Section 9.

4 Graphical Solutions of Autonomous Equations

9.

dP
dt

1 c 2P has a stable equilibrium at P " .

#

10.

dP
dt Pa1 c 2Pb has an unstable equilibrium
d2 P
dP
dt2 a1 c 4Pb dt Pa1 c 4Pba1 c 2Pb

11.

dP
dt 2PaP c 3b has a
d2 P
dP
dt2 2a2P c 3b dt

d2 P
dt2

c2 dP c2a1 c 2Pb
dt

at P 0 and a stable equilibrium at P " .

#

stable equilibrium at P 0 and an unstable equilibrium at P 3.

4Pa2P c 3baP c 3b

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

553

554
12.

Chapter 9 First-Order Differential Equations

dP
dt
d2 P
dt2

3Pa1 c PbP c " has a stable equilibria at P 0 and P 1 an unstable equilibrium at P " .
#
#
3
c # a6P2 c 6P+1b dP 3 PP c
dt
#

3 c 3
P
6

c " P c
#

3 b 3
aP
6

c 1b

13.

Before the catastrophe, the population exhibits logistic growth and Patb M0 , the stable equilibrium. After the
catastrophe, the population declines logistically and Patb M1 , the new stable equilibrium.
14.

dP
dt

rPaM c PbaP c mb, r, M, m 0

The model has 3 equilibrium points. The rest point P 0, P M are asymptotically stable while P m is unstable. For
initial populations greater than m, the model predicts P approaches M for large t. For initial populations less than m, the
model predicts extinction. Points of inflection occur at P a and P b where a " < M b m c M2 c mM b m2 and
3
b " < M b m b M2 c mM b m2 .
3
(a) The model is reasonable in the sense that if P  m, then P 0 as t _; if m  P  M, then P M as t _; if
P M, then P M as t _.
(b) It is different if the population falls below m, for then P 0 as t _ (extinction). If is probably a more realistic
model for that reason because we know some populations have become extinct after the population level became too
low.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 9.4 Graphical Solutions of Autonomous Equations

(c) For P M we see that

dP
dt

555

rPaM c PbaP c mb is negative. Thus the curve is everywhere decreasing. Moreover,

P M is a solution to the differential equation. Since the equation satisfies the existence and uniqueness conditions,
solution trajectories cannot cross. Thus, P M as t _.
(d) See the initial discussion above.
(e) See the initial discussion above.
15.

dv
dt

gc

k 2
mv ,

Equilibrium:
Concavity:

g, k, m 0 and vatb 0

dv
dt

d2 v
dt2

gc

k 2
mv

0 v mg
k

k
k
c2 m v dv c2 m vg c
dt

k 2
mv

(a)

(b)

160
(c) vterminal 0.005 178.9

ft
s

122 mph

16. F Fp c Fr
ma mg c kv
dv
k
v, va0b v0
dt g c m
Thus,

dv
dt

0 implies v mg , the terminal velocity. If v0  mg , the object will fall faster and faster, approaching the
k
k
2

terminal velocity; if v0 mg , the object will slow down to the terminal velocity.
k
17. F Fp c Fr
ma 50 c 5kvk
dv
1
dt m a50 c 5kvkb
The maximum velocity occurs when

dv
dt

0 or v 10

ft
sec .

18. (a) The model seems reasonable because the rate of spread of a piece of information, an innovation, or a cultural fad is
proportional to the product of the number of individuals who have it (X) and those who do not (N c X). When X is
small, there are only a few individuals to spread the item so the rate of spread is slow. On the other hand, when
(N c X) is small the rate of spread will be slow because there are only a few indiciduals who can receive it during the
interval of time. The rate of spread will be fastest when both X and (N c X) are large because then there are a lot of
individuals to spread the item and a lot of individuals to receive it.
(b) There is a stable equilibrium at X N and an unstable equilibrium at X 0.
d2 X
dt2

k dX aN c Xb c kX dX k2 XaN c XbaN c 2Xb inflection points at X 0, X

dt
dt

N
2,

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

and X N.

556

Chapter 9 First-Order Differential Equations

(c)

(d) The spread rate is most rapid when x

19. L di b Ri V
dt
Concavity:

Eventually all of the people will receive the item.

V c R i R V c i, V, L, R 0
L
L
L R
R V c i 0 i V
L R
R

di
dt
d2 i
dt2

Equilibrium:

N
2.

di
dt

2
c R di c R V c i
L dt
L
R

Phase Line:

If the switch is closed at t 0, then ia0b 0, and the graph of the solution looks like this:

As t _, it isteady state

V
R.

