FULLY DEVELOPED PIPE AND CHANNEL FLOWS

KUMAR DINKAR ANAND 3rd YEAR, MECHANICAL ENGG. IIT-KHARAGPUR GUIDANCE : PROF. S CHAKRABORTY INDO-GERMAN WINTER ACADEMY-DECEMBER 2006

: THE OUTLINE :

Hydraulically developing flow through pipes and channels and evaluation of hydraulic entrance length. Hydraulically fully developed flows through pipes and channels . Hydraulically fully developed flow through non-circular ducts. Definition of Thermally fully developed flow and analysis of thermally fully developed flow through pipe and channels. Analysis of the problem of Thermal Entrance: The Graetz Problem.

Fully Developed Flows

There are two types of fully developed flows : 1.) Hydraulically Fully Developed Flow 2.) Thermally Fully Developed Flow

Contd

Hydraulically Fully Developed Flow

Definition: As fluid enters any pipe or channel , boundary layers keep on growing till they meet after some distance downstream from the entrance region. After this distance velocity profile doesn't change, flow is said to be Fully Developed.

Analysis of fluid flow before it is fully developed:

Velocity in the core of the flow outside the boundary layer increases with increasing distance from entrance. This is due to the fact that through any cross section same amount of fluid flows, and boundary layer is growing. dU dx > 0 This means
dp dx < 0 hence Where U=Free stream velocity in the core before flow is fully developed

p= Free stream pressure Contd

Schematic picture of internal flow through a pipe :

Velocity Profile ,

u ( y ) = a + by + cy 2
1.) At 2.) At 3.) At

Using the boundary conditions :

We get the velocity profile as :

u( y) = 2( y ) ( y ) U Contd
2

y=0 y = y =

u=0 u =U
du dy = 0

Where

U=

U =

Free stream velocity of entering fluid Free stream core velocity inside the tube Radius of pipe

R=

U e = Core velocity of fully developed flow

y = Rr
R R

Now from the principle of conservation of mass :

U * R 2 =

Hence ,

2urdr + 2Urdr
0

U 1 = 2 U 1 2 / 3( / R) + 1 / 6( / R)
u 2( y / ) ( y / ) 2 = 2 U 1 2 / 3( / R) + 1 / 6( / R )

Contd

Boundary Layer momentum integral equation:

d dU 2 w = {U u / U (1 u / U )dy + U (1 u / U )dy} dx dx 0 0
Where, Shear stress at wall,

u w = y y =0

From Bernoulli's Equation for free stream flow through core:

dU 1 p U = dx x
Using Navier-Stokes equation at the wall

p 2u = 2 x y y =0
Contd

Solving for boundary layer thickness Using the boundary condition

( )
at

Integrate momentum Integral Equation

=0

x=0

For determination of Entrance Length ( Le ) : putting x = Le at

=R

We get the expression for Entrance Length ( Le ) as:

Le = 0.03 Re D D
Contd

Analytical expression for Entrance Length( Le ) :

Le = 0.06 Re D D
Hence it can be observed that our expression for Entrance Length differs from the analytical expression due to the following reasons: 1.) We have assumed parabolic velocity profile in the boundary layer

U 1 u 2 = = 2( y / ) ( y / ) 2 U 1 2 / 3 ( / R ) + 1 / 6 ( / R ) U
2.)We have not used the Navier-Stokes boundary equation at wall for velocity profile determination

p 2u = 2 x y y =0

3.) We are doing boundary layer analysis which gives approximate results Contd

Schematic picture of internal flow through a channel:

Velocity Profile

u ( y ) = a + by + cy 2
1.) At 2.) At 3.) At

Using the boundary conditions :

y=0 y = y =

u=0

u =U
du dy = 0
2

u y ( ) We get the velocity profile as : = 2( y ) ( y ) Contd U

Here ,

D=
W=

Distance between the parallel plates of channel Width of the Channel

U = Free stream velocity of entering fluid

U = Free stream velocity inside channel

U e = Core velocity of fully developed flow

Le =

Entrance Length Diameter

DH = Hydraulic

AH 4WD =4 = = 2D P 2W Contd

From the principle of conservation of mass:

U * D = 2 udy + 2
0

( D / 2 )

