,cracking,andpeelingbetterthanpaints(especiallythemoretransparentformulations). Canbeappliedoverawidevarietyofnewsolidsidings,includingshingles,shakes,plywoods,andtrim. Canbeusedoversomepreviouslystainedwoodofanequalorlessdensepigmentformulation. DISADVANTAGES: Not recommended for use over oriented strand board (OSB), cementitious or hardboardproducts(especiallythosewithmediumdensityoverlaysurfaces).Maynotpenetrateandmaycause unwanted gloss and blotchiness when used over existing unweathered penetrating stains. Not recom mendedfordeckingunlessspeciallyformulatedforthatuse.Transparentandsemi-transparentnishes requiremorefrequentreapplicationthanmoresolidstains,especiallyforsmooth-facedwoods. 5. APPLY SOLID COLOR ACRYLIC STAINS TO NEW OR EXISTING WOOD OR WOOD-BASEDMATERIAL. Thepaintindustrysinterestindevelopingwater-basedlow-VOCemittingstainshasledanumberofman
ufacturerstodevelopnewlyformulated,all-acrylicstainsforsidingproducts.Theseatstainsarenotpen
etratingstains,butformprotectivelms.Theyarethinnercoatingsthanacrylicpaintsandaredesigned
toresistcracking,blistering,andpeelingwhileretainingthetextureofthesubstratematerials.Usedwith
primers,thesestainsaremoreexibleandhavebettercolorretentionthanoil-basedstains.Theycanbe
usedoverpreviouslytreatedoil-basedpenetratingstains,trim,andavarietyofothermaterials,including
primedmetal,curedmasonry,plywood,mediumdensityoverlaidplywoodandhardboard,cementitious
siding,andstucco.
ADVANTAGES:Protectsandprovidesstrongcoloraccentstosubstratematerials.Lesslikelytopeelthan
paints.
DISADVANTAGES:Notaslong-lastingoreasilycleanedasall-acrylicpaints.
6. APPLYSPECIALTYCOATINGS.
Manyspecialtycoatingsareavailablethatcomplimentpaintandstainproducts,including:
Paintsdesignedspecicallyformasonry.
Tintedanduntintedbleachingoilsthatcontainoxidestoacceleratetheweatheringprocess.
Slightlytinted,clear,oil-basednishesthatretardthenormalgrayweatheringofwoodandimparta
slightreddish-browntint. 87
Woodcleanersthatareformulatedtoremovemildew,mold,algae,anddirtusingchemicalssuchas sodiumhydroxide. Woodbrightenersthatareformulatedtoremovetannissbleedinextractive-pronewoods,suchas cedarandredwood. ADVANTAGES:Uniqueandpotentiallyusefulproductsforspecialneeds. DISADVANTAGES:Difculttoanticipatetheresultsoftheseproductswithoutcarefulresearchandinspec tionoftheiruseonexistingbuildings,orexaminationofsamples.
FURTHER READING
FinishesforExteriorWoodSelection,Application,andMaintenance,U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture, ForestService,ForestProductsLaboratory,ForestProductsSociety,Madison,WI,6082312152. LatexEnamelProblemsandSolutions,JamesBerney,DanGreenough,andDougKelly,JournalofLight Construction,January1997. TheArtofPainting,BradLemley,ThisOldHouse,June1998.
88
APPENDIX
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS & RESEARCH CENTERS
ADHESIVEANDSEALANTCOUNCIL 1627KStreet,NW,Suite1000 Washington,DC20006-1707 2024521500 www.ascouncil.org AMERICANFIBERBOARDASSOCIATION AMERICANHARDBOARDASSOCIATION 1210WestNorthwestHighway Palatine,IL60067 8479348800 AMERICANFOREST&PAPERASSOCIATION 11119thStreet,NW,Suite800 Washington,DC 20036 2024632700 www.afandpa.org AMERICANINSTITUTEOFTIMBER CONSTRUCTION 7012SouthRevereParkway Suite140 Englewood,CO80112 3037929559 www.aitc-glulam.org AMERICANNATIONALSTANDARDSINSTITUTE 11West42ndStreet,13thFloor NewYork,NY10036 2126424900 www.ansi.org AMERICANSOCIETYFORTESTINGAND MATERIALS 100BarrHarborDrive WestConshohocken,PA19428 6108329500 www.astm.org AMERICANSOCIETYOFCIVILENGINEERS 1801AlexanderBellDrive Reston,VA 201914400 8005482723 www.asce.org AMERICANWOODCOUNCIL P.O.Box5364 Madison,WI 537055364 8008907732 www.awc.org AMERICANWOODPRESERVERSASSOCIATION P.O.Box286 Woodstock,MD211630286 AMERICANWOODPRESERVERSINSTITUTE 1945OldGallowsRoad,Suite150 Vienna,VA22182 7038934005 APA-THEENGINEEREDWOODASSOCIATION P.O.Box11700 Tacoma,WA984110700 2535656600 www.apawood.org ASSOCIATIONOFTHEWALLANDCEILING INDUSTRIES 1600CameronStreet Alexandria,VA22314 7036842924 BRICKINDUSTRIESASSOCIATION 11490CommerceParkDrive Reston,VA201911525 7036200010 www.bia.org BUILDINGSEISMICSAFETYCOUNCIL NATIONALINSTITUTEOFBUILDINGSCIENCES 1090VermontAvenueNW,Suite700 Washington,DC20055 202-289-7800 www@nibs.org
89
BUILDING STONE INSTITUTE

