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183
(b) Graphing faxb x& c &x$ b %x and f w axb &x% c "&x# b % on c$ $ by c( ( we see that each x-intercept of
f w axb lies between a pair of x-intercepts of faxb, as expected by Rolle's Theorem.
"
#
fa4b c fa1b
4c1
fa4b c fa1b
3
for all x f w axb exists for all x, thus f is differentiable on ac1, 1b f is continuous on c1, 1
fa1b c fac1b
1 c ac1b
fa1b c fac1b
2
0 fa1b c fac1b 1. Since fa1b c fac1b 1 fa1b 1 b fac1b 2 b fac1b, and since 0 fa1b c fac1b
we have fac1b fa1b. Together we have fac1b fa1b 2 b fac1b.
63. Let fatb cos t and consider the interval 0, x where x is a real number. f is continuous on 0, x and f is differentiable on
a0, xb since f w atb csin t f satisfies the conditions of the Mean Value Theorem
0, x
cos x c 1
x
cx cos x c 1 x lcos x c 1l x l x l. If x 0, c1
cos x c 1
x
cos x c 1
x
faxb c fa0b
x c a0 b
1. If x 0, c1
cos x c 1
x
1 cx cos x c 1 x
"
#
184
66. Assume f is differentiable and lfawb c faxbl lw c xl for all values of w and x. Since f is differentiable, f w axb exists and
f w axb lim
wx
fawb c faxb
wcx
using the alternative formula for the derivative. Let gaxb lxl, which is continuous for all x.
lfawb c faxbl
lw c x l
fawb c faxb
wcx
lfawbcfaxbl
lw c x l
lfawb c faxbl
lw c x l .
Since
f(b) c f(a)
bca
f w (c) for some point c between a and b. Since b c a 0 and f(b) f(a),
68. The condition is that f w should be continuous over [a b]. The Mean Value Theorem then guarantees the
existence of a point c in (a b) such that
w
f(b) c f(a)
bca
w
c"
f ww (x) c a1 b x% cos xb
c#
c#
cx$ a1 b x% cos xb (4 cos x c x sin x) 0 for 0 x 0.1 f w (x) is decreasing when 0 x 0.1
f(0.1) c "
0.1
c#
ac4x$ b
4x
a1 c x b
$
c"
$ %
70. f w (x) a1 c x% b
f(0.1) c 2
0.1
1.0001
x1
(b)
f(x) c f(1)
xc1
f(x) c f(1)
xc1
limits are equal and have the value f w (1) f w (1) 0 and f w (1) 0 f w (1) 0.
f(b) c f(a)
bca
x 2 ax c 1 b
ax b 2 b
(b) f bbb)( ccc ccc bbb increasing on ac_ c2b and a1 _b, decreasing on ac2 0b and a0 1b
c2
0
1
(c) Local minimum at x 1
8. (a) f w (x)
ax c 2bax b 4b
ax b 1bax c 3b
(b) f bbb ccc )( bbb ccc)(bbb increasing on ac_ c4b, ac1 2b and a3 _b, decreasing on
c1
3
c4
2
ac4 c1b and a2 3b
(c) Local maximum at x c4 and x 2
9. (a) f w (x) 1 c
w
4
x2
x2 c 4
x2
(b) f bbb ccc)(ccc bbb increasing on ac_ c2b and a2 _b, decreasing on ac2 0b and a0 2b
0
c2
2
(c) Local maximum at x c2, local minimum at x 2
10. (a) f w (x) 3 c
6
x
3 x c 6
x
185
186
41
3
21
3
and x 21
1
1
1
14. (a) f w (x) asin x b cos xbasin x c cos xb, 0 x 21 critical points at x 1 , x 34 , x 54 , and x 74
4
1
1 1
(b) f w ccc bbb ccc bbb ccc increasing on 1 34 and 54 74 , decreasing on 0 1 ,
4
4
1
51
71
31
0
21
4
4
1 1
1
34 54 and 74 21
31
4
and x
71
4 ,
local minimum at x 1 , x
4
51
4
and x 21
15. (a) Increasing on ac2 0b and a2 4b, decreasing on ac4 c2b and a0 2b
(b) Absolute maximum at ac4 2b, local maximum at a0 1b and a4 c1b; Absolute minimum at a2 c3b, local minimum at
ac2 0b
16. (a) Increasing on ac4 c3.25b, ac1.5 1b, and a2 4b, decreasing on ac3.25 c1.5b and a1 2b
