Smart Grid Final

Smart Grid
1. INTRODUCTION
__________________________________________________________________________________________________ Electrcal Engg. Dept. Page 1 of 52
INTRODUCTION
Smart Grid
Smart Grid is a concept regarding digital technology application and electric power network. It offers a lot of valuable technologies that can be used within the near future or are already in use today. Smart Grid includes electric network, digital control appliance, and intelligent monitoring system. All of these, can deliver electricity from producers to consumers, control energy flow, reduce the loss of watt, and make the performance of the electric network more reliable and controllable. In the short term, a smarter grid will function more efficiently, enabling it to deliver the level of service we have come to expect more affordably in an era of rising costs, while also offering considerable societal benefits such as less impact on our environment. In longer term, we can expect the Smart Grid to spur the kind of transformation that the internet has already brought to the way we live, work, play and learn
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2. HISTORY OF SMART GRIDS
HISTORY OF SMART GRID
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Commercialization of electric power began early in the 20th century. With the light bulb revolution and the promise of the electric motor, demand for electric power exploded, sparking the rapid development of an effective distribution system. At first, small utility companies provided power to local industrial plants and private communities. Some larger businesses even generated their own power. Seeking greater efficiency and distribution, utility companies pooled their resources, sharing transmission lines and quickly forming electrical networks called grids. Technological improvements of the power system largely rose in the 50s and 60s, post World War II. Nuclear power, computer controls, and other developments helped fine tune the grids effectiveness and operability. Although todays technology has flown light-years into the future, the national power grid has not kept up pace with modernization. The grid has evolved little over the past fifty years. The government is keen on overhauling the current electrical system to 21st century standards. With todays technology, the power grid can become a smart grid, capable of recording, analyzing and reacting to transmission data, allowing for more efficient management of resources, and more cost-effective appliances for consumers. This project requires major equipment upgrades, rewiring, and implementation of new technology. The process will take time, but improvements have already begun to surface. Miami will be the first major city with a smart grid system. We are witnessing a new stage of technological evolution, taking us into a brighter, cleaner future.
Fig. 2.1
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3. NEED OF SMART GRID FOR INDIA
NEED OF SMART GRID FOR INDIA
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Origins of Indias Smart Grid efforts are multi-factorial in nature but primarily concern three main issues which are the subject of current or planned government backed initiatives: 1) increased load needs as one of the worlds fastest growing economies, which today cannot be met by present supply and hence results in frequent brownouts; 2) the drive to electrify a large segment of its rural population, which have yet to receive electrical services and finally 3) the need to optimize electrical usage by being able to manage loads and mitigate operating inefficiencies (the losses in the system, both financial and technical, are amongst the highest in the world). India is a fast-emerging economy where the demand for electric power is increasing by leaps and bounds. This can be visualised from the fact that while holding more that 17 per cent of the world's population, India currently consumes around 3 to 4 per cent of the world's electrical energy. As India strides forward on her economic journey, the demand and consumption of electrical energy by its populace is going to increase dramatically. Yet, although 70 per cent of Indians live in villages, there are still thousands of villages with no or inadequate access to electricity. In developing economies such as ours, energy efficiency enhancement technologies such as smart grids can leapfrog development by harnessing distributed energy resources, which nature has so generously bestowed on us.Smart grids use a combination of digital communication and digital control technology to despatch power with minimum loss. Power may be generated either centrally in large power stations operated by utilities or by local, small generators using green and renewable energy resources.
Why smart?
The smart' digital components communicate and compute the most efficient routes to dispatch power to loads, resulting in a better quality of supply. The digital communication elements notify all parts of the grid rapidly in case of breakdowns so that alternative routes for power dispatch may be computed. This combination of computation and communication is where the smartness' of the smart grid lies. For the average Indian city- or town-dweller, the development of the smart grid would mean better quality of power. Voltage and frequency fluctuations would be eliminated, especially the low voltage and frequency conditions of summer, making power outages and load-shedding relics of a dark past.
Fig. 3.1
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4. WHAT SMART GRID MEAN ?
WHAT SMART GRID MEAN?
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The smart grid will have the ability to generate and move electricity around a grid. In short, the smart grid is a tool to manage supply and demand of different generation types, including renewable energy, and consumption. The smart grid will be able to harvest wind energy at night in the desert and move it to an urban area for consumption. The smart grid will incorporate electricity pricing that reflects its value at the time of consumption. Prices will behave like hotel prices. Room rates are high during the peak season, and lower in the off peak season. An electrical grid is not a single entity but an aggregate of multiple networks and multiple power generation companies with multiple operators employing varying levels of communication and coordination, most of which is manually controlled. Smart grids increase the connectivity, automation and coordination between these suppliers, consumers and networks that perform either long distance transmission or local distribution tasks.

Transmission networks move electricity in bulk over medium to long distances, are actively managed, and generally operate from 345kV to 800kV over AC and DC lines. Local networks traditionally moved power in one direction, "distributing" the bulk power to consumers and businesses via lines operating at 132kV and lower.
This paradigm is changing as businesses and homes begin generating more wind and solar electricity, enabling them to sell surplus energy back to their utilities. Modernization is necessary for energy consumption efficiency, real time management of power flows and to provide the bi-directional metering needed to compensate local producers of power. Although transmission networks are already controlled in real time, and unable to handle modern challenges such as those posed by the intermittent nature of alternative electricity generation, or continental scale bulk energy transmission.
Fig. 4.1
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Fig. 4.2
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5. CHARACTERISTICS OF A SMART GRID
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SMART GRID

A Smart Grid will be fundamentally different to current network operations. The new grid will:
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Support wide-spread distributed energy resources by managing; o Bi-directional flows of power and real-time information; o Intermittent renewable generation; o Supply / demand balancing within the distributed networks;
Facilitate the participation of customers by; o Enabling new technologies so consumers can monitor and automatically control energy use; o Providing opportunities for consumers to participate in the market to meet demand / response signals;
Support increased penetration of Electric Vehicles.
Fig. 5.1
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6. DRIVERS FOR A SMART GRID
DRIVERS FOR A SMART GRID

The drivers for developing a Smart Grid can be grouped into the following three categories:

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Government policy; Customer behavior and requirements; and Industry and technology changes.
Government policy drivers include:
Climate change objectives Renewable Energy Targets (RET), feed-in tariffs, and the proposed Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) are responses to concerns over global warming and its impact on the environment. In addition Energy Efficiency policies are being developed that will also contribute to improving energy security. Competitive economy objectives Governments will introduce policies to spur industry productivity and competitiveness. Given the huge investment in the green race (where Smart Grids play an important enabling role), countries will need to invest and take advantage of any opportunities they have in this field to ensure employment opportunities are addressing the new industries. Policies will need to encourage R&D, skills development, and working through energy security issues, as well as measuring and monitoring carbon impact. Customer protection objectives Governments (and regulators) are tasked with ensuring customers receive reliable and affordable energy supply. There is also a requirement to balance the needs of the country to grow energy supply with the impact on consumers and vulnerable parts of the community.
Customer behavior and requirement drivers include:
Increasing demand The growing number and increasing energy requirements of electrical devices in homes and businesses is pushing up peak demands on networks. Meeting higher peak demands requires a significant investment by energy companies in new generation and energy efficiency. Increasing functionality requirements New technological developments, climate change concerns and supportive government policies are encouraging consumers to adopt products such as small scale renewable solar generation. These technologies require increased network functionality including higher levels of safety to support their operation.
Industry and technology change drivers include:
Existing technologies are becoming more affordable Technologies that improve monitoring and control throughout transmission networks are becoming more affordable, allowing them to be deployed at a lower level in the distribution networks. New technologies are available The availability of new technologies creates both opportunities and threats to the network that will need to be managed. There are new network monitoring and controlling options, while new technologies for customers offering higher functionality have to be supported. Both contribute to the evolution of the network becoming smarter. In addition, the intermittent nature of renewable energy generation (large or small scale), and the resulting mismatch with consumer demand, will require increased functionality to support it in the network. One new technology, the electric vehicle, may become highly useful in facilitating this increased penetration of renewable technologies through their power storage capacity, however, charging the batteries could increase electricity demand and require additional functionality. Ageing infrastructure needs replacing The network is comprised of high value long life assets which are due for replacement to ensure reliability and consistent customer service. Now is the best time
to reassess the type of investments being made to ensure that the network will remain viable over the long term and has the right mix of new technologies to maintain network performance.
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7. CONSUMER BENEFIT FROM A SMART GRID
CONSUMER BENEFIT FROM A SMART GRID

The Smart Grid will benefit the consumer in a variety of ways:

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Supporting a growing economy over the long term that can weather the developing global changes, while minimizing the increase in energy costs; Providing consumers with greater choice and the opportunity to make informed decisions about their energy use; o Consumers have the greatest opportunity to reduce their energy bills by changing their behavior; using less energy, using energy at off peak charging times, by installing energy efficient appliances as well as choosing lower carbon energy supply. o Suppliers will be able to offer a wider range of products based on a variety of factors including renewable sources of energy such as green wind energy, flexible tariffs that may incentivize load shedding during peak demand, or automated controllers to minimise energy bills. Increased reliability and resilience to weather events through multiple generation sources and selfhealing capabilities in the network; Automatic fault location removing the need for customers to notify the supplier about power outages and enabling faster maintenance; Facilitating long term savings in electricity supplier operations that can be passed onto the consumer from: o Automatic meter reading o Remote connection and disconnection o Load management especially during peak usage times to relieve grid stresses, enable deferment of capital for new assets, and align supply and demand loads Providing functionality to enable consumers (prosumers) to sell their generation on the grid.
Fig. 7.1
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8. ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES OF A SMART GRID
ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES OF A SMART GRID

A Smart Grid can deliver environmental benefits to society from: Energy Conservation

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Reduction in usage by customers making informed decisions in 2006, a pilot project in Ontario, Canada, savings of 6.5% were achieved with the introduction of real-time, home energy monitors. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (in a 2010 study for the United States Department of Energy) found the Smart Grid provides the potential for direct reductions in U.S. electricity sector consumption and emissions of 12 per cent in 2030, with further indirect reductions of 6 per cent. The study suggests that further work is needed to embed these reductions. Reduced transmission losses through new technologies better managing electricity supply to assist bringing electricity supply closer to the consumer, thereby reducing the amount of wasted power from long haul electricity transmission. Improved voltage regulation by operating the grid at the lower end of the allowable voltage tolerance (230V) the magnitude of transmission and distribution losses can be reduced.
Fig. 8.1
CO2 Reduction
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Customer making informed decisions providing choices, such as renewable energy plans, and information on CO2 generation associated with those choices will enable consumers to reduce their carbon footprint. Enhanced integration of renewables the integration of renewables is facilitated by the Smart Grid but the operation of weather dependent sources (solar, wind) can be further enhanced through optimizing operations using predictive weather information. Running reserve, where less environmentally friendly power stations keep generators running so that they may be brought on board quickly when consumption increases, could be reduced with more predictable renewable sources. Plug in Hybrid Vehicles and Electric Vehicles (EV) substituting fuel sources in vehicles with renewable energy sources has the opportunity to lower CO2 production. Alternatively, vehicles plugged in at night when the majority of electricity generated is running reserve, which would have been generated anyway (and wasted), could also lower CO2 generation. Enhancing Smart Grid operations through Vehicle to Grid (V2G) technology facilitating the use of EV batteries for peak levelling and managing intermittent renewable energy generation could provide further benefits.
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9. EFFECT ON TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF POWER
EFFECT ON TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF POWER
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A smart grid is an umbrella term that covers modernization of both the transmission and distribution grids. The modernization is directed at a disparate set of goals including facilitating greater competition between providers, enabling greater use of variable energy sources, establishing the automation and monitoring capabilities needed for bulk transmission at cross continent distances, and enabling the use of market forces to drive energy conservation. Many smart grid features readily apparent to consumers such as smart meters serve the energy efficiency goal. The approach is to make it possible for energy suppliers to charge variable electric rates so that charges would reflect the large differences in cost of generating electricity during peak or off peak periods. Such capabilities allow load control switches to control large energy consuming devices such as water heaters so that they consume electricity when it is cheaper to produce.
Fig. 9.1
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10. SMART GRIDS FUNCTIONS
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THE FUNCTIONS REQUIRED FOR SMART GRIDS

