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3. y w c x slope 1 on y cx and c1 on y x.
y
y w c x slope 0 on the y-axis, excluding a0, 0b,
y
and is undefined on the x-axis. Slopes are positive for
x 0, y 0 and x 0, y 0 (Quadrants II and IV),
otherwise negative. Field (a) is consistent with these
conditions.
538
5.
6.
7. y c1 b '1 at c yatbbdt
x
8. y '1 1 dt
t
x
dy
dx
dy
dx
1
x ; ya1b '1 1 dt 0;
t
1
9. y 2 c '0 a1 b yatbbsin t dt
x
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
x c y, ya1b c1
1
x , ya1b 0
dy
dx
ca1 b ybsin x,
ya0b 2
10. y 1 b '0 yatb dt
x
dx c1 b 1 c
dx 0.3 b 1 c
"
b x y 1 P(x)
"
x
"
x
"
' x 1 dx x x#
y(3.5)
3.5
#
c1
# (.5)
4
3.5
4.25
7
0.3
3 (.5)
, Q(x) 1
dy
dx
y, ya0b 1
c0.25,
c0.25
(.5)
2.5
dx c0.25 b 1 c
dy
dx
y
x
y$ y # b 1 c
"
y
x
"
y# y " b 1 c
y
x
11. y" y! b 1 c
dy
dx
0.3,
0.75;
"
' P(x) dx ' x dx ln kxk ln x, x 0 v(x) eln x x
b C ; x 2, y c1 c1 1 b
C
2
C c4 y
x
#
4
x
0.6071
x dx c ln k1 c yk
b C; x 1, y 0 c ln 1
"
#
"
b C C c # ln k1 c yk c x b
#
#
dy
1 cy
"
#
2y(x b 1)
dy
y
"
(1 b 2x) dx c y x b x# b C; x c1, y 1 c1 c1 b (c1)# b C C c1
"
1cxcx
y(.5)
"
1 c .5 c (.5)
dy
y
"
y
1 c x c x#
539
"
#
#
#
dy
dx
y ex
y 2ee
17. y"
y#
y$
y%
y&
dy
y
ex dx lnlyl ex b C; x 0, y 2 ln 2 1 b C C ln 2 c 1 lnlyl ex b ln 2 c 1
dy
y
c"
ya1.5b 2ee
1.5
c"
65.0292
1 b 1(.2) 1.2,
1.2 b (1.2)(.2) 1.44,
1.44 b (1.44)(.2) 1.728,
1.728 b (1.728)(.2) 2.0736,
2.0736 b (2.0736)(.2) 2.48832;
dx ln y x b C" y Cex ; y(0) 1 1 Ce! C 1 y ex y(1) e 2.7183
dx
x
c
y# c.5 b (.5) (.5) c.39794,
1.5
#
y x c y 2 x b C; y(1) c1 1 2 b C C c1 y
"
1 c # x
y(5)
"
1 c # 5
"
y' 2.05533 b 5 sin 2.05533 3 2.54694;
3
1 b cos y
sin y
1 2
2
2
2
y
y
1
1
Cec 2 x cot 2 Cec 2 x ; ya0b 1 cot 2 Ce0 C cot 2 cot 2 ec 2 x
1
2
y 2 cotc1 cot 1 ec 2 x , ya2b 2 cotc1 cot 1 ec2 2.65591
2
2
1
c.2880
540
c1 b a1 b x0 b y0 bex c x0 y c1 c x b a1 b x0 b y0 bex c x0
dy
dx
cx
dy
dx
xby
22. y w faxb, yax0 b y0 y 'x fatbdt b C, yax0 b 'x fatbdt b C C C y0 y 'x fatbdt b y0
x
x0
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
35.
dy
dx
2xex , ya0b 2 ynb1 yn b 2xn exn dx yn b 2xn exn a0.1b yn b 0.2xn exn
2
dy
dx
2
2
2y2 ax c 1b, ya2b c 1 ynb1 yn b 2yn axn c 1bdx yn b 0.2 yn axn c 1b
2
dy
dx
ya2b c 1
2
ca2b2 b 2a2b b C C C c2
ya3b
1
c 1 2
1
c a3 b 2 b 2 a 3 b c 2
dy
y2
a2x c 2bdx c 1 x2 c 2x b C
y
1
y
1
y
cx2 b 2x b C
cx2 b 2x c 2 y
1
cx2 b 2x c 2
c0.2
541
542
37.