(b) Absolute maximum at a4 2b, local maximum at ac3.25 1b and a1 1b; Absolute minimum at ac1.5 c1b, local
minimum at ac4 0b and a2 0b
17. (a) Increasing on ac4 c1b, a0.5 2b, and a2 4b, decreasing on ac1 0.5b
(b) Absolute maximum at a4 3b, local maximum at ac1 2b and a2 1b; No absolute minimum, local minimum at
ac4 c1band a0.5 c1b
18. (a) Increasing on ac4 c2.5b, ac1 1b, and a3 4b, decreasing on ac2.5 c1b and a1 3b
(b) No absolute maximum, local maximum at ac2.5 1b, a1 2b and a4 2b; No absolute minimum, local minimum at
ac1 0b and a3 1b
19. (a) g(t) ct# c 3t b 3 gw (t) c2t c 3 a critical point at t c 3 ; gw bbb ccc, increasing on
#
c$#
c_ c 3 , decreasing on c 3 _
#
#
(b) local maximum value of g c 3 21 at t c 3 , absolute maximum is 21 at t c 3
#
4
#
4
#
20. (a) g(t) c3t# b 9t b 5 gw (t) c6t b 9 a critical point at t
3
#
decreasing on 3 _
#
47
4
at t 3 , absolute maximum is
#
47
4
at t
3
#
21. (a) h(x) cx$ b 2x# hw (x) c3x# b 4x x(4 c 3x) critical points at x 0, 4
3
hw ccc bbb ccc, increasing on 0 4 , decreasing on (c_ !) and 4 _
3
3
!
%$
(b) local maximum value of h 4 32 at x 4 ; local minimum value of h(0) 0 at x 0, no absolute extrema
3
27
3
22. (a) h(x) 2x$ c 18x hw (x) 6x# c 18 6 x b 3 x c 3 critical points at x 3
hw bbb | ccc | bbb, increasing on c_ c3 and $ _ , decreasing on c$ 3
$
c $
(b) a local maximum is h c3 123 at x c3; local minimum is h 3 c123 at x 3, no absolute
extrema
"
#
187
3 %
# t
Hw bbb ccc bbb ccc, increasing on (c_ c1) and (0 1), decreasing on (c" 0) and (" _)
c"
!
"
(b) the local maxima are H(c1) " at t c1 and H(1) " at t 1, the local minimum is H(0) 0 at t 0, absolute
#
#
maximum is
"
#
at t 1; no absolute minimum
30. (a) K(t) 15t$ c t& Kw (t) 45t# c 5t% 5t# (3 b t)(3 c t) critical points at t 0, 3
Kw ccc bbb bbb ccc, increasing on (c3 0) r (0 3), decreasing on (c_ c3) and (3 _)
c$
!
$
(b) a local maximum is K(3) 162 at t 3, a local minimum is K(c3) c162 at t c3, no absolute extrema
31. (a) f(x) x c 6x c 1 f w (x) 1 c
3
x c 1
x c 1 c 3
x c 1
2
x
2 c 2x3
x
c 2x
188
"#
gw (x) a8 c x# b
"#
b x " a) c x# b
#
c"#
(c2x)
2(2 c x)(2 b x)
22 c x 22 b x
5x(4cx)
2 5 cx
critical points at
x 0, 4 and 5 gw ccc bbb ccc , increasing on (0 4), decreasing on (c_ !) and (% &)
&
!
%
(b) a local maximum is g(4) 16 at x 4, a local minimum is 0 at x 0 and x 5, no absolute maximum; absolute
minimum is 0 at x 0, 5
2x(x c 2) c ax c 3b (1)
(x c 2)
#
f w (x)
x c3
xc#
(x c 3)(x c ")
(x c #)
#
critical points at x 1, 3
f w bbb ccc )( ccc bbb, increasing on (c_ 1) and ($ _), decreasing on (" #) and (# $),
#
"
$
discontinuous at x 2
(b) a local maximum is f(1) 2 at x 1, a local minimum is f(3) 6 at x 3, no absolute extrema
3x ax b 1b
a3x b 1b
#
3x a3x b 1b c x (6x)
a3x b 1b
f w (x)
x
3x b 1
a critical point at x 0
x"$ b 8 xc#$
3
4(x b 2)
3x
$#
critical points at x 0, c2
(b) no local maximum, a local minimum is f(c2) c6 $ 2 c7.56 at x c2, no absolute maximum; absolute
minimum is c6 $ 2 at x c2
5
3
x#$ b
10
3
xc"$
5(x b 2)
3 x
$
x 0 g bbb ccc )( bbb, increasing on (c_ c2) and (! _), decreasing on (c2 !)