P.O. Box 5047
White Plains, NY 106025047
9142325725
CALIFORNIA REDWOOD ASSOCIATION
405 Enfrente Drive, Suite 200
Novato, CA 94949
8882257339
www.calredwood.org
CANADA MORTGAGE AND HOUSING
CORPORATION
Housing Information Center
700 Montreal Road
Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0P7
6137482367
www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca
CANADIAN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
CENTRE
Institute for Research in Construction
National Research Council
Montreal Road, Bldg. M-24
Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
6139936189
www.nrc.ca/ccmc
CEDAR SHAKE AND SHINGLE BUREAU
P.O. Box 1178
Sumas, WA 98295
6044628961
www.cedarbureau.org
CELLULOSE INSULATION MANUFACTURERS
ASSOCIATION
136 South Keowee Street
Dayton, OH 45402
9372222462
www.cellulose.org
CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS INSTITUTE
601 Madison Street
Alexandria, VA 22314 7036840300 www.csinet.org
COPPER DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION

260 Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10016
8002323282
www.copper.org
COUNCIL OF AMERICAN BUILDING OFFICIALS
5203 Leesburg Pike, Suite 708
Falls Church, VA 22041
7039314533
www.cabo.org
THE ENGINEERED WOOD ASSOCIATION
7011 South 19th Street
P.O. Box 11700
Tacoma, WA 98411
2535656600
www.apawood.org
EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE (EPMA)
MOLDERS ASSOCIATION
1926 Waukegan Road, Suite 1
Glenview, IL 600251770
8006073772
FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY
US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
One Gifford Pinchot Drive
Madison, WI 537052398
6082319200
www.fpl.fs.fed.us/
GYPSUM ASSOCIATION
810 1st Street, NE, Suite 510
Washington, DC 20002
2022895440
www.gypsum.org
HARDWOOD PLYWOOD & VENEER
ASSOCIATION
P.O. Box 2789
Reston, VA 201950789
7034352900
www.hpva.org
90
INTERNATIONALASSOCIATIONOFSTONE
RESTORATIONANDCONSERVATION
30EdenAlley,Suite301
Columbus,OH43215
6144615852
INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEOFBUILDING
OFFICIALS
5360SouthWorkmanMillRoad
Whittier,CA90601
8003361963
www.icbo.org
INTERNATIONALFIRESTOPCOUNCIL
25NorthBroadway
Tarrytown,NY10591
9143320040
www.restop.org
INTERNATIONALINSTITUTEFORLATHAND
PLASTER
820TransferRoad
St.Paul,MN551141406
6126450208
INTERNATIONALREMODELING
CONTRACTORSASSOCIATION
17SouthMainStreet
EastGranby,CT 06026
8009374722
www.remodelingassociation.com
INTERNATIONALSTAPLEANDTOOL
ASSOCIATION(ISANTA)
435NorthMichiganAvenue
Chicago,IL 60611
3126440828
MASONCONTRACTORSASSOCIATIONOF
AMERICA
1910SouthHighlandAve.,Suite101
Lombard,IL60148
6307054200
www.masoncontractors.com
THEMASONRYSOCIETY
2619SpruceStreet,SuiteB
Boulder,CO803023808
3039399700
NAHBREMODELORSCOUNCIL
120115thStreet,NW
