Section 5.3 The Definite Integral 275

Section 5.
3 The Definite Integral

60. av(f) 1 c 1c2)
(
"
'c# at# c tb dt
"
"
"
'c# t# dt c 3 'c# t dt
"
c#
"
"
" ' t# dt c 3 '
t# dt c 3 1
3 !
#
!
"
3
2)
"
1 c 3 (c3 b
3
$
"
3
61. (a) av(g) 1 c "c1)

(
"
#
3
#
(c2)
#
"
'c" akxk c 1b dx
!
'c" (cx c 1) dx b " '!" (x c 1) dx
#
!
!
"
"
c " ' x dx c " ' 1 dx b " ' x dx c " ' 1 dx
# c"
#
# !
# !
c"
"
#
(c1)
#
c " (0 c (c1)) b " 1 c

#
# #
#
c"0 c
# #
0
#
c " (1 c 0)
#
c".
#
"
'"$ akxk c 1b dx # '"$ (x c 1) dx
$
$
" ' x dx c " ' 1 dx " 3 c 1 c " (3 c 1)
#
#
#
#
#
#
"
"
"
(b) av(g) 3 c 1
1.
(c) av(g) 3 c "c1)

(
"
4
"
4
$
'c" akxk c 1b dx
"
"
'c" akxk c 1b dx b 4 '"$ akxk c 1b dx
"
4
(see parts (a) and (b) above).
62. (a) av(h) 0 c "c1)

(
0
0
'c" c kxk dx 'c" c(cx) dx
0
'c" x dx 0#
(c1 b 2)
(c1)
#
c".
#
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.
275
276
Chapter 5 Integration
"
(b) av(h) 1 c 0
0
#
c " c
#
'0" c kxk dx c'0" x dx
c ".
#
(c) av(h) 1 c "c1)

(
"
'c" c kxk dx
0
'c" c kxk dx b '0" c kxk dx9
"
#
"
#
c " b c " c " (see parts (a) and (b)

#
#
#
above).
bca
n and let ck be the right
c
n ab c a b
and ck a b kabn ab .
n
63. Consider the partition P that subdivides the interval a, b into n subintervals of width x
endpoint of each subinterval. So the partition is P a, a b
n
k"
k"
b
We get the Riemann sum ! fack bx ! c
bca
n
bca
n ,
n
c ab c a b !
"
n
k"
#a b c a b
,
n
ab
c ab c a b
n
...,ab
n cab c ab. As n _ and mPm !
'a c dx cab c ab.
64. Consider the partition P that subdivides the interval 0, 2 into n subintervals of width x
right endpoint of each subinterval. So the partition is P 0,
k"
As n _ and mPm ! the expression
2
n
4 an b "b
n
2
n
! 4k b 1
n
k"
...,n
8
n2
!k b
k"
2 and ck k
2
n
!1
k"
b 2 has the value 4 b 2 6. Thus,
8
n2
n an b " b
#
b 2.
and let ck be the right
an b "ba#n b "b
n
#a a b c a b
n
n a n b "b
#
ab c a b
n
b
$
a
$
ba# c a$ b ab# c #a# b b a$ b " ab$ c $b# a b $ba# c a$ b

$
. Thus,
nan b "ba#n b "b

'
#b n b n
"b n
ab c a b
" b
'
"
ab c a b
#
'
b
x# dx b c a$ .
$
a
ab c aba# b aab c ab#
As n _ and mPm ! this expression has value ab c aba# b aab c ab# " b
'
na# b
ab c a b
'
b ca
n
"
bca
n
nb"
n
ab c aba# b aab c ab#
#a a b c a b !
k
n
k"
k"
n
ab c a b ! #
k 9
n
k"
bca ! #
a
n
k"
k"
n
4 an b " b
n
c
c
c
a, a b b c a , a b #abn ab , . . ., a b nabn ab and ck a b kabn ab .
n
n
n
#
c
b c a ! a b kabn ab bca ! a# b #akab c ab b k abnc ab
n
n
n
k"
k"
$
2
n
We get the
2k
n .
We get the Riemann sum ! fack bx ! c# b c a

k
n
'02 a2x b 1b dx 6.
endpoint of each subinterval. So the partition is P
and let ck be the
2
n
66. Consider the partition P that subdivides the interval c1, 0 into n subintervals of width x
the right endpoint of each subinterval. So the partition is P c1, c1 b
1
n,
c1 b 2
1
n,
k"
Riemann sum ! fack bx ! 2 2k b 1

n
2
n
2
n
2
n,
#
"
2
n,
2c0
n
this expression remains cab c ab. Thus,
0 c ac 1 b
n
. . ., c1 b n
1
n
1
n
and let ck be
0 and
Section 5.3 The Definite Integral
1
n
k"
n
k"
2
c1 b k . We get the Riemann sum ! fack bx ! c1 b k c c1 b k
n
n
n
k
n
c1b
! c1 b
k"
3 an b " b
2n
c2 b
1
n
ck c1 b k
c k c2 !1 b
n
n
2k
n
k"
an b "ba#n b "b
.
'n 2
3
n2
!k c
1
n3
k"
! k2 c 2 n b
n
k"
3
n2
n an b " b
#
As n _ and mPm ! this expression has value c2 b
'c01 ax c x# bdx c 5 .
6
3
2
c
c
1
n3

ck c1 b k
3
n
! 3 c
18k
n
k"
18 c
3
n
36an b "b
n
c1 b
27k2
n2
b
b
3k
n .
c1 b 2
k"
n
3
n,
k"
We get the Riemann sum ! fack bx ! 3c1 b
b2c
6k
n
27an b "ba#n b "b

.
2n2
b 1
18
n
!1 c
k"
72
n2
!k b
k"
81
n3
! k2
k"
18
n
nc
3
n,
3k 2
n
72
n2
1
n
nan b "ba#n b "b

'
c 5 . Thus,
6
1
3
2 c ac 1 b
n
. . ., c1 b n
c 2c1 b
n an b " b
#
277
3
n
3k
n
81
n3
3
n
and let ck be
2 and
b 1
3
n
nan b "ba#n b "b

'
As n _ and mPm ! this expression has value 18 c 36 b 27 9. Thus,
'c21 a3x# c 2x b 1bdx 9.
! c1 b
k"
6k
n
c2 n b
n
12
n
c2 b 6
"b n
"
12k2
n2
n an b " b
#
24
n
c4
"
'c1 x3 dx 0.
c1 b 2
We get the Riemann sum ! fack bx ! c3 2

k n
k"
8k3
n3
#b n b n
"
$
2
n
2k
n .
c1 b
2
n
#
"
ck c1 b k
k"
k"
2
6
n c! 1 b n ! k c
nan b "ba#n b "b

'
b4
" b 2 b n12
n
1
16
n4
12
n2
n nb
a # "b
! k2 b
k"
2
k"
n
8 ! 3
k 9
3
n
k"
c2 b 6
nb"
n
2
n
c4
#
n,
. . ., c1 b n
! c1 b
k"
2
n
2
n
and let ck be
1 and
2k 3
n
an b "ba#n b "b
n
#
2
n,
1 c ac 1 b
n
b4
an b "b2
n2
. As n _ and mPm ! this expression has value c2 b 6 c 8 b 4 0.
Thus,
bca
n and let ck be the
#a b c a b
n ab c a b
endpoint of each subinterval. So the partition is P a, a b b c a , a b n , . . . , a b n b and
n
n
n
n
3
k ab c a b
! fack bx ! c3 b c a b c a ! a b kab c ab
ck a b n . We get the Riemann sum
k
n
n
n
k"
k"
k"
n
n
n
2
3
2 n
3 n
2
2
3
2
b
b
b c a ! a3 b 3a kan c ab b 3ak an2c ab b k abnc ab b c a ! a3 b 3a ab c ab ! k b 3aabnc ab ! k2 b ab c3ab ! k3 9
3
2
n
n
n
n
k"
k"
k"
k"
k"
2
3a2 ab c ab
n an b "b
3aab c ab
nan b "ba#n b "b
n a n b "b
ab c a b4
b c a na3 b
# b n
b n4 #
n
n
'
4
2
an b "ba#n b "b
b ab c ab an b2"b
n
4
n
4
2
" b 2 b n12
#b n b n
"b
n
ab c aba3 b 3a ab2c ab " n b aab c ab
b ab c a b
. As n
"
2
4
1
b
4
2
4
4
4
ab c aba3 b 3a ab2c ab b aab c ab$ b ab c ab b c a4 . Thus,
x3 dx b
4
4
4
a
a ab c a b
2
nb"
n
#
"
"
3a2 ab c ab
2
ab c aba3 b
right
'
_ and mPm ! this expression has value

c
a4
4.
1c0
n
70. Consider the partition P that subdivides the interval 0, 1 into n subintervals of width x
right endpoint of each subinterval. So the partition is P 0, 0 b
n
k"
k"
We get the Riemann sum ! fack bx ! a3ck c c3 b 1

k n
1
n
1
n,
0b2
! 3
k"
k
n
1
n,
. . ., 0 b n
1
n
n
1
n
and let ck be the
1 and ck 0 b k
3
c k 13 !k c
n
n n
k"
1
n3
! k3 9
k"
1
n
k.
n
3
n2
n an b " b
#
has value
3
2
1
4
1
n4
b
n a n # "b
5 . Thus,
4
3
2
nb"
n
1
4
a n b "b 2
n2
3
2
"b n
"
"
278
" b 2 b n12
n
1
1
4
. As n _ and mPm ! this expression
'01 a3x c x3 bdx 5 .

4
71. To find where x c x# 0, let x c x# 0 x(1 c x) 0 x 0 or x 1. If 0 x 1, then 0 x c x# a 0

and b 1 maximize the integral.
72. To find where x% c 2x# 0, let x% c 2x# 0 x# ax# c 2b 0 x 0 or x 2. By the sign graph,
bbbbbb 0 cc 0 cc 0 bbbbbbb , we can see that x% c 2x# 0 on c2 2 a c2 and b 2
!
#
c #
minimize the integral.
is decreasing on [0 1] maximum value of f occurs at 0 max f f(0) 1; minimum value of f occurs
. Therefore, (1 c 0) min f
2
5
'00.5 1 b" x
dx b
"
'0.5 1 b" x
dx
75. c1 sin ax# b 1 for all x (1 c 0)(c1)
"
#
2
5
'0
"
'0.5 1 b" x
0.5. Therefore (1 c 0.5) min f

#
"
4
f(x) dx (0.5 c 0) max f
Then
"
1b1
min f
'0
1, min f
2
5
0.5
"
1 b (0.5)
'0" 1 b" x
dx 1.
"
1bx
0.8. Therefore
dx
"
#
. On [0.5 1], max f
dx (1 c 0.5) max f
13
20
'0" 1 b" x
(0.5 c 0) min f
0.5
"
1b0
74. See Exercise 73 above. On [0 0.5], max f
"
#
That is, an upper bound 1 and a lower bound
dx (1 c 0) max f
dx
9
10
"
4
"
1 b (0.5)
"
'0.5 1 b1 x
"
#
'0" 1 b" x
"
#
"
1b1
at 1 min f f(1)
"
1bx
73. f(x)
dx
0.8 and
2
5
'0" sin ax# b dx (1 c 0)(1) or '0"sin x# dx 1
'0"sin x# dx cannot
equal 2.
76. f(x) x b 8 is increasing on [! "] max f f(1) 1 b 8 3 and min f f(0) 0 b 8 22 .
Therefore, (1 c 0) min f
'0" x b 8 dx (1 c 0) max f
2 2
'0" x b 8 dx 3.
77. If f(x) 0 on [a b], then min f 0 and max f 0 on [a b]. Now, (b c a) min f
Then b a b c a 0 (b c a) min f 0
'ab f(x) dx 0.
78. If f(x) 0 on [a b], then min f 0 and max f 0. Now, (b c a) min f

b a b c a 0 (b c a) max f 0
'a f(x) dx 0.
'ab f(x) dx (b c a) max f.
'ab f(x) dx (b c a) max f.
'0" (sin x c x) dx 0 (see Exercise 78) '0" sin x dx c '0" x dx 0