!
c#
(b) local maximum is g(c2) 3 $ 4 4.762 at x c2, a local minimum is g(0) 0 at x 0, no absolute extrema
2
7
x%$ c 4 xc#$
3
7x b 2 7x c #
3 x
$
x 0,
7
3
critical points at
c
2
hw bbb
ccc )( ccc bbb, increasing on c_ 2 and 7 _ , decreasing on
7
!
c#(
#(
c2
2
7 ! and ! 7
c2
7 ,
2
the local minimum is h 7 c
24 2
7
$
24 2
7
'(
'(
c
(b) local maximum is h 2
7
189
c3.12, no absolute
extrema
8
3
x&$ c 8 xc"$
3
8(x b 1)(x c 1)
3 x
$
critical points at
x 0, 1 k ccc bbb )( ccc bbb, increasing on (c" !) and (" _), decreasing on (c_ c1)
!
c"
"
and (! 1)
(b) local maximum is k(0) 0 at x 0, local minima are k a 1b c3 at x 1, no absolute maximum; absolute
minimum is c3 at x 1
41. (a) f(x) 2x c x# f w (x) 2 c 2x a critical point at x 1 f w bbb ccc ] and fa1b 1 and fa2b 0
2
1
a local maximum is 1 at x 1, a local minimum is 0 at x 2.
(b) There is an absolute maximum of 1 at x 1; no absolute minimum.
(c)
42. (a) f(x) (x b 1)# f w (x) 2(x b 1) a critical point at x c1 f w ccc bbb ] and f(c1) 0, f(0) 1
!
c"
a local maximum is 1 at x 0, a local minimum is 0 at x c1
(b) no absolute maximum; absolute minimum is 0 at x c1
(c)
43. (a) g(x) x# c 4x b 4 gw (x) 2x c 4 2(x c 2) a critical point at x 2 gw [ ccc bbb and
"
#
g(1) 1, g(2) 0 a local maximum is 1 at x 1, a local minimum is g(2) 0 at x 2
(b) no absolute maximum; absolute minimum is 0 at x 2
(c)
44. (a) g(x) cx# c 6x c 9 gw (x) c2x c 6 c2(x b 3) a critical point at x c3 gw [ bbb ccc and
c%
c$
g(c4) c1, g(c3) 0 a local maximum is 0 at x c3, a local minimum is c1 at x c4
190
45. (a) f(t) 12t c t$ f w (t) 12 c 3t# 3(2 b t)(2 c t) critical points at t 2 f w [ ccc bbb ccc
c$
c#
#
and f(c3) c9, f(c2) c16, f(2) 16 local maxima are c9 at t c3 and 16 at t 2, a local minimum is
c16 at t c2
(b) absolute maximum is 16 at t 2; no absolute minimum
(c)
46. (a) f(t) t$ c 3t# f w (t) 3t# c 6t 3t(t c 2) critical points at t 0 and t 2
f w bbb ccc bbb ] and f(0) 0, f(2) c4, f(3) 0 a local maximum is 0 at t 0 and t 3, a
$
!
#
local minimum is c4 at t 2
(b) absolute maximum is 0 at t 0, 3; no absolute minimum
(c)
191
48. (a) k(x) x$ b 3x# b 3x b 1 kw (x) 3x# b 6x b 3 3(x b 1)# a critical point at x c1
kw bbb bbb ] and k(c1) 0, k(0) 1 a local maximum is 1 at x 0, no local minimum
!
c"
(b) absolute maximum is 1 at x 0; no absolute minimum
(c)
cx
25 c x2
2x c 2
x2 c 2x c 3
xc2
x2 c 1 ,
0 x 1 g w axb
cx2 b 4x c 1
ax 2 c 1 b 2
3
4 3 c 6
at x 2 c 3, local
192
(c)
x2
4 c x2 ,
c2 x 1 g w axb
8x
a4 c x 2 b 2
1
3
at x 1.
