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Section 4.

2 The Mean Value Theorem

183

(b) Graphing faxb x& c &x$ b %x and f w axb &x% c "&x# b % on c$ $ by c( ( we see that each x-intercept of
f w axb lies between a pair of x-intercepts of faxb, as expected by Rolle's Theorem.

(c) Yes, since sin is continuous and differentiable on a c _ _b.


59. faxb must be zero at least once between a and b by the Intermediate Value Theorem. Now suppose that faxb is zero twice
between a and b. Then by the Mean Value Theorem, f w axb would have to be zero at least once between the two zeros of
faxb, but this can't be true since we are given that f w axb ! on this interval. Therefore, faxb is zero once and only once
between a and b.
60. Consider the function kaxb faxb c gaxb. kaxb is continuous
and differentiable on a, b, and since kaab faab c gaab and
kabb fabb c gabb, by the Mean Value Theorem, there must
be a point c in aa, bb where kw acb !. But since
kw acb f w acb c gw acb, this means that f w acb gw acb, and c is a
point where the graphs of f and g have tangent lines with the
same slope, so these lines are either parallel or are the same
line.
61. f w axb 1 for 1 x 4 faxb is differentiable on 1 x 4 f is continuous on 1 x 4 f satisfies the
conditions of the Mean Value Theorem
fa4b c fa1b 3
62. 0  f w axb 

"
#

fa4b c fa1b
4c1

f w acb for some c in 1  x  4 f w acb 1

fa4b c fa1b
3

for all x f w axb exists for all x, thus f is differentiable on ac1, 1b f is continuous on c1, 1

f satisfies the conditions of the Mean Value Theorem

fa1b c fac1b
1 c ac1b

f w acb for some c in c1, 1 0 

fa1b c fac1b
2

0  fa1b c fac1b  1. Since fa1b c fac1b  1 fa1b  1 b fac1b  2 b fac1b, and since 0  fa1b c fac1b
we have fac1b  fa1b. Together we have fac1b  fa1b  2 b fac1b.
63. Let fatb cos t and consider the interval 0, x where x is a real number. f is continuous on 0, x and f is differentiable on
a0, xb since f w atb csin t f satisfies the conditions of the Mean Value Theorem
0, x

cos x c 1
x

csin c. Since c1 sin c 1 c1 csin c 1 c1

cx cos x c 1 x lcos x c 1l x l x l. If x  0, c1

cos x c 1
x

cos x c 1
x

faxb c fa0b
x c a0 b

f w acb for some c in

1. If x 0, c1

cos x c 1
x

1 cx cos x c 1 x

x cos x c 1 cx cacxb cos x c 1 cx lcos x c 1l cx l x l. Thus, in both cases, we have


lcos x c 1l l x l. If x 0, then lcos 0 c 1l l1 c 1l l0l l0l, thus lcos x c 1l l x l is true for all x.
64. Let f(x) sin x for a x b. From the Mean Value Theorem there exists a c between a and b such that
sin b c sin a
b sin
b sin
cos c c1 sin b c a a 1 sin b c a a 1 ksin b c sin ak kb c ak.
bca
c
c
65. Yes. By Corollary 2 we have f(x) g(x) b c since f w (x) gw (x). If the graphs start at the same point x a,
then f(a) g(a) c 0 f(x) g(x).

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

"
#

184

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

66. Assume f is differentiable and lfawb c faxbl lw c xl for all values of w and x. Since f is differentiable, f w axb exists and
f w axb lim
wx

fawb c faxb
wcx

using the alternative formula for the derivative. Let gaxb lxl, which is continuous for all x.

By Theorem 10 from Chapter 2, f w axb lim


wx
lfawb c faxbl lw c xl for all w and x
f w axb lim
wx

lfawb c faxbl
lw c x l

fawb c faxb
wcx

lfawbcfaxbl
lw c x l

lim fawb c faxb lim


wcx
wx
wx

lfawb c faxbl
lw c x l .