'0" sin x dx 1# c 0# '0" sin x dx " . Thus an upper bound is " .
#
#
79. sin x x for x 0 sin x c x 0 for x 0
'0" sin x dx '0" x dx
Then

on c 1 1 sec x c 1 b
# #
'0" sec x c 1 b x# dx 0 (see Exercise 77)
'0" sec x dx c '0" 1 b x# dx 0 '0" sec x dx '0" 1 b x#

#
'0" sec x dx '0" 1 dx b " '0" x# dx '0" sec x dx (1 c 0) b " 13 '0" sec x dx 7 . Thus a lower bound
#
#
6
$
0 on c 1 1
# #
since [0 1] is contained in c 1 1
# #
x
#
x
#
80. sec x 1 b
279
is 7 .
6
'ab f(x) dx is a constant K.

b
b
b
"
' av(f) dx (b c a)K (b c a) b c a ' f(x) dx ' f(x) dx.
a
a
a
81. Yes, for the following reasons: av(f)
"
bca
'ab av(f) dx 'ab K dx
Thus
K(b c a)
82. All three rules hold. The reasons: On any interval [a b] on which f and g are integrable, we have:
(a) av(f b g)
"
bca
"
"
"
'ab [f(x) b g(x)] dx b c a 'ab f(x) dx b 'ab g(x) dx b c a 'ab f(x) dx b b c a 'ab g(x) dx
av(f) b av(g)
(b) av(kf)
(c) av(f)
"
bca
"
bca
"
"
'ab kf(x) dx b c a k 'ab f(x) dx k b c a 'ab f(x) dx k av(f)
"
"
'ab f(x) dx b c a 'ab g(x) dx since f(x) g(x) on [a b], and b c a 'ab g(x) dx av(g).
Therefore, av(f) av(g).

83. (a) U max" ?x b max# ?x b b maxn ?x where max" f(x" ), max# f(x# ), , maxn f(xn ) since f is
increasing on [a b]; L min" ?x b min# ?x b b minn ?x where min" f(x! ), min# f(x" ), ,
minn f(xn 1 ) since f is increasing on [a b]. Therefore
U c L (max" c min" ) ?x b (max# c min# ) ?x b b (maxn c minn ) ?x
(f(x" ) c f(x! )) ?x b (f(x# ) c f(x" ))?x b b (f(xn ) c f(xn 1 )) ?x (f(xn ) c f(x! )) ?x (f(b) c f(a)) ?x.
(b) U max" ?x" b max# ?x# b b maxn ?xn where max" f(x" ), max# f(x# ), , maxn f(xn ) since f
is increasing on[a b]; L min" ?x" b min# ?x# b b minn ?xn where
min" f(x! ), min# f(x" ), , minn f(xn 1 ) since f is increasing on [a b]. Therefore
U c L (max" c min" ) ?x" b (max# c min# ) ?x# b b (maxn c minn ) ?xn
(f(x" ) c f(x! )) ?x" b (f(x# ) c f(x" ))?x# b b (f(xn ) c f(xn 1 )) ?xn
(f(x" ) c f(x! )) ?xmax b (f(x# ) c f(x" )) ?xmax b b (f(xn ) c f(xn 1 )) ?xmax . Then
U c L (f(xn ) c f(x! )) ?xmax (f(b) c f(a)) ?xmax kf(b) c f(a)k ?xmax since f(b) f(a). Thus
lim (U c L) lim (f(b) c f(a)) ?xmax 0, since ?xmax lPl .
c
lPl 0
lPl 0
84. (a) U max" ?x b max# ?x b b maxn ?x where

max" f(x! ), max# f(x" ), , maxn f(xn )
since f is decreasing on [a b];
L min" ?x b min# ?x b b minn ?x where
min" f(x" ), min# f(x# ) , minn f(xn )
since f is decreasing on [a b]. Therefore
U c L (max" c min" ) ?x b (max# c min# ) ?x
b b (maxn c minn ) ?x
(f(x! ) c f(x" )) ?x b (f(x" ) c f(x# ))?x
b b (f(xn ) c f(xn )) ?x (f(x ) c f(xn )) ?x
(f(a) c f(b)) ?x.
"c
"c
280
(b) U max" ?x" b max# ?x# b b maxn ?xn where max" f(x! ), max# f(x" ), , maxn f(xn ) since
f is decreasing on[a b]; L min" ?x" b min# ?x# b b minn ?xn where
min" f(x" ), min# f(x# ), , minn f(xn ) since f is decreasing on [a b]. Therefore
U c L (max" c min" ) ?x" b (max# c min# ) ?x# b b (maxn c minn ) ?xn
(f(x! ) c f(x" )) ?x" b (f(x" ) c f(x# ))?x# b b (f(xn ) c f(xn )) ?xn
(f(x! ) c f(xn )) ?xmax (f(a) c f(b) ?xmax kf(b) c f(a)k ?xmax since f(b) f(a). Thus
lim (U c L) lim kf(b) c f(a)k ?xmax 0, since ?xmax lPl .
"c
"c
lPl 0
lPl 0
85. (a) Partition <0 1 into n subintervals, each of length ?x

#
x# 2?x, , xn n?x
1
#n
with points x! 0, x" ?x,

Since sin x is increasing on <0 1 , the upper sum U is the sum of the areas
#
1
#.
of the circumscribed rectangles of areas f(x" ) ?x (sin ?x)?x, f(x# ) ?x (sin 2?x) ?x, , f(xn ) ?x
1 c cos
1
c cos b 4n
1
#
sin
4n
4n
4n
c cos b 4n
cos
sin 4n
4n
4n
cos
c cos b 4n
4n sin 4n
4n
#
"
sin x dx n lim
_
1 cos
#n
'!
#1
(b) The area is
2n
c cos n b ?x
?x
# sin x
#
c cos n b
# sin 4n
4n
cos
cos
#
"
(sin n?x) ?x. Then U (sin ?x b sin 2?x b b sin n?x) ?x
1.
86. (a) The area of the shaded region is !xi mi which is equal to L.
i"
n
(b) The area of the shaded region is !xi Mi which is equal to U.

i"
(c) The area of the shaded region is the difference in the areas of the shaded regions shown in the second part of the figure
and the first part of the figure. Thus this area is U c L.
n
i"
i"
87. By Exercise 86, U c L !xi Mi c !xi mi where Mi maxfaxb on the ith subinterval and
n
i"
i"
mi minfaxb on the ith subinterval. Thus U c L !aMi c mi bxi !% xi provided xi $ for each
n
i"
i"
i " , n. Since !% xi % !xi %ab c ab the result, U c L %ab c ab follows.
88. The car drove the first 150 miles in 5 hours and the
second 150 miles in 3 hours, which means it drove 300
miles in 8 hours, for an average of 300 mi/hr
8
37.5 mi/hr. In terms of average values of functions,
the function whose average value we seek is
30, 0 t 5
v(t)
, and the average value is
50, 5 1 8
(30)(5) b (50)(3)
8
37.5.

89-94. Example CAS commands:
Maple:
with( plots );
with( Student[Calculus1] );
f := x -> 1-x;
a := 0;
b := 1;
N :=[ 4, 10, 20, 50 ];
P := [seq( RiemannSum( f(x), x=a..b, partition=n, method=random, output=plot ), n=N )]:
display( P, insequence=true );
Maple:
with( Student[Calculus1] );
f := x -> sin(x);
a := 0;
b := Pi;
plot( f(x), x=a..b, title="#95(a) (Section 5.3)" );
N := [ 100, 200, 1000 ];
# (b)
for n in N do
Xlist := [ a+1.*(b-a)/n*i $ i=0..n ];
Ylist := map( f, Xlist );
end do:
for n in N do
# (c)
Avg[n] := evalf(add(y,y=Ylist)/nops(Ylist));
end do;
avg := FunctionAverage( f(x), x=a..b, output=value );
evalf( avg );
FunctionAverage(f(x),x=a..b,output=plot);
# (d)
fsolve( f(x)=avg, x=0.5 );
fsolve( f(x)=avg, x=2.5 );
fsolve( f(x)=Avg[1000], x=0.5 );
fsolve( f(x)=Avg[1000], x=2.5 );
Mathematica: (assigned function and values for a, b, and n may vary)
Sums of rectangles evaluated at left-hand endpoints can be represented and evaluated by this set of commands
Clear[x, f, a, b, n]
{a, b}={0, 1}; n =10; dx = (b c a)/n;
f = Sin[x]2 ;
xvals =Table[N[x], {x, a, b c dx, dx}];
yvals = f /.x xvals;
boxes = MapThread[Line[{{#1,0},{#1, #3},{#2, #3},{#2, 0}]&,{xvals, xvals b dx, yvals}];
Plot[f, {x, a, b}, Epilog boxes];
Sum[yvals[[i]] dx, {i, 1, Length[yvals]}]//N
Sums of rectangles evaluated at right-hand endpoints can be represented and evaluated by this set of commands.
{a, b}={0, 1}; n =10; dx = (b c a)/n;
f = Sin[x]2 ;
281
282
xvals =Table[N[x], {x, a b dx, b, dx}];

boxes = MapThread[Line[{{#1,0},{#1, #3},{#2, #3},{#2, 0}]&,{xvals c dx,xvals, yvals}];
Plot[f, {x, a, b}, Epilog boxes];
Sum[yvals[[i]] dx, {i, 1,Length[yvals]}]//N
Sums of rectangles evaluated at midpoints can be represented and evaluated by this set of commands.
{a, b}={0, 1}; n =10; dx = (b c a)/n;
f = Sin[x]2 ;
xvals =Table[N[x], {x, a b dx/2, b c dx/2, dx}];
boxes = MapThread[Line[{{#1,0},{#1, #3},{#2, #3},{#2, 0}]&,{xvals c dx/2, xvals b dx/2, yvals}];
Plot[f, {x, a, b},Epilog boxes];
Sum[yvals[[i]] dx, {i, 1, Length[yvals]}]//N
5.4 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
1.
'
2.
'
3.
'
4.
'
5.
'
6.
'
7.
'
8.
'
9.
'
10.
'
11.
'
12.
'
5(4) c
3
dx 3x c
#
%
x
16 !
ax$ c 2x b 3b dx x c x# b 3x
4
a2 b c
3
3 a2 b 2
2
133
4
c a0 b c
3
c1
#
c#
3 a0 b 2
2
c 10
3
1)
a1b c a1b# b 3a1b c (c3 c (c1)# b 3(c1)
3
3(4) c
#
2
3x2
2 !
(c3)
4
4
16
c 3(0) c
#
(0)
16
2)
2 c 2# b 3(2) c (c4 c (c2)# b 3(c2) 12
4
%
x
4
3x c
c 5(c3) c
ax2 c 2x b 3b dx x c x# b 3x
3
4
4
ax2 c 3xb dx x c
3
3
"
2
2
x# b x dx x b 3 x$# " b 3 c 0 1
3
3
$
32
$#
5
xc'& dx <c5xc"& " c # c (c5)
1$
2 sec# x dx [2 tan x]!
5
#
2 tan 1 c (2 tan 0) 23 c 0 23
3
a1 b cos xb dx [x b sin x]1 a1 b sin 1b c a0 b sin 0b 1

!
4
1
4
c$
'
xax c 3b dx
x
4
5 c x dx 5x c
#
(2x b 5) dx cx# b 5xdc# a0# b 5(0)b c a(c2)# b 5(c2)b 6