(In the steady state condition, the self-inductance acts like a simple wire connector and, as

a result, the current throught the resistor can be calculated using the familiar version of Ohm's Law.)
20. (a) Free body diagram of the pearl:

(b) Use Newton's Second Law, summing forces in the direction of the acceleration:
c
k
mg c Pg c kv ma dv m m P g c m v.
dt
(c) Equilibrium:
vterminal
Concavity:

dv
dt

k amcPbg
m
k

c v 0

am c Pbg
k

d2 v
dt2

k
k
c m dv c m am c Pbg c v
dt
k
2

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 9.5 Systems of Equations and Phase Planes

557

(d)

(e) The terminal velocity of the pearl is

am c Pbg
.
k

9.5 SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND PHASE PLANES

1. Seasonal variations, nonconformity of the environments, effects of other interactions, unexpected disasters, etc.
2. x r cos )
y r sin )
Solve for
cos )
2

dr
dt

dr
dt

dr
dt

dx
dt
dy
dt

cr sin )
r cos )

d)
dt

d)
dt

b cos )

dr
dt

y b x c xax2 b y2 b r sin ) b r cos ) c r3 cos )

b sin ) dr cx b y c xax2 b y2 b cr cos ) b r sin ) c r3 sin )

dt

by adding cos ) eq(1) to sin ) eq(2):

b sin2 )

dr
dt

cos )ar sin ) b r cos ) c r3 cos )b b sin )acr cos ) b r sin ) c r3 sin )b

r sin ) cos ) b r cos2 ) c r3 cos2 ) c r sin ) cos ) b r sin ) c r3 sin2 ) r c r3 ra1 c r2 b

Solve for

d)
dt

by adding acsin )b eq(1) to cos ) eq(2):

r sin ) d) b r cos2 ) d) csin )ar sin ) b r cos ) c r3 cos )b b cos )acr cos ) b r sin ) c r3 sin )b
dt
dt
r d) cr sin2 ) c r sin ) cos ) b r3 sin ) cos ) c r cos2 ) b r sin ) cos ) c r3 sin ) cos ) cr d) c1
dt
dt
2
dr
2
2
If r 1 (that is, the trajectory starts on the circle x b y 1), then dt a1b1 c a1b 0, thus the trajectory
r1
2

remains on the circle, and rotates around the circle in a clockwise direction, since

d)
dt

c1. The solution is periodic since

at any point ax, yb on the trajectory, ax, yb ar cos ), r sin )b a1 cos ), 1 sin )b acos ), sin )b both x and y are
periodic.
3. This model assumes that the number of interactions is porportional to the product of x and y:
dy
y
dx
m

dt aa c b ybx, a  0, dt m 1 c M y c n x y y m c M y c n x
To find the equilibrium points:
dx
dt 0 aa c b ybx 0 x 0 or y

a
b
a
b

 0);

c Mn x
m

b M;

(remember
dy
dt

0 y m c

m
M

y c n x y 0 or y

Thus there are two equlibrium points, both occur when

x 0, a0, 0b and a0, Mb.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

558

Chapter 9 First-Order Differential Equations

Implies coexistence is not possible because eventually trout

die out and bass reach their population limit.

4. The coefficients a, b, m, and n need to be determined by sampling or by analyzing historical data. Then, more specific
graphical predictions can be made. These predictions would then have to be compared to actual population growth
patterns. If the predictions match actual results, we have partially validated our model. If necessary, more tests could be
run. However, it should be remembered that the primary purpose of a graphical analysis is to analyze the behavior
qualitatively. With reference to Figure 9.29, attempt to maintain the fish populations in Region B through stocking and
regulation (open and closed seasons). For example, should Regions A or D be entered, restocking the appropriate species
can cause a return to Region B.
5. (a) Logistic growth occurs in the absence of the competitor, and simple interaction of the species: growth dominates the
competition when either population is small so it is difficult to drive either species to extinction.
(b) a per capita growth rate for trout
m per capita growth rate for bass
b intensity of competition to the trout
n intensity of competition to the bass
k1 environmental carrying capacity for the trout
k2 environmental carrying capacity for the bass
(c)

dx
dt

0 a1 c

a
b

dy
a
b k1 x; dt

m1 c

y
k2

Case I:

a
b

x
k1 x

c b x y a1 c

0 m1 c

y
k 2 y

x
k1

c n x y m1 c

c n x 0 y 0 or y k2 c

k2 and

By picking

a
b

m
n

c b yx 0 x 0 or a1 c

n k2
m x.

y
k2

x
k1

c b y 0 x 0 or

c n xy 0 y 0 or

There are five cases to consider.

k1 .

k2 and

m
n

k1 we ensure an equilibrium point exists inside the first quadrant.

k c
Graphical analysis implies four equilibrium points exist: a0, 0b, ak1 , 0b, a0, k2 b, and a mm1c bbnm1kk12k2 ,
a
k

a m k2 c a n k1 k2
a m c b n k1 k2

(the point of intersection of the two boundaries in the first quadrant). All of these equilibrium points are unstable
except for the point of intersection. The possibility of coexistence is predicted by this model.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 9.5 Systems of Equations and Phase Planes

Case II:

k2 and

a
b

m
n

559

 k1 .

a0, k2 b: unstable
ak1 , 0b: stable
a0, 0b: unstable
Trout wins: ak1 , 0b
Not sensitive
No coexistence