Be able to heal itself Motivate consumers to actively participate in operations of the grid Resist attack Provide higher quality power that will save money wasted from outages Accommodate all generation and storage options Enable electricity markets to flourish Run more efficiently Enable higher penetration of intermittent power generation sources
Self-healing
Using real-time information from embedded sensors and automated controls to anticipate, detect, and respond to system problems, a smart grid can automatically avoid or mitigate power outages, power quality problems, and service disruptions. Technology such as Fault Detection Isolation and Restoration (FDIR TM) can be used in conjunction with protective relays to automatically detect and isolate a fault, and then restore power to as many customers as possible. This will greatly improve the reliability of the electrical distribution network. As applied to distribution networks, there is no such thing as a "self healing" network. If there is a failure of an overhead power line, given that these tend to operate on a radial basis (for the most part) there is an inevitable loss of power. In the case of urban/city networks that for the most part are fed using underground cables, networks can be designed (through the use of interconnected topologies) such that failure of one part of the network will result in no loss of supply to end users. A fine example of an interconnected network using zoned protection is that of the Merseyside and North Wales Electricity Board. It is envisioned that the smart grid will likely have a control system that analyzes its performance using distributed, autonomous reinforcement learning controllers that have learned successful strategies to govern the behavior of the grid in the face of an ever changing environment such as equipment failures. Such a system might be used to control electronic switches that are tied to multiple substations with varying costs of generation and reliability.
Consumer participation
A smart grid is a means for consumers to change their behavior around variable electric rates or participate in pricing programs designed to ensure reliable electrical service during high-demand conditions. Historically, the intelligence of the grid in North America has been demonstrated by the utilities operating it in the spirit of public service and shared responsibility, ensuring constant availability of electricity at a constant price, day in and day out, in the face of any and all hazards and changing conditions. A smart grid incorporates consumer equipment and behavior in grid design, operation, and communication. This enables consumers to better control smart appliances and intelligent equipment in homes and businesses, interconnecting energy management systems in smart buildings and enabling consumers to better manage energy use and reduce energy costs. Advanced communications capabilities equip customers with tools to take advantage of real-time electricity pricing, incentive-based load reduction signals, or emergency load reduction signals.
There is marketing evidence of consumer demand for greater choice. A survey conducted in the summer of 2007 interviewed almost 100 utility executives and sought the opinions of 1,900 households and small businesses from the U.S., Germany, Netherlands, England, Japan and Australia. Among the findings: 1. 83% of those who cannot yet choose their utility provider would welcome that option 2. Roughly two-thirds of the customers that do not yet have renewable power options would like the choice 3. Almost two-thirds are interested in operating their own generation, provided they can sell power back to the utility And as already noted, in the UK where the experiment has been running longest, 80% have not changed their utility provider when given the choice (source: National Grid).
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Proponents assert that the real-time, two-way communications available in a smart grid will enable consumers to be compensated for their efforts to save energy and to sell energy back to the grid through netmetering. By enabling distributed generation resources like residential solar panels, small wind and plug-in hybrid, proponents assert that the smart grid will spark a revolution in the energy industry by allowing small players like individual homes and small businesses to sell power to their neighbors or back to the grid. Many utilities currently promote small independent distributed generation and successfully integrate it with no impact. These sources of power are currently cost-effective with the help government subsidies that are available to help consumers purchase the often expensive equipment that is required. The same will hold true for larger commercial businesses that have renewable or back-up power systems that can provide power for a price during peak demand events, typically in the summer when air condition units place a strain on the grid. This participation by smaller entities has been called the "democratization of energy" . it is similar to former Vice President Al Gore's vision for a Unified Smart Grid.
Resist attack
Smart grid technologies better identify and respond to man-made or natural disruptions. Real-time information enables grid operators to isolate affected areas and redirect power flows around damaged facilities. One of the most important issues of resist attack is the smart monitoring of power grids, which is the basis of control and management of smart grids to avoid or mitigate the system-wide disruptions like blackouts. The traditional monitoring is based on weighted least square (WLS) which is very weak and prone to fail when gross errors (including topology errors, measurement errors or parameter errors) are present. New technology of state monitor is needed to achieve the goals of the smart grids.
High quality power

Outages and power quality issues cost US businesses more than $100 billion on average each year. It is asserted that assuring more stable power provided by smart grid technologies will reduce downtime and prevent such high losses, but the reliability of complex systems is very difficult to analyze and guarantee. A more practical approach to improving reliability and power quality is to simply follow the well established and well documented engineering principles developed by federal agencies like the USDA's Rural Utility Service.
Accommodate generation options

As smart grids continue to support traditional power loads they also seamlessly interconnect fuel cells, renewable, micro turbines, and other distributed generation technologies at local and regional levels. Integration of small-scale, localized, or on-site power generation allows residential, commercial, and industrial customers
to self-generate and sell excess power to the grid with minimal technical or regulatory barriers. This also improves reliability and power quality, reduces electricity costs, and offers more customer choice. It will be a long time before a smart grid is actually necessary to realize these benefits. The existing grid can typically accommodate an order of magnitude more than the existing small-scale localized generation without the benefit of the smart grid. Most obstacles to the integration of larger renewable projects, like wind farms, is due to limitations of traditional infrastructure.
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Enable electricity market

Significant increases in bulk transmission capacity will require construction of new transmission lines before improvements in transmission grid management proposed by smart grids can make a difference. Such improvements are aimed at creating an open marketplace where alternative energy sources from geographically distant locations can easily be sold to customers wherever they are located. Intelligence in distribution grids are not required to enable small producers to generate and sell electricity at the local level using alternative sources such as rooftop-mounted photo voltaic panels, small-scale wind turbines, and micro hydro generators. For example Chelan PUD's SNAP program promotes distributed, consumer owned small scale generation. Only after very high penetration of these types of resources is additional intelligence provided by sensors and software designed to react instantaneously to imbalances caused by intermittent sources, such as distributed generation, necessary.
Optimize assets
A smart grid can optimize capital assets while minimizing operations and maintenance costs. Optimized power flows reduce waste and maximize use of lowest-cost generation resources. Harmonizing local distribution with inter-regional energy flows and transmission traffic improves use of existing grid assets and reduces grid congestion and bottlenecks, which can ultimately produce consumer savings.
Enable high penetration of intermittent generation sources

Climate change and environmental concerns will increase the amount of renewable energy resources. These are for the most part intermittent in nature. Smart Grid technologies will enable power systems to operate with larger amounts of such energy resources since they enable both the suppliers and consumers to compensate for such intermittency.
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11. FEATURES OF SMART GRIDS
FEATURES OF SMART GRIDS