Udy
0

U 1 = U 1 2 / 3( / D)
u 2( y / ) ( y / ) 2 = U 1 2 / 3( / D)
= D / 2)
Contd

Hence when flow is fully developed (

U e = 1.5U

From Boundary layer momentum integral equation :

d dU 2 w = {U u / U (1 u / U )dy + U (1 u / U )dy} dx dx 0 0
Where, Shear stress at wall,

u w = y y =0

From Bernoulli's Equation for free stream flow through core:

1 p dU U = dx x
Using Navier-Stokes equation at the wall

2u p = 2 y y =0 x
Contd

Solving for boundary layer thickness Using the boundary condition

( ) :
at

Integrate momentum Integral Equation

=0

x=0

For determination of Entrance Length ( Le ) : putting

x = Le at

=R

We get the expression for Entrance Length ( Le ) as:

Le = 0.025 Re D D

OR

Le = 0.00625 Re DH DH
Contd

Analytical expression for Entrance Length ( Le ):

Le = 0.05 Re D D
Hence it can be observed that our expression for Entrance Length differs from the analytical expression due to the following reasons: 1.) We have assumed parabolic velocity profile in the boundary layer

u = 2( y / ) ( y / ) 2 U

U 1 = U 1 2 / 3( / D)

2.) We have not used the Navier-Stokes boundary equation at wall for velocity profile determination p 2u

y 2 y =0

3.) We are doing boundary layer analysis which gives approximate results. Contd

Analysis of fully developed fluid flow:

Fully Developed Flow Through a Pipe:

From Equation of continuity in cylindrical coordinates:

for an incompressible fluid flowing through a pipe Contd

u 1 (rur ) + =0 r r x

Here,

ur =

u= a=

radial velocity axial velocity radius of pipe

No fluid property varies with ,

ur = 0 ,at wall of the pipe

hence it is zero everywhere.

Hence Equation of continuity reduces to :

Momentum Equation in radial coordinate:

u = 0, u = u ( r ) x p = 0, p = p ( x) r

Contd

Momentum Equation in axial direction :

dp d du = (r ) dx r dr dr

Solving above differential equation in (r) using the boundary conditions: 1.) Axial velocity (u) is zero at wall of pipe (r =R) 2.) Velocity is finite at the pipe centerline (r=0). We get the fully developed velocity profile:
2 a p r u= 1 4 x a 2

Contd

Shear Stress Distribution : Shear stress ,

du rx = = dr

r p 2 x

Maximum shear stress at wall ,

a p 0 = 2 x

Hence it can be observed that Shear stress decreases from maximum to zero at pipe centerline and then increases to maximum again at wall.

Contd

Volume Flow Rate : volume flow rate ,

a 4 p Q = 2urdr = 8 x 0
a

Now in a fully developed flow pressure gradient is constant , Hence ,

p ( pexit pent ) p = = x L L

pa Q= 8L

Contd

Average Velocity :

Average velocity , V
Maximum Velocity :

Q Q a p = = 2 = 8 x A a
2

At the point of maximum velocity , This corresponds to core of pipe ,

du =0 dr

r=0
2

Hence

umax = ur =0

a p =U = = 2V 4 x
Contd

 Fully Developed Flow through Channel :

a
u v + =0 x y

From equation of continuity within the entrance length : In entrance length boundary layers growing ,
()

u 0 x

v0
Contd

It means flow is not parallel to walls in entrance region

Equation of Continuity for an incompressible fluid in fully developed region :

u = 0 u = u( y) x

Momentum equation in y-direction (transverse direction) :

p =0 y
2u p = 2 x y

p = p( x)

Momentum equation in x-direction (along length of channel) :

Solving above differential equation in y using boundary conditions : u(y)=0 at y=0 and y=a Contd

We get the velocity profile :

2 a p y y u= 2 x a a 2

Shear Stress Distribution :

Shear Stress ,

yx

u p y 1 = = a y x a 2

Maximum Shear Stress at walls ,

a p 0 = 2 x
Contd

Hence it can be observed that Shear stress decreases from maximum to zero at centre of the channel and increases to maximum again at wall.