Case III:

a
b

 k2 and

m
n

k1 .

a0, k2 b: stable
ak1 , 0b: unstable
a0, 0b: unstable
Bass wins: a0, k2 b
Not sensitive
No coexistence

Case IV:

a
b

 k2 and

m
n

 k1 .

a0, k2 b: stable
ak1 , 0b: stable
a0, 0b: unstable
k c
a mm1c bbnm1kk12k2 ,
a
k

a m k2 c a n k1 k2
a m c b n k 1 k 2 :

unstable

Bass or trout: a0, k2 b or ak1 , 0b

Very sensitive
Coexistence is possible but not predicted
If we assume

a
b

 k2 and

m
n

 k1 then graphical analysis implies four equilibrium poins exist: a0, k2 b, ak1 , 0b,

k c
mk
k1 k
a0, 0b, and a mm1c bbnm1kk12k2 , a a m 2 c a n 1 k2 2 (the
a
k
cbnk
k
a
Case V: b k2 and b a 1 nm2 (lines coincide).
k

point of intersection of the two boundaries in the first quadrant).

a0, k2 b: stable
ak1 , 0b: stable
a0, 0b: unstable
Line segment joining a0, k2 b and ak1 , 0b: stable
Bass wins: a0, k2 b
Not sensitive
Coexistence is likely outcome
Note that all points on the line segment joining a0, k2 b and ak1 , 0b are rest points.
6. For a fixed price, as Q increases,

dP
dt

gest smaller and, possibly, becomes negative. This observation implies that as the

quantity supplied increases, the price will not rise as fast. If Q gets high enough, then the price will decrease. Next,
consider dQ : For a fixed quantity, as P increases, dQ gets larger. Thus, as the market price increases, the quantity
dt
dt
supplied will increase at a faster rate. If P is too small,

dQ
dt

will be negative and the quantity supplied will decrease.

This observation is the traditional explanation of the effect of market price levels on the quantity supplied.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

560

(a)

Chapter 9 First-Order Differential Equations

dP
dt

0 and

Now

dP
dt

0 gives the equilibrium points aP, Qb: a0, 0b and a25.8, 775b.

dQ
dt

0 when PQ  20,000 and P 0;

dP
dt

 0 otherwise.

dQ
dt

0 when P

Q
30

and Q 0;

dQ
dt

 0 otherwise.

(b) These considerations give the following graphical analysis:

Region
I
II
III
IV

dQ
dt

dP
dt

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

The equilibrium point a0, 0b is unstable. The graphical analysis for the point a25.8, 775b is inconclusive: trajectories
near the point may be periodic, or may spiral toward or away from the point.
(c) The curve dP 0 or PQ 20000 can be thought of as the demand curve; dQ 0 or Q 30P can be viewed as the
dt
dt
supply curve.
7. (a)

dx
dt

a x c b x y aa c b ybx and

(b)

dy
dx

am c n x b y
aa c b y b x

dy
dt

m y c n x y am c n xby

dy
dt

dy dx
dx dt

dy
dx

dy
dt
dx
dt

am c n x b y
aa c b y b x

a
a
y c bdy m c ndx ' y c bdy ' m c ndx a lnlyl c b y m lnlxl c n x b C
x
x

lnlya l b ln ecb y lnlxm l b ln ecn x b ln eC lnlya ecb y l lnlxm ecn x eC l ya ecb y xm ecn x eC , let K eC
ya ecb y Kxm ecn x
a
(c) fayb ya ecb y f w ayb a yac1 ecb y c b ya ecb y yac1 ecb y aa c b yb and f w ayb 0 y 0 or y b ;
a
a
f ww b cb b

a c1 c a

a
 0 fayb has a unique max of My eab when y b . gaxb xm ecn x

g w axb m xmc1 ecn x c n xm ecn x xmc1 ecn x am c n xb and g w axb 0 x 0 or x

g ww m cn m
n
n

mc1 cm

 0 gaxb has a unique max of Mx em

n

a
(d) Consider trajectory ax, yb m , b . ya ecb y Kxm ecn x
n

lim eyb y

xmn
y a b

en x
xm

lim K

xmn
yab

My
Mx

K. Thus,

ya
eb y

when x

m
n;

m
n.

nx
ya
e m K, taking the limit of both sides
x
eb y
My xm
Mx en x represents the equation any solution

trajectory must satisfy if the trajectory approaches the rest point asymptotically.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 9.5 Systems of Equations and Phase Planes

561

a
(e) Pick initial condition y0  b . Then, from the figure at

right, fay0 b  My implies

xm
en x

My xm
Mx en x

ya
0
eb y0

 My and thus

 Mx . From the figure for gaxb, there exists a

unique x0 
y

a
b

m
n

satisfying

xm
en x

 Mx . That is, for each

there is a unique x satisfying

ya
eb y

My xm
Mx en x .