Washington,DC20005
2028220212
NATIONALASSOCIATIONOFTHE
REMODELINGINDUSTRY
3800NorthFairfaxDrive,Suite2
Arlington,VA222031627
7032767600
www.ebtech.com
NATIONALCONCRETEMASONRYASSOCIATION
2302HorsepenRoad
Herndon,VA201713499
7037131900
www.ncma.org
NATIONALFRAMEBUILDERSASSOCIATION
4840West15thStreet,Suite1000
Lawrence,KS660493876
8008443781
www.knight.idir.net
NATIONALINSTITUTEOFBUILDINGSCIENCES
1090VermontAvenue,NW,Suite700
Washington,DC20005
2022897800
www.nibs.org
NATIONALPAINTANDCOATINGS
ASSOCIATION
1500RhodeIslandAvenue,NW
Washington,DC20005
2024626272
www.paint.org
91
NATIONALPARTICLEBOARDASSOCIATION
18928PremiereCourt
Gaithersburg,MD208791569
3016700604
www.pbmdf.com
NATIONALTECHNICALINFORMATIONSERVICE
USDEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCE
5285PortRoyalRoad
Springeld,VA22161
8005536847
www.ntis.gov
NORTHAMERICANINSULATION
MANUFACTURERSASSOCIATION
44CanalCenterPlaza,Suite310
Alexandria,VA22314
7036840084
www.naima.org
PAINTINGANDDECORATINGCONTRACTORS
OFAMERICA
3913OldLeeHighway.,Suite33B
Fairfax,VA22030
8003327322
www.pdca.com
POLYISOCYANURATEINSULATION
MANUFACTURERASSOCIATION
1001PennsylvaniaAvenue,NW,FifthFloor
Washington,DC 20004
2026242709
www.pima.org
PORTLANDCEMENTASSOCIATION
5420OrchardRoad
Skokie,IL600871083
8479666200
www.portcement.org
SEALANT,WATERPROOFING,AND
RESTORATIONINSTITUTE
2841Main
KansasCity,MO64108
8164727974
www.swrionline.org
SOUTHERNFORESTPRODUCTSASSOCIATION
P.O.Box641700
Kenner,LA700641700
5044434464
www.sfpa.org
STRUCTURALBOARDASSOCIATION
341356thStreet,SuiteA
GigHarbor,WA98335
2538587472
www.sips.org
STRUCTURALINSULATEDPANELASSOCIATION
1331HStreet,NW,Suite1000
Washington,DC20005
2023477800
www.sips.org
STUCCOMANUFACTURERSASSOCIATION
507EvergreenRoad
PacicGrove,CA93950
4086493466
TIMBERFRAMEBUSINESSCOUNCIL
c/oJerryRouleau
P.O.BoxB1161
Hanover,NH 03755
TRUSSPLATEINSTITUTE
583DOnooDrive,Suite200
Madison,WI53719
6088335900
VINYLSIDINGINSTITUTE
1801KStreet,Suite600K
Washington,DC 20006
888FORVSI1
www.vinylsiding.org
92
WESTERNREDCEDARLUMBERASSOCIATION
1200555BurrardStreet
Vancouver,BC,CanadaV7X1S7
6046840266
www.coti.org/WRCLA
WESTERNWOODPRODUCTSASSOCIATION
522SWFifthAvenue,Suite500
Portland,OR972042122
5032243930
www.wwpa.org
WOODTRUSSCOUNCILOFAMERICA
6425NormandieLane
Madison,WI53719
6082744849
www.trusspro.com/wtea/
93
THEREHABGUIDE
VOLUMEONE: FOUNDATIONS VOLUMETWO: EXTERIORWALLS VOLUMETHREE: ROOFS VOLUMEFOUR: WINDOWSANDDOORS VOLUMEFIVE: PARTITIONS,CEILINGS,FLOORS,ANDSTAIRS VOLUMESIX: KITCHENS&BATHS VOLUMESEVEN: ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS VOLUMEEIGHT: HVAC/PLUMBING VOLUMENINE: SITEWORK
U.S.DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment Washington,DC204106000 OfcialBusiness PenaltyforPrivateUse,$300 August1999 HUD-DU100C000005956

