Chapter 4 Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms 4.

1 Refinements of the Atomic Model Wave-Particle Nature of Light -Light behaves both like a wave & particle -Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that behaves like waves as is travels through space -Wavelength is distance between corresponding points on adjacent waves, crest to crest or trough to trough -Frequency is the number of waves that pass a certain point per second c = (v) () -Visible light forms the spectrum of colors known as ROY G BIV -The electromagnetic spectrum includes all electromagnetic radiation arranged by wavelength -The photoelectric effect helps explain how light behaves as particles

-The photoelectric effect is when electrons are emitted by light shining on a certain metal -Quantum is a finite amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an electron -Photon is a quantum of light E = hv -E--energy of a photon, h--Planks constant (6.626 E -34 J s),v--frequency -The state of the lowest energy of an atom is called its ground state -An excited state is when an electron has a higher potential than it has in its ground state -Bohr model of the atom proposed that electrons traveled in orbits around the nucleus -When an electron drops orbits a line emission is produced -A line spectrum is produced when an electron drops from a higher energy level to a lower energy orbit -Spectroscopes is an instrument that separates light into a spectrum that can be studied

4.2 Quantum Model of the Atom -Heisenberg uncertainty principlestates that we cannot simultaneously determine the position and velocity of an electron or other particle -The quantum theory describes the mathematical & wave properties of electrons & other small particles -Orbital is 3-D location about a nucleus in which a particular electron can be located -Quantum #s are #s that specify the properties of atomic orbitals & their electrons -Principal quantum # indicate the main energy levels surrounding a nucleus -PQNs are whole #s with 1 being the closest to the nucleus -Orbital quantum #s indicate the shape of an orbital -OQNs are the sublevels referred to by letters s,p, d, &f -Each sublevel has a different shape

-Magnetic quantum # indicates the orientation of an orbital about a nucleus -The lobes can exist in one of three axis: x, y, & z -An electron can have a spin quantum # of either + or - -Diamagnetism is when the substance is weakly repelled by a magnetic field -Paramagnetism is a weak attraction between magnetic fields -Ferromagnetism is a strong form of paramagnestism because atoms are oriented by like magnetic poles (north & south) 4.3 Electron Configurations -Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in atoms -Aufbau principle--electron occupies lowest-energy orbital level that can receive it -Hunds rule--orbitals of equal energy levels are each occupied by a 1 electron before any is occupied by a 2nd electron

-Pauli exclusion principle--no 2 electrons in the atom can have the same 4 quantum #s -Electron dot notation is used to represent electrons in the outermost shell -Inner-shell electrons are those electrons not located in the outermost shell -Noble gas configuration (Group 18) occurs when an outer energy level is fully occupied by 8 electrons