Thus,

there can exist only one trajectory solution approaching

a
m , b . (You can think of the point ax0 , y0 b as the initial
n
condition for that trajectory.)
a
(f) Likewise there exists a unique trajectory when y0 b . Again, fay0 b  My implies
xm
en x

 Mx . From the figure for gaxb, there exists a unique x0

a unique x satisfying
8. Let z y w

dy
dx

dz
dx

y
eb y

My x
Mx en x .
m

m
n

satisfying

xm
en x

My xm
Mx en x

ya
0
eb y0

 My and thus

 Mx . That is, for each y

Thus, there can exist only one trajectory solution

dy
dx

z
dz
dx

Fax, y, zb

In general, for the n order differential equation given by yanb Fx, y, yw , yww , . . ., yanc1b , let z1 y w
th

dz1
dx

there is

a
approaching m , b .
n

z w y ww , then given the differential equation y ww Fax, y, y w b, we can write it as the following

system of first order differential equations:

a
b

w
w
z1 y ww , let z2 z1 y ww ,

w
w
w
z2 y www , . . ., let znc1 znc2 y an c 1b znc1 yanb . This gives us the

dz2
dx

following system of first order differential equations:

dy
dx

z1
dz1
dx
dz2
dx

z2
z3

znc1

Fax, y, z1 , z2 , . . ., znc1 b

dzn 2
dx
dzn 1
dx

9. In the absence of foxes b 0

dx
dt

dy
dx

a x and the population of rabbits grows at a rate proportional to the number of

rabbits.
10. In the absence of rabbits d 0

dy
dt

cc y and the population of foxes decays (since the foxes have no food source)

at a rate proportional to the number of foxes.

dx
dt aa c b ybx 0
c a
d , b . For the point

a
b

or x 0;

dy
dt

acc b d xby 0 x

c
d

or y 0 equilibrium points at a0, 0b or

a0, 0b, there are no rabbits and no foxes. It is an unstable equilibrium point, if there are no foxes, but

a few rabbits are introduced, then

dx
dt

a the rabbit population will grow exponentially away from a0, 0b

12. Let xatb and yatb both be positive and suppose that they satisfy the differential equations
acc b d xby. Let Catb a ln yatb c b yatb c d xatb b c ln xatb C w atb a

y atb
yatb
w

dy
dt

dx
dt
w

aa c b ybx and

c b y atb c d x w atb b c x aattbb

x
w

11.

a
c
a
c
yatb c by w atb b xatb c dx w atb yatb c bacc b d xatbbxatb b xatb c daa c b yatbbyatb 0

Since C w atb 0 Catb constant.

13. Consider a particular trajectory and suppose that ax0 , y0 b is such that x0 

c
d

a
and y0  b , then

dx
dt

0 and

dy
dt

 0 the

rabbit population is increasing while the fox population is decreasing, points on the trajectory are moving down and to the
right; if x0

c
d

a
and y0  b , then

dx
dt

0 and

dy
dt

trajectory are moving up and to the right; if x0

0 both the rabbit and fox populations are increasing, points on the
c
d

a
and y0 b , then

dx
dt

 0 and

dy
dt

0 the rabbit population is

decreasing while the fox population is increasing, points on the trajectory are moving up and to the left; and finally if

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

562

Chapter 9 First-Order Differential Equations

x0 

c
d

a
and y0 b , then

dx
dt

 0 and

dy
dt

 0 both the rabbit and fox populations are decreasing, points on the trajectory

are moving down and to the left. Thus, points travel around the trajectory in a counterclockwise direction. Note that we
will follow the same trajectory if ax0 , y0 b starts at a different point on the trajectory.
14. There are three possible cases: If the rabbit population begins (before the wolf) and ends (after the wolf) at a value larger
c
than the equilibrium level of x d , then the trajectory moves closer to the equilibrium and the maximum value of the
foxes is smaller. If the rabbit population begins (before the wolf) and ends (after the wolf) at a value smaller than the
c
equilibrium level of x d , but greater than 0, then the trajectory moves further from the equilibrium and the maximum
value of the foxes is greater. If the rabbit population begins and ends very near the equilibrium value, then the trajectory
will stay near the equilibrium value, since it is a stable equilibrium, and the fox population will remain roughly the same.
CHAPTER 9 PRACTICE EXERCISES
2ax c 2b3/2 a3x b 4b
b
15
3/2
c2ax c 2b a3x b 4b
c C
15

