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dP
dt
10.
dP
dt Pa1 c 2Pb has an unstable equilibrium
d2 P
dP
dt2 a1 c 4Pb dt Pa1 c 4Pba1 c 2Pb
11.
dP
dt 2PaP c 3b has a
d2 P
dP
dt2 2a2P c 3b dt
d2 P
dt2
c2 dP c2a1 c 2Pb
dt
553
554
12.
3Pa1 c PbP c " has a stable equilibria at P 0 and P 1 an unstable equilibrium at P " .
#
#
3
c # a6P2 c 6P+1b dP 3 PP c
dt
#
3 c 3
P
6
c " P c
#
3 b 3
aP
6
c 1b
13.
Before the catastrophe, the population exhibits logistic growth and Patb M0 , the stable equilibrium. After the
catastrophe, the population declines logistically and Patb M1 , the new stable equilibrium.
14.
dP
dt
The model has 3 equilibrium points. The rest point P 0, P M are asymptotically stable while P m is unstable. For
initial populations greater than m, the model predicts P approaches M for large t. For initial populations less than m, the
model predicts extinction. Points of inflection occur at P a and P b where a " < M b m c M2 c mM b m2 and
3
b " < M b m b M2 c mM b m2 .
3
(a) The model is reasonable in the sense that if P m, then P 0 as t _; if m P M, then P M as t _; if
P M, then P M as t _.
(b) It is different if the population falls below m, for then P 0 as t _ (extinction). If is probably a more realistic
model for that reason because we know some populations have become extinct after the population level became too
low.
dP
dt
555
P M is a solution to the differential equation. Since the equation satisfies the existence and uniqueness conditions,
solution trajectories cannot cross. Thus, P M as t _.
(d) See the initial discussion above.
(e) See the initial discussion above.
15.
dv
dt
gc
k 2
mv ,
Equilibrium:
Concavity:
g, k, m 0 and vatb 0
dv
dt
d2 v
dt2
gc
k 2
mv
0 v mg
k
k
k
c2 m v dv c2 m vg c
dt
k 2
mv
(a)
(b)
160
(c) vterminal 0.005 178.9
ft
s
122 mph
16. F Fp c Fr
ma mg c kv
dv
k
v, va0b v0
dt g c m
Thus,
dv
dt
0 implies v mg , the terminal velocity. If v0 mg , the object will fall faster and faster, approaching the
k
k
2
terminal velocity; if v0 mg , the object will slow down to the terminal velocity.
k
17. F Fp c Fr
ma 50 c 5kvk
dv
1
dt m a50 c 5kvkb
The maximum velocity occurs when
dv
dt
0 or v 10
ft
sec .
18. (a) The model seems reasonable because the rate of spread of a piece of information, an innovation, or a cultural fad is
proportional to the product of the number of individuals who have it (X) and those who do not (N c X). When X is
small, there are only a few individuals to spread the item so the rate of spread is slow. On the other hand, when
(N c X) is small the rate of spread will be slow because there are only a few indiciduals who can receive it during the
interval of time. The rate of spread will be fastest when both X and (N c X) are large because then there are a lot of
individuals to spread the item and a lot of individuals to receive it.
(b) There is a stable equilibrium at X N and an unstable equilibrium at X 0.
d2 X
dt2
N
2,
and X N.
556
(c)
V c R i R V c i, V, L, R 0
L
L
L R
R V c i 0 i V
L R
R
di
dt
d2 i
dt2
Equilibrium:
N
2.
di
dt
2
c R di c R V c i
L dt
L
R
Phase Line:
If the switch is closed at t 0, then ia0b 0, and the graph of the solution looks like this:
As t _, it isteady state
V
R.
(In the steady state condition, the self-inductance acts like a simple wire connector and, as
a result, the current throught the resistor can be calculated using the familiar version of Ohm's Law.)