1
53. (a) faxb sin 2x, 0 x 1 f w axb 2cos 2x, f w (x) 0 cos 2x 0 critical points are x 1 and x 34
4
1
f w [ bbb ccc bbb ] , fa0b 0, f 1 1, f 34 c1, fa1b 0 local maxima are 1 at x 1 and 0
4
4
1
1
31
0
4
31
4
and 0 at x 0.
2 at x
31
4
71
4
and c1 at x 0.
1
6
and x
71
6
1
3
193
1
f w [ bbb ccc bbb ] , fa0b 3, f 1 2, f 76 c2, fa21b 3 local
6
1
71
0
21
6
6
maxima are 2 at x
1
6
71
6
and 3 at x 0.
1
2
1
4
1
2
1
2
at x 1 .
4
x
#
c 2 sin x f w (x)
#
f w [ ccc bbb ]
!
#1
#1$
1
c cos x , f w (x) 0 cos x " a critical point at x 23
#
#
#
1
and f(0) 0, f 23 1 c 3, f(21) 1 local maxima are 0 at x 0 and 1
3
"
#
1
at x 21, a local minimum is 1 c 3 at x 23
3
w
w
(b) The graph of f rises when f 0, falls when f 0,
and has a local minimum value at the point where f w
changes from negative to positive.
58. (a) f(x) c2 cos x c cos# x f w (x) 2 sin x b 2 cos x sin x 2(sin x)(1 b cos x) critical points at x c1, 0, 1
f w [ ccc bbb ] and f(c1) 1, f(0) c3, f(1) 1 a local maximum is 1 at x 1, a local
c1
1
!
minimum is c3 at x 0
194
59. (a) f(x) csc# x c 2 cot x f w (x) 2(csc x)(ccsc x)(cot x) c 2 accsc# xb c2 acsc# xb (cot x c 1) a critical
point at x 1 f w ( ccc bbb ) and f 1 0 no local maximum, a local minimum is 0 at x 1
4
4
4
1
!
1%
(b) The graph of f rises when f w 0, falls when f w 0,
and has a local minimum value at the point where
f w 0 and the values of f w change from negative to
positive. The graph of f steepens as f w (x) _.
60. (a) f(x) sec# x c 2 tan x f w (x) 2(sec x)(sec x)(tan x) c 2 sec# x a2 sec# xb (tan x c 1) a critical point
at x 1 f w ( ccc bbb ) and f 1 0 no local maximum, a local minimum is 0 at x 1
4
4
4
1#
c1#
1%
(b) The graph of f rises when f w 0, falls when f w 0,
and has a local minimum value where f w 0 and the
values of f w change from negative to positive.
)
)
61. h()) 3 cos # hw ()) c 3 sin # hw [ ccc ] , (! $) and (#1 c3) a local maximum is 3 at ) 0,
#
!
#1
a local minimum is c3 at ) 21
)
62. h()) 5 sin # hw ())
minimum is 0 at ) 0
63. (a)
5
#
)
cos # hw [ bbb ] , (! 0) and (1 5) a local maximum is 5 at ) 1, a local
1
!
(b)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(d)
65. (a)
(b)
66. (a)
195
(b)
67. The function faxb x sin 1 has an infinite number of local maxima and minima. The function sin x has the following
x
properties: a) it is continuous on ac_, _b; b) it is periodic; and c) its range is c1, 1. Also, for a 0, the function
a range of c_, ca r a, _ on
c 1 , 1 .
a a
In particular, if a 1, then
1
x
c1 or
1
x
1
x
has
sin 1 takes on the values of 1 and c1 infinitely many times in times on the interval c1, 1, which occur when
x
1
1
1
2
1
1 , 32 , 52 ,. . . . x 1 , 32 , 52 , . . . . Thus sin x has infinitely many local maxima and minima
x
2
1
1
in the interval c1, 1. On the interval 0, 1, c1 sin 1 1 and since x 0 we have cx x sin 1 x. On the
x
x
interval c1, 0, c1 sin 1 1 and since x 0 we have cx x sin 1 x. Thus faxb is bounded by the lines y x
x
x
and y cx. Since sin 1 oscillates between 1 and c1 infinitely many times on c1, 1 then f will oscillate between y x
x
and y cx infinitely many times. Thus f has infinitely many local maxima and minima. We can see from the graph (and
verify later in Chapter 7) that lim x sin 1 1 and lim x sin 1 1. The graph of f does not have any absolute
x
x
x_
xc_
b
4a
#
#
#
68. f(x) a x# b b x b c a x# b b x b c a x# b b x b
a
a
b c a x b
b #
2a
b c 4ac
4a
#
196
cb _
2a
, a parabola whose
cb
#a ;
2. y
x
4
x
#
c 2x b
"
3
1. y
$
%
2
2
graph is rising on (c2 0) and (# _), falling on (c_ c#) and (! #), concave up on c_ c 3 and 3 _ and
2
2
concave down on c 3 3 . Consequently, a local maximum is 4 at x 0, local minima are 0 at x 2, and
2
2
c 3 16 and 3 16 are points of inflection.