#
$1%
1
csc ) cot ) d) [ccsc )]1% ccsc 34 c ccsc 1 c2 c c2 0
4
1$
4 sec u tan u du [4 sec u]!
4 sec 1 c 4 sec 0 4(2) c 4(1) 4

3
20
3
Section 5.4 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
1c
16.
'
'
'
dt
"
4
" b
#
3
3
"
#
cos 2t dt < " t b

#
" c
#
"
#
"
sin 2 1 c # c 1 c
3
3
tan# x dx
'
"
4
sin 2t 1# " (0) b

#
cos 2t dt < " t c

#
"
4
'
sin 2(0) c " 1 b

# #
sin 2 c 1
3
1
6
"
4
1
sin 23 b
1
6
"
4
2
sin c3 1
1
3
tan 1 c 1 c atan a0b c 0b 1 c

4
4
asec2 x b 2sec x tan x b tan2 xbdx
'
c1%
a4 sec# t b 1tc# b dt <4 tan t c 1 c1$
t
(4(c1) b 4) c 4 c3 b 3 43 c 3
'"c" (r b 1)# dr '"c" ar# b 2r b 1b dr r3 b r# b r c" (c31)
20.
'c
"
ds
'
"
ay2 c 2yc2 b dy y b 2yc1

3
1 b sc$# ds s c
#
2
s
"
1b
: 2 c
b 2 c3 b 4 c3; 103
1
16 b
s b s
s
"
4u
&
'
dy
u
c uc& du 16 b
c $
c3
"
4(1)
c:
2
a 1b
' " u#
du
b 2 3 b 43; c :
c3
y5 c 2y
y3
3
'
b 2t# b 4t
t
3
'
"
u
22.
at$ b t# b 4t b 4b dt t4 b
%
' " u#
21.
23.
'c
(t b 1) at# b 4b dt
8
b (c1)# b (c1) c 1 b 1# b 1 c 3
3
2
2 ;
c a
2
16
3b
1c
19.
c 1 c
"
2
1
;c4
3
4 2
2
a 3b
1
c 3
c 4 tan 1 c
3
1
c 4
1c
%1
4 tan c 1 c
4
c2
2 c 2
4
c " cos 2 1 c c " cos 2a0b

#
#
8
'c
%1
4 sec# t b t1 dt
1
6
'c
1 8
sin 2x dx c " cos 2x

#
18.
3
4
a2sec2 x b 2sec x tan x c 1bdx
'
sin 2 1 c 1
#
4
1
4
[2 tan x b 2sec x c x]! 6 2 tan 1 b 2sec 1 c 1 c a2 tan 0 b 2sec 0 c 0b 23 c

6
6
6
17.
"
4
sin 2t c1$
1 4
asec x b tan xb2 dx
"
4
1$
"
4
asec# x c 1bdx [tan x c x]!

1
" c cos 2t
#
3
" 1 c
# 3
15.
'
dt
'
" b cos 2t
#
2
1c
14.
'
13.
22
3
2 c 2$% b 1
4
2 c 8 b 1
x1 3 b 12 c x2 3
x1 3
1
dx
'
2x1 3 c x b 2 c x2
x1 3
1
'
24.
dx
'
2 c x23 b 2xc13 c x13 dx
<2x c 3 x53 b 3x23 c 3 x43 3 2a8b c 3 a8b53 b 3a8b23 c 3 a8b43 c 2a1b c 3 a1b53 b 3a1b23 c 3 a1b43
5
4
5
4
5
4
1
c 137
20
'
2 sin x cos x
2 sin x
dx
'
dx
cos x dx sin x
sin 2x
2 sin x
1
2
'
25.
asin a1bb c sin 1 c1

2
283
cos 2x b 1 b 2 b sec2 xdx

2
c%
b x c 0 b
#
#
!
(cos x c cos x) dx
d
dx
'
cos t dt9
'
d
dx
(c4)
#
b 4 c
#
3t# dt ct$ d "
sin x
u du
sin x
3t# dt9
d
dx
sin x cos x " xc"#

#
asin$ x c 1b 3 sin# x cos x
'
u"# du < 2 u$# !

3
t
2
3
at% b
$#
c0
2 '
3 t
d
dt
'
'
u du9
2 t' 4t&
3
d
dt
d
u du9 t% dt at% b t# a4t$ b 4t&
d
d)
tan
sec# y dy [tan y]tan tan (tan )) c 0 tan (tan ))

)
tan
'
'
sec# y dy9
d
d)
(tan (tan )))
asec# (tan ))b sec# )
2x# sin x6 b
x
t
1 t b4
#
'
37. y
'
dt c
sin t# dt
dy
dx
dy
dx
'
x2
dy
dx
d
dx
'
"
t
dt
dy
dx
"
x
,x0
#
d
sin
csin x dx x c(sin x) " xc"# c 2x
#
x
sin t3 dt9 b 1
'
x2
sin t3 dt x sin ax# b
3 d
#
dx ax b
'
x2
sin t3 dt
x2
sin t3 dt
'
t
t b4
#
sin t3 dt
x2
34. y
dt
x
x b4
#
'
'
1 b x#
36. y x
sin t# dt c
dy
dx
x
x b4
#
'
1 b t# dt
35. y
sec# y dy9 asec# (tan ))b dd) (tan )) asec# (tan ))b sec# )
'
tan
33. y
'
d
d)
(b)
16
1#
d
3t# dt9 a3 sin# xb dx (sin x) 3 sin# x cos x
d
dx
sin x
'
sin$ x c 1
0
#
cos x dx [sin x]!
cos x
2 x
d
cos t dt9 cos x dx x cos x " xc"#
#
'
32. (a)
sin x
d
dt
'
(b)
"
#
d
dx
31. (a)
'
(b)
%c
'
x b cos x) dx b
cos t dt [sin t]! sin x c sin 0 sin x
'
d
dx
30. (a)
x dx c x
#
cos x
2 x
(b)
#1
"
# (cos
'
x dx b
c sin 0 1
#1
%c
'
'
'
1
#
kxk dx c
#1
acos x b kcos xk b dx
sin
29. (a)
'
%c
"
#
kxk dx b
'
'
kxk dx
28.
'
9 3
8
27.
51
6
1 sin 2 1 b 5 1 b tan 1 c 1 sin 2a0b b 5 a0b b tana0b

4
3
2 3
3
4
2
b sec2 xdx 1 sin 2x b 5 x b tan x

4
2
5
2
1 cos 2x b
2
'
acos2 x b 2 b sec2 xbdx
'
'
acos x b sec xb2 dx
'
26.
1
284
40. y
'
sin x
dt
1 c t
!
tan x
dt
1bt
, kxk
dy
dx
1
#
dy
dx
"
1 c sin x
'
10
d
at3 b "b dt9 dx
d
dx (sin x)
10
10
'
at3 b "b dt9 3ax3 b "b
"
cos x
(cos x)
cos x
kcos xk
cos x
cos x
41. cx# c 2x 0 cx(x b 2) 0 x 0 or x c2; Area
c#
!
'c$ acx# c 2xbdx b 'c# acx# c 2xbdx c '!# acx# c 2xbdx
c#
c$
b c x c x#
3
$
c c x c x#
3
c c x c x#
3
$
c#
2)
3)
c c (c3 c (c2)# c c (c3 c (c3)#
$
2)
b c 0 c 0# c c (c3 c (c2)#
3
$
c c 2 c 2# c c 0 c 0#
3
3
28
3
42. 3x# c 3 0 x# 1 x 1; because of symmetry about

the y-axis, Area 2 c
'!" a3x# c 3bdx b '"# a3x# c 3bdx9
"
2 c cx$ c 3xd ! b cx$ c 3xd " 2 cc aa1$ c 3(1)b c a0$ c 3(0)bb

b aa2$ c 3(2)b c a1$ c 3(1)bd 2(6) 12
43. x$ c 3x# b 2x 0 x ax# c 3x b 2b 0

x(x c 2)(x c 1) 0 x 0, 1, or 2;
Area
'!" ax$ c 3x# b 2xbdx c '"# ax$ c 3x# b 2xbdx

"
x c x$ b x # c x c x $ b x #
4
4
%
c1 b1 c
#
"
c0 b0
0
4
1
4
c 2 c 2$ b 2# c 1 c 1$ b 1#
4
4
10
at3 b "b dt9
1 since kxk
"
d
"
1 b tan x dx (tan x) sec x asec# xb 1
#
'
39. y
dy
dx
'
10
at3 b "b dt9
'
38. y
"
#
1
#
285
286
44. x"$ c x 0 x"$ 1 c x#$ 0 x"$ 0 or

1 c x#$ 0 x 0 or 1 x#$ x 0 or
1 x# x 0 or 1;
' ! x"$ c xdx b '!" x"$ c xdx c '") x"$ c xdx
b 3 x%$ c
4
c"
0
#
"c
c 3 (0)%$ c
4
"
3
c 4 x%$ c
x
#
x
#
(c1)
#
c 3 (c1)%$ c
4
b 3 (1)%$ c
4
1
#
c 3 (0)%$ c
4
0
#
8
#
c 3 (1)%$ c
4
1
#
"
c 3 (8)%$ c
4
x
#
c 3 x%$ c
4
Area c
"
4
"
4
c c2! c
$
4
"
b #
83
4
45. The area of the rectangle bounded by the lines y 2, y 0, x 1, and x 0 is 21. The area under the curve
'!
y 1 b cos x on [0 1] is
1
(1 b cos x) dx [x b sin x]! (1 b sin 1) c (0 b sin 0) 1. Therefore the area of
the shaded region is 21 c 1 1.
1
1
56 c 1 1 . The area under the curve y sin x on < 1 56 is
6
3
6
ccos
51
6
3
#
c ccos 1 c c
6
3
#
1
6
y sin
'
"
#
51
6 ,
46. The area of the rectangle bounded by the lines x 1 , x

6
"
#
sin
51
6
, and y 0 is
&1'
sin x dx [ccos x]1'
3. Therefore the area of the shaded region is 3 c 1 .