20. (a) Free body diagram of the pearl:
(b) Use Newton's Second Law, summing forces in the direction of the acceleration:
c
k
mg c Pg c kv ma dv m m P g c m v.
dt
(c) Equilibrium:
vterminal
Concavity:
dv
dt
k amcPbg
m
k
c v 0
am c Pbg
k
d2 v
dt2
k
k
c m dv c m am c Pbg c v
dt
k
2
557
(d)
am c Pbg
.
k
dr
dt
dr
dt
dr
dt
dx
dt
dy
dt
cr sin )
r cos )
d)
dt
d)
dt
b cos )
dr
dt
b sin2 )
dr
dt
cos )ar sin ) b r cos ) c r3 cos )b b sin )acr cos ) b r sin ) c r3 sin )b
Solve for
d)
dt
r sin ) d) b r cos2 ) d) csin )ar sin ) b r cos ) c r3 cos )b b cos )acr cos ) b r sin ) c r3 sin )b
dt
dt
r d) cr sin2 ) c r sin ) cos ) b r3 sin ) cos ) c r cos2 ) b r sin ) cos ) c r3 sin ) cos ) cr d) c1
dt
dt
2
dr
2
2
If r 1 (that is, the trajectory starts on the circle x b y 1), then dt a1b1 c a1b 0, thus the trajectory
r1
2
remains on the circle, and rotates around the circle in a clockwise direction, since
d)
dt
at any point ax, yb on the trajectory, ax, yb ar cos ), r sin )b a1 cos ), 1 sin )b acos ), sin )b both x and y are
periodic.
3. This model assumes that the number of interactions is porportional to the product of x and y:
dy
y
dx
m
dt aa c b ybx, a 0, dt m 1 c M y c n x y y m c M y c n x
To find the equilibrium points:
dx
dt 0 aa c b ybx 0 x 0 or y
a
b
a
b
0);
c Mn x
m
b M;
(remember
dy
dt
0 y m c
m
M
y c n x y 0 or y
558
4. The coefficients a, b, m, and n need to be determined by sampling or by analyzing historical data. Then, more specific
graphical predictions can be made. These predictions would then have to be compared to actual population growth
patterns. If the predictions match actual results, we have partially validated our model. If necessary, more tests could be
run. However, it should be remembered that the primary purpose of a graphical analysis is to analyze the behavior
qualitatively. With reference to Figure 9.29, attempt to maintain the fish populations in Region B through stocking and
regulation (open and closed seasons). For example, should Regions A or D be entered, restocking the appropriate species
can cause a return to Region B.
5. (a) Logistic growth occurs in the absence of the competitor, and simple interaction of the species: growth dominates the
competition when either population is small so it is difficult to drive either species to extinction.
(b) a per capita growth rate for trout
m per capita growth rate for bass
b intensity of competition to the trout
n intensity of competition to the bass
k1 environmental carrying capacity for the trout
k2 environmental carrying capacity for the bass
(c)
dx
dt
0 a1 c
a
b
dy
a
b k1 x; dt
m1 c
y
k2
Case I:
a
b
x
k1 x
c b x y a1 c
0 m1 c
y
k 2 y
x
k1
c n x y m1 c
c n x 0 y 0 or y k2 c
k2 and
By picking
a
b
m
n
c b yx 0 x 0 or a1 c
n k2
m x.
y
k2
x
k1
c b y 0 x 0 or
c n xy 0 y 0 or
k1 .
k2 and
m
n
k c
Graphical analysis implies four equilibrium points exist: a0, 0b, ak1 , 0b, a0, k2 b, and a mm1c bbnm1kk12k2 ,
a
k
a m k2 c a n k1 k2
a m c b n k1 k2
(the point of intersection of the two boundaries in the first quadrant). All of these equilibrium points are unstable
except for the point of intersection. The possibility of coexistence is predicted by this model.
k2 and
a
b
m
n
559
k1 .
a0, k2 b: unstable
ak1 , 0b: stable
a0, 0b: unstable
Trout wins: ak1 , 0b
Not sensitive
No coexistence
Case III:
a
b
k2 and
m
n
k1 .
a0, k2 b: stable
ak1 , 0b: unstable
a0, 0b: unstable
Bass wins: a0, k2 b
Not sensitive
No coexistence
Case IV:
a
b
k2 and
m
n
k1 .