Since

1 as long as w x. By Theorem 5 from Chapter 2,

lim 1 1 f w axb 1 c1 f w axb 1.


wx

67. By the Mean Value Theorem we have


we have f(b) c f(a)  0 f w (c)  0.

f(b) c f(a)
bca

f w (c) for some point c between a and b. Since b c a 0 and f(b)  f(a),

68. The condition is that f w should be continuous over [a b]. The Mean Value Theorem then guarantees the
existence of a point c in (a b) such that
w

f(b) c f(a)
bca
w

f w (c). If f w is continuous, then it has a minimum and

maximum value on [a b], and min f f (c) max f w , as required.


69. f w (x) a1 b x% cos xb

c"

f ww (x) c a1 b x% cos xb

c#

a4x$ cos x c x% sin xb

c#

cx$ a1 b x% cos xb (4 cos x c x sin x)  0 for 0 x 0.1 f w (x) is decreasing when 0 x 0.1
f(0.1) c "
0.1

min f w 0.9999 and max f w 1. Now we have 0.9999

1 0.09999 f(0.1) c 1 0.1

1.09999 f(0.1) 1.1.


f ww (x) c a1 c x% b

c#

ac4x$ b

4x
a1 c x b
$

c"

$ %

70. f w (x) a1 c x% b

0 for 0  x 0.1 f w (x) is increasing when

0 x 0.1 min f w 1 and max f w 1.0001. Now we have 1

f(0.1) c 2
0.1

1.0001

0.1 f(0.1) c 2 0.10001 2.1 f(0.1) 2.10001.


71. (a) Suppose x  1, then by the Mean Value Theorem

 0 f(x) f(1). Suppose x 1, then by the

f(x) f(1). Therefore f(x) 1 for all x since f(1) 1.


0 and lim

x1

(b)

Mean Value Theorem f(x) c f(1) 0


xc1
Yes. From part (a), lim f(x) c f(1)
xc1
x1

f(x) c f(1)
xc1

f(x) c f(1)
xc1

0. Since f w (1) exists, these two one-sided

limits are equal and have the value f w (1) f w (1) 0 and f w (1) 0 f w (1) 0.

72. From the Mean Value Theorem we have

f(b) c f(a)
bca

f w (c) where c is between a and b. But f w (c) 2pc b q 0

has only one solution c c #qp . (Note: p 0 since f is a quadratic function.)


4.3 MONOTONIC FUNCTIONS AND THE FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST
1. (a) f w (x) x(x c 1) critical points at 0 and 1
(b) f w bbb ccc bbb increasing on (c_ !) and (" _), decreasing on (! ")
!
"
(c) Local maximum at x 0 and a local minimum at x 1
2. (a) f w (x) (x c 1)(x b 2) critical points at c2 and 1
(b) f w bbb ccc bbb increasing on (c_ c#) and (" _), decreasing on (c2 ")
c#
"
(c) Local maximum at x c2 and a local minimum at x 1
3. (a) f w (x) (x c 1)# (x b 2) critical points at c2 and 1
(b) f w ccc bbb bbb increasing on (c2 1) and (" _), decreasing on (c_ c2)
c#
"

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.3 Monotonic Functions and the First Derivative Test


(c) No local maximum and a local minimum at x c2
4. (a) f w (x) (x c 1)# (x b 2)# critical points at c2 and 1
(b) f w bbb bbb bbb increasing on (c_ c2) r (c# ") r (" _), never decreasing
c#
"
(c) No local extrema
5. (a) f w (x) (x c 1)(x b 2)(x c 3) critical points at c2, 1 and 3
(b) f w ccc bbb ccc bbb increasing on (c2 1) and ($ _), decreasing on (c_ c2) and (" $)
c#
"
$
(c) Local maximum at x 1, local minima at x c2 and x 3
6. (a) f w (x) (x c 7)(x b 1)(x b 5) critical points at c5, c1 and 7
(b) f w ccc bbb ccc bbb increasing on (c5 c1) and (7 _), decreasing on (c_ c5) and (c" 7)
c&
c"
(
(c) Local maximum at x c1, local minima at x c5 and x 7
7. (a) f w (x)