3
47. On <c 1 0 : The area of the rectangle bounded by the lines y 2, y 0, ) 0, and ) c 1 is 2 1
4
4
4
. The area between the curve y sec ) tan ) and y 0 is c
'
1c
12
4
sec ) tan ) d) [csec )]! 1%

c
(csec 0) c csec c 1 2 c 1. Therefore the area of the shaded region on <c 1 ! is

4
4
12
4
On <0 1 : The area of the rectangle bounded by ) 1 , ) 0, y 2, and y 0 is 2 1

4
4
4
of the shaded region on <! 1 is

4
'
under the curve y sec ) tan ) is
12
4
1%
sec ) tan ) d) [sec )]!
sec
1
4
b 2 c 1 .
12
4
. The area
c sec 0 2 c 1. Therefore the area
c 2 c 1 . Thus, the area of the total shaded region is
12
#
1 4 2 b 2 c 1 b 1 4 2 c 2 b 1
48. The area of the rectangle bounded by the lines y 2, y 0, t c 1 , and t 1 is 2 1 c c 1 2 b

4
4
. Therefore the area of the shaded region is 2 b 1 c

#
"
t
dt c 3 0 c 3 c3 (d) is a solution to this problem.
sec t dt b 4
dy
dx
sec x and y(0)
'
'
!
sec x and y(c1)
dy
dx
sec t dt b 4
'
'
Thus, the total
5
3
and y(1)
"
51. y
"
x
dy
dx
dt c 3
1c
'
"
t
50. y
'
2
3
. The
!
sec# t dt [tan t]c1% tan 0 c tan c 1 1. The area
4
2
'! a1 c t# b dt t c t3 " 1 c 13 c 0 c 03 3 .
area under the curves on <c 1 " is 1 b

4
49. y
under the curve y 1 c t# on [! "] is
'
area under the curve y sec# t on <c 1 ! is

4
1
#
5
3
"
3
1
#
sec t dt b 4 0 b 4 4 (c) is a solution to this problem.
sec t dt b 4 0 b 4 4 (b) is a solution to this problem.

and y(1)
'
"
t
dt c 3 0 c 3 c3 (a) is a solution to this problem.
sec t dt b 3
c c bh b
#
bh
6
bh c
bh c
#
9 c h c # c
4h c b
3b
#
b
h # c
4h b
3b
#
#
bh
6
4hx
3b
bh
3
b 2
h c 4h x# dx hx c
b
2
3
'
1 b t# dt c 2
b 2
b 2
b 2
'
54. y
9
bh
56. k 0 one arch of y sin kx will occur over the interval <0 1 the area
k
"
#
2 c
xc"# c
'
dx 2
'
2
(x b 1)
'
58. r
"
# x
dc
dx
57.
2
k
" c"#
dt
# t
1 c
sin kx dx <c
"
k
"
(x b 1)
dx 2 <x c xc11 ! 2 3 b
b
"
(3 b 1)
c 0 b
"
(0 b 1)
"
2 <3 " c 1 2 2 4 4.5 or $4500
4
59. (a) t 0 T 85 c 325 c 0 70 F; t 16 T 85 c 325 c 16 76 F;

t 25 T 85 c 325 c 25 85 F
(b) average temperatuve
1
25 85a25b
1
25 c 0
b 2a25 c 25b
1
' 25 85 c 325 c t dt 25 85t b 2a25 c tb32 25
!
3 2
1
25 85a0b
b 2a25 c 0b
32
75 F
3
60. (a) t 0 H 0 b 1 b 5a0b13 1 ft; t 4 H 4 b 1 b 5a4b13 5 b 54 10.17 ft;
t 8 H 8 b 1 b 5a8b13 13 ft
'
a8b
43
f(t) dt x# c 2x b 1 f(x)
f(t) dt x cos 1x f(x)
63. f(x) 2 c
'
62.
"b
'
15
4
9
1bt
d
dx
1 2
8 3 a0
'
d
dx
'
b 1b
32
f(t) dt
d
dx
43
15
4 a0b
29
3
9.67 ft
ax# c 2x b 1b 2x c 2
f(t) dt cos 1x c 1x sin 1x f(4) cos 1(4) c 1(4) sin 1(4) 1
9
dt f w (x) c 1 b (x b 1)
c9
x b2
L(x) c3(x c 1) b f(1) c3(x c 1) b 2 c3x b 5
f w (1) c3; f(1) 2 c
'
61.
b 1b
3 2
' 8 t b 1 b 5 t13 dt 1 2 at b 1b32 b 15 t43 8

8 3
4
"b"
1 2
8 3 a8
1
8c0
(b) average height
9
1bt
dt 2 c 0 2;
1 k
cos kx !
<t"# 0 x; c(100) c c(1) 100 c 1 $9.00
"
c " cos k 1 c c k cos (0)
k
k
'
!
"
x
55. Area
dy
dx
"
x
dt c 3
'
"
t
"
53. y
"
'
"
52. y
287
64. g(x) 3 b
'
288
sec (t c 1) dt gw (x) asec ax# c 1bb (2x) 2x sec ax# c 1b gw (c1) 2(c1) sec a(c1)# c 1b
' ac"b sec (t c 1) dt 3 b ' " sec (t c 1) dt 3 b 0 3; L(x) c2(x c (c1)) b g(c1)
#
c2; g(c1) 3 b
c2(x b 1) b 3 c2x b 1
65. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
True: since f is continuous, g is differentiable by Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

True: g is continuous because it is differentiable.
True, since gw (1) f(1) 0.
False, since gww (1) f w (1) 0.
True, since gw (1) 0 and gww (1) f w (1) 0.
False: gww (x) f w (x) 0, so gww never changes sign.
True, since gw (1) f(1) 0 and gw (x) f(x) is an increasing function of x (because f w (x) 0).
66. Let a x0 x1 x2 xn b be any partition of a, b and let F be any antiderivative of f.

n
(a) !<Faxi b c Faxic1 b

i1
<Fax1 b c Fax0 b b <Fax2 b c Fax1 b b <Fax3 b c Fax2 b b b <Faxnc1 b c Faxnc2 b b <Faxn b c Faxnc1 b
c Fax0 b b Fax1 b c Fax1 b b Fax2 b c Fax2 b b b Faxnc1 b c Faxnc1 b b Faxn b Faxn b c Fax0 b Fabb c Faab
(b) Since F is any antiderivative of f on a, b F is differentiable on a, b F is continuous on a, b. Consider any
subinterval xic1 , xi in a, b, then by the Mean Value Theorem there is at least one number ci in xic1 , xi such that
n
<Faxi b c Faxic1 b Fw aci baxi c xic1 b faci baxi c xic1 b faci b?xi . Thus Fabb c Faab !<Faxi b c Faxic1 b
i1
!faci b?xi .
i1
(c) Taking the limit of Fabb c Faab !faci b?xi we obtain

Fabb c Faab 'a faxb dx
i1
lim aFabb c Faabb
mPm0
lim !faci b?xi 9
mPm0
i1

Maple:
with( plots );
f := x -> x^3-4*x^2+3*x;
a := 0;
b := 4;
F := unapply( int(f(t),t=a..x), x );
# (a)
p1 := plot( [f(x),F(x)], x=a..b, legend=["y = f(x)","y = F(x)"], title="#67(a) (Section 5.4)" ):
p1;
dF := D(F);
# (b)
q1 := solve( dF(x)=0, x );
pts1 := [ seq( [x,f(x)], x=remove(has,evalf([q1]),I) ) ];
p2 := plot( pts1, style=point, color=blue, symbolsize=18, symbol=diamond, legend="(x,f(x)) where F '(x)=0" ):
display( [p1,p2], title="81(b) (Section 5.4)" );
incr := solve( dF(x)>0, x );
# (c)
decr := solve( dF(x)<0, x );
df := D(f);
# (d)
p3 := plot( [df(x),F(x)], x=a..b, legend=["y = f '(x)","y = F(x)"], title="#67(d) (Section 5.4)" ):
p3;
q2 := solve( df(x)=0, x );

pts2 := [ seq( [x,F(x)], x=remove(has,evalf([q2]),I) ) ];
p4 := plot( pts2, style=point, color=blue, symbolsize=18, symbol=diamond, legend="(x,f(x)) where f '(x)=0" ):
display( [p3,p4], title="81(d) (Section 5.4)" );
Maple:
a := 1;
u := x -> x^2;
f := x -> sqrt(1-x^2);
F := unapply( int( f(t), t=a..u(x) ), x );
dF := D(F);
# (b)
cp := solve( dF(x)=0, x );
solve( dF(x)>0, x );
solve( dF(x)<0, x );
d2F := D(dF);
# (c)
solve( d2F(x)=0, x );
plot( F(x), x=-1..1, title="#71(d) (Section 5.4)" );
75.
Example CAS commands:

Maple:
f := `f`;
q1 := Diff( Int( f(t), t=a..u(x) ), x );
d1 := value( q1 );
76.
Example CAS commands:

Maple:
f := `f`;
q2 := Diff( Int( f(t), t=a..u(x) ), x,x );
value( q2 );

Mathematica: (assigned function and values for a, and b may vary)
For transcendental functions the FindRoot is needed instead of the Solve command.
The Map command executes FindRoot over a set of initial guesses
Initial guesses will vary as the functions vary.
Clear[x, f, F]
{a, b}= {0, 21}; f[x_] = Sin[2x] Cos[x/3]
F[x_] = Integrate[f[t], {t, a, x}]
Plot[{f[x], F[x]},{x, a, b}]
x/.Map[FindRoot[F'[x]==0, {x, #}] &,{2, 3, 5, 6}]
x/.Map[FindRoot[f'[x]==0, {x, #}] &,{1, 2, 4, 5, 6}]
Slightly alter above commands for 75 - 80.
Clear[x, f, F, u]
a=0; f[x_] = x2 c 2x c 3
u[x_] = 1 c x2
F[x_] = Integrate[f[t], {t, a, u(x)}]
x/.Map[FindRoot[F'[x]==0,{x, #}] &,{1, 2, 3, 4}]
x/.Map[FindRoot[F''[x]==0,{x,#}] &,{1, 2, 3, 4}]
289
290
After determining an appropriate value for b, the following can be entered

b = 4;
Plot[{F[x], {x, a, b}]
5.5 INDEFINTE INTEGRALS AND THE SUBSTITUTION RULE
"
2
1. Let u 2x b 4 du 2 dx
' 2a 2x b 4b dx '
5
2u5
"
2
du ' u5 du
"
7
2. Let u 7x c 1 du 7 dx
' 77x c 1 dx ' 7a7x c 1b

' 2xa x2 b 5b
4x3
dx
ax 4 b 1 b 2
u6 b C
1
2 x
dx ' 1 b x
"
4
"
3
sin 3x dx '
"
3
x sin a2x b dx '
sec 2t tan 2t dt '
"
4
bC
"
2
'
"
10
u4 du
1
x
"
2
c1
x4 b 1
bC
du a3x b 2b dx
u5 b C
"
10
a 3x2 b 4xb
bC
dx
dx ' u13 2 du 2' u13 du 2
3
4
u43 b C
3
2
1 b x43 b C
du dx
"
4
"
#
du x dx
"
"
sin u du c 4 cos u b C c 4 cos 2x# b C
"
#
du dt
sec u tan u du
t
10. Let u 1 c cos 2 du
1 c cos
a7x c 1b32 b C
"
"
sin u du c 3 cos u b C c 3 cos 3x b C
t #
#
2
3
du x3 dx
dx 2 du
1 3 1
x
9. Let u 2t du 2 dt
'
u32 b C
c3
u4 " du
2
8. Let u 2x# du 4x dx
'
2
3
c2
7. Let u 3x du 3 dx
'
bC
"
' 4x3 ax4 b 1b dx ' 4 uc2 4 du ' uc2 du c uc1 b C
6. Let u 1 b x du
'
"
"
"
dx ' 2 uc4 2 du ' uc4 du c 3 uc3 b C c 3 a x2 b 5b
' a3x b 2ba3 x2 b 4xb4 dx '

x
' 1bx
a 2x b 4b
du x dx
5. Let u 3x2 b 4x du a6x b 4bdx 2a3x b 2b dx
1 3
"
6
du dx
"
2
4. Let u x4 b 1 du 4x3 dx
'
"
6
dx ' 7u12 " du ' u12 du

7
1 2
3. Let u x2 b 5 du 2x dx
c4
du dx
"
#
sin
t
#
"
#
sec u b C
dt 2 du sin
t
sin # dt ' 2u# du
2
3
u$ b C
t
2
2
3
"
#
sec 2t b C
dt
t
1 c cos # $ b C
11. Let u 1 c r$ du c3r# dr c3 du 9r# dr

dr
1cr
#
9r
'
' c3uc"# du c3(2)u"# b C c6 a1 c r$ b
"#
bC
12. Let u y% b 4y# b 1 du a4y$ b 8yb dy 3 du 12 ay$ b 2yb dy
'
12 ay% b 4y# b 1b ay$ b 2yb dy ' 3u# du u$ b C ay% b 4y# b 1b b C