Load adjustment
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The total load connected to the power grid can vary significantly over time. Although the total load is the sum of many individual choices of the clients, the overall load is not a stable, slow varying, average power consumption. Imagine the increment of the load if a popular television program starts and millions of televisions will draw current instantly. Traditionally, to respond to a rapid increase in power consumption, faster than the start-up time of a large generator, some spare generators are put on a dissipative standby mode. A smart grid may warn all individual television sets, or another larger customer, to reduce the load temporarily (to allow time to start up a larger generator) or continuously (in the case of limited resources). Using mathematical prediction algorithms it is possible to predict how many standby generators need to be used, to reach a certain failure rate. In the traditional grid, the failure rate can only be reduced at the cost of more standby generators. In a smart grid, the load reduction by even a small portion of the clients may eliminate the problem.
Demand response support

Demand response support allows generators and loads to interact in an automated fashion in real time, coordinating demand to flatten spikes. Eliminating the fraction of demand that occurs in these spikes eliminates the cost of adding reserve generators, cuts wear and tear and extends the life of equipment, and allows users to cut their energy bills by telling low priority devices to use energy only when it is cheapest. Currently, power grid systems have varying degrees of communication within control systems for their high value assets, such as in generating plants, transmission lines, substations and major energy users. In general information flows one way, from the users and the loads they control back to the utilities. The utilities attempt to meet the demand and succeed or fail to varying degrees (brownout, rolling blackout, uncontrolled blackout). The total amount of power demand by the users can have a very wide probability distribution which requires spare generating plants in standby mode to respond to the rapidly changing power usage. This one-way flow of information is expensive; the last 10% of generating capacity may be required as little as 1% of the time, and brownouts and outages can be costly to consumers.
Greater resilience to loading

Although multiple routes are touted as a feature of the smart grid, the old grid also featured multiple routes. Initial power lines in the grid were built using a radial model, later connectivity was guaranteed via multiple routes, referred to as a network structure. However, this created a new problem: if the current flow or related effects across the network exceed the limits of any particular network element, it could fail, and the current would be shunted to other network elements, which eventually may fail also, causing a domino effect. See power outage. A technique to prevent this is load shedding by rolling blackout or voltage reduction (brownout).
Decentralization of power generation
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Another element of fault tolerance of traditional and smart grids is decentralized power generation. Distributed generation allows individual consumers to generate power onsite, using whatever generation method they find appropriate. This allows individual loads to tailor their generation directly to their load, making them independent from grid power failures. Classic grids were designed for one-way flow of electricity, but if a local sub-network generates more power than it is consuming, the reverse flow can raise safety and reliability issues. A smart grid can manage these situations, but utilities routinely manage this type of situation in the existing grid.
Fig. 11.1
Price signaling to consumers

In many countries, including Belgium, Greece, the Netherlands and the UK, the electric utilities have installed double tariff electricity meters in many homes to encourage people to use their electric power during night time or weekends, when the overall demand from industry is very low. During off-peak time the price is reduced significantly, primarily for heating storage radiators or heat pumps with a high thermal mass, but also
for domestic appliances. This idea will be further explored in a smart grid, where the price could be changing in seconds and electric equipment is given methods to react on that.
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12. TECHNOLOGY FOR SMART GRIDS
TECHNOLOGY FOR SMART GRIDS

Integrated communications
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Some communications are up to date, but are not uniform because they have been developed in an incremental fashion and not fully integrated. In most cases, data is being collected via modem rather than direct network connection. Areas for improvement include: substation automation, demand response, distribution automation, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), energy management systems, wireless mesh networks and other technologies, power-line carrier communications, and fiber-optics. Integrated communications will allow for real-time control, information and data exchange to optimize system reliability, asset utilization, and security.
Sensing and measurement

Core duties are evaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoring equipment health, energy theft prevention, and control strategies support. Technologies include: advanced microprocessor meters (smart meter) and meter reading equipment, wide-area monitoring systems, dynamic line rating (typically based on online readings by Distributed temperature sensing combined with Real time thermal rating (RTTR) systems), electromagnetic signature measurement/analysis, time-of-use and real-time pricing tools, advanced switches and cables, backscatter radio technology, and Digital protective relays.
Smart meters
A smart grid replaces analog mechanical meters with digital meters that record usage in real time. Smart meters are similar to Advanced Metering Infrastructure meters and provide a communication path extending from generation plants to electrical outlets (smart socket) and other smart grid-enabled devices. By customer option, such devices can shut down during times of peak demand.
Phasor measurement units

Fig. 12.1 High speed sensors called PMUs distributed throughout their network can be used to monitor power quality and in some cases respond automatically to them. Phasors are representations of the waveforms of alternating current, which ideally in real-time, are identical everywhere on the network and conform to the most desirable shape. In the 1980s, it was realized that the clock pulses from global positioning system (GPS) satellites could be used for very precise time measurements in the grid. With large numbers of PMUs and the ability to compare shapes from alternating current readings everywhere on the grid, research suggests that automated systems will be able to revolutionize the management of power systems by responding to system conditions in a rapid, dynamic fashion.
Advanced components
Innovations in superconductivity, fault tolerance, storage, power electronics, and diagnostics components are changing fundamental abilities and characteristics of grids. Technologies within these broad R&D categories include: flexible alternating current transmission system devices, high voltage direct current,
first and second generation superconducting wire, high temperature superconducting cable, distributed energy generation and storage devices, composite conductors, and intelligent appliances.
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Advanced control
Power system automation enables rapid diagnosis of and precise solutions to specific grid disruptions or outages. These technologies rely on and contribute to each of the other four key areas. Three technology categories for advanced control methods are: distributed intelligent agents (control systems), analytical tools (software algorithms and high-speed computers), and operational applications (SCADA, substation automation, demand response, etc.). Using artificial intelligence programming techniques, Fujian power grid in China created a wide area protection system that is rapidly able to accurately calculate a control strategy and execute it. The Voltage Stability Monitoring & Control (VSMC) software uses a sensitivity-based successive linear programming method to reliably determine the optimal control solution.
Improved interfaces and decision support