x 2 ax c 1 b
ax b 2 b

critical points at x 0, x 1 and x c2

(b) f bbb)( ccc ccc bbb increasing on ac_ c2b and a1 _b, decreasing on ac2 0b and a0 1b
c2
0
1
(c) Local minimum at x 1
8. (a) f w (x)

ax c 2bax b 4b
ax b 1bax c 3b

critical points at x 2, x c4, x c1, and x 3

(b) f bbb ccc )( bbb ccc)(bbb increasing on ac_ c4b, ac1 2b and a3 _b, decreasing on
c1
3
c4
2
ac4 c1b and a2 3b
(c) Local maximum at x c4 and x 2
9. (a) f w (x) 1 c
w

4
x2

x2 c 4
x2

critical points at x c2, x 2 and x 0.

(b) f bbb ccc)(ccc bbb increasing on ac_ c2b and a2 _b, decreasing on ac2 0b and a0 2b
0
c2
2
(c) Local maximum at x c2, local minimum at x 2
10. (a) f w (x) 3 c

6
x

3 x c 6
x

critical points at x 4 and x 0

(b) f w ( ccc bbb increasing on a4 _b, decreasing on a0 4b


0
4
(c) Local minimum at x 4
11. (a) f w (x) xc"$ (x b 2) critical points at x c2 and x 0
(b) f w bbb ccc )( bbb increasing on (c_ c2) and (0 _), decreasing on (c2 0)
0
c2
(c) Local maximum at x c2, local minimum at x 0
12. (a) f w (x) xc"# (x c 3) critical points at x 0 and x 3
(b) f w ( ccc bbb increasing on (3 _), decreasing on (0 3)
0
3
(c) No local maximum and a local minimum at x 3
1
1
13. (a) f w (x) asin x c 1ba2cos x b 1b, 0 x 21 critical points at x 1 , x 23 , and x 43
2
1 1
1
1
(b) f w ccc ccc bbb ccc increasing on 23 43 , decreasing on 0 1 , 1 23 and 43 21
2
2
1
21
41
0
21
2
3

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

185

186

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

(c) Local maximum at x

41
3

and x 0, local minimum at x

21
3

and x 21

1
1
1
14. (a) f w (x) asin x b cos xbasin x c cos xb, 0 x 21 critical points at x 1 , x 34 , x 54 , and x 74
4
1
1 1
(b) f w ccc bbb ccc bbb ccc increasing on 1 34 and 54 74 , decreasing on 0 1 ,
4
4
1
51
71
31
0
21
4
4

1 1
1
34 54 and 74 21

(c) Local maximum at x 0, x

31
4

and x

71
4 ,

local minimum at x 1 , x
4

51
4

and x 21

15. (a) Increasing on ac2 0b and a2 4b, decreasing on ac4 c2b and a0 2b
(b) Absolute maximum at ac4 2b, local maximum at a0 1b and a4 c1b; Absolute minimum at a2 c3b, local minimum at
ac2 0b
16. (a) Increasing on ac4 c3.25b, ac1.5 1b, and a2 4b, decreasing on ac3.25 c1.5b and a1 2b
(b) Absolute maximum at a4 2b, local maximum at ac3.25 1b and a1 1b; Absolute minimum at ac1.5 c1b, local
minimum at ac4 0b and a2 0b
17. (a) Increasing on ac4 c1b, a0.5 2b, and a2 4b, decreasing on ac1 0.5b
(b) Absolute maximum at a4 3b, local maximum at ac1 2b and a2 1b; No absolute minimum, local minimum at
ac4 c1band a0.5 c1b
18. (a) Increasing on ac4 c2.5b, ac1 1b, and a3 4b, decreasing on ac2.5 c1b and a1 3b
(b) No absolute maximum, local maximum at ac2.5 1b, a1 2b and a4 2b; No absolute minimum, local minimum at
ac1 0b and a3 1b
19. (a) g(t) ct# c 3t b 3 gw (t) c2t c 3 a critical point at t c 3 ; gw bbb ccc, increasing on
#
c$#
c_ c 3 , decreasing on c 3 _
#
#
(b) local maximum value of g c 3 21 at t c 3 , absolute maximum is 21 at t c 3
#
4
#
4
#
20. (a) g(t) c3t# b 9t b 5 gw (t) c6t b 9 a critical point at t