#
Section 5.5 Indefinite Integrals and the Substitution Rule

13. Let u x$# c 1 du
'
x"# dx
x sin# x$# c 1 dx '
14. Let u c " du

x
"
x
2
3
2
3
du x dx
sin# u du
2
3
u
# c
"
4
sin 2u b C
"
3
x$# c 1 c
"
6
sin 2x$# c 2 b C
dx
"
cos# x dx ' cos# acub du
"
"
2
c 2x c 4 sin x b C
"
x
'
3
#
'
cos# aub du u b
#
"
4
"
sin 2u b C c 2x b
"
4
2
sin c x b C
15. (a) Let u cot 2) du c2 csc# 2) d) c " du csc# 2) d)

#
"
#
"
u du c " u b C c u b C c 4 cot# 2) b C
4
#
#
#
csc# 2) cot 2) d) c '
'
(b) Let u csc 2) du c2 csc 2) cot 2) d) c " du csc 2) cot 2) d)

#
"
csc# 2) cot 2) d) ' c " u du c " u b C c u b C c 4 csc# 2) b C
4
#
#
#
#
16. (a) Let u 5x b 8 du 5 dx
'
dx
5x b 8
'
"
5
"
u du
"
#
(b) Let u 5x b 8 du
'
dx
5x b 8
'
2
5
du
2
5
"
5
'
"
5
'
du dx
uc"# du
"
5
2u"# b C
(5x b 8)c"# (5) dx
ubC
2
5
2
5
du
2
5
u"# b C
2
5
5x b 8 b C
dx
5xb8
5x b 8 b C
17. Let u 3 c 2s du c2 ds c " du ds

#
'
3 c 2s ds ' u c " du c " ' u"# du c " 2 u$# b C c " (3 c 2s)$# b C

#
#
#
3
3
18. Let u 5s b 4 du 5 ds
'
"
5s b 4
ds '
"
u
"
5 du
"
5
"
5
'
du ds
"
uc"# du 5 2u"# b C
2
5
5s b 4 b C
19. Let u 1 c )# du c2) d) c " du ) d)

#
'
&%
4
4
) 1 c )# d) ' u c " du c " ' u"% du c " 4 u&% b C c 2 a1 c )# b b C
#
#
#
5
5
20. Let u 7 c 3y# du c6y dy c " du 3y dy

#
'
$#
"
3y7 c 3y# dy ' u c " du c " ' u"# du c " 2 u$# b C c 3 a7 c 3y# b b C
#
#
#
3
21. Let u 1 b x du
#
"
x " b x
dx '
2 du
u
#
'
"
2 x
dx 2 du
c2 bC
u
22. Let u 3z b 4 du 3 dz
'
"
3
c2
1 b x
dx
bC
du dz
cos (3z b 4) dz ' (cos u) " du

3
23. Let u 3x b 2 du 3 dx
'
"
3
"
x
"
3
"
"
' cos u du 3 sin u b C 3 sin (3z b 4) b C
du dx
sec# (3x b 2) dx ' asec# ub " du

3
"
3
'
sec# u du
"
3
tan u b C
"
3
tan (3x b 2) b C
24. Let u tan x du sec# x dx
'
tan# x sec# x dx ' u# du
"
3
u$ b C
"
3
tan$ x b C
291
292
25. Let u sin x du

3
"
sin& x cos x dx ' u& (3 du) 3 6 u' b C
3
3
26. Let u tan x du

#
c 1 du
r
18
r
6
sec# x dx 2 du sec# x dx
#
#
"
4
tan) x b C
#
dr 6 du r# dr
'
du c " r% dr c2 du r% dr
#
&
dr ' u$ (c2 du) c2 ' u$ du c2 u b C c " 7 c

#
4
%
r
10
'
3
#
x"# dx
2
3
r
10
&
&
r % 7 c
r
10
$
29. Let u x$# b 1 du
'
sin' x b C
3
r
r
r# 18 c 1 dr ' u& (6 du) 6 ' u& du 6 u b C 18 c 1 b C
6
&
28. Let u 7 c
'
"
#
"
tan( x sec# x dx ' u( (2 du) 2 8 u) b C
#
#
27. Let u
'
"
#
'
cos x dx 3 du cos x dx
3
3
'
"
3
bC
du x"# dx
x"# sin x$# b 1 dx ' (sin u) 2 du

3
2
3
'
sin u du
2
3
(ccos u) b C c 2 cos x$# b 1 b C

3
30. Let u csc v c 1 du c " csc v c 1 cot v c 1 dv c2 du csc v c 1 cot v c 1 dv

#
#
#
#
#
#
'
csc v c 1 cot v c 1 dv ' c2 du c2u b C c2 csc v c 1 b C

#
#
#
31. Let u cos (2t b 1) du c2 sin (2t b 1) dt c " du sin (2t b 1) dt

#
sin (2t b 1)
cos (2t b 1)
"
dt ' c #
du
u
#
'
"
#u
bC
"
# cos (2t b 1)
bC
32. Let u sec z du sec z tan z dz

sec z tan z
sec z
"
t
33. Let u
"
u
du ' uc"# du 2u"# b C 2sec z b C
c 1 tc" c 1 du ctc# dt cdu
"
)
" c"#
# t
dt 2 du
sin
"
)
"
)
cos
du cos " c )" d) cdu

)
"
)
cos )
) sin )
d) '
"
)
dt
t$ a1 b t% b dt ' u$ " du
4
$
cos
"
# )
"
)
"
)
d)
bC
d) c2 du
"
)
cot ) csc ) d)
cot ) csc ) d) ' c2 du c2u b C c2 csc ) b C c
37. Let u 1 b t% du 4t$ dt
'
"
)
"
"
d) ' cu du c # u# b C c # sin#
36. Let u csc ) du ccsc ) cot )
'
"
t
cos t b 3 dt ' (cos u)(2 du) 2 ' cos u du 2 sin u b C 2 sin t b 3 b C
"
t
35. Let u sin
'
dt
cos " c 1 dt ' (cos u)(cdu) c ' cos u du csin u b C csin " c 1 b C
t
t
34. Let u t b 3 t"# b 3 du
'
"
t
"
t
'
dz '
'
"
4
"
4
2
sin )
du t$ dt
"
4 u% b C
"
16
a 1 b t% b b C
bC
&
40. Let u 1 c
"
x
du
"
x
du
2
x3
c3
x11
'
x3
3
x3
du
dx '
1
x4
9
x4
c3
x3
x3
"
#
dx
41. Let u 1 c
1 c
x2
x3 c 1
du
"
9
dx
du
dx '
dx '
1
1
x4
"
3
u$# b C
2
3
1
x3
2
3
u$# b C
2
3
1 c " $# b C
x
2
3
2 c " $# b C
x
dx
dx ' u
42. Let u x3 c 1 du 3x2 dx
' x xc 1 dx '
dx ' u du ' u"# du
"
x
dx
' x1 x xc 1 dx ' x1 1 c x"

3
"
x
dx ' u du ' u"# du
2 c
"
x
x c 1 dx '
x
"
x
"
x
'
"
x
dx
"
#
1
x4
du
"
#
' u"# du 1 u$# b C 1 1 c x" $# b C

3
3
#
c
x x 1 dx '
39. Let u 2 c
"
x
du
'
"
x
38. Let u 1 c
293
dx
3
x3
dx ' u
"
9
du
"
9
2
2
' u"# du 27 u$# b C 27 1 c x3 $# b C
3
du x2 dx
1 "
u 3
du
"
3
' uc"# du 2 u1# b C 2 ax3 c 1b$# b C

3
3
43. Let u x c ". Then du dx and x u b ". Thus ' xax c "b10 dx ' au b "bu10 du ' au11 b u10 b du
1 12
12 u
1 11
11 u
bC
1
12 ax
c "b12 b
1
11 ax
c "b11 b C
44. Let u 4 c x. Then du c1 dx and ac1b du dx and x 4 c u. Thus ' x 4 c xdx ' a4 c ubu ac1bdu
' a4 c ubcu12 du ' au32 c 4u12 b du 2 u52 c 8 u32 b C 2 a4 c xb52 c 8 a4 c xb32 b C
5
3
5
3
45. Let u " c x. Then du c1 dx and ac1b du dx and x 1 c u. Thus ' ax b 1b2 a" c xb5 dx
' a2 c ub2 u5 ac1b du ' acu7 b 4u6 c 4u5 b du c 1 u8 b 4 u7 c 2 u6 b C
8
7
3
c 1 a" c xb8 b 4 a" c xb7 c 2 a" c xb6 b C
8
7
3
46. Let u x c 5. Then du dx and x u b 5. Thus ' ax b 5bax c 5b13 dx ' au b 10bu13 du ' u43 b 10u13 du
3 u 7 3 b
7
15 43
2 u
b C 3 ax c 5b73 b
7
15
2 ax
c 5b43 b C
47. Let u x# b ". Then du #x dx and " du x dx and x# u c ". Thus ' x$ x# b " dx ' au c "b " u du
#
#
"
#
' au$# c u"# bdu " # u&# c # u$# b C " u&# c " u$# b C " ax# b "b&# c " ax# b "b$# b C
# &
$
&
$
&
$
48. Let u x3 b " du 3x# dx and x3 u c ". So ' 3B& x3 b " dx ' au c "bu du ' au$# c u"# bdu
# u&# c # u$# b C # ax$ b "b
&
$
&
49. Let u x2 c 4 du 2x dx and
"
c " uc2 b C c 4 ax2 c 4b
4
c2
&#
"
#
c # a x$ b " b
$
$#
bC
du x dx . Thus '
x
ax 2 c 4 b 3
dx ' ax2 c 4b x dx ' uc3 " du

#
c3
"
#
' uc3 du
bC
50. Let u x c 4 du dx and x u b 4 . Thus '
x
ax c 4 b 3
dx ' ax c 4bc3 x dx ' uc3 au b 4bdu ' auc2 b 4uc3 b du
cuc1 c 2uc2 b C cax c 4bc1 c 2ax c 4bc2 b C
294
51. (a) Let u tan x du sec# x dx; v u$ dv 3u# du 6 dv 18u# du; w 2 b v dw dv

dx '
'
18u
du
a2 b u b
6
c 2 b tan x b C
#
#
#
# $
bC
6 dv
(2 b v)
'
6 dw
w
6
6 ' wc# dw c6wc" b C c # b v b C
18 tan x sec x
a2 b tan xb
6
c 2bu
$
'
(b) Let u tan x du 3 tan x sec x dx 6 du 18 tan# x sec# x dx; v 2 b u dv du

'
6 du
(2 b u)
6 dv
v
#
dx '
18 tan x sec x
a2 b tan xb
6
6
6
c v b C c 2 b u b C c # b tan
'
bC
(c) Let u 2 b tan$ x du 3 tan# x sec# x dx 6 du 18 tan# x sec# x dx

dx '
6 du
u
#
18 tan x sec x
a2 b tan xb
6
6
c u b C c 2 b tan
'
bC
52. (a) Let u x c 1 du dx; v sin u dv cos u du; w 1 b v# dw 2v dv
'
"
#
w dw
"
3
w$# b C
"
3
a 1 b v# b
$#
bC
"
3
a1 b sin# ub
$#
bC
"
#
(b) Let u sin (x c 1) du cos (x c 1) dx; v 1 b u dv 2u du

1 b sin# (x c 1) sin (x c 1) cos (x c 1) dx ' u 1 b u# du '
" 2 v$# b C
# 3
"
3
"
3
v$# b C
a1 b u # b
$#
bC
"
3
(c) Let u 1 b sin (x c 1) du 2 sin (x c 1) cos (x c 1) dx
1 b sin# (x c 1) sin (x c 1) cos (x c 1) dx '