a0, k2 b: stable
ak1 , 0b: stable
a0, 0b: unstable
k c
a mm1c bbnm1kk12k2 ,
a
k
a m k2 c a n k1 k2
a m c b n k 1 k 2 :
unstable
a
b
k2 and
m
n
k1 then graphical analysis implies four equilibrium poins exist: a0, k2 b, ak1 , 0b,
k c
mk
k1 k
a0, 0b, and a mm1c bbnm1kk12k2 , a a m 2 c a n 1 k2 2 (the
a
k
cbnk
k
a
Case V: b k2 and b a 1 nm2 (lines coincide).
k
a0, k2 b: stable
ak1 , 0b: stable
a0, 0b: unstable
Line segment joining a0, k2 b and ak1 , 0b: stable
Bass wins: a0, k2 b
Not sensitive
Coexistence is likely outcome
Note that all points on the line segment joining a0, k2 b and ak1 , 0b are rest points.
6. For a fixed price, as Q increases,
dP
dt
gest smaller and, possibly, becomes negative. This observation implies that as the
quantity supplied increases, the price will not rise as fast. If Q gets high enough, then the price will decrease. Next,
consider dQ : For a fixed quantity, as P increases, dQ gets larger. Thus, as the market price increases, the quantity
dt
dt
supplied will increase at a faster rate. If P is too small,
dQ
dt
This observation is the traditional explanation of the effect of market price levels on the quantity supplied.
560
(a)
dP
dt
0 and
Now
dP
dt
0 gives the equilibrium points aP, Qb: a0, 0b and a25.8, 775b.
dQ
dt
dP
dt
0 otherwise.
dQ
dt
0 when P
Q
30
and Q 0;
dQ
dt
0 otherwise.
dQ
dt
dP
dt
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The equilibrium point a0, 0b is unstable. The graphical analysis for the point a25.8, 775b is inconclusive: trajectories
near the point may be periodic, or may spiral toward or away from the point.
(c) The curve dP 0 or PQ 20000 can be thought of as the demand curve; dQ 0 or Q 30P can be viewed as the
dt
dt
supply curve.
7. (a)
dx
dt
a x c b x y aa c b ybx and
(b)
dy
dx
am c n x b y
aa c b y b x
dy
dt
m y c n x y am c n xby
dy
dt
dy dx
dx dt
dy
dx
dy
dt
dx
dt
am c n x b y
aa c b y b x
a
a
y c bdy m c ndx ' y c bdy ' m c ndx a lnlyl c b y m lnlxl c n x b C
x
x
lnlya l b ln ecb y lnlxm l b ln ecn x b ln eC lnlya ecb y l lnlxm ecn x eC l ya ecb y xm ecn x eC , let K eC
ya ecb y Kxm ecn x
a
(c) fayb ya ecb y f w ayb a yac1 ecb y c b ya ecb y yac1 ecb y aa c b yb and f w ayb 0 y 0 or y b ;
a
a
f ww b cb b
a c1 c a
a
0 fayb has a unique max of My eab when y b . gaxb xm ecn x
mc1 cm
a
(d) Consider trajectory ax, yb m , b . ya ecb y Kxm ecn x
n
lim eyb y
xmn
y a b
en x
xm
lim K
xmn
yab
My
Mx
K. Thus,
ya
eb y
when x
m
n;
m
n.
nx
ya
e m K, taking the limit of both sides
x
eb y
My xm
Mx en x represents the equation any solution
trajectory must satisfy if the trajectory approaches the rest point asymptotically.
561
a
(e) Pick initial condition y0 b . Then, from the figure at
My xm
Mx en x
ya
0
eb y0
My and thus
unique x0
y
a
b
m
n
satisfying
xm
en x
ya
eb y
My xm
Mx en x .
Thus,
a unique x satisfying
8. Let z y w
dy
dx
dz
dx
y
eb y
My x
Mx en x .
m
m
n
satisfying
xm
en x
My xm
Mx en x
ya
0
eb y0
My and thus
dy
dx
z
dz
dx
Fax, y, zb
In general, for the n order differential equation given by yanb Fx, y, yw , yww , . . ., yanc1b , let z1 y w
th
dz1
dx
there is
a
approaching m , b .
n
z w y ww , then given the differential equation y ww Fax, y, y w b, we can write it as the following
a
b
w
w
z1 y ww , let z2 z1 y ww ,
w
w
w
z2 y www , . . ., let znc1 znc2 y an c 1b znc1 yanb . This gives us the
dz2
dx
dy
dx
z1
dz1
dx
dz2
dx
z2
z3
znc1
Fax, y, z1 , z2 , . . ., znc1 b
dzn 2
dx
dzn 1
dx
dx
dt
dy
dx
rabbits.