Volume Flow Rate :

1 p 3 Volume flow rate per unit width of channel, Q = udy = a 12 x 0

a

Contd

Average Velocity : Average Velocity ,

Q 1 p 2 V = = a a 12 x
u =0 y

Maximum Velocity:

At the point of maximum velocity ,

This corresponds to centre of channel ,

Hence ,

u = umax

1 p 2 3 = a = V 8 x 2
Contd

a y= 2

Fully Developed Flow Through Non-Circular Ducts :

() Elliptical Cross Section :

y2 z2 =1 b2 + a2
As flow is fully developed in the elliptical section pipe : From equation of continuity for incompressible flow :

u y = uz = 0

u x = u x ( y, z )

u x u x u y u z + + = 0, =0 x y z x
Contd

Momentum Equation in x-direction :

Boundary condition :

2u x 2u x p + 2 = 2 x y z 2 2 y z u x = 0 on 2 + 2 =1 a b

2 2

Solution Procedure : Use ,

u x ( y, z ) = u x ( y, z ) + c1 y + c2 z
1.) 2.)

Such that non zero constants

2u x ( y , z ) = 0 u x ( y, z )

c1 and c2 to be determined using :

is constant on the wall . Contd

Using the assumed velocity profile and solving the momentum equation using two stated conditions:

u x ( y, z ) = c1a 2

, along the wall

Using Laplace maximum criteria ( Maximum and minimum of a function satisfying Laplace equation lies on the boundary) :

u x ( y, z ) = c1a 2 = const.

over entire domain

We get our velocity profile as :

1 p a 2b 2 y 2 z 2 1 2 2 u x ( y, z ) = 2 2 2 x a + b a b
Contd

Volumetric Flow Rate : Volume flow rate ,

1 p a 2b 2 y 2 z 2 1 2 2 Q = u x ( y, z )dA = 2 dA 2 2 x a + b a b sec tion sec tion

p a b Q= 2 4 x a + b 2
3 3

Contd

Thermally Fully Developed Flows :

()

Thermally fully developed flow through a pipe :

Contd

 When fluid enters the tube with tube walls at a different temperature from the fluid temperature , thermal boundary layer starts growing. After some distance downstream (thermal entry length) thermally fully developed condition is eventually reached : Thermally fully developed condition is different from Hydraulic fully developed condition .

u = 0, x

for hydraulic fully developed flow

T 0, at any radial location for thermally fully developed x flow as convection heat transfer is occurring.
Contd

Condition for Thermally Fully Developed Flow : Because of convective heat transfer , T ( r ) continuously changes with axial coordinate x . Condition for fully developed thermal flow is defined as :

Ts ( x) T (r , x) =0 x Ts ( x) Tm ( x)
This means although temperature profile T ( r ) changes with x But the relative temperature profile does not change with x. Contd

Here ,

Ts ( x) = Surface Temperature of the pipe

Tm ( x) = Mean Temperature
Mean Temperature ( Tm ( x) ) is defined as:

Tm =

Ac

uc TdA
v

& cv m

Thermal Energy transported by the fluid as it moves past any cross section ,

& = uc TdA = m E t v c & cvTm

Ac

From Newtons Law of Cooling :

qs = h(Ts Tm )

dTm 0 Since there is continuous heat transfer between fluid and walls : dx
Contd

From the definition of thermally fully developed flow :

Ts ( x) T (r , x) =0 x Ts ( x) Tm ( x)
Ts ( x) T (r , x) Hence , r Ts ( x) Tm ( x) r = r
Here (r0 ) is radius of the pipe . From Fouriers heat conduction law at the wall and Newton's law of cooling:

T r r = r0 = f ( x) Ts ( x) Tm ( x)

T T qs = k = k = h[Ts ( x) Tm ( x)] r r = r0 y y = y0

Hence , Here ,

h f ( x) k

h = Local convection heat transfer coefficient k = Coefficient of thermal conduction (fluid)

Hence, h is infinite in the Beginning (boundary layers

just building up), then decays exponentially to a constant value when flow is fully developed (thermally )and thereafter remains constant.

h fd

x fd ,t
Contd

Competition between Thermal and Velocity boundary Layers :

This competition is judged by a dimensionless number , called

Prandtl number Pr =

Where , = = Kinematic friction coefficient (momentum diffusivity)

k = Thermal diffusivity = c p

Where ,

= Velocity boundary layer thickness

Pr n t

n = Positive exponent

t = Thermal boundary layer thickness

Contd

If ,

Pr 1

It means Velocity Boundary Layer grows faster than Thermal boundary layer. Hence flow first hydraulically developed and then thermally developed. If ,

Pr 1

It means Thermal Boundary Layer grows faster than Velocity boundary layer. Hence flow first thermally developed and then hydraulically developed.