x
y ,y
xn
yn dx
yn b
xn
yn a0.1b
yn b 0."
xn
yn
38.
dy
dx
y2
2
2 x3/2 b
3
1
2
x
y dx
y dy x dx
y2
2
0
2
3 x3/2 b C; aya2 bb
12
2
1
2
2 a0b3/2 b C C
3
1
2
2
2
2
1 b y2 , ya0b 0 ynb1 yn b a1 b yn bdx yn b a1 b yn ba0.1b yn b 0.1a1 b yn b
dy
1 b y2
dy
dx
b y ex
dy
dx
"
b x y
ex
x
, P(x)
"
x
ex
x
, Q(x)
b 2ex y 1
dy
dx
sin x
x
,x0
2x
dy
dx
3
b x y
b Ce
3
x
, Q(x)
, P(x)
sin x
x
$
3. xyw b 3y
2x
2x
2x
sin x
x
$
dy
dx
2. ex
1
#
dy
dx
4. yw b (tan x) y cos# x, c 1 x
#
sin
' tan x dx ' cos x dx c ln kcos xk ln (cos x)c" , c 1 x 1 v(x) eln cos x (cos x)c"
x
#
#
y (cos"x) ' (cos x)c" cos# x dx (cos x)' cos x dx (cos x)(sin x b C) sin x cos x b C cos x
"c
"c
b 2y 1 c " , x 0
x
dy
dx
"
x
b 2 y
x
"
x
dy
dx
, P(x)
2
x
, Q(x)
"
x
"
x
5. x
dy
dx
"
b 1bx y
x
1b x
6. (1 b x) yw b y x
, P(x)
"
1bx
, Q(x)
x
1bx
"
' 1 b x dx ln (1 b x), since x 0 v(x) eln 1 x 1
x
"
"
"
2
2x
C
y 1 b x ' (1 b x) 1 b x dx 1 b x ' x dx 1 b x 3 x$# b C 3(1 b x) b 1 b x
#$
"
dx ex 2 # x b C
2x
2x
b dx
"
e2x
' 2x dx e
xex 2 b Cex 2
"
#
ax# b Cb x# e
2x
"
#
b Ce
"
"
c x y 2 ln x P(x) c x , Q(x) 2 ln x ' P(x) dx c'
v(x) e
ln x
"
x
x 2
2x
2x
"
# ex 2 dx ex 2 '
dy
dx
"
e2x
x 2
b 2y 2xe
y
9.
'e
dy
dx
x 2
"
#
8.
"
e
"
#
c"y
#
dy
dx
7.
"
x
dx c ln x, x 0
"
y x' x (2 ln x) dx x c(ln x)# b Cd x (ln x)# b Cx
543
, x 0 P(x)
"
(t b 1)
t
(t c 1)
ds
dt
C
(t c 1)
2
b tb1 s 3 b
"
(t b 1)
P(t)
2
tb1
, Q(t) 3 b (t b 1)c$
, t c1
1
#
sin ) because 0 )
C
(t b 1)
"
(t b 1)
dr
d)
13.
b 2s 3(t b 1) b
ds
dt
2
' P(t) dt ' t b 1 dt 2 ln kt b 1k ln (t b 1)# v(t) eln tb1 (t b 1)#
"
"
s (t b 1) ' (t b 1)# c3 b (t b 1)c$ d dt (t b 1) ' c3(t b 1)# b (t b 1)c" d dt
t
3(t c 1)
12. (t b 1)
t3 c t b C
"
(t c 1)
"
(tc1)
sin x b C
x
4
' P(t) dt ' tc1 dt 4 ln kt c 1k ln (t c 1)%
b"
' (t c 1)% (ttc 1) dt (t c"1) ' at# c 1b dt
tb1
(t c 1)
, Q(t)
%
4
tc1
(sin x b C)
P(t)
dx 2 ln kxk ln x# , x 0
2
x
tb1
(t c 1)
4
b tc1 s
cos x
x
ds
dt
11.
, Q(x)
#
"
x
v(x) eln x x# y
2
x
cos x
x
2
b x y
dy
dx
10.
544
b r sin# )
dr
d)
r
tan )
sin )
tan )
dr
d)
' P()) d) ' cot ) d) ln ksin )k ln (sin )) since 0 ) 1 v()) eln sin ) sin )
#
" '
" '
"
C
#
sin ) sin ) b C sin ) b sin )
r sin ) (sin )) (sin ) cos )) d) sin ) sin ) cos ) d)
3
3
#
dr
d)
14. tan )
15.