10. In the absence of rabbits d 0
dy
dt
cc y and the population of foxes decays (since the foxes have no food source)
a
b
or x 0;
dy
dt
acc b d xby 0 x
c
d
a0, 0b, there are no rabbits and no foxes. It is an unstable equilibrium point, if there are no foxes, but
dx
dt
12. Let xatb and yatb both be positive and suppose that they satisfy the differential equations
acc b d xby. Let Catb a ln yatb c b yatb c d xatb b c ln xatb C w atb a
y atb
yatb
w
dy
dt
dx
dt
w
aa c b ybx and
11.
a
c
a
c
yatb c by w atb b xatb c dx w atb yatb c bacc b d xatbbxatb b xatb c daa c b yatbbyatb 0
c
d
a
and y0 b , then
dx
dt
0 and
dy
dt
0 the
rabbit population is increasing while the fox population is decreasing, points on the trajectory are moving down and to the
right; if x0
c
d
a
and y0 b , then
dx
dt
0 and
dy
dt
0 both the rabbit and fox populations are increasing, points on the
c
d
a
and y0 b , then
dx
dt
0 and
dy
dt
decreasing while the fox population is increasing, points on the trajectory are moving up and to the left; and finally if
562
x0
c
d
a
and y0 b , then
dx
dt
0 and
dy
dt
0 both the rabbit and fox populations are decreasing, points on the trajectory
are moving down and to the left. Thus, points travel around the trajectory in a counterclockwise direction. Note that we
will follow the same trajectory if ax0 , y0 b starts at a different point on the trajectory.
14. There are three possible cases: If the rabbit population begins (before the wolf) and ends (after the wolf) at a value larger
c
than the equilibrium level of x d , then the trajectory moves closer to the equilibrium and the maximum value of the
foxes is smaller. If the rabbit population begins (before the wolf) and ends (after the wolf) at a value smaller than the
c
equilibrium level of x d , but greater than 0, then the trajectory moves further from the equilibrium and the maximum
value of the foxes is greater. If the rabbit population begins and ends very near the equilibrium value, then the trajectory
will stay near the equilibrium value, since it is a stable equilibrium, and the fox population will remain roughly the same.
CHAPTER 9 PRACTICE EXERCISES
2ax c 2b3/2 a3x b 4b
b
15
3/2
c2ax c 2b a3x b 4b
c C
15
3/2
c2ax c 2b a3x b 4b
15
dy
y
c C y cln
C ecy
cC
ex x dx ln y " ex b C
#
2
3. sec x dy b x cos2 y dx 0
dy
cos2 y
x dx
c sec x tan y ccos x c x sin x b C
2x2
csc x dx
4. 2x2 dx c 3y csc x dy 0 3y dy
ey
xy
yecy dy
dx
x
6. y w xexcy csc y y w
x ex
ey csc
ey
csc y dy
x ex dx
dy
y
ey
2 asin
dx
x ax c 1 b
y c cos yb ax c 1bex b C
ln y lnax c 1b c lnaxb b C
dy
y 2 c1
dx
x
ln y
y
b
c
8. y w ay2 c 1baxc1 b
1
1
C1 ax c 1b
x
c
ln x b C ln y b 1 2ln x b ln C1
y 1
yc1
yb1
C1 x2
' "
paxb c " , vaxb e c # dx ecx/2 .
#
10.
x
2
d cx/2
dx e
x
2
ecx/2 y
x2
4
b C y ex/2 x b C
4
d
2x
dx ae
dx
x
1
x
563
1
x2 .
e2ln x eln x x2 .
x2 y w b 2xy x c 1
d
2
dx ax yb
x c 1 x2 y
x2
2
"
#
cxbCy
1
x
C
x2
12. xy w c y 2x ln x y w c 1 y 2 ln x.
x
d 1
dx x
dx
x
2
ecln x 1 . 1 y w c 1 y 2 ln x
x
x
x
x
y 2 ln x
x
y c ln x d2 b C y xc ln x d2 b Cx
1
x
ex dx
d
aex
dx c
e xbC
1 b ex
d
x
dx ay e b
ce x
a1 b e x b .
e xbC
ex b 1
ex
1 b ex y
vaxb ec'
dy
dx
'
b y 4x ex paxb 1, vaxb e 1dx ex ex
b y ex 4x e2x
dy
dx
x
d
dx axyb
c3y2 dy xy cy3 b C
'
3dx
x
e3ln x eln x x3 .