"
3
a1 b sin# (x c 1)b
$#
(2r c 1) cos 3(2r c 1) b 6

3(2r c 1) b 6
#
"
6
dr '
d)
4
cos )
'
sin )
) cos )
$
sin )
) cos )
v dv '
$#
"
#
"
1#
du sin (x c 1) cos (x c 1) dx
"
#
u"# du
"
#
2 u$# b C
3
du (2r c 1) dr; v u dv
"
# )
d) '
d) c2 du
c2 du
u
"
6
sin v b C
"
# u
"
6
du
sin u b C
sin )
)
d)
c2 ' uc$# du c2 c2uc"# b C
s ' 12t a3t# c 1b dt ' u$ (2 du) 2 " u% b C

4
$
4
u
bC
"
#
u% b C
"
#
a3t# c 1b b C;
(3 c 1)% b C 3 8 b C C c5 s
"
#
a3t# c 1b c 5
56. Let u x# b 8 du 2x dx 2 du 4x dx
y ' 4x ax# b 8b
c"$
dx ' uc"$ (2 du) 2 3 u#$ b C 3u#$ b C 3 ax# b 8b

#
y 0 when x 0 0 3(8)
57. Let u t b
1
1#
#$
b C C c12 y 3 ax b 8b
#$
#$
b C;
c 12
du dt
s ' 8 sin# t b
"
1 # u
bC
55. Let u 3t# c 1 du 6t dt 2 du 12t dt

"
#
dv
v"# dv
bC
s 3 when t 1 3
bC
dv u du
sin 3(2r c 1)# b 6 b C
54. Let u cos ) du csin )
'
$#
a1 b sin# (x c 1)b
"
#
"
du ' (cos v) 6 dv
cos u
"
u 1#
#$
u du '
"
3
bC
53. Let u 3(2r c 1)# b 6 du 6(2r c 1)(2) dr
'
"
#
"
#
a1 b sin# (x c 1)b
'
dw v dv
1 b sin# (x c 1) sin (x c 1) cos (x c 1) dx ' 1 b sin# u sin u cos u du ' v1 b v# dv

'
'
"
#
1
dt ' 8 sin# u du 8 u c " sin 2u b C 4 t b 1# c 2 sin 2t b 1 b C;
4
6
#
1
s 8 when t 0 8 4 1# c 2 sin 1 b C C 8 c 1 b 1 9 c 1
6
3
3
1
s 4t b 1# c 2 sin 2t b 1 b 9 c 1 4t c 2 sin 2t b 1 b 9
6
3
6
1
1#
"
6
du

1
4
58. Let u
c ) cdu d)
r ' 3 cos# 1 c ) d) c ' 3 cos# u du c3 u b

4
#
sin 2u b C c 3 1 c ) c 3 sin 1 c 2) b C;
4
# 4
#
1
3
3 1
3
c 4 sin 1 c 2) b 1 b
bC C # b 4 rc# 4 c)
#
#
1
3
when ) 0 1 c 38 c 4 sin 1
8
#
3
3
1
1
3
r # ) c 4 sin # c 2) b 8 b 4 r
1
8
1
#
59. Let u 2t c
ds
dt
295
3
2
)c
3
4
"
4
cos 2) b
1
8
3
4
3
4
du 2 dt c2 du c4 dt
' c4 sin 2t c 1 dt ' (sin u)(c2 du) 2 cos u b C" 2 cos 2t c 1 b C" ;
#
#
at t 0 and
100 we have 100 2 cos c 1 b C" C" 100

#
ds
dt
2 cos 2t c 1 b 100
#
ds
dt
s ' 2 cos 2t c 1 b 100 dt ' (cos u b 50) du sin u b 50u b C# sin 2t c 1 b 50 2t c 1 b C# ;

#
#
#
at t 0 and s 0 we have 0 sin c 1 b 50 c 1 b C# C# 1 b 251
#
#
s sin 2t c 1 b 100t c 251 b (1 b 251) s sin 2t c 1 b 100t b 1
#
#
60. Let u tan 2x du 2 sec# 2x dx 2 du 4 sec# 2x dx; v 2x dv 2 dx

dy
dx
' 4 sec# 2x tan 2x dx ' u(2 du) u# b C" tan# 2x b C" ;
at x 0 and
dy
dx
4 we have 4 0 b C" C" 4
y ' asec# 2x b 3b dx ' asec# v b 3b " dv

#
at x 0 and y c1 we have c1
"
#
dy
dx
"
#
"
#
dv dx
tan# 2x b 4 asec# 2x c 1b b 4 sec# 2x b 3
tan v b 3 v b C#
#
"
#
(0) b 0 b C# C# c1 y
"
#
tan 2x b 3x b C# ;
tan 2x b 3x c 1
61. Let u 2t du 2 dt 3 du 6 dt
s ' 6 sin 2t dt ' (sin u)(3 du) c3 cos u b C c3 cos 2t b C;

at t 0 and s 0 we have 0 c3 cos 0 b C C 3 s 3 c 3 cos 2t s 1 3 c 3 cos (1) 6 m
#
62. Let u 1t du 1 dt 1 du 1# dt
v ' 1# cos 1t dt ' (cos u)(1 du) 1 sin u b C" 1 sin (1t) b C" ;
at t 0 and v 8 we have 8 1(0) b C" C" 8 v
ds
dt
1 sin (1t) b 8 s ' (1 sin (1t) b 8) dt
' sin u du b 8t b C# ccos (1t) b 8t b C# ; at t 0 and s 0 we have 0 c1 b C# C# 1

s 8t c cos (1t) b 1 s(1) 8 c cos 1 b 1 10 m
63. All three integrations are correct. In each case, the derivative of the function on the right is the integrand on
the left, and each formula has an arbitrary constant for generating the remaining antiderivatives. Moreover,
sin# x b C" 1 c cos# x b C" C# 1 b C" ; also ccos# x b C# c cos 2x c " b C# C$ C# c " C" b " .
#
#
#
#
"'!
"
Vmax sin 1201t dt 60 <cVmax 1201 cos (1201t) !
"
c Vmax [1 c 1] 0
#1
(b) Vmax 2 Vrms 2 (240) 339 volts
aVmax b# sin# 1201t dt aVmax b#
#
aVmax b
#
"
<t c 2401 sin
"'!
2401t !
'
1 60
1 c cos 2401t dt
#
aVmax b
#
1 60
'
aVmax b
#
(c)
c Vmax [cos 21 c cos 0]

#1
'
1 60
(1 c cos 2401t) dt
"
"
"
< 60 c 2401 sin (41) c 0 c #401 sin (0)
aVmax b
1#0
1 60
'
"
60 c 0
64. (a)
296
5.6 SUBSTITUTION AND AREA BETWEEN CURVES

1. (a) Let u y b 1 du dy; y 0 u 1, y 3 u 4
'
'
y b 1 dy
u"# du < 2 u$# " 2 (4)$# c 2 (1)$# 2 (8) c 2 (1)

3
3
3
3
3
14
3
(b) Use the same substitution for u as in part (a); y c1 u 0, y 0 u 1
'
0
1
'
y b 1 dy
"
u"# du < 2 u$# ! 2 (1)$# c 0

3
3
2
3
2. (a) Let u 1 c r# du c2r dr c " du r dr; r 0 u 1, r 1 u 0

#
'
'
r 1 c r# dr
"
"
c " u du <c 3 u$# " 0 c c 3 (1)$#
#
"
3
(b) Use the same substitution for u as in part (a); r c1 u 0, r 1 u 0
'
1
1
'
r 1 c r# dr
c " u du 0
#
3. (a) Let u tan x du sec# x dx; x 0 u 0, x
'
tan x sec# x dx
"
u du u
#
#
c0
1
#
'
1
4
u1
"
#
(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a); x c 1 u c1, x 0 u 0

4
4
'
tan x sec# x dx
0
1
u du u
#
#
'
0c
c"
"
#
c"
#
1c
4. (a) Let u cos x du csin x dx cdu sin x dx; x 0 u 1, x 1 u c1

1
'
' c c3u# du ccu$ d c" c(c1)$ c ac(1)$ b 2

"
1
3 cos# x sin x dx
(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a); x 21 u 1, x 31 u c1

1
c3u# du 2
5. (a) u 1 b t% du 4t$ dt
1
'
"
1 4
t$ a1 b t% b dt
du t$ dt; t 0 u 1, t 1 u 2
#
u
u$ du 16
%
'
"
4
"
2
16
%
'c
1
16
%
3 cos# x sin x dx
'
15
16
(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a); t c1 u 2, t 1 u 2
'
'
t$ a1 b t% b dt
"
4
u$ du 0
6. (a) Let u t# b 1 du 2t dt
'
t at# b 1b
"$
dt
'
"
#
"
#
du t dt; t 0 u 1, t 7 u 8
)
u"$ du < " 3 u%$ " 3 (8)%$ c 3 (1)%$

4
8
8
#
45
8
(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a); t c7 u 8, t 0 u 1
'
0
7
t at# b 1b
"$
dt
'
"
8 #
u"$ du c
7. (a) Let u 4 b r# du 2r dr
5r
'c a4 b r b
1
# #
dr 5
'
"
#
"
#
'
"
#
u"$ du c 45
8
du r dr; r c1 u 5, r 1 u 5
uc# du 0
(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a); r 0 u 4, r 1 u 5

0
5r
a4 b r b
# #
'
dr 5
'
"
#
&
uc# du 5 <c " uc" % 5 c " (5)c" c 5 c " (4)c"

#
#
#
"
8
Section 5.6 Substitution and Area Between Curves

8. (a) Let u 1 b v$# du
10v
b
# #$
a1 b v
dv
'
"
u
v"# dv
20 du
3
'
3
#
'
20
3
du 10v dv; v 0 u 1, v 1 u 2
20
3
2
#
1
"
uc# du c 20 < " " c 20 < # c 1
3 u
3
297
10
3
(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a); v 1 u 2, v 4 u 1 b 4$# 9

4
10v
b
# #$
a1 b v
dv
'
"
"
1
7
20 du c 20 < u * c 20 9 c 2 c 20 c 18
3
3
3
3
#
"
u
'
70
#7
9. (a) Let u x# b 1 du 2x dx 2 du 4x dx; x 0 u 1, x 3 u 4
'
4x
x b 1
dx
'
'
du
2
1 u
2uc"# du <4u"# " 4(4)"# c 4(1)"# 4
(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a); x c3 u 4, x 3 u 4
'
4x
3 x b 1
'
dx
du 0
2
u
10. (a) Let u x% b 9 du 4x$ dx
'
x
0 x b 9
dx
'
10
"
4
du x$ dx; x 0 u 9, x 1 u 10
"!
"
4
"
uc"# du < 4 (2)u"# *
"
#
"
(10)"# c # (9)"#
10 c 3
#
(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a); x c1 u 10, x 0 u 9

0
x
1 x b 9
$
'
dx
'
"
10 4
uc"# du c
'
10
"
4
"
3
11. (a) Let u 1 c cos 3t du 3 sin 3t dt

1
(1 c cos 3t) sin 3t dt
'
"
3
1
6
(1 c cos 3t) sin 3t dt
12. (a) Let u 2 b tan
'
0
2
t
#
t
#
dt
"
3
"
#
du
t
2 b tan # sec#
'
1
6
t
#
1c
1
'
t
2 b tan # sec#
t
#
'
dt 2
1c
'
dz
cos z
4 b 3 sin z
'
"
u
dt 2 du sec#
1
3
1
6
u 1 c cos
1
#
"
6
u 1 c cos 1 2
"
6
"
(2)# c 6 (1)#
t
#
dt; t
c1
#
"
2
u 2 b tan c1 1, t 0 u 2
4
u (2 du) cu# d " 2# c 1# 3

c1
#
u 1, t
1
#
u3
u du cu# d " 3# c 1# 8
"
3
13. (a) Let u 4 b 3 sin z du 3 cos z dz

2
"
(1)# c 6 (0)#
u 1, t
"
(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a); t

2
"
6
"
u du 3 u
#
sec#
'
'
"
"
u du 3 u
#
(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a); t

3
du sin 3t dt; t 0 u 0, t
#
'
3 c 10
#
uc"# du
du cos z dz; z 0 u 4, z 21 u 4
"
3 du 0
(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a); z c1 u 4 b 3 sin (c1) 4, z 1 u 4

1
'
dz
cos z
4 b 3 sin z
'
"
u
"
3 du 0
1c
14. (a) Let u 3 b 2 cos w du c2 sin w dw c " du sin w dw; w c 1 u 3, w 0 u 5

#
#
0
sin w
2 (3 b 2 cos w)
'
dw
'
"
uc# c # du
"
#
&
cuc" d $
"
#
"
" c " c 15
5
3
1c
(b) Use the same substitution as in part (a); w 0 u 5, w

sin w
(3 b 2 cos w)
'
dw
'
"
uc# c # du
"
#
' uc# du
1
#
u3
"
15
298
15. Let u t& b 2t du a5t% b 2b dt; t 0 u 0, t 1 u 3

0
16. Let u 1 b y du
#
dy
1 2 y 1 b y
'
"
2 u
(3)$# c 2 (0)$# 23
3
2
3
; y 1 u 2, y 4 u 3
dy
2 y
'
du
'
u"# du < 2 u$# !