16.
dy
dt
"
t
' 3e2t dt
"
e2t
dy
dt
y c " cos ) b
)
c 2xy
v(x) ecx y
"
ex
(x b 1)
' ecx
P(x) c2x,
x
(x e 1) dx
b
1
b C c xeb 1 b Cex ; y(0) 5 c 0 b 1 b C 5 c" b C 5
#
"c
C 6 y 6ex c
dy
dx
#c
dx ex (x b 1)
c1
ex
(x b 1)
b
c 2 x(xb 11) y
x
dy
dx
"
' (x b 1)
v()) e
c 2 y )# sec ) b 18 c 2 )#
1
#
#c
ex
(x b 1)
ex
xb1
ex
c 2 ax# b xb y
18
1
Q(x)
dy
dx
' a)c# b a)# sec ) tan )b d) )# ' sec ) tan ) d) )# (sec ) b C) )# sec ) b C)# ;
y 1 2 2 1 (2) b C 1 C
3
9
9
19. (x b 1)
k) k
"
)
12
5t
)c# y
ex
xb1
2 ln
1
#
"
)
1
2)
t
5
&
; y 1 1 C
#
1 C c 12 y
5
sin )
)
C
4
k k
, Q())
8
5
k k
"
)
P())
"
k) k
sin )
)
"
t
b " y
)
c " cos ) b
)
dy
d)
18.
2
t
dy
d)
t# P(t)
17.
2y
t
' ex 2 x dx
u 0 P(t)
k
cm u
du
dt
Then u
u! C u! u u! eckmt
k
k
c m dt ln u c m t b C u ecakmbtbC u eckmt eC . Let eC C1
du
u
C1 and ua0b u0
C1 C1 . So u u0 eckmt
1
ek
m 0
"
C
' cos x dx cos x (sin x b C) tan x b cos x
V
L
"
eRt L
(b) i(0) 0
(c) i
V
R
di
dt
R
L
L
R
ln 2 sec
I e amp
cR/L2LR
P(t)
c ln 2 t
CecRtL ; i(0) I I C
, Q(t)
Rt L
V
L
V
R
V
R
a1 c e 3 b 0.9502
V
R
V
R
a1 c e b 0.8647
'
P(t) dt '
L
< R eRt L V b C
L
V
R
R
L
dt
b Ce
b C 0 C c V i V c V e Rt L
R
R
R
0 di b R i 0 b R V V i
dt
L
L
R
L
V
R
Rt
L
v(t) eRt L
R Lt
V
R
du
dx
dy
c1yc2 dx
dy
dx
cy2 du
dx
d
x
dx ae ub
du
dx
' dx
b u cx. Using e
cx ex ex u ex a1 c xb b C u
du
dx
R Lt
R
L
a1 c e
"
#
Rt L
di
dt
a1 c ecR/L3LR b
V
R
V
R
(b) t
3L
R
2L
R
cRtLLR
"
#
ln 2 sec
c Rt ln
L
27. (a) t
iIe
"
#
(c) t
L
R
a1 c ecRtL b
di c R dt ln i c Rt b C" i eC e
L
L
i IecRtL amp
I ecRtL ecRtL
"
#I
L
R
V
R
"
i
i0
t t
V
R
R
L
"
#
V
R
"
#
L
c R ln
"
#
and we want i
di
dt
"
#
V
R
Rt
L
(b) is correct
"
ln
(b)
u(t) ekt m
26. (a)
C
ek 0
"
cos x
"
x
1
ek mt
23. x '
; u(0) u!
kt m
(b)
' ektm 0 dt e C
C y! y y! ekt
k
k
kt
' P(t) dt ' m dt m t m
, Q(t) 0
b a
"
ekt m
k
m
k
m
kt
du
dt
"
e
22. (a)
28. (a)
7
ex
"
ex
24.
; y(0) c6 1 b C c6 C c7 y 1 c
C
ex 2
#
dy
dt
ex 2 b C 1 b
21.