1. y w xey x c 2 ecy dy xx c 2 dx cecy

cy ln
2. y w xyex
2

3/2

c2ax c 2b a3x b 4b
15

dy
y

c C y cln

C ecy

c2ax c 2b3/2 a3x b 4b

15

cC

ex x dx ln y " ex b C
#
2

3. sec x dy b x cos2 y dx 0

dy
cos2 y

x dx
c sec x tan y ccos x c x sin x b C
2x2
csc x dx

4. 2x2 dx c 3y csc x dy 0 3y dy

2y3/2 2a2 c x2 bcos x b 4x sin x b C

y3/2 a2 c x2 bcos x b 2x sin x b C1

5. y w

ey
xy

yecy dy

ay b 1becy cln kxk b C

dx
x

6. y w xexcy csc y y w

x ex
ey csc

ey
csc y dy

x ex dx

7. xax c 1bdy c y dx 0 xax c 1bdy y dx

dy
y

ey
2 asin

dx
x ax c 1 b

y c cos yb ax c 1bex b C

ln y lnax c 1b c lnaxb b C

ln y lnax c 1b c lnaxb b ln C1 ln y ln C1 axxc 1b y

dy

y 2 c1

dx
x

ln y
y

b
c

8. y w ay2 c 1baxc1 b

1
1

C1 ax c 1b
x

c
ln x b C ln y b 1 2ln x b ln C1
y 1

yc1
yb1

C1 x2

9. 2y w c y xex/2 y w c " y x ex/2 .

#
2

' "
paxb c " , vaxb e c # dx ecx/2 .
#

ecx/2 y w c " ecx/2 y ecx/2 x ex/2

#
2
y
2

10.

x
2

d cx/2
dx e

x
2

ecx/2 y

x2
4

b C y ex/2 x b C
4

b y ecx sin x y w b 2y 2ecx sin x.

paxb 2, vaxb e' 2dx e2x .

e2x y w b 2e2x y 2e2x ecx sin x 2ex sin x

d
2x
dx ae

yb 2ex sin x e2x y ex asin x c cos xb b C

y ecx asin x c cos xb b Cec2x

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 9 Practice Exercises

11. xy w b 2y 1 c xc1 y w b 2 y
x
vaxb e2'

dx
x

1
x

563

1
x2 .

e2ln x eln x x2 .

x2 y w b 2xy x c 1

d
2
dx ax yb

x c 1 x2 y

x2
2

"
#

cxbCy

1
x

C
x2

12. xy w c y 2x ln x y w c 1 y 2 ln x.
x
d 1
dx x

dx
x

2
ecln x 1 . 1 y w c 1 y 2 ln x
x
x
x
x

y 2 ln x
x

y c ln x d2 b C y xc ln x d2 b Cx

1
x

13. a1 b ex bdy b ayex b ecx bdx 0 a1 b ex by w b ex y cecx y w

'

ex dx

vaxb e 1 ex elnae b1b ex b 1.

ex
ce x
aex b 1by w b aex b 1b 1 b ex y a1 b ex b aex b 1b
b

b 1by d cecx aex b 1by ecx b C

d
aex
dx c

e xbC
1 b ex

d
x
dx ay e b

ce x
a1 b e x b .

e xbC
ex b 1

14. ecx dy b aecx y c 4xbdx 0

ex
1 b ex y

vaxb ec'

dy
dx

'
b y 4x ex paxb 1, vaxb e 1dx ex ex

b y ex 4x e2x

dy
dx
x

4x e2x y ex ' 4x e2x dx y ex 2x e2x c e2x b C y 2x ex c e b C ecx

15. ax b 3y2 b dy b y dx 0 x dy b y dx c3y2 dy

d
dx axyb

c3y2 dy xy cy3 b C
'

16. x dy b a3y c xc2 cos xb dx 0 y w b 3 y xc3 cos x. Let vayb e

x

3dx
x

e3ln x eln x x3 .

Then x3 y w b 3x2 y cos x and x3 y ' cos x dx sin x b C. So y xc3 asin x b Cb

So y w ax b 1b2 b
yax b 1b2

x
xb1.

' x 2 1 dx

Let vaxb e

2
ax b 1 b a x

b 1b2 y

x3
3

b C y ax b 1bc2 x b
3

y ax b 1bc2 x b
3
3

x2
2

x2
2

x
ax b 1 b a x

b 1b2

2
17. ax b 1b dy b 2y x y w b x b 1 y
dx

d <
dx yax

x2
2

2
b 1b2 xax b 1b yax b 1b ' xax b 1bdx

b C. We have ya0b 1 1 C. So

b 1
' 2 dx

18. x dy b 2y x2 b 1 y w b 2 y x b 1 . Let vaxb e

dx
x
x

So
19.

dy
dx

e2lnaxb1b elnaxb1b ax b 1b2 .

d
x4
2
3
2
dx ax yb x b x x y 4
2
4
1
2x2
y x b 4x2 b " x b4x2 b 1
4
#

x2
2

bCy

x2
4

C
x2

eln x x2 . So x2 y w b 2xy x3 b x
2

b " . We have ya1b 1 1

#

b 3x2 y x2 . Let vaxb e' 3x dx ex . So ex y w b 3x2 ex y x2 ex

2

We have ya0b c1 e0 ac1b 1 e0 b C c1

3

1
3

d
dx axyb

d
x3
dx e y

cos x
x .

bCb

"
#

1
C 4.

x2 ex ex y 1 ex b C.
3
3

b C C c 4 and ex y 1 ex c
3
3

20. xdy b ay c cos xbdx 0 xy w b y c cos x 0 y w b 1 y

x
So xy w b x 1 y cos x
x

1
4

4
3

1
3

c 4 ecx
3

' 1 dx
x
eln x x.