3
uc# du ccuc" d # c 1 c c 1
3
2
"
6
17. Let u cos 2) du c2 sin 2) d) c " du sin 2) d); ) 0 u 1, )

#
"#
"
"
4 1
)
)
sec# 6 d) 6 du sec# 6 d); ) 1 u tan 1
6
'
)
)
cot& 6 sec# 6 d)
uc& (6 du) 6 u 4
c
19. Let u 5 c 4 cos t du 4 sin t dt
'
"
uc$ du c 2 u
c#
%c
"
6
1 2
'
5 (5 c 4 cos t)"% sin t dt
"
4
"
"$
5u"% " du
4
'
'
(1 c sin 2t)$# cos 2t dt
"
3
"
4(1)
,)
31
#
"
#
3
4
u tan
1
4
; 12
du sin t dt; t 0 u 5 c 4 cos 0 1, t 1 u 5 c 4 cos 1 9
'
5
4
u"% du < 5 4 u&% " 9&% c 1 $&# c "

4 5
20. Let u 1 c sin 2t du c2 cos 2t dt c " du cos 2t dt; t 0 u 1, t

#
4
3 "
3
<c 2u "$ c 2(1) c :c 3
#
'
uc$ c " du c "

#
#
'
1 2
u cos 2 1
6
#
)
18. Let u tan 6 du
'
cosc$ 2) sin 2) d)
#c
'
1
6
% "
'
t& b 2t a5t% b 2b dt
'
" 2 &# !
2 5 u
"
c " u$# du <c

#
1
4
u0
c 1 (0)&# c c 1 (1)&#
5
5
"
5
21. Let u 4y c y# b 4y$ b 1 du a4 c 2y b 12y# b dy; y 0 u 1, y 1 u 4(1) c (1)# b 4(1)$ b 1 8
'
a4y c y# b 4y$ b 1b
c#$
a12y# c 2y b 4b dy
'
uc#$ du <3u"$ " 3(8)"$ c 3(1)"$ 3
22. Let u y$ b 6y# c 12y b 9 du a3y# b 12y c 12b dy

ay$ b 6y# c 12y b 9b
"
#
'
"
t
"
4
du ay# b 4y c 4b dy; y 0 u 9, y 1 u 4
%
"
3
"
uc"# du < 3 2u"# *
2
3
2
(4)"# c 3 (9)"#
2
3
2
(2 c 3) c 3
3
du ) d); ) 0 u 0, ) 1# u 1
"
4
sin 2u !
2
3
1 b
#
"
4
2
sin 21 c 3 (0)
1
3
"
du ctc# dt; t c1 u 0, t c # u c1
tc# sin# 1 b " dt

t
2
3
'
u
cos# u 2 du < 2 # b
3
3
'
1 2
)"# d)
) cos# )$# d)
24. Let u 1 b
'
3
#
#1
'
ay# b 4y c 4b dy
23. Let u )$# du
c"#
'
"
3
sin 2
csin# u du <c u c
2
"
4
c"
"
sin 2u ! c c # c
"
4
0
sin (c2) c # c
"
4
sin 0
25. Let u 4 c x# du c2x dx c " du x dx; x c2 u 0, x 0 u 4, x 2 u 0

#
%
< 2 u$# !
3
2
3
'
x4 c x# dx b
x4 c x# dx c
(4)$# c 2 (0)$#
3
'
c " u"# du b
#
'
c " u"# du 2
#
'
'
"
#
u"# du
16
3
26. Let u 1 c cos x du sin x dx; x 0 u 0, x 1 u 2

2
u du u
2
#
'
2
#
(1 c cos x) sin x dx
0
#
'
'
Ac
u"# du
299
27. Let u 1 b cos x du csin x dx cdu sin x dx; x c1 u 1 b cos (c1) 0, x 0 u 1 b cos 0 2
2
1c
28. Let u 1 b 1 sin x du 1 cos x dx

Because of symmetry about x c 1 , A 2
#
"
1
'
'
u"# du <2u$# ! 2(2)$# c 2(0)$# 2&#
du cos x dx; x c 1 u 1 b 1 sin c 1 0, x 0 u 1

#
#
0
1
#
(cos x) (sin (1 b 1 sin x)) dx 2
"
(sin u) 1 du
1 c cos 2x
;
#
'
sec# t dt b 2
3
3
1c
1
1c
" sec# t b 4 sin# t dt

#
"
#
'
3
3
1c
'
"
#
'
"
#
'
sec# t dt b 4
(1 c cos 2t) dt
"
#
"
#
1$
3
3
sin# t dt
"
#
"
#
'
sec# t b 4 sin# t;
3
3
1$
sin 2t
# ]c1$
[tan t]c1$ b 2[t c
1
#
[(1 c 0) c (0 c 0)]
sec# t c ac4 sin# tb

1c
sin 2x 1
#
!
<x c
1c
"
#
'
sec# t dt b 4
3 b 4
1
3
(" c cos 2t)

#
1c
(1 c cos 2x) dx
'
"
#
dx
(" c cos 2x)

#
'
30. For the sketch given, a c 1 , b 1 ; f(t) c g(t)

3
3
1c
1
#
sin u du [ccos u]1 (ccos 1) c (ccos 0) 2

!
29. For the sketch given, a 0, b 1; f(x) c g(x) 1 c cos# x sin# x

A
'
'
3u"# (cdu) 3
1c
'
3 (sin x) 1 b cos x dx c
'
Ac
c 3
dt
41
3
31. For the sketch given, a c2, b 2; f(x) c g(x) 2x# c ax% c 2x# b 4x# c x% ;
2
a4x# c x% b dx 4x c
3
$
'
x
5
&
32 c
3
c#
32
5
c <c 32 c c 32
3
5
64
5
(" c 0)
4
"
3
320c192
15
64
3
128
15
32. For the sketch given, c 0, d 1; f(y) c g(y) y# c y$ ;
'
ay# c y$ b dy
'
y# dy c
"
"
(" c 0)
3
y$ dy y c y
3
4
$
'
"
4
"
1#
33. For the sketch given, c 0, d 1; f(y) c g(y) a12y# c 12y$ b c a2y# c 2yb 10y# c 12y$ b 2y;
'
a10y# c 12y$ b 2yb dy
10 c 0 c (3 c 0) b (1 c 0)
3
10y# dy c
4
3
'
'
12y$ dy b
'
"
"
"
2
2y dy < 10 y$ ! c < 12 y% ! b < # y# !
3
4
34. For the sketch given, a c1, b 1; f(x) c g(x) x# c ac2x% b x# b 2x% ;
'
"
"
2
"
2
3 b 5 c <c 3 b c 5
2
3
35. We want the area between the line y 1, 0 x 2, and the curve y
x
4
, 738?= the area of a triangle
(formed by y x and y 1) with base 1 and height 1. Thus, A

2 c
8
1#
"
#
2c
2
3
"
#
'
c"
5
6
1 c
4
5
x
4
10 b 12
15
22
15
dx c " (1)(1) x c
#
#
x
1# !
$
2x
5
ax# b 2x% b dx x b
3
$
&
"
#
36. We want the area between the x-axis and the curve y x# , 0 x 1 :6?= the area of a triangle (formed by x 1,
'
"
x# dx b " (1)(1) x b
#
3
$
x b y 2, and the x-axis) with base 1 and height 1. Thus, A
"
#
"
3
"
#
5
6
37. AREA A1 b A2
A1: For the sketch given, a c3 and we find b by solving the equations y x# c 4 and y cx# c 2x
simultaneously for x: x# c 4 cx# c 2x 2x# b 2x c 4 0 2(x b 2)(x c 1) x c2 or x 1 so
'
c
3
b c2: f(x) c g(x) ax# c 4b c acx# c 2xb 2x# b 2x c 4 A1
a2x# b 2x c 4b dx
2x b
3
2x
#
c 4x
300
c#
c$
c 16 b 4 b 8 c (c18 b 9 b 12) 9 c
3
16
3
11
3 ;
A2: For the sketch given, a c2 and b 1: f(x) c g(x) acx# c 2xb c ax# c 4b c2x# c 2x b 4
'
a2x# b 2x c 4b dx c 2x b x# c 4x
3
$
A2 c
c2 c1b4c
3
16
3
"
c 2 b 1 c 4 b c 16 b 4 b 8
3
3
c#
b 4 b 8 9;
Therefore, AREA A1 b A2
11
3
b9
38
3
38. AREA A1 b A2
A1: For the sketch given, a c2 and b 0: f(x) c g(x) a2x$ c x# c 5xb c acx# b 3xb 2x$ c 8x
'
a2x$ c 8xb dx 2x c
4
%
8x
#
A1
0 c (8 c 16) 8;
c#
A2: For the sketch given, a 0 and b 2: f(x) c g(x) acx# b 3xb c a2x$ c x# c 5xb 8x c 2x$
'
a8x c 2x$ b dx 8x c
2
#
2x
4
(16 c 8) 8;
A2
Therefore, AREA A1 b A2 16
39. AREA A1 b A2 b A3
A1: For the sketch given, a c2 and b c1: f(x) c g(x) (cx b 2) c a4 c x# b x# c x c 2
'
ax# c x c 2b dx x c
3
$
x
#
A1
c 2x
c"
c#
c " c
3
"
#
b 2 c c 8 c
3
b 4
4
2
7
3
"
#
14c3
6
1"
6 ;
"
#
9;
#
A2: For the sketch given, a c1 and b 2: f(x) c g(x) a4 c x# b c (cx b 2) c ax# c x c 2b
'
ax# c x c 2b dx c x c
3
$
x
#
A2 c
c 2x
#
c"
c 8 c
3
4
#
c 4 b c 1 c
3
1
2
b 2 c3 b 8 c
A3: For the sketch given, a 2 and b 3: f(x) c g(x) (cx b 2) c a4 c x# b x# c x c 2

3
ax# c x c 2b dx x c
3
x
#
'
Therefore, AREA A1 b A2 b A3
11
6
A3
9
#
c 2x 27 c
3
#
9
#
b 9 c
9
#
8
c 6 c 3 c
c 8 9 c
3
5
6
4
2
c 4 9 c
9
#
8
c 3;
49
6
40. AREA A1 b A2 b A3
$
0
2
ax$ c 4xb dx
"
3
x c 2x#
4
f(x) c g(x)
"
3
x
3
c x0
4
3
x
3
"
3
ax$ c 4xb
x
3
c x and y
x
3
simultaneously
(x c 2)(x b 2) 0 x c2, x 0, or x 2 so b 2:
"
"
c x c x c 3 ax$ c 4xb A2 c 3
3
$
cx
x
3
for x:
x
3
c4x
3
"
4
0 c 3 (4 c 8) 3 ;
c#
A2: For the sketch given, a 0 and we find b by solving the equations y
x
3
x
3
'
ax$ c 4xb dx
"
3
'
a4x c x$ b
(8 c 4) 4 ;
3
A3: For the sketch given, a 2 and b 3: f(x) c g(x) x c x c

3
$
"
3
'
ax$ c 4xb dx
"
3
Therefore, AREA A1 b A2 b A3
x c 2x#
4
%
A3
4
3
4
3
25
12
"
3
x
3
"
3
ax$ c 4xb
< 81 c 2 9 c 16 c 8
4
4
32b25
1#
"
3
81 c 14
4
19
4
41. a c2, b 2;
f(x) c g(x) 2 c ax# c 2b 4 c x#
'
2
2
a4 c x# bdx 4x c
8
2 24 c 3
3
x
3
"
3
#
c#
8 c 8 c c8 b 8
3
3
32
3
25
12 ;
2x# c
x
4
'
"
3
A1
x
3
A1: For the sketch given, a c2 and b 0: f(x) c g(x) x c x c

3
#
!