Information systems that reduce complexity so that operators and managers have tools to effectively and efficiently operate a grid with an increasing number of variables. Technologies include visualization techniques that reduce large quantities of data into easily understood visual formats, software systems that provide multiple options when systems operator actions are required, and simulators for operational training and what-if analysis.
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13. INNOVATIVE IDEAS
INNOVATIVE IDEAS
LED IN SWICTH BOARD FORECASTING SOFTWARE ON TRACK CHARGER SMALL GENERATOR FOR CANALS
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LED IN SWICTH BOARD
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Basically we know that smart meter is the essential part in smart grids. Its shows the peak load on the power station according to the user demand. It also shows the rate per unit of the electrical energy. Today we are using electronic & electrical equipments from mobile to the car. All need electrical energy to run just like to iron the cloth we need iron which convert the electrical energy into thermal energy. In our home appliances which are used in kitchen mostly used electrical energy to operate or run. If we are using this home appliance at the peak hours were cost of the electrical energy is at the crest level. So the amount to paid for using electrical energy is more without knowing that we are using home appliances at peak load. Fig. 13.1
In this image display of LED or LCD is not there so without the condition whether it is time of peak or off load. We are using the electrical equipment or home appliance. This Fig. 13.2 show LED in switch board We introduced LED or LCD display the switch board. This is directly connected to the smart meter. This function of this display is only to display the information on the board. It shows the peak load or base load, total energy consumed and it also shows rate per unit charge of electrical energy. so by viewing on the display before using any electrical appliances can get the information about load condition and rate per unit. So by this person decide whether he want to operate it or not.
ON TRACK CHARGER
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Today fuel price are going higher and demand is also increasing. Due to this consumption of the fossil fuel is also increasing rapidly and there shortage of fossil fuel in near future as these fuels are limited. Vehicles like car, bike, moped and trucks are using petrol and diesel as their fuel. People generally use vehicles which consume fuels like petrol or diesel or CNG. So instead of using these cars or bikes electric vehicles can be used so we can save petrol or diesel and environment pollution can be prevented. The main difficulties arise will using electric vehicle is. Battery backup
In electric vehicle battery backup is for 15-20 km in single charge. So if destination of the person more than 20 km it cant use electric vehicle because there is charging problem. So eliminate these problem ON TRACK CHARGER should be installed on the road side (both side) at every 3 to 5 km so electric vehicle can be charged. On track charger can also be installed on the place like malls, school, collages, cinema offices etc. so any one can charge their electric vehicle
Fig. 13.3
FORECASTING SOFTWARE
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A Smart grid is a digitally enabled electrical grid that gathers, distributes, and acts on information about the behaviour of all participants (suppliers and consumers) in order to improve the efficiency, importance, reliability, economics, and sustainability of electricity services. Today we generally forecast the average load on the power station. It indicates that power station will supply that load on that day or that time. It is not affected by any factor. So for proper forecasting software can be used. This software forecast the future or expected load on the power station on the basis of following parameters. Temperature Day Time Season Area
For example: Suppose an area has a average power demand of 100MW. On Monday it may be 105MW or On Tuesday it may be 90MW and it changes with day and time. At starting of the week on Monday load on the power station is 110MW than with help of forecasting software we can decide the approximate load on next Monday. If there is public holiday on the next Monday. On that day load of government offices, school and collage etc. is reduced so with the help of forecasting software we can easily calculate the approximate load on power station on that day.
Canal:
SMALL GENERATOR FOR CANALS
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It is run from river tapi in various area. The canal on which it is install is run from Sayan to Olpad. The company situated near the canal.
Fig. 13.4 Companys worker are living near to company in colony were homes are provide. There are 80-85 homes in the colony. The average electricity bill of colony is 40-50 thousands Rupees. The total load of the colony is 65 amps The efficiency of most micro-hydro generators ranges from 3070%. They are viable as small-scale electricity generators that can provide electricity to a building or property. The main requirements are that the micro-hydro system has:

sufficient water head and flow rate access to a regular water source (stream or spring).
A micro-hydro system typically includes:

a water source a continuous flow of water such as a creek, stream, waterfall, small dam or spring-fed dam, with a drop in level, and that can be wholly or partially redirected through a micro-hydro system a turbine turned by water acting on the blades of a runner or wheel a water intake or forebay a catchment area that directs water into the turbine inlet pipe, while allowing sediment to settle and maintaining the water pressure head examples of intakes include a dam, weir, bin, box or channel race from a stream
a filter mesh to catch leaves, sticks, stones and debris and stop them entering the water intake pipe, where they may otherwise block the pipe, reduce water pressure, cause rapid pressure fluctuations, or damage the turbine water inlet pipeline or penstock the pipe transferring water from the water intake pipe to the turbine, which should be fully submerged at the inlet water outlet pipeline or tailrace or draft pipe the pipe discharging water from the turbine back to the stream or creek note that a water outlet pipeline may not be required with an impulse turbine as it generally sprays out water alternator alternating current is generated by rotor windings connected to the shaft from the turbine turning inside the stator windings of the alternator body rectifier converts AC to DC for electricity that is being sent to a battery storage system the generator initially produces AC, but is called a DC generator if the output electricity is immediately sent through the rectifier electricity cables transfer the electricity from the generator to the electricity supply or storage system a spill way or bypass for excess water to be able to flow past the system or allow the system to be shut down. Block Diagram:
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Fig. 13.5 Water flowing in the canal has hydraulic energy, it is converted into mechanical energy with help of turbine these mechanical energy is transmitted to generator through belt drive. The generator may be induction or synchronous type. Electricity generated is given to the power switch then transformer to output line.
CLASSIFICATION AND TYPES OF TURBINES
Turbines can be either reaction or impulse types. The turbines type indicates the manner in which the water causes the turbine runner to rotate. Reaction turbine operates with their runners fully flooded and
develops torque because of the reaction of water pressure against runner blades. Impulse turbines operate with their runner in air and convert the waters pressure energy into kinetic energy of a jet that impinges onto the runner buckets to develop torque. Reaction turbines are classified as Francis (mixed flow) or axial flow. Axial flow turbines are available with both fixed blades (Propeller) and variable pitch blades (Kaplan). Both axial flow (Propeller & Kaplan) and Francis turbines may be mounted either horizontally or vertically.
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FRANCIS TURBINES
A Francis turbine is one having a runner with fixed buckets (vanes), usually nine or more, to which the water enters the turbine in a radial direction, with respect to the shaft, and is discharged in an axial direction. Principal components consist of the runner, a water supply case to convey the water to the runner, wicket gates to control the quantity of water and distribute it equally to the runner and a draft tube to convey the water away from the turbines.
Fig. 13.6 A Francis turbine may be operated over a range of flows approximately 40 to 105% of rated discharge. Below 40% rated discharge, there can be an area of operation where vibration And or power surges occur. The upper limit generally corresponds to the generator rating. The approximate head range for operation is from 65% to 125% of design head. In general, peak efficiencies of Francis turbines, within the capacity range of 25 MW, will be approximately 88 to 90%. The conventional Francis turbine is provided with a wicket gate assembly to permit placing the unit on line at synchronous speed, to regulate load and speed, and to shutdown the unit. The mechanisms of large units are actuated by hydraulic servomotors. Small units may be actuated by electric motor gate operations. It permits operation of the turbine over the full range of flows. In special cases, where the flow rate is constant, Francis turbines without wicket gate mechanisms may be used. These units operate in case of generating units in Micro Hydel range (upto 100 kW) with Electronic Load Controller or Shunt Load Governors. Start up and shut down of turbines without a wicket gate is normally accomplished using the shut off valve at the turbine inlet. Synchronising is done by manual load control to adjust speed. Francis turbines may be mounted with vertical or horizontal shafts. Vertical mounting allows a smaller plan area and permits a deeper setting of the turbine with respect to tail water elevation locating the generator below tail water. Generator costs for vertical units are higher than for horizontal units because of the need for a larger thrust bearing. However, the savings on construction costs for medium and large units generally offset this equipment cost increase. Horizontal units are more economical for small higher speed applications where standard horizontal generators are available. The water supply case is generally fabricated from steel plate. However open flume and concrete cases may be used for heads below 15 meters. Francis turbines are generally provided with a 90-degree elbow draft tube, which has a venture
design to minimize head loss. Conical draft tubes are also available, however the head loss will be higher and excavation may be more costly.
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AXIAL FLOW TURBINES
Axial flow turbines are those in which flow through the runner is aligned with the axis of rotation. Axial flow hydraulic turbines have been used for net heads up to 40 meters with power output up to 25 MW. However, they are generally used in head applications below 35 meters Tubular turbine (S-type). S-turbines are used below 30 meters head and 8 MW capacity. Bulb units can be used full low head if runner diameter is more than 1 meter. Specific mechanical designs, civil construction, and economic factors must be given full consideration when selecting among these three axial flow turbine arrangements. A propeller turbine is one having a runner with four, five or six blades in which the water passes through the runner in an axial direction with respect to the shaft. The pitch of the blades may be fixed or movable. Principal components consist of a water supply case, wicket gates, a runner and a draft tube. The efficiency curve of a typical fixed blade Propeller turbine forms a sharp peak, more abrupt than a Francis turbine curve. For variable pitch blade units the peak efficiency occurs at different outputs depending on the blade setting. An envelope of the efficiency curves cover the range of blade pitch settings forms the variable pitch efficiency curve. This efficiency curve is broad and flat. Fixed blade units are less costly than variable pitch blade turbines; however, the power operating ranges are more limited. Four blade designs may be used upto 12 meters of head, five blade designs to 20 meters and six blade designs to 35 meters. In general, peak efficiencies are approximately the same as for Francis turbines. Propeller turbines may be operated at power outputs with flow from 40105% of the rated flow. Discharge rates above 105% may be obtained; however, the higher rates are generally above the turbine and generator manufacturers guarantees. Many units are in satisfactorily operation is from 60 to 140% of design head. Efficiency loss at higher heads drops 2 to 5% points below peak efficiency at the design head and as much as 15% points at lower heads.
Fig. 13.7 The conventional propeller or Kaplan (variable pitch blade) turbines are mounted with a vertical shaft. Horizontal and slant settings will be discussed separately. The vertical units are equipped with a wicket gate assembly to permit placing the unit on line at synchronous speed, to regulate speed and load, and to shutdown the unit. The wicket gate mechanism units are actuated by hydraulic servomotors. Small units may be actuated by electric motor gate operators. Variable pitch units are equipped with a cam mechanism to coordinate the pitch of the blade with gate position and head. Digital control envisages Control of wicket gates and blade angle by independent servomotors co-ordinated by digital control. The special condition of constant flow, as previously discussed for Francis turbines, can be applied to propeller turbines. For this case, elimination of the wicket gate assembly may be acceptable. Variable pitch propeller turbines without wicket gates are called semi Kaplan turbine. The draft tube designs discussed for Francis turbines apply also to propeller turbines.
TUBULAR TURBINES
Tubular or tube turbines are horizontal or slant mounted units with propeller runners. The generators are located outside of the water passageway. Tube turbines are available equipped with fixed or variable pitch runners and with or without wicket gate assemblies. Performance characteristics of a tube turbine are similar to the performance characteristics discussed for propeller turbines. The efficiency of a tube turbine will be one to two % higher than for a vertical propeller turbine of the same size since the water passageway has less change in direction. Fig. 13.8
The performance range of the tube turbine with variable pitch blade and without wicket gates is greater than for a fixed blade propeller turbine but less than for a Kaplan turbine. The water flow through the turbine is controlled by changing the pitch of the runner blades. When it is not required to regulate turbine discharge and power output, a fixed blade runner may be used. This results in a lower cost of both the turbine and governor system. To estimate the performance of the fixed blade runner, use the maximum rated power and discharge for the appropriate net head on the variable pitch blade performance curves.
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Several items of auxiliary equipments are often necessary for the operation of tube turbines. All tube turbines without wicket gates should be equipped with a shut off valve automatically operated to provide shutoff and start-up functions. Tube turbines can be connected either directly to the generator or through a speed increaser. The speed increaser would allow the use of a higher speed generator, typically 750 or 1000 r/min, instead of a generator operating at turbine speed. The choice to utilize a speed increaser is an economic decision. Speed increasers lower the overall plant efficiency by about 1% for a single gear increaser and about 2% for double gear increaser. (The manufacturer can supply exact data regarding the efficiency of speed increasers). This loss of efficiency and the cost of the speed increaser must be compared to the reduction in cost for the smaller generator. It is recommended that speed increaser option should not be used for unit sizes above 5 MW capacity. The required civil features are different for horizontal units than for vertical units. Horizontally mounted tube turbines require more floor area than vertically mounted units. The area required may be lessened by slant mounting, however, additional turbine costs are incurred as a large axial thrust bearing is required. Excavation and powerhouse height for a horizontal unit is less than that required for a vertical unit. Standard Tube turbines of Bharat Heavy Electricals based on runner diameter.
BULB TURBINES
Bulb Turbines are horizontal, which have propeller runners directly connected to the generator. The generator is enclosed in a water-tight enclosure (bulb) located in the turbine water passageway. The bulb turbine is available with fixed or variable pitch blades and with or without a wicket gate mechanism. Performance characteristic are similar to the vertical and Tube type turbines previously discussed. The bulb turbine will have an improved efficiency of approximately 2% over a vertical unit and 1% over a tube unit because of the straight water passageway. Due to the compact design, powerhouse floor space and height for Bulb turbine installations are minimized. Maintenance time due to accessibility, however, may be greater than for either fig. 13.9 the vertical or the tube type turbines. Figure shows transverse section of bulb turbine installation proposed for Mukerain SHP 2 x 9 MW rated and design head 8.23 m.
Vertical Semi-Kaplan Turbine With Syphon Intake
Low specific speed Vertical semi-Kaplan turbine set above maximum tailrace level with Syphon intake with adjustable runner blade and fixed guide vane. As the name suggests, the Vertical Turbine with Syphon Intake operation
Fig.13.10
on the Syphon Principle i.e. the intake flume chamber valve is closed and made water tight and vacuum is created by a vacuum pump which enables water to enter flume chamber and energise the runner. Shut down is brought about by following the reverse procedure i.e. by breaking vacuum. Since turbine operates on a Syphon Principle, it is not necessary to have Intake and Draft gates thereby reducing the cost. The Syphon Intake semi Kaplan Vertical Turbine part load efficiency at about 30% load is about 76%. Turbine is suitable for variable head also. Dewatering and drainage arrangements are also not requested. This type of turbine has been found to be most economical for canal drop falls (upto 3-4 m head). The turbine is set above maximum tail water level and hence lower specific speed.
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PIT TYPE BULB TURBINE
Pit type turbine is a variation of bulb arrangements. Standardised Bulb Turbines coupled to standard high speeds generator through step up bevel gears are generally used. Overall efficiency is lower because of gear box. Maximum size depends upon gear box and is generally limited to 5 MW. Higher sized units upto 10 MW have been recently installed.
IMPULSE TURBINES
An impulse turbine is one having one or more free jets discharging into an aerated space and impinging on the buckets of a runner. Efficiencies are often 90% and above. In general, an impulse turbine will not be competitive in cost with a reaction turbine in overlapping range. However, economic consideration (speed) or surge protection requirements may warrant investigation into the suitability of an impulse turbine in the overlapping head. Single nozzle impulse turbine have a very flat efficiency curve and may be operated down to loads of 20% of rated capacity with good efficiency. For multi-nozzle units, the range is even broader because the number of operating jets can be varied.
Fig. 13.11
TURGO IMPULSE TURBINES
Another type of impulse turbine is the Turgo impulse. This turbine is higher in specific speed than the typical impulse turbine. The difference between a Pelton unit and a Turgo is that, on a Turgo unit, the jet enters one side of the runner and exits the other side. The Turgo unit operates at a higher specific speed, which means for the same runner diameter as a Pelton runner, the rotational speed can be higher. The application head range for a Turgo unit is 15 meters to 300 meters. Turgo units have been used for application up to 7,500 kW. Efficiency of turgid impulse turbine is about 82 to 83 %.
CROSS FLOW TURBINES
Fig. 13.12
A cross flow turbine is an impulse type turbine with partial air admission. Performance characteristics of this turbine are similar to an impulse turbine, and consist of a flat efficiency curve over a wide range of flow and head conditions. Peak efficiency of the cross flow turbine is less than that of other turbine types previously discussed. Guaranteed maximum efficiency of indigenous available turbines is about 60-65%. Fig. 13.13
Additionally, Propeller turbines may be slant mounted.Penstocks
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The penstock inlet should be located as low as possible in the water so that it remains submerged when water levels are low. However, if it is too low, it may get blocked by sediment building up in front of it. An air vent may be required near the intake to prevent damage if the intake blocks and a vacuum is created. Penstocks must slope downwards or an air lock may form, affecting performance. A penstock should include a shut-off valve to stop water flow during maintenance of the turbine. They must be strong enough to resist the design water pressures and be protected from rapid starting and stopping of the water flow. They must also be protected from impact damage and exposure to the sun by being buried or enclosed in a box structure.
Capacity
Electricity generation of micro-hydro systems is directly proportional to the head of water and the water flow rate, e.g. the same power generation can potentially be achieved by a generator with a low head and high water flow rate (e.g. flat terrain with a large water catchment) or a high head and low water flow rate (e.g. steeper terrain with less water catchment area).
Static head
The static head (or gross head) is the vertical distance between the water level at the intake and the discharge point. Both these levels are where the water has contact with air. The water discharge level for an impulse turbine is where the water leaves the inlet pipe and enters the turbine. For a reaction turbine, the discharge level is where the water is discharged from the outlet pipe. The static head increases as the water level at the intake increases. Minimum static head is where the water level aligns with the top of the inlet pipe keeping in mind the inlet pipe entry needs to remain submerged.
Dynamic head
The dynamic head (in meters) is the static head (or gross head) less the losses in the pipework. The losses are summed and converted to a pressure head value in meters. The dynamic head is therefore the actual amount of water pressure head available to generate electricity. Friction losses should be minimized by:

short pipe lengths large pipe diameters few pipe bends high-radius pipe bends steep gradient.
Friction losses will also occur when the intake gets blocked.
Water flow rate

The water flow rate (in litres per second) is the amount of water moving through a pipe in a specific period of time. As the water flow rate increases, the turbine spins faster and more electricity is generated.
The main water flow will typically vary during the year and between years and may be dependent on:

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seasonal rainfall snow and ice melt in the mountains cycles of flooding or drought blockages higher up the water source.
Micro-hydro generators work best where there is reasonably continuous water supply, giving a reasonably constant static head. It is important to determine what the average year-round water level is at the intake, as this will be used for the static head to determine the year-round power output. Any intake water storage system (e.g. dam, bin) with a reasonably constant water flow into it will maintain a consistent or equilibrium water level. When storage water levels are:

higher, the generator flow rate increases until the level drops lower, the generator flow rate decreases until the level rises.
This equilibrium water level will be the design static head for the system. However, it can be difficult to determine initially as it is related to the water flow rate through the generator and in the main water source. The water flow rate at a site is not simple to measure and may require the temporary installation of a weir. The water flow rate through the generator can be determined by iterative design techniques for different water heads.
Turbine capacity
The micro-hydro generation capacity specific to the installed system depends on the effectiveness of converting the linear water pressure force into turbine rotary inertia and then electricity. This increases with:

larger pipe diameter and turbine size allowing a higher water flow rate appropriate turbine blade profile for the average water flow rate and pressure lower friction losses in the turbine shaft assembly.
Installation
The micro-hydro system:

will require a building consent and a resource consent should be installed as close as possible to the electricity supply or storage system, to reduce line power losses must withstand the water loads must have protection from impact, particularly for the less solid pipework generally requires little maintenance as it has few moving parts the main issue is normally having to replace the alternator brushes and flushing the turbine may need regular cleaning of the filter, depending on the amount of debris in the water supply must incorporate a means of restricting the natural outward flow of water to build up reserve capacity must incorporate a bypass overflow in case of flooding of the reservoir.
Electricity supply connection