9
9
yw 3 2 ax# c 1b
4
3
c"$
c"$
c%$
(2x)
x c3
3 ax c 1 b
$
"
b (x) c 3 ax# c 1b
c"$
(2x) x ax# c 1b
3
4
ax# c 1b
#$
3. y
yww bbb ccc ) ( ccc )( ccc bbb the graph is concave up on c_ c3 and 3 _, concave
c"
"
$
c $
4. y
9
14
x"$ ax# c 7b yw
3
14
xc#$ ax# c 7b b
9
14
x"$ (2x)
3
#
yww ccc )( bbb the graph is concave up on (! _), concave down on (c_ !) a point of inflection at (! !).
!
5. y x b sin 2x yw 1 b 2 cos 2x, yw [ccc bbb ccc ] the graph is rising on c 1 1 , falling
3 3
c#1$ c1$
#1$
1$
1
1
1
on c #3 c 1 and 1 23 local maxima are c 23 b
3
3
c1c
3
3
#
at x c 1 and
3
21
3
3
#
3
#
1
at x c 23 and
1
3
3
#
at x
1
3
21
3
at x
c 1 c 1 , (! !), and 1 1
#
#
# #
197
1
#
and 0 at
at x c 1 and c 31#
4
at x
31
# ,
1
1
at x c 34 and c2 c 514 2 at x 54 ;
1
concave up on c1 c 1 and 1 3# , concave down on
#
#
21
#
and 1 c
#
31 2
4
12
4
21
#
198
"
3 x
"
3 .
The curve
rises on (c" !) and (" _) and falls on (c_ c1) and (! ").
At x 1 there are local minima and at x 0 a local
"
maximum. The curve is concave up on c_ c 3 and
"
"
"
3 _ and concave down on c 3 3 . At x
"
3
199
200
$
#
b x c 5 5 5 x c 5 (x c 4). The curve is rising
#
#
#
51
3
41
3
there is a local
c sec2 x and
4
3
1
6
there is a local
31
4
1
4
41
3
1
3
there is a local
"
5
4
xc%& and yww c 25 xc*& .
2
5
6
xc$& and yww c 25 xc)& .
201
31. When y
c3x
ax 2 b 1 b 5
yww
x
x2 b 1 ,
then yw
1
ax 2 b 1 b 3
202
and
1 c x2
2x b 1 ,
then yw
c ax b 2 b
a2x b 1b2 1 c x2
and
c4x3 c 12x2 b 7
. The curve is decreasing on
a2x b 1b3 a1 c x2 b3 2
c1 c " and c " 1. There are no absolute extrrema,
#
#
yww
5 #$
c x&$ , then
# x
yw 5 xc"$ c 5 x#$ 5 xc"$ (1 c x) and
3
3
3
5
yww c 5 xc%$ c 10 xc"$ c 9 xc%$ (1 b 2x).
9
9
10
9
xc"$ b
10
9
xc%$
10
9
yw a 8 c x b
# c"#
a8 c x b
b (x) " a8 c x b
#
a8 c 2x b
2x ax c 12b
#
a8 c x b
(c#x)
2(2 c x)(2 b x)
yww c " a8 c x# b
#
$ #
, then
# c"#
#
$
# "#
"#
22 b x 22 c x
and
(c2x)a8 c 2x# b b a8 c x# b
#
"
37. When y x8 c x# x a8 c x# b
(c4x)
$#
, then yw 3 a2 c x# b
#
"#
(c2x)
"#
c6(" c x)(1 b x)
2 c x 2 b x
b (c3x) " a2 c x# b
#
c"#
(c2x)
c16
a16 c x b3
yww
cx
16 c x
and
203