3
#

; gw bbb ccc, increasing on c_ 3 ,


2
$#

decreasing on 3 _
#

(b) local maximum value of g 3


#

47
4

at t 3 , absolute maximum is
#

47
4

at t

3
#

21. (a) h(x) cx$ b 2x# hw (x) c3x# b 4x x(4 c 3x) critical points at x 0, 4
3
hw ccc bbb ccc, increasing on 0 4 , decreasing on (c_ !) and 4 _
3
3
!
%$
(b) local maximum value of h 4 32 at x 4 ; local minimum value of h(0) 0 at x 0, no absolute extrema
3
27
3
22. (a) h(x) 2x$ c 18x hw (x) 6x# c 18 6 x b 3 x c 3 critical points at x 3
hw bbb | ccc | bbb, increasing on c_ c3 and $ _ , decreasing on c$ 3
$
c $
(b) a local maximum is h c3 123 at x c3; local minimum is h 3 c123 at x 3, no absolute
extrema

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.3 Monotonic Functions and the First Derivative Test


23. (a) f()) 3)# c 4)$ f w ()) 6) c 12)# 6)(1 c 2)) critical points at ) 0,

"
#

187

f w ccc bbb ccc,


!
"#

increasing on 0 " , decreasing on (c_ !) and " _


#
#
"
"
(b) a local maximum is f " 4 at ) # , a local minimum is f(0) 0 at ) 0, no absolute extrema
#
24. (a) f()) 6) c )$ f w ()) 6 c 3)# 3 2 c ) 2 b ) critical points at ) 2
f w ccc bbb ccc, increasing on c2 2, decreasing on c_ c2 and 2 _
#
c #
(b) a local maximum is f 2 42 at ) 2, a local minimum is f c2 c%2 at ) c2, no absolute
extrema
25. (a) f(r) 3r$ b 16r f w (r) 9r# b 16 no critical points f w bbbbb, increasing on (c_ _), never
decreasing
(b) no local extrema, no absolute extrema
26. (a) h(r) (r b 7)$ hw (r) 3(r b 7)# a critical point at r c7 hw bbb bbb, increasing on
c(
(c_ c7) r (c( _), never decreasing
(b) no local extrema, no absolute extrema
27. (a) f(x) x% c 8x# b 16 f w (x) 4x$ c 16x 4x(x b 2)(x c 2) critical points at x 0 and x 2
f w ccc bbb ccc bbb, increasing on (c# !) and (# _), decreasing on (c_ c2) and (! #)
c#
!
#
(b) a local maximum is f(0) 16 at x 0, local minima are f a 2b 0 at x 2, no absolute maximum; absolute
minimum is 0 at x 2
28. (a) g(x) x% c 4x$ b 4x# gw (x) 4x$ c 12x# b )x 4x(x c 2)(x c 1) critical points at x 0, 1, 2
gw ccc bbb ccc bbb, increasing on (0 1) and (# _), decreasing on (c_ 0) and (1 #)
!
"
#
(b) a local maximum is g(1) 1 at x 1, local minima are g(0) 0 at x 0 and g(2) 0 at x 2, no absolute
maximum; absolute minimum is 0 at x 0, 2
29. (a) H(t)