Let vaxb e

cos x xy ' cos x dx xy sin x b C. We have y 1 0 1 0 1 b C

2
2

C c1. So xy c1 b sin x y

c1 b sin x
x

e
21. xy w b ax c 2by 3x3 ecx y w b x c 2 y 3x2 ecx . Let vaxb e' x dx exc2ln x x2 . So
x
ex w
ex x c 2
d
ex
ex
y 3 dx y x2 3 y x2 3x b C. We have ya1b 0 0 3a1b b C C c3
x2 y b x2
x
ex
x2

3x c 3 y x2 ecx a3x c 3b

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

564

Chapter 9 First-Order Differential Equations

22. y dx b a3x c xy b 2bdy 0

Payb

3
y

dx
dy

3x c xy b 2
y

dx
dy

3x
y

c x c2
y

dx
dy

b 3 c 1x c 2 .
y
y

c 1 ' Paybdy 3ln y c y vayb e3ln ycy y3 ecy

y3 ecy x w b y3 ecy 3 c 1x c2y2 ecy y3 ecy x ' c2y2 ecy dy 2ecy ay2 b 2y b 2b b C
y
We have ya2b c1 c1

2a1 c 2 b 2b b Ce
2

C c4e and

y
3

2y2 b 2y b 2 b Cey
.
x
2y2 b 2y b 2 c 4ey 1
x

y3

23. To find the approximate values let yn ync1 b aync1 b cos xnc1 ba0.1b with x0 0, y0 0, and 20 steps. Use a
spreadsheet, graphing calculator, or CAS to obtain the values in the following table.
x
y
x
y
1.1
1.6241
0
0
1.2
1.8319
0.1
0.1000
1.3
2.0513
0.2
0.2095
1.4
2.2832
0.3
0.3285
1.5
2.5285
0.4
0.4568
1.6
2.7884
0.5
0.5946
1.7
3.0643
0.6
0.7418
1.8
3.3579
0.7
0.8986
1.9
3.6709
0.8
1.0649
2.0
4.0057
0.9
1.2411
1.0
1.4273
24. To find the approximate values let yn ync1 b a2 c ync1 ba2xnc1 b 3ba0.1b with x0 c3, y0 1, and 20 steps. Use a
spreadsheet, graphing calculator, or CAS to obtain the values in the following table.
x
y
x
y
c1.9 c5.3172
c3.0
1.0000
c1.8 c5.9026
c2.9
0.7000
c1.7 c6.3768
c2.8
0.3360
c1.6 c6.7119
c2.7
c0.0966
c1.5 c6.8861
c2.6
c0.5998
c1.4 c6.8861
c2.5
c1.1718
c1.3 c6.7084
c2.4
c1.8062
c1.2 c6.3601
c2.3
c2.4913
c1.1 c5.8585
c2.2
c3.2099
c1.0 c5.2298
c2.1
c3.9393
c2.0
c4.6520
2yn
1
25. To estimate ya3b, let y ync1 b xn xn c b 1 1 a0.05b with initial values x0 0, y0 1, and 60 steps. Use a spreadsheet,
1

graphing calculator, or CAS to obtain ya3b 0.8981.

1

c 2yn
xn 1

x2
n

26. To estimate ya4b, let zn ync1 b

b1

a0.05b with initial values x0 1, y0 1, and 60 steps. Use a

spreadsheet, graphing calculator, or CAS to obtain ya4b 4.4974.

27. Let yn ync1 b exn

1
yn 1

b c b c
1

adxb with starting values x0 0 and y0 2, and steps of 0.1 and c0.1. Use a spreadsheet,

programmable calculator, or CAS to generate the following graphs.

(a)

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 9 Practice Exercises

565

(b) Note that we choose a small interval of x-values because the y-values decrease very rapidly and our calculator cannot
handle the calculations for x c1. (This occurs because the analytic solution is y c2 b lna2 c ecx b, which has an
asymptote at x cln 2 0.69. Obviously, the Euler approximations are misleading for x c0.7.)

x2

by

28. Let yn ync1 c eynn 11 b xnn 11 adxb with starting values x0 0 and y0 0, and steps of 0.1 and c0.1. Use a spreadsheet,
c
c

c
c

programmable calculator, or CAS to generate the following graphs.

(a)
(b)

29.

x
y
dy
dx

1
1.2
1.4
1.6
c1 c0.8 c0.56 c0.28

x dy x dx y

c1

"
#

ya2b

30.

x
y
dy
dx

bCC
22
2

3
2

"
#

c3
2

x2
2

1.8
0.04

2.0
0.4

b C; x 1 and y c1

yaexactb

x2
2

3
2

is the exact value.

1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
c1 c0.8 c0.6333 c0.4904 c0.3654 c0.2544
1
x

1
dy x dx y lnkxk b C; x 1 and y c1

c1 ln 1 b C C c1 yaexactb lnkxk c 1
ya2b ln 2 c 1 c0.3069 is the exact value.