() ()

Hence if,

Pr 1

and flow is said to be thermally developed it means

Flow is already hydraulically developed. Similarly if,

Pr 1 and flow is said to be hydraulically developed it

Contd

Means flow is already thermally developed.

()

Usually surface conditions of pipe fixed by imposing conditions :

1.) Surface temperature of pipe is made constant , Ts = const. 2.) Uniform surface heat flux ,

qs = const.

Constant Surface Heat Flux :

From the definition of fully developed thermal flow:

Ts ( x) T (r , x) =0 x Ts ( x) Tm ( x)

T dTs Ts T dTs Ts T dTm = + x dx Ts Tm dx Ts Tm dx

Contd

From Newtons Law of cooling : As,

qs = h(Ts Tm )
hence,

qs = const.

dTs dTm = dx dx
Ts

Hence using definition of thermally fully developed flow and Newtons Law:

qs

Tm

T dTs dTm = = = const. x dx dx

qs = const.
Contd

Neglecting viscous dissipation, energy equation :

T T T +v = u r r r r x
Assuming the flow to be both hydraulically and thermally developed :

u = 0, x

v = 0,

T dTm = x dx

r 2 , u = 2u m 1 r 0

, um = V

Hence energy equation reduces to :

2 r 1 T 2um dTm 1 = r r r dx r0

Contd

Integrating energy equation using boundary conditions : 1.) Temperature ,

T (r , x) is finite at centre , r = 0

2.) Temperature , We get Temperature profile :

Tr = r0 = Ts ( x)

T (r , x) = Ts ( x)

2u m r 0

4 2 r 1 r dTm 3 1 + 16 16 r0 4 r0 dx

From definition of mean temperature ,

2

Tm =

Ac

uc TdA
v

& cv m

Tm ( x) = Ts ( x)

11 um r0 dTm 48 dx
Contd

From the principle of energy conservation : specific volume, v = Perimeter,

dqconv = qs Pdx
Tm + dTm

& m

Tm

& = um m 4
For an ideal gas,

P = D D 2

( pv)

( pv) + d ( pv)

x
pv = RTm
,

dx
c p = cv + R

& d (cvTm + pv) dqconv = m

& c p dTm = qs Pdx dqconv = m

dTm qs P Ph (Ts Tm ) = = & cp m & cp dx m

Contd

Hence combining the equations obtained by integration of energy equation in boundary layer and conservation of energy equation :
2 11 um r0 dTm 11 qs D Tm ( x) Ts ( x) = = 48 dx 48 k

11 hD (Tm ( x) Ts ( x) ) Tm ( x) Ts ( x) = 48 k

hD 48 Nu D = = = 4.36 11 k

()Hence Nusselt number for fully developed flow through a circular pipe
Contd

exposed to uniform heat flux on its surface is a constant ,independent of axial location ,Reynolds number and Prandtl number .

Constant Surface Temperature :

From the definition of fully developed thermal flow :

Ts ( x) T (r , x) =0 x Ts ( x) Tm ( x)

T dTs Ts T dTs Ts T dTm = + dx Ts Tm dx Ts Tm dx x

Constant surface temperature ,

dTs =0 dx

T Ts T dTm = x Ts Tm dx
Contd

 Hence it can be seen that , T x

depends on radial coordinate.

Fully developed temperature profile for constant wall temperature

hence differs from constant surface heat flux condition.

Ts = const.

Tm

qs

Contd

Neglecting viscous dissipation, energy equation :

T T T +v = u r r r r x
Assuming the flow to be both hydraulically and thermally developed :

u = 0, x

v = 0,
r 2 , u = 2u m 1 r 0

, um = V

T Ts T dTm = x Ts Tm dx
Contd

Hence boundary layer energy equation becomes :

2 r Ts T 1 T 2um dTm 1 = r r r dx r0 Ts Tm

Above equation is solved using iterative procedure :

Nu D = 3.66

Contd

Fully developed thermal flow through a channel :

()

Channel walls subjected to constant heat flux : Here we consider a channel with :

qs =

a = Depth of channel

, W = Width of channel

Heat flux at the walls Temperature of fluid flowing through channel

T (r , x) =

Ts = Temperature at the wall

Tm = Mean Temperature or Bulk Temperature
Contd

P = 2W = perimeter
4 A 4aW DH = = = 2a = Hydraulic diameter P 2W
Neglecting viscous dissipation , energy equation :

T T 2T u +v = 2 x y y
Assuming the flow to be both Hydraulically and thermally developed :