3 %
# t

c t' Hw (t) 6t$ c 6t& 6t$ (1 b t)(" c t) critical points at t 0, 1

Hw bbb ccc bbb ccc, increasing on (c_ c1) and (0 1), decreasing on (c" 0) and (" _)
c"
!
"
(b) the local maxima are H(c1) " at t c1 and H(1) " at t 1, the local minimum is H(0) 0 at t 0, absolute
#
#
maximum is

"
#

at t 1; no absolute minimum

30. (a) K(t) 15t$ c t& Kw (t) 45t# c 5t% 5t# (3 b t)(3 c t) critical points at t 0, 3
Kw ccc bbb bbb ccc, increasing on (c3 0) r (0 3), decreasing on (c_ c3) and (3 _)
c$
!
$
(b) a local maximum is K(3) 162 at t 3, a local minimum is K(c3) c162 at t c3, no absolute extrema
31. (a) f(x) x c 6x c 1 f w (x) 1 c

3
x c 1

x c 1 c 3
x c 1

critical points at x 1 and x 10

f w ( ccc bbb, increasing on a10, _b, decreasing on a1, 10b


1
10
(b) a local minimum is fa10b c8, a local and absolute maximum is fa1b 1, absolute minimum of c8 at x 10

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

32. (a) g(x) 4x c x2 b 3 gw (x)

2
x

2 c 2x3
x

c 2x

188

critical points at x 1 and x 0

g w bbb ccc, increasing on a0, 1b, decreasing on a1, _b


0
1
(b) a local minimum is fa0b 3, a local maximum is fa1b 6, absolute maximum of 6 at x 1
33. (a) g(x) x8 c x# x a8 c x# b

"#

gw (x) a8 c x# b

"#

b x " a) c x# b
#

c"#

(c2x)

2(2 c x)(2 b x)
22 c x 22 b x

critical points at x 2, 22 gw ( ccc bbb ccc


, increasing on (c# #), decreasing on
c#
#
c##
# #
c#2 c# and # #2
(b) local maxima are g(2) 4 at x 2 and g c22 0 at x c22, local minima are g(c2) c4 at
x c2 and g 22 0 at x 22, absolute maximum is 4 at x 2; absolute minimum is c4 at x c2
34. (a) g(x) x# 5 c x x# (5 c x)"# gw (x) 2x(5 c x)"# b x# " (5 c x)c"# (c1)
#

5x(4cx)
2 5 cx

critical points at

x 0, 4 and 5 gw ccc bbb ccc , increasing on (0 4), decreasing on (c_ !) and (% &)
&
!
%
(b) a local maximum is g(4) 16 at x 4, a local minimum is 0 at x 0 and x 5, no absolute maximum; absolute
minimum is 0 at x 0, 5
2x(x c 2) c ax c 3b (1)
(x c 2)
#

f w (x)

x c3
xc#

(x c 3)(x c ")
(x c #)
#

35. (a) f(x)

critical points at x 1, 3

f w bbb ccc )( ccc bbb, increasing on (c_ 1) and ($ _), decreasing on (" #) and (# $),
#
"
$
discontinuous at x 2
(b) a local maximum is f(1) 2 at x 1, a local minimum is f(3) 6 at x 3, no absolute extrema

3x ax b 1b
a3x b 1b
#

3x a3x b 1b c x (6x)
a3x b 1b

f w (x)

x
3x b 1

36. (a) f(x)

a critical point at x 0

f w bbb bbb, increasing on (c_ !) r (! _), and never decreasing


!
(b) no local extrema, no absolute extrema
4
3

x"$ b 8 xc#$
3

4(x b 2)
3x
$#

37. (a) f(x) x"$ (x b 8) x%$ b 8x"$ f w (x)

critical points at x 0, c2

f ccc bbb )( bbb, increasing on (c# !) r (! _), decreasing on (c_ c2)