So y w ax b 1b2 b
yax b 1b2
x
xb1.
' x 2 1 dx
Let vaxb e
2
ax b 1 b a x
b 1b2 y
x3
3
b C y ax b 1bc2 x b
3
y ax b 1bc2 x b
3
3
x2
2
x2
2
x
ax b 1 b a x
b 1b2
2
17. ax b 1b dy b 2y x y w b x b 1 y
dx
d <
dx yax
x2
2
2
b 1b2 xax b 1b yax b 1b ' xax b 1bdx
b C. We have ya0b 1 1 C. So
b 1
' 2 dx
So
19.
dy
dx
d
x4
2
3
2
dx ax yb x b x x y 4
2
4
1
2x2
y x b 4x2 b " x b4x2 b 1
4
#
x2
2
bCy
x2
4
C
x2
eln x x2 . So x2 y w b 2xy x3 b x
2
1
3
d
dx axyb
d
x3
dx e y
cos x
x .
bCb
"
#
1
C 4.
x2 ex ex y 1 ex b C.
3
3
b C C c 4 and ex y 1 ex c
3
3
1
4
4
3
1
3
c 4 ecx
3
' 1 dx
x
eln x x.
Let vaxb e
C c1. So xy c1 b sin x y
c1 b sin x
x
e
21. xy w b ax c 2by 3x3 ecx y w b x c 2 y 3x2 ecx . Let vaxb e' x dx exc2ln x x2 . So
x
ex w
ex x c 2
d
ex
ex
y 3 dx y x2 3 y x2 3x b C. We have ya1b 0 0 3a1b b C C c3
x2 y b x2
x
ex
x2
3x c 3 y x2 ecx a3x c 3b
564
3
y
dx
dy
3x c xy b 2
y
dx
dy
3x
y
c x c2
y
dx
dy
b 3 c 1x c 2 .
y
y
y3 ecy x w b y3 ecy 3 c 1x c2y2 ecy y3 ecy x ' c2y2 ecy dy 2ecy ay2 b 2y b 2b b C
y
We have ya2b c1 c1
2a1 c 2 b 2b b Ce
2
C c4e and
y
3
2y2 b 2y b 2 b Cey
.
x
2y2 b 2y b 2 c 4ey 1
x
y3
23. To find the approximate values let yn ync1 b aync1 b cos xnc1 ba0.1b with x0 0, y0 0, and 20 steps. Use a
spreadsheet, graphing calculator, or CAS to obtain the values in the following table.
x
y
x
y
1.1
1.6241
0
0
1.2
1.8319
0.1
0.1000
1.3
2.0513
0.2
0.2095
1.4
2.2832
0.3
0.3285
1.5
2.5285
0.4
0.4568
1.6
2.7884
0.5
0.5946
1.7
3.0643
0.6
0.7418
1.8
3.3579
0.7
0.8986
1.9
3.6709
0.8
1.0649
2.0
4.0057
0.9
1.2411
1.0
1.4273
24. To find the approximate values let yn ync1 b a2 c ync1 ba2xnc1 b 3ba0.1b with x0 c3, y0 1, and 20 steps. Use a
spreadsheet, graphing calculator, or CAS to obtain the values in the following table.