31.

x
y
dy
dx

1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
c1 c1.2 c0.488 c1.9046 c2.5141 c3.4192

xy

ye

dy
y

x2
2 bC

x dx lnkyk
x2
2

x2
2

bC

x2
2

e eC C1 e ; x 1 and y c1
x2

c1 C1 e1/2 C1 ce1/2 yaexactb ce1/2 e 2

cex c1/2 ya2b ce3/2 c4.4817 is the
exact value.
2

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

566

Chapter 9 First-Order Differential Equations

32.

x
y

1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
c1 c1.2 c1.3667 c1.5130 c1.6452 c1.7688

dy
y2
1
dx y y dy dx 2 x
"
"
2
# 1 b C C c# y

b C; x 1 and y c1

2x c 1
2x c 1 ya2b c3 c1.7321 is the
yaexactb
exact value.

33.

dy
dx

y2 c 1 y w ay b 1bay c 1b. We have y w 0 ay b 1b 0, ay c 1b 0 y c1, 1.

(a) Equilibrium points are c1 (stable) and 1 (unstable)

(b) y w y2 c 1 y ww 2yy w y ww 2yay2 c 1b 2yay b 1bay c 1b. So y ww 0 y 0, y c1, y 1.

(c)

34.

dy
dx

y c y2 y w ya1 c yb. We have y w 0 ya1 c yb 0 y 0, 1 c y 0 y 0, 1.

(a) The equilibrium points are 0 and 1. So, 0 is unstable and 1 is stable.
(b) Let increasing, decreasing.
yw  !
yw !
yw  !
qqqqqqqqqqqqpy
0
1
y w y c y2 y ww y w c 2yy w y ww ay c y2 b c 2yay c y2 b y c y2 c 2y2 b 2y3 y ww 2y3 c 3y2 b y
ya2y2 c 3y b 1b y ww ya2y c 1bay c 1b. So, y ww 0 y 0, 2y c 1 0, y c 1 0 y 0, y " ,
#
y 1.
Let concave up, concave down.
y ww  !
y ww !
y ww  !
y ww !
qqqqqqqqqqqqqqpy
0
1
1/2

(c)

35. (a) Force Mass times Acceleration (Newton's Second Law) or F ma. Let a

dv
dt

dv
ds

ds
dt

v dv . Then
ds

ma cmgR2 sc2 a cgR2 sc2 v dv cgR2 sc2 v dv cgR2 sc2 ds ' v dv ' cgR2 sc2 ds
ds

v2
2

gR2
s b C1
2
v0 c 2gR

v2
v
2

2gR2
s
2gR2
s

b 2C1
b

v2
0

2gR2
s

b C. When t 0, v v0 and s R v2
0

c 2gR

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

2gR2
R

bC

Chapter 9 Additional and Advanced Exercises

(b) If v0 2gR, then v2

2gR2
s

v 2gR , since v 0 if v0 2gR. Then

s

ds
dt

2gR2
s

567

s ds 2gR2 dt

' s1/2 ds ' 2gR2 dt 2 s3/2 2gR2 t b C1 s3/2 3 2gR2 t b C; t 0 and s R

3
2
R3/2 3 2gR2 a0b b C C R3/2 s3/2 3 2gR2 t b R3/2 3 R2gt b R3/2
2
2
2
3
R3/2 < 3 Rc1/2 2gt b 1 R3/2
2

36.

v0 m
k

a0.86ba30.84b
k
c0.8866t

coasting distance

satb 0.97a1 c e

2gR
2R t

2/3
b 1 R3/2 < 3v0 t b 1 s R< 1 b 3v0 t
2R
2R

0.97 k 27.343. satb

v0 m
k 1

c ecak/mbt satb 0.971 c eca27.343/30.84bt

b. A graph of the model is shown superimposed on a graph of the data.

CHAPTER 9 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES

1. (a)

dy
dt

k A ac c yb dy ck A ay c cbdt
V
V

dy
ycc

ck A dt '
V

dy
ycc

c' k A dt lnky c ck ck A t b C1
V
V

y c c eC1 eck V t . Apply the initial condition, ya0b y0 y0 c b C C y0 c c

A

y c b ay0 c cbeck V t .
A
(b) Steady state solution: y_ lim yatb lim < c b ay0 c cbeck V t c b ay0 c cba0b c
A

t_

2.

t_

damvb
damvb
dm
dm
dv
dm
dm
dm
dv
dm
dt F b av b ub dt F dt c av b ub dt F m dt b v dt c v dt c u dt F m dt c u dt .
dm
dt cb m ckbkt b C. At t 0, m m0 , so C m0 and m m0 c kbkt.
kb
c
Thus, F am0 c kbktb dv c ukbk cam0 c kbktbkgk dv cg b m0uc kkbkt v cgt c u ln m0 m0kbkt b C1
dt
dt
c
v 0 at t 0 C1 0. So v cgt c u ln m0 m0kbkt

t 0 y c " gt2 b c t b
#

m0 c kbkt
m0 c kbkt
kbk ln m0

dy
dt

y ' cgt c u ln

m0 c kbkt
m0

dt and u c, y 0 at

'
3. (a) Let y be any function such that vaxby ' vaxbQaxb dx b C, vaxb e Paxb dx . Then
' Paxb dx
'
d
w
w
v w axb e Paxb dx Paxb vaxbPaxb.
dx avaxb yb vaxb y b y v axb vaxbQaxb. We have vaxb e

Thus vaxb y w b y vaxb Paxb vaxbQaxb y w b y Paxb Qaxb the given y is a solution.