!
c#

(b) no local maximum, a local minimum is f(c2) c6 $ 2 c7.56 at x c2, no absolute maximum; absolute

minimum is c6 $ 2 at x c2
5
3

x#$ b

10
3

xc"$

5(x b 2)
3 x
$

38. (a) g(x) x#$ (x b 5) x&$ b 5x#$ gw (x)

critical points at x c2 and

x 0 g bbb ccc )( bbb, increasing on (c_ c2) and (! _), decreasing on (c2 !)
!
c#

(b) local maximum is g(c2) 3 $ 4 4.762 at x c2, a local minimum is g(0) 0 at x 0, no absolute extrema

2
7

x%$ c 4 xc#$
3

7x b 2 7x c #
3 x
$

x 0,

7
3

39. (a) h(x) x"$ ax# c 4b x($ c 4x"$ hw (x)

critical points at

c
2
hw bbb
ccc )( ccc bbb, increasing on c_ 2 and 7 _ , decreasing on
7
!
c#(
#(

c2
2
7 ! and ! 7

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.3 Monotonic Functions and the First Derivative Test


3.12 at x

c2
7 ,

2
the local minimum is h 7 c

24 2
7
$

24 2
7

'(

'(

c
(b) local maximum is h 2
7

189

c3.12, no absolute

extrema
8
3

x&$ c 8 xc"$
3

8(x b 1)(x c 1)
3 x
$

40. (a) k(x) x#$ ax# c 4b x)$ c 4x#$ kw (x)

critical points at

x 0, 1 k ccc bbb )( ccc bbb, increasing on (c" !) and (" _), decreasing on (c_ c1)
!
c"
"
and (! 1)
(b) local maximum is k(0) 0 at x 0, local minima are k a 1b c3 at x 1, no absolute maximum; absolute
minimum is c3 at x 1
41. (a) f(x) 2x c x# f w (x) 2 c 2x a critical point at x 1 f w bbb ccc ] and fa1b 1 and fa2b 0
2
1
a local maximum is 1 at x 1, a local minimum is 0 at x 2.
(b) There is an absolute maximum of 1 at x 1; no absolute minimum.
(c)

42. (a) f(x) (x b 1)# f w (x) 2(x b 1) a critical point at x c1 f w ccc bbb ] and f(c1) 0, f(0) 1
!
c"
a local maximum is 1 at x 0, a local minimum is 0 at x c1
(b) no absolute maximum; absolute minimum is 0 at x c1
(c)

43. (a) g(x) x# c 4x b 4 gw (x) 2x c 4 2(x c 2) a critical point at x 2 gw [ ccc bbb and
"
#
g(1) 1, g(2) 0 a local maximum is 1 at x 1, a local minimum is g(2) 0 at x 2
(b) no absolute maximum; absolute minimum is 0 at x 2
(c)

44. (a) g(x) cx# c 6x c 9 gw (x) c2x c 6 c2(x b 3) a critical point at x c3 gw [ bbb ccc and
c%
c$
g(c4) c1, g(c3) 0 a local maximum is 0 at x c3, a local minimum is c1 at x c4

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

190

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

(b) absolute maximum is 0 at x c3; no absolute minimum


(c)

45. (a) f(t) 12t c t$ f w (t) 12 c 3t# 3(2 b t)(2 c t) critical points at t 2 f w [ ccc bbb ccc
c$
c#
#
and f(c3) c9, f(c2) c16, f(2) 16 local maxima are c9 at t c3 and 16 at t 2, a local minimum is
c16 at t c2
(b) absolute maximum is 16 at t 2; no absolute minimum
(c)

46. (a) f(t) t$ c 3t# f w (t) 3t# c 6t 3t(t c 2) critical points at t 0 and t 2
f w bbb ccc bbb ] and f(0) 0, f(2) c4, f(3) 0 a local maximum is 0 at t 0 and t 3, a
$
!
#
local minimum is c4 at t 2
(b) absolute maximum is 0 at t 0, 3; no absolute minimum
(c)

c 2x# b 4x hw (x) x# c 4x b 4 (x c 2)# a critical point at x 2 hw [ bbb bbb and


!
#
h(0) 0 no local maximum, a local minimum is 0 at x 0
(b) no absolute maximum; absolute minimum is 0 at x 0
(c)
x
3