x
y
x
y
c1.9 c5.3172
c3.0
1.0000
c1.8 c5.9026
c2.9
0.7000
c1.7 c6.3768
c2.8
0.3360
c1.6 c6.7119
c2.7
c0.0966
c1.5 c6.8861
c2.6
c0.5998
c1.4 c6.8861
c2.5
c1.1718
c1.3 c6.7084
c2.4
c1.8062
c1.2 c6.3601
c2.3
c2.4913
c1.1 c5.8585
c2.2
c3.2099
c1.0 c5.2298
c2.1
c3.9393
c2.0
c4.6520
2yn
1
25. To estimate ya3b, let y ync1 b xn xn c b 1 1 a0.05b with initial values x0 0, y0 1, and 60 steps. Use a spreadsheet,
1
c 2yn
xn 1
x2
n
b1
1
yn 1
b c b c
1
adxb with starting values x0 0 and y0 2, and steps of 0.1 and c0.1. Use a spreadsheet,
565
(b) Note that we choose a small interval of x-values because the y-values decrease very rapidly and our calculator cannot
handle the calculations for x c1. (This occurs because the analytic solution is y c2 b lna2 c ecx b, which has an
asymptote at x cln 2 0.69. Obviously, the Euler approximations are misleading for x c0.7.)
x2
by
28. Let yn ync1 c eynn 11 b xnn 11 adxb with starting values x0 0 and y0 0, and steps of 0.1 and c0.1. Use a spreadsheet,
c
c
c
c
29.
x
y
dy
dx
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
c1 c0.8 c0.56 c0.28
x dy x dx y
c1
"
#
ya2b
30.
x
y
dy
dx
bCC
22
2
3
2
"
#
c3
2
x2
2
1.8
0.04
2.0
0.4
b C; x 1 and y c1
yaexactb
x2
2
3
2
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
c1 c0.8 c0.6333 c0.4904 c0.3654 c0.2544
1
x
1
dy x dx y lnkxk b C; x 1 and y c1
c1 ln 1 b C C c1 yaexactb lnkxk c 1
ya2b ln 2 c 1 c0.3069 is the exact value.
31.
x
y
dy
dx
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
c1 c1.2 c0.488 c1.9046 c2.5141 c3.4192
xy
ye
dy
y
x2
2 bC
x dx lnkyk
x2
2
x2
2
bC
x2
2
e eC C1 e ; x 1 and y c1
x2
566
32.
x
y
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
c1 c1.2 c1.3667 c1.5130 c1.6452 c1.7688
dy
y2
1
dx y y dy dx 2 x
"
"
2
# 1 b C C c# y
b C; x 1 and y c1
2x c 1
2x c 1 ya2b c3 c1.7321 is the
yaexactb
exact value.
33.
dy
dx
(c)
34.
dy
dx
(a) The equilibrium points are 0 and 1. So, 0 is unstable and 1 is stable.
(b) Let increasing, decreasing.
yw !
yw !
yw !
qqqqqqqqqqqqpy
0
1
y w y c y2 y ww y w c 2yy w y ww ay c y2 b c 2yay c y2 b y c y2 c 2y2 b 2y3 y ww 2y3 c 3y2 b y
ya2y2 c 3y b 1b y ww ya2y c 1bay c 1b. So, y ww 0 y 0, 2y c 1 0, y c 1 0 y 0, y " ,
#
y 1.
Let concave up, concave down.
y ww !
y ww !
y ww !
y ww !
qqqqqqqqqqqqqqpy
0
1
1/2
(c)
35. (a) Force Mass times Acceleration (Newton's Second Law) or F ma. Let a
dv
dt
dv
ds
ds
dt
v dv . Then
ds
ma cmgR2 sc2 a cgR2 sc2 v dv cgR2 sc2 v dv cgR2 sc2 ds ' v dv ' cgR2 sc2 ds
ds
v2
2
gR2
s b C1
2
v0 c 2gR
v2
v
2
2gR2
s
2gR2
s
b 2C1
b
v2
0
2gR2
s
b C. When t 0, v v0 and s R v2
0
c 2gR
2gR2
R
bC
2gR2
s
ds
dt
2gR2
s
567
s ds 2gR2 dt
36.
v0 m
k
a0.86ba30.84b
k
c0.8866t
coasting distance
satb 0.97a1 c e
2gR
2R t
2/3
b 1 R3/2 < 3v0 t b 1 s R< 1 b 3v0 t
2R
2R
v0 m
k 1
dy
dt
k A ac c yb dy ck A ay c cbdt
V
V
dy
ycc
ck A dt '
V
dy
ycc
c' k A dt lnky c ck ck A t b C1
V
V
y c b ay0 c cbeck V t .