42. a c1, b 3;
f(x) c g(x) a2x c x# b c (c3) 2x c x# b 3
27
3
a2x c x# b 3b dx x# c
9 c
b 9 c 1 b
1
3
f(x) c g(x) 8x c x% A
#
16 c
x
5
&
32
5
b 3x
"
3
c 3 11 c
43. a 0, b 2;
8x c
2
x
3
'
'
$
c"
32
3
a8x c x% b dx
80 c 32
5
48
5
44. Limits of integration: x# c 2x x x# 3x

x(x c 3) 0 a 0 and b 3;
f(x) c g(x) x c ax# c 2xb 3x c x#
27
#
a3x c x# b dx 3x c
2
#
'
27 c 18
#
c9
x
3
$
!
9
#
45. Limits of integration: x# cx# b 4x 2x# c 4x 0

2x(x c 2) 0 a 0 and b 2;
f(x) c g(x) acx# b 4xb c x# c2x# b 4x
'
c 16 b
3
ac2x# b 4xb dx c2x b

3
16
#
c32 b 48
6
4x
2
#
!
8
3
46. Limits of integration: 7 c 2x# x# b 4 3x# c 3 0

3(x c 1)(x b 1) 0 a c1 and b 1;
f(x) c g(x) a7 c 2x# b c ax# b 4b 3 c 3x#
'
1
1
a3 c 3x# b dx 3 x c
x
3
"
c"
"
2
3 <1 c " c c1 b 3 6 3 4
3
47. Limits of integration: x% c 4x# b 4 x#

x% c 5x# b 4 0 ax# c 4b ax# c 1b 0
(x b 2)(x c 2)(x b 1)(x c 1) ! x c2, c1, 1, 2;
f(x) c g(x) ax% c 4x# b 4b c x# x% c 5x# b 4 and
g(x) c f(x) x# c ax% c 4x# b 4b cx% b 5x# c 4
&
60
5
5
3
c 4x
c"
b x c
5
&
" c
5
5x
3
c#
b 4 c 32 c
5
60
3
300c180
15
40
3
5x
3
c x b
5
1
1
ax% c 5x# b 4bdx
b 4x
"
b 8 b 5 c
5
3
"
c"
x
b c5 b
&
acx% b 5x# c 4bdx
'
5x
3
acx% b 5x# c 4bdx b
'
'
"
b 4 c c 5 b
c 4x
5
3
#
"
c 4 b c 32 b
5
40
3
"
c 8 c c 5 b
5
3
c 4
301
302
48. Limits of integration: xa# c x# 0 x 0 or

a# c x# 0 x 0 or a# c x# 0 x ca, 0, a;
"
#
"
3
0
a
'
cxa# c x# dx b
2 aa# c x# b
3
# $#
aa b
$# !
"
3
ca
xa# c x# dx
c " 2 aa# c x# b
# 3
# $#
c c aa b
2a
3
$# a
'
49. Limits of integration: y kxk J
cx, x 0
and
x, x 0
5y x b 6 or y x b 6 ; for x 0: cx x b 6
5
5
5
5
5cx x b 6 25(cx) x# b 12x b 36
x# b 37x b 36 0 (x b 1)(x b 36) 0
x c1, c36 (but x c36 is not a solution);
for x 0: 5x x b 6 25x x# b 12x b 36
x# c 13x b 36 0 (x c 4)(x c 9) 0
x 4, 9; there are three intersection points and
0
1
x b 6 c cxdx b
5
(x b 6) b 2 (cx)$#
10
3
#
36 c
10
25
10
'
x b 6 c xdx b
5
c"
'
x c
b (x b 6) c 2 x$# b 2 x$# c
10
3
3
#
'
c 2 b 100 c
3
10
2
3
4$# c
36
10
2
b 0 b 3 9$# c
xb6
5
(x b 6)
10
225
10
2
3
dx
*
%
4$# b
100
10
c 50 b
10
20
3
50. Limits of integration:

x# c 4, x c2 or x 2
y kx# c 4k
4 c x# , c2 x 2
#
x
2
for x c2 and x 2: x# c 4
b4
2x c 8 x b 8 x 16 x 4;
x
#
for c2 x 2: 4 c x#
b 4 8 c 2x# x# b 8
x# 0 x 0; by symmetry of the graph,
x b 4 c a4 c x# bdx b 2
2
#
2 8 c 0 b 2 32 c
#
64
6
'
x b 4 c ax# c 4bdx 2 x b 2 8x c
2
2
8
c 16 b 6 40 c
'
56
3
x
6
A2
%
#
64
3
51. Limits of integration: c 0 and d 3;

f(y) c g(y) 2y# c 0 2y#
'
2y# dy 2y 2 9 18
3
$
5
3

52. Limits of integration: y# y b 2 (y b 1)(y c 2) 0
c c1 and d 2; f(y) c g(y) (y b 2) c y#
2
ay b 2 c y# b dy y b 2y c
#
#
"
4 b 4 c 8 c " c 2 b 3 6 c
#
3
#
8
3
"
#
y
3
'
#
c"
b2c
"
3
9
#
53. Limits of integration: 4x y# c 4 and 4x 16 b y

y# c 4 16 b y y# c y c 20 0
(y c 5)(y b 4) 0 c c4 and d 5;
#
'
5
4
"
4
"
4
c y b
3
"
4
"
4
acy# b y b 20b dy
c 125 b
3
c 189 b
3
y
#
cy byb20
4
#
b
c
f(y) c g(y) 164 y c y 4 4
b 20y
&
c%
25
"
b 100 c 4 64
2
3
9
243
b 180 8
2
c 80
16
#
54. Limits of integration: x y# and x 3 c 2y#

y# 3 c 2y# 3y# 3 3(y c 1)(y b 1) 0
c c1 and d 1; f(y) c g(y) a3 c 2y# b c y#
3 y c
y
3
3 2 1 c
"
c"
"
3
'
1
1
3 c 3y# 3 a1 c y# b A 3
a1 c y# b dy
"
3 1 c " c 3 c1 b 3
3
55. Limits of integration: x y# c y and x 2y# c 2y c 6

y# c y 2y# c 2y c 6 y# c y c 6 0
ay c 3bay b 2b 0 c c2 and d 3;
f(y) c g(y) ay# c yb c a2y# c 2y c 6b cy# b y b 6
'
c9 b
acy# b y b 6b dy c y b " y2 b 6y
3
#
$
b 18 c 8 b 2 c 12
3
9
2
3
c2
125
6
56. Limits of integration: x y#$ and x 2 c y%

y#$ 2 c y% c c1 and d 1;
f(y) c g(y) a2 c y% b c y#$
A
'
2y c
y
5
1
1
2 c y% c y#$ dy
3
c 5 y&$
"
c"
&
2 c " c 3 c c2 b
5
5
2 2 c " c 3 12
5
5
5
"
5
b 3
5
303
304
57. Limits of integration: x y# c 1 and x kyk 1 c y#

y# c 1 kyk 1 c y# y% c 2y# b 1 y# a1 c y# b
y% c 2y# b 1 y# c y% 2y% c 3y# b 1 0
a2y# c 1b ay# c 1b 0 2y# c 1 0 or y# c 1 0
"
#
y#
or y# 1 y
2
#
2
#
or y 1.
are not solutions y 1;

for c1 y 0, f(x) c g(x) cy1 c y# c ay# c 1b
'
0
1
, and by symmetry of the graph,
1 c y# c y a1 c y# b
a1 c y# b dy c 2
2 <(! c 0) c c1 b
'
0
1
'
A2
"#
"
3
"#
dy
y a1 c y# b
2
3
"#
dy 2 y c
y
3
1 c y# c y a1 c y# b
!
c"
b 2 " 2 a1 c3y b
#
#$ #
Substitution shows that
!
c"
c 0 2
58. AREA A1 b A2
Limits of integration: x 2y and x y$ c y#
y$ c y# 2y y ay# c y c 2b y(y b 1)(y c 2) 0
y c1, 0, 2:
for c1 y 0, f(y) c g(y) y$ c y# c 2y
'
y
3
0 c " b
4
ay$ c y# c 2yb dy y c
4
"
3
c 1
A1
c y#
!
c"
5
12 ;
for 0 y 2, f(y) c g(y) 2y c y$ b y#

2
4 c
16
4
8
3
c0
Therefore, A1 b A2
y
3
'! a2y c y$ b y# b dy y# c y4
A2
#
!
8
3;
5
12
8
3
37
12
59. Limits of integration: y c4x# b 4 and y x% c 1

x% c 1 c4x# b 4 x% b 4x# c 5 0
ax# b 5b (x c 1)(x b 1) 0 a c1 and b 1;
f(x) c g(x) c4x# b 4 c x% b 1 c4x# c x% b 5
1
c 4 c
3
ac4x# c x% b 5b dx c 4x c
3
$
'
"
5
b 5 c 4 b
3
"
5
c 5 2 c 4 c
3
"
x
5
b 5x
"
5
b 5
&
c"
104
15
60. Limits of integration: y x$ and y 3x# c 4

x$ c 3x# b 4 0 ax# c x c 2b (x c 2) 0
(x b 1)(x c 2)# 0 a c1 and b 2;
f(x) c g(x) x$ c a3x# c 4b x$ c 3x# b 4
16 c
4
24
3
ax$ c 3x# b 4b dx x c
4
%
'
1
b 8 c 4 b " c 4
3x
3
b 4x
#
c"
27
4

Section 5.3 The Definite Integral 275

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Section 5.3 The Definite Integral 275

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Section 5.

3 The Definite Integral

61. (a) av(g) 1 c "c1)

c " (0 c (c1)) b " 1 c

(c) av(g) 3 c "c1)

(see parts (a) and (b) above).

62. (a) av(h) 0 c "c1)

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

'0" c kxk dx c'0" x dx

(c) av(h) 1 c "c1)

c " b c " c " (see parts (a) and (b)

We get the Riemann sum ! fack bx ! c

n cab c ab. As n _ and mPm !

'a c dx cab c ab.

As n _ and mPm ! the expression

b 2 has the value 4 b 2 6. Thus,

and let ck be the right

ba# c a$ b ab# c #a# b b a$ b " ab$ c $b# a b $ba# c a$ b

nan b "ba#n b "b

ab c aba# b aab c ab#

ab c aba# b aab c ab#

We get the Riemann sum ! fack bx ! c# b c a

and let ck be the

Riemann sum ! fack bx ! 2 2k b 1

this expression remains cab c ab. Thus,

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.