T dTm u = = const. = 0, v = 0, x dx x
2 2 a p y y y y u= = 6u m 2 x a a a a 2

Contd

Here,

um = Mean velocity
um =
Ac

, is defined as :

udA
Ac

a p = 12 x
2

Now solving for boundary layer energy equation :

4 3 um dTm y y T = 6 + c1 y + c 2 2 dx 12a 6a

Constants of integration obtained using : 1.)

a dT = 0, at y = 2 dy

( as temperature profile is symmetric hence has extreme value at centre.) Contd

2.) at the wall ,

y = 0& y = a
c2 = Ts

T = Ts

Hence we obtain the temperature profile :

u m dTm T Ts = 6 dx

y4 y 3 ay + 2 6a 12 12a
Tm =

From the definition of mean temperature,

2

Ac

uc TdA
v

& cv m

17 um a dTm Tm Ts = 140 dx

Contd

From conservation of energy method ( similar to case of pipe):

dTm qs P Ph (Ts Tm ) = = & cp m & cp dx m

Hence combining temperature profile and conservation of energy :
2 u a Ph 17 m (Tm Ts ) Tm Ts = & cp 140 m

Using ,

& = um (aW ), P = 2W , = k , & DH = 2a m c p

Nu DH

h(2a ) 140 = = k 17

Contd

Thermal Entrance : The Graetz Problem

T0

Tw
r0

r
0

u
0

T0

T
Tw

Problem Statement: Fluid initially at a uniform temperature enters into a pipe at a surface temperature different than the fluid. Flow assumed to be Hydraulically developed . Contd...

 Prandtl number of fluid is high , hence thermal entrance starts far

downstream.

Flow already hydraulically developed.

Here ,

T0 = Uniform temperature of fluid before thermal entrance Tw = Uniform surface temperature of walls

T ( x, r ) = Fluid temperature in thermal entrance region

r 2 As the flow is hydraulically fully developed : u = 2u 1 , m r 0
Neglecting viscous dissipation, boundary layer energy equation :

T T u = x r r r

Contd

Boundary Conditions : 1.) at 2.) at Solution :

x 0,
x 0,

T = T0 T (r0 , x) = Tw

Solution done with the help of non dimensional variables.

Tw T x r * * T = , r = , x = Tw T0 d 0 Re Pr r0
*

Here ,

Re =

d 0u m

c p , Pr = = k

Hence energy equation reduces to :

T * * T * 2 r = 2 * * * * * x r 1 r r r

Contd

Boundary condition in terms of non-dimensional variables :

T (r ,0) = 1, T (1, x ) = 0
* * * *

Solving the energy equation using variable separation method : Using ,the particular solution in energy equation We obtain :

T (r * , x* ) = f (r * ) g ( x* )

g r * f + f 2 = = = const. 2 * * g r 1 r f

Hence ,
*

g = C exp 2 x
r f + f + r 1 r
2 *

2 *
*2

)f = 0
Contd

Hence the particular solution will be :

Tn (r , x ) = Cn exp(2n x ) f n (r )
* * * 2 * *

From the principle of linearity and superposition :

T (r , x ) = n =0 Cn exp(2n x ) f n (r )
* * * n = 2 * *

f n (0) = 1 , for simplicity f n (1) = 0 , using the boundary condition T * (1, x* ) = 0

Using the other condition , T * ( r * ,0)

= 1 = n = 0 C n f n ( r * )
n =

Cn ,

To be determined using theory of orthogonal functions. Contd

Using theory of orthogonal functions :

* r ( 1 r ) f dr n * *2 * *2 2 1

Cn =

* r ( 1 r ) f dr n 0

0 1

Now the rest of the problem is numerically solved for Nusselt Number :

Nu x

C f = 2 C
n n

(1) exp 2n x 2 2 * f n (1) exp 2n x n

2 * n

)
contd

: KEY QUESTIONS :

IF FLOW THROUGH A PIPE OR CHANNEL IS SAID TO BE HYDRAULICALLY FULLY DEVELOPED DOES THIS IMPLY THERMALLY FULLY DEVELOPED AND VICE-VERSA ???? IF TWO PLATES IN THE CHANNEL ARE MAINTAINED AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES THEN WHAT WILL BE THE CRITEREA FOR THERMALLY FULLY DEVELOPED FLOW ????

THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION

THE END