Electrical power from the micro-hydro generator system can be available continuously at consistent output levels. The output AC may be:
transferred as AC to the building for immediate use, via a controller that gives a 240V AC at 50 Hz power supply, or converted by a rectifier to DC for storage in batteries.
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The choice between AC supply and DC storage is dependent on the reliability of electrical generation and the capacity of the generator to meet peak demand. Options include:

output all the AC directly to the building, where electrical generation is continuously guaranteed and generator capacity is greater than peak demand output some of the AC directly to the building, with the rest converted to DC storage, where peak demand is occasionally a little higher than generator capacity or there is occasional reduced electrical generation convert all of the AC to DC storage, where electrical generation is inconsistent, or peak demand greatly exceeds generator capacity.
Environmental impact
Micro-hydro generator systems have an impact on the water course. They may potentially affect:

plant and fish life in the water plant and animal life beside the water other users of the water further down stream the stability of the surrounding land thought the excavation for the reservoir.
Cost Elements
In small and micro hydel power projects as per National Consultants recommendations UNDP These cost elements are for type of micro hydro in remote hilly area. Efficiency of indigenous turbines in the microhydel range is approx. as follows: Pelton - 90% Turgo Impulse - 80% Cross flow - 60% Francis - 90% (Peak Efficiency at 90%) Minimum weighted average efficiency of turbine and generator set ( Tv) 0.50x T100+ 0.5 T50 specified in micro hydel standard issued by AHEC (extracts at Annexure 5). Accordingly weighted average efficiency of different category (size) of micro hydro is as follows:Category A Category B Category C Upto 10 45 kW Upto 50 kW Upto 100 kW 45% 50% 60%
Step by step procedure for selection of turbine is detailed below: 1) Obtain Field Data as follows: a) Discharge data - Q cumecs
b) Head - H head in meter c) Voltage Net work (415 volts or 11 kV) d) Nearest grid sub-station (optional) kV and length of interconnecting line Compute kW capacity (P) P = Q x H x 9.804 x 0.8 Fix unit size, number and installed capacity based on data collected and requirement. Using kW; H and Q per unit select usable turbine. In case of turbine in overlapping range determine speed and specific speed relation and determine synchronous speed based on applicable range of specific as per Para 5.1. Higher speed machine is cost effective. Review turbine limitation and fix turbine type as per micro hydro standards.
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Generator
In small hydropower schemes generally two types of generators i.e. induction and synchronous are installed. In case of induction generator, excitation system gets the power from grid and is considered rugged in design, however commercially available induction generators are limited upto a capacity of 3500 kW Specification KG FRAME KVA KW AMPS VOLTS RPM Hz 075 KG 225M 75.0 60.0 104.0 415 1500 50 AC GENERATOR D 225M RATING INSUL. CLASS POWER FACTOR ROTATON/DE AMBT. oC EXCITATION BEARING
M/C NO.
HM002G2243 UVW THREE STAR 1000W VOLTS 290 6308ZZ
S1 DUTY TO IS: 4722-1922 F PH. SEQ. PHASE 0.8 CONN. CW ALTD. 40 AMPS. 4.2 63122ZZ NDE
Smart Grid If electricity can be generated from flowing water in canal it proves to be economical to company and pollution can be prevented. Cost of installation: Equipment Generator Turbine Civil work Transformer Labour Charge Other Quantity 1 1 1 Rate 300000 Rs. 60000 Rs 50000-80000 Rs 90000 Rs 35000 Rs 90000-120000 Rs Total Total 300000 Rs 60000 Rs 50000 Rs 90000 Rs 35000 Rs 90000 Rs 590000 Rs
Total installation cost of project is appro. 625000 Rs.
Company is investing money on these project it as to recovered within short period of time. The average monthly bill of colony is 40000 - 50000 Rs. Total cost of project 625000 Rs. If we taking 40000 Rs as a monthly bill
Payback Period
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Payback period=total cost of project/monthly bill = 625000/40000 =15.625 = 16 month
Rising fuel costs, underinvestment in an aging infrastructure, and climate change are all converging to create a turbulent period for the electrical power-generation industry. To make matters worse, demand for electricity is forecast to exceed known committed generation capacity in many areas across the India. And, as utility companies prepare to meet growing demand, greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation may soon surpass those from all other energy sources. Fortunately, the creation of a Smart Grid will help solve these challenges. A Smart Grid can reduce the amount of electricity consumed by homes and buildings, and accelerate the adoption of distributed, renewable energy sourcesall while improving the reliability, security, and useful life of electrical infrastructure. Despite its promise and the availability of most of the core technologies needed to develop the Smart Grid, implementation has been slow. To accelerate development, state, county, and local governments, electric utility companies, public electricity regulators, and IT companies must all come together and work toward a common goal.
Conclusion
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Bibliography
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Smart Grid

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Smart grid 1.1

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2. HISTORY OF SMART GRIDS

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HISTORY OF SMART GRID

3. NEED OF SMART GRID FOR INDIA

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NEED OF SMART GRID FOR INDIA

4. WHAT SMART GRID MEAN ?

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WHAT SMART GRID MEAN?

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF A SMART GRID

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CHARACTERISTICS OF A SMART GRID

Support increased penetration of Electric Vehicles.

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6. DRIVERS FOR A SMART GRID

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DRIVERS FOR A SMART GRID

Government policy drivers include:

Customer behavior and requirement drivers include:

Industry and technology change drivers include:

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7. CONSUMER BENEFIT FROM A SMART GRID

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CONSUMER BENEFIT FROM A SMART GRID

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8. ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES OF A SMART GRID

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ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES OF A SMART GRID

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9. EFFECT ON TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF POWER

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EFFECT ON TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF POWER

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10. SMART GRIDS FUNCTIONS

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THE FUNCTIONS REQUIRED FOR SMART GRIDS

High quality power

Accommodate generation options

Enable electricity market

Enable high penetration of intermittent generation sources

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11. FEATURES OF SMART GRIDS

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FEATURES OF SMART GRIDS

Demand response support

Greater resilience to loading

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Decentralization of power generation

Price signaling to consumers

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12. TECHNOLOGY FOR SMART GRIDS

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TECHNOLOGY FOR SMART GRIDS

Sensing and measurement

Phasor measurement units

Improved interfaces and decision support

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13. INNOVATIVE IDEAS