(b) If v and Q are continuous on c a, b d and x aa, bb, then

d
dx

'xx vatbQatb dt vaxbQaxb

0

' vatbQatb dt ' vaxbQaxb dx. So C y0 vax0 b c ' vaxbQaxb dx. From part (a), vaxby ' vaxbQaxb dx b C.
x
Substituting for C: vaxby ' vaxbQaxb dx b y0 vax0 b c ' vaxbQaxb dx vaxby y0 vax0 b when x x0 .
x
0

4. (a) y w b Paxby 0, yax0 b 0. Use vaxb e' Paxb dx as an integrating factor. Then
c' Paxb dx

y Ce
C3 ec
(b)

' Paxb dx

d
y axb
dx avaxbc 1

c' Paxb dx

and y1 C1 e

c' Paxb dx

, y2 C# e

d
dx avaxbyb

0 vaxby C

, y1 ax0 b y2 ax0 b 0, y1 c y2 aC1 c C2 bec' Paxb dx

and y1 c y2 0 c 0 0. So y1 c y2 is a solution to y w b Paxby 0 with yax0 b 0.

c y2 axb db

' Paxb dx < c' Paxb dx

d
e
aC1
dx e

c C2 b

d
dx aC1

c C2 b

d
dx aC3 b

!.

d
' dx avaxbc y1 axb c y2 axb dbdx avaxbc y1 axb c y2 axb db ' ! dx C

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

568

Chapter 9 First-Order Differential Equations

'

'

(c) y1 C1 ec Paxb dx , y2 C# ec Paxb dx , y y1 c y2 . So yax0 b 0 C1 ec

C1 c C2 0 C1 C2 y1 axb y2 axb for a  x  b.
5. ax2 b y2 bdx b x y dy 0

dx
x

dv
v c c 1 c v
v

dy
dx

0'

c x 2 b y 2
xy

b'

dx
x

x
cy c

y
x

c y1x c

y
x

' Paxb dx

c C# ec

1
F y Favb c v c v
x

1
C lnlxl b 4 lnl2v2 b1l C 4lnlxl b

v dv
2v2 b1

' Paxb dx

2
lnl2 y
x

dx
x

dv
v c Favb

b1l C

lnlx4 l b ln 2y xb x C lnx2 a2y2 b x2 b C x2 a2y2 b x2 b eC x2 a2y2 b x2 b C

2
2

6. x2 dy b ay2 c x ybdx 0
dx
x

b'

dv
v2

C lnlxl c

7. x eyx b ydx c x dy 0
'

dx
x

c'

dv
ev

dx
x

b'

x ey x b y
x

c y b
x
1
yx

eyx b

y
x

F y Favb cv2 b v
x

C lnlxl c
y
x

F y Favb ev b v
x

a1 b vbdv
v2 b 1

cax c y b
xby

dy
dx

0'

dx
x

b'

dv
v2 b 1

y
x c1
y
1b x

b'

F y Favb
x

v dv
v2 b 1

'

b cos y c x
x

dx
x

y
x

dx
x

vc1
1bv

b x2
x2

b cos y c 1 F y Favb v b cosav c 1b

x
x

dx
x

dv
v c ae v b v b

dx
x

dv
v c v
1

1
v

C 2 tanc1 y b lny2 b x2 C
x
dx
x

dv
v c av b cosav c 1bb

c ' secav c 1b dv 0 lnlxl c lnlsecav c 1b b tanav c 1bl C lnlxl c lnsec y c 1 b tan y c 1 C

x
x

10. x sin y c y cos y dx b x cos y dy 0

x
x
x

1
0 lnlxl b tanc1 v b 2 lnlv2 b1l C

y
x

dv
v c acv2 b vb

x
y

2 lnlxl b 2 tanc1 v b ln y b1 C lnlx2 l b 2 tanc1 y b ln y

x
x
9. y w

dx
x

C lnlxl b ecv C lnlxl b ecyx C

8. ax b ybdy b ax c ybdx 0
'

dy
dx

C lnlxl c

1
v

dy
dx

b
c

'

cy 2 c x y
x2

dy
dx

dv
v c av c tan vb

0'

dx
x

dy
dx

y
y
cx sin x c y cos x
y
x cos x

y
x

c tan y F y Favb v c tan v

x
x

b ' cot v dv 0 lnlxl b lnlsin vl C lnlxl b lnsin y C

x

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