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FOCUS OF THE REHAB GUIDE

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EASILY ACCESSIBLE FORMAT

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS , TOOLS

4. REINFORCECONNECTIONSOFWOOD-FRAMEWALLSTOROOFTRUSSES ANDRAFTERS. Theconnectionoftheexteriorwallstotheroofstructureisthekeyelementintransferringwindloadsto

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

ADVANTAGES:Restorationcanberelativelyeffectiveinremovingodorswhenredamageisslight. DISADVANTAGES:Restorationafterseriousresisexpensiveandcomplicated.Findingcompetentrestora tionprofessionsissometimesdifcult.

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

WOLVERINE MILLENNIUM SIDING

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

a.Shinglesbuttedagainstcornerboards b.Shinglesbuttedagainstsquarewoodstriponinsidecorner,flashingbehind c.Lacedoutsidecorner d.Lacedinsidecornerwithflashingbehind e.Miteredcorner

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

SHIPLAPSIDING FIGURE2 HIDDENRIDGE

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

SMOOTH BEADED LAP

TEXTURED BEADED LAP

CEDAR TEXTURE WITH 5/8- INCH GROOVES, 8- INCH ON-CENTER

CEDAR TEXTURE WITH MOLDED GROOVES AT 4- INCH INTERVALS

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

UniversalPolymers,Inc.,319NorthMainStreet,Springeld,MO65804;8007525403. USGypsumCompany,125SouthFranklinStreet,Chicago,IL60606;800USG4YOU;www.usg.com. W.R.BonsalCo.,8201ArrowridgeBlvd.,Charlotte,NC28273;8003340784;www.bonsal.com.

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

2. INSTALLNEWTRIM. Ifabuildingstrimhasdeterioratedtotheextentthatitisunsightlyordoesnotfunctionasintended,and ifepoxyconsolidationisnotcost-effective,thetrimandanydeterioratedsubstrateshouldberemovedand replaced.Ifdeteriorationwascausedbyalackofflashing(especiallywindowordoorheads),sealantsor 77

Oil Polyvinylacetate Styrenerubber Butyl Acryliclatex Kraton Polyurethane Silicone

Mostdrysurfaces* Indoorsurfacesonly* Mostdrysurfaces* Masonryandmetal** Mostdrysurfaces* Mostdrysurfaces* Masonry** Glass,Aluminum* (notformasonry)

paintthinner water paintthinner paintthinner water paintthinner acetone,MEK paintthinner, naphtha,toluene

*wood,drywall,aluminum;e.g.,gapsinwoodframesaroundperimeterofhouse,plumbingpenetrations, gapsinroughopeningsaroundwindowsanddoors,bootsaroundsupplyandreturnHVACgrills,seal betweenbottomplatesandsuboor. **gapsinmasonryconstruction. 81

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, TOOLS

PEELING PAINTFAILUREAT NON-FEATHEREDEDGE

BUILDING STONE INSTITUTE

COPPER DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION

U.S.DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment Washington,DC204106000 OfcialBusiness PenaltyforPrivateUse,$300 August1999 HUD-DU100C000005956

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