"
ex
v(x) ex 2 y
x
#
dy
dx
20.
cyc2 dy
dx
dy
dx
ex
ex b C
cy2 du cuc2 du .
dx
dx
ex as an integrating factor:
e x a1 c x b b C
ex
y u c1
ex
ex c xex b C
545
546
y 1 b
du
dx
d
3
dx ax ub
3 x3 3x2 x3 u x3 b C u 1 b
x
C
x3
y3
C 1/3
x3
1
1
32. x2 y w b 2xy y3 y w b 2 y x2 y3 . Paxb 2 , Qaxb x2 , n 3. Let u y1c3 yc2 .
x
x
1
Substituting gives du b ac2b 2 u c2 x2 du b c4 u c22 . Let the integrating factor, vaxb, be
dx
x
dx
x
x
4
xc4 . Thus
2
y 5x bCx4
d
c4
dx ax
2
4
5x bCx
yc2
c1/2
9.3 APPLICATIONS
1. Note that the total mass is 66 b 7 73 kg, therefore, v v0 ecakmbt v 9ec3.9t73
(a) satb ' 9ec3.9t73 dt c 2190 ec3.9t73 b C
13
Since sa0b 0 we have C
2190
13
t_
2190
13
168.5
459,0000
59
t_
459,0000
59
7780 m
4.
a0.80ba49.90b
1.32 k 998
k
33
k
998
We know that v0km 1.32 and m 33a49.9b 20 .
33
v0 m
cak/mbt
Using Equation 3, we have: satb k 1 c e
1.321
v0 m
k
coasting distance
y
x
orthogonals:
dy
dx
xy c y
x2
w
5. y mx
0 y w y . So for
x
x
c y y dy cx dx
y2
2
x2
2
x b y C1
2
6. y cx2
yw
y
x2
2y
x .
x2 y c 2xy
x4
0 x2 y w 2xy
dy
dx
x
c 2y
2ydy cxdx y2 c x b C y x b C,
2
2
2
C0
7. kx2 b y2 1 1 c y2 kx2
1 c y2
x2
x2 a2yby c 1 c y2 2x
0 c2yx2 y w a1 c y2 ba2xb
x
1 c y2 a2xb
1 c y 2
y w c2xy2 cxy . So for the orthogonals:
2
1 c y 2
2
dy
xy
dy x dx ln y c y x b C
dx 1cy2
y
2
2
w
dy
dx
y
2x
dy
y
dx
2x
ln y " ln x b C
#
ln y ln x1/2 b ln C1 y C1 kxk1/2
e x y c yae x bac1b
ae x b2
w c
9. y cecx
1
y
2
y dy dx
y2
2
xbC
y 2x b C1 y 2x b C1
547
10. y ekx ln y kx
ln y
x
x y w c ln y 0 y w
y
dy
dx
x 1 y c ln y
y
w
548
x2
y ln y
x .
cx
y ln y y ln y dy cx dx
" 2
1 2
" 2 b
# y ln y c 4 ay b c # x
2
y2 ln y c y cx2 b C1
2
11. 2x2 b 3y2 5 and y2 x3 intersect at a1, 1b. Also, 2x2 b 3y2 5 4x b 6y y w 0 y w c 4x y w a1, 1b c 2
6y
3
w
w
y2 x3 2y1 y1 3x2 y1
1
x2
2
12. (a) x dx b y dy 0
y2
2
w
w
w
y1 a1, 1b 3 . Since y w y1 c 2 3 c1, the curves are orthogonal.
2
3
2
3x2
2y1
y
x
dy
y
ln y ln x b C or y C1 x
dx
x
(b) x dy c 2y dx 0 2y dx x dy
" dy
# y
dy
2y
dx
x
" ln y ln x b C y C1 x2 is
#
dx
x
y c ln x C
"
# ln
slope of orthogonals is
1
x
dy
dx
0 yw
2y
x
x
c 2y
2
2y dy cx dx y2 c x b C is the general
2
equation of the orthogonals.