A
(b) Steady state solution: y_ lim yatb lim < c b ay0 c cbeck V t c b ay0 c cba0b c
A
t_
2.
t_
damvb
damvb
dm
dm
dv
dm
dm
dm
dv
dm
dt F b av b ub dt F dt c av b ub dt F m dt b v dt c v dt c u dt F m dt c u dt .
dm
dt cb m ckbkt b C. At t 0, m m0 , so C m0 and m m0 c kbkt.
kb
c
Thus, F am0 c kbktb dv c ukbk cam0 c kbktbkgk dv cg b m0uc kkbkt v cgt c u ln m0 m0kbkt b C1
dt
dt
c
v 0 at t 0 C1 0. So v cgt c u ln m0 m0kbkt
t 0 y c " gt2 b c t b
#
m0 c kbkt
m0 c kbkt
kbk ln m0
dy
dt
y ' cgt c u ln
m0 c kbkt
m0
dt and u c, y 0 at
'
3. (a) Let y be any function such that vaxby ' vaxbQaxb dx b C, vaxb e Paxb dx . Then
' Paxb dx
'
d
w
w
v w axb e Paxb dx Paxb vaxbPaxb.
dx avaxb yb vaxb y b y v axb vaxbQaxb. We have vaxb e
Thus vaxb y w b y vaxb Paxb vaxbQaxb y w b y Paxb Qaxb the given y is a solution.
d
dx
' vatbQatb dt ' vaxbQaxb dx. So C y0 vax0 b c ' vaxbQaxb dx. From part (a), vaxby ' vaxbQaxb dx b C.
x
Substituting for C: vaxby ' vaxbQaxb dx b y0 vax0 b c ' vaxbQaxb dx vaxby y0 vax0 b when x x0 .
x
0
4. (a) y w b Paxby 0, yax0 b 0. Use vaxb e' Paxb dx as an integrating factor. Then
c' Paxb dx
y Ce
C3 ec
(b)
' Paxb dx
d
y axb
dx avaxbc 1
c' Paxb dx
and y1 C1 e
c' Paxb dx
, y2 C# e
d
dx avaxbyb
0 vaxby C
c y2 axb db
c C2 b
d
dx aC1
c C2 b
d
dx aC3 b
!.
d
' dx avaxbc y1 axb c y2 axb dbdx avaxbc y1 axb c y2 axb db ' ! dx C
568
'
dx
x
dv
v c c 1 c v
v
dy
dx
0'
c x 2 b y 2
xy
b'
dx
x
x
cy c
y
x
c y1x c
y
x
' Paxb dx
c C# ec
1
F y Favb c v c v
x
1
C lnlxl b 4 lnl2v2 b1l C 4lnlxl b
v dv
2v2 b1
' Paxb dx
2
lnl2 y
x
dx
x
dv
v c Favb
b1l C
6. x2 dy b ay2 c x ybdx 0
dx
x
b'
dv
v2
C lnlxl c
7. x eyx b ydx c x dy 0
'
dx
x
c'
dv
ev
dx
x
b'
x ey x b y
x
c y b
x
1
yx
eyx b
y
x
F y Favb cv2 b v
x
C lnlxl c
y
x
F y Favb ev b v
x
a1 b vbdv
v2 b 1
cax c y b
xby
dy
dx
0'
dx
x
b'
dv
v2 b 1
y
x c1
y
1b x
b'
F y Favb
x
v dv
v2 b 1
'
b cos y c x
x
dx
x
y
x
dx
x
vc1
1bv
b x2
x2
dx
x
dv
v c ae v b v b
dx
x
dv
v c v
1
1
v
C 2 tanc1 y b lny2 b x2 C
x
dx
x
dv
v c av b cosav c 1bb
1
0 lnlxl b tanc1 v b 2 lnlv2 b1l C
y
x
dv
v c acv2 b vb
x
y
dx
x
8. ax b ybdy b ax c ybdx 0
'
dy
dx
C lnlxl c
1
v
dy
dx
b
c
'
cy 2 c x y
x2
dy
dx
dv
v c av c tan vb
0'
dx
x
dy
dx
y
y
cx sin x c y cos x
y
x cos x
y
x