13. Let y(t) the amount of salt in the container and V(t) the total volume of liquid in the tank at time t.
Then, the departure rate is
(a) Rate entering
2 lb
gal
y(t)
V(t)
5 gal
min
(b) Volume V(t) 100 gal b (5t gal c 4t gal) (100 b t) gal
(c) The volume at time t is (100 b t) gal. The amount of salt in the tank at time t is y lbs. So the
y
y
concentration at any time t is 100 b t lbs/gal. Then, the rate leaving 100 b t (lbs/gal) 4 (gal/min)
4
b 100 b t y 10 P(t)
4 ln (100 b t) v(t) e4 ln
10
(100 b t)
4
100bt
(100 b t)% y
(1005bt) b C 2(100 b t) b
&
100 t
C
(100 b t)
C c(150)(100)% y 2(100 b t) c
, Q(t) 10
"
(100bt)
; y(0) 50 2(100 b 0) b
(150)(100)
(100 b t)
%
dy
dt
y 2(100 b t) c
C
(100 b 0)
150
t
1 b 100
50
4y
100 b t
10 c
dy
dt
lbs/min
(d)
4y
100bt
dV
dt
14. (a)
(150)(100)
(100b25)
y(25)
volume
188.6
125
1.5 lb/gal
a5 c 3b 2 V 100 b 2t
gal
gal
lb
lb
" gal 5 min c 100yb 2t gal 3 min
#
vatb e
yatb
1
at b 50b3/2
dy
dt
5
2
c 3 50yb t
2
dy
dt
3
2at b 50b y
5
2
e 2 ln atb50b at b 50b3/2
3
5
' 2 at b 50b3/2 dt at b 50bc3/2 < at b 50b5/2 b C yatb t b 50 b
C
at b 50b3/2
Apply the initial condition (i.e., distilled water in the tank at t 0):
ya0b 0 50 b
ya50b 100 c
C
503/2
505/2
1003/2
C c505/2 yatb t b 50 c
505/2
.
at b 50b3/2
15. Let y be the amount of fertilizer in the tank at time t. Then rate entering 1
lb
gal
gal
min
lb
min
and the
volume in the tank at time t is V(t) 100 (gal) b [1 (gal/min) c 3 (gal/min)]t min (100 c 2t) gal. Hence
3y
3y
rate out 100yc 2t 3 100c2t lbs/min dy 1 c 100 c 2t lbs/min dy b 1003c 2t y 1
dt
dt
, Q(t) 1
#"c
#$c
(100 c 2t)c$#
3
100c2t
2t 2
P(t)
b C
(100 c 2t) b C(100 c 2t)$# ; y(0) 0 [100 c 2(0)] b C[100 c 2(0)]$# C(100)$# c100
#$
3100 c 2t
10
. Let
dy
dt
dy
dt
c2 c
3 (100 c 2t)
10
#
c2 b
(100 c 2t)
10
#"
"
C c(100)c"# c 10 y (100 c 2t) c
(c2)
t 27.8 min, the time to reach the maximum. The maximum amount is then
[100 c 2(27.8)]
10
14.8 lb
#$
16. Let y y(t) be the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) in the room at time t. The amount of CO entering the
y
y
4
3
12
3
room is 100 10 1000 ft$ /min, and the amount of CO leaving the room is 4500 10 15,000 ft$ /min.
et
12
1000
"
15 000
y
15,000
dy
dt
12
' 1000 et15000 dt
"
15,000
ye
12
1000
t 15 000
dy
dt
Thus,
P(t)
"
15,000
, Q(t)
12
1000
v(t) et15000
15,000
121000 et15,000 b C ect15000 a180et15000 b Cb ;
y(0) 0 0 1(180 b C) C c180 y 180 c 180e t 15 000 . When the concentration of CO is 0.01%
y
.01
in the room, the amount of CO satisfies 4500 100 y 0.45 ft$ . When the room contains this amount we
have 0.45 180 c 180e t 15 000 179.55 ect15000 t c15,000 ln 179.55 37.55 min.
180
180
c
549
550
(c)
2. y w ay b 2bay c 2b
(a) y c2 is a stable equilibrium value and y 2 is an unstable equilibrium.
(b) yww 2yy w 2ay b 2byay c 2b
(c)
3. y w y3 c y ay b 1byay c 1b
(a) y c1 and y 1 is an unstable equilibrium and y 0 is a stable equilibrium value.
(b) yww a3y2 c 1by w 3ay b 1by b
1
3 yy
1
3 ay
c 1b
(c)
(c)
5. y w y, y 0
(a) There are no equilibrium values.
1
1
(b) yww 2y y w 2y y "
#
(c)
6. y w y c y, y 0
(a) y 1 is an unstable equilibrium.
(b) yww 1 c
1
2 y
y w 1 c
2 y y
c y y c " y c 1
#
551
552
(c)
7. y w ay c 1bay c 2bay c 3b
(a) y 1 and y 3 is an unstable equilibrium and y 2 is a stable equilibrium value.
(b) yww a3y2 c 12y b 11bay c 1bay c 2bay c 3b 3ay c 1by c
6 c 3
ay
3
c 2by c
6 b 3
3 ay
(c)
8. y w y3 c y2 y2 ay c 1b
(a) y 0 and y 1 is an unstable equilibrium.
(b) yww a3y2 c 2ybay3 c y2 b y3 a3y c 2bay c 1b
(c)
c 3b