47. (a) h(x)

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.3 Monotonic Functions and the First Derivative Test

191

48. (a) k(x) x$ b 3x# b 3x b 1 kw (x) 3x# b 6x b 3 3(x b 1)# a critical point at x c1
kw bbb bbb ] and k(c1) 0, k(0) 1 a local maximum is 1 at x 0, no local minimum
!
c"
(b) absolute maximum is 1 at x 0; no absolute minimum
(c)

49. (a) faxb 25 c x2 f w axb

cx
25 c x2

critical points at x 0, x c5, and x 5

f bbb ccc , fac5b 0, fa0b 5, fa5b 0 local maximum is 5 at x 0; local minimum of 0 at


c5
5
0
x c5 and x 5
(b) absolute maximum is 5 at x 0; absolute minimum of 0 at x c5 and x 5
(c)

50. (a) faxb x2 c 2x c 3, 3 x  _ f w axb

2x c 2
x2 c 2x c 3

only critical point in 3 x  _ is at x 3

f [ bbb, fa3b 0 local minimum of 0 at x 3, no local maximum


3
(b) absolute minimum of 0 at x 3, no absolute maximum
(c)

51. (a) gaxb

xc2
x2 c 1 ,

0 x  1 g w axb

cx2 b 4x c 1
ax 2 c 1 b 2

only critical point in 0 x  1 is x 2 c 3 0.268

g w [ ccc l bbb ), g2 c 3 43 3 6 1.866 local minimum of


c
0
1
0.268
maximum at x 0.

(b) absolute minimum of 43 3 6 at x 2 c 3, no absolute maximum


c

3
4 3 c 6

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

at x 2 c 3, local

192

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

(c)

52. (a) gaxb

x2
4 c x2 ,

c2  x 1 g w axb

only critical point in c2  x 1 is x 0

8x
a4 c x 2 b 2

g ( ccc l bbb ], ga0b 0 local minimum of 0 at x 0, local maximum of


1
c2
0
(b) absolute minimum of 0 at x 0, no absolute maximum
(c)

1
3

at x 1.

1
53. (a) faxb sin 2x, 0 x 1 f w axb 2cos 2x, f w (x) 0 cos 2x 0 critical points are x 1 and x 34
4
1
f w [ bbb ccc bbb ] , fa0b 0, f 1 1, f 34 c1, fa1b 0 local maxima are 1 at x 1 and 0
4
4
1
1
31
0
4

at x 1, and local minima are c1 at x


w

31
4

and 0 at x 0.

(b) The graph of f rises when f 0, falls when f w  0,


and has local extreme values where f w 0. The function
1
f has a local minimum value at x 0 and x 34 , where
the values of f w change from negative to positive. The
function f has a local maximum value at x 1 and
x 1 , where the values of f w change from positive to
4
negative.
1
54. (a) faxb sin x c cos x, 0 x 21 f w axb cos x b sin x, f w (x) 0 tan x c1 critical points are x 34 and
1
1
1
x 74 f w [ bbb ccc bbb ] , fa0b c1, f 34 2, f 74 c2, fa21b c1 local maxima are
71
31
0
21

2 at x

31
4

and c1 at x 21, and local minima are c2 at x


w

71
4

and c1 at x 0.

(b) The graph of f rises when f 0, falls when f  0,


and has local extreme values where f w 0. The function
1
f has a local minimum value at x 0 and x 74 , where
the values of f w change from negative to positive. The
function f has a local maximum value at x 21 and
1
x 34 , where the values of f w change from positive to
negative.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.3 Monotonic Functions and the First Derivative Test


55. (a) faxb 3cos x b sin x, 0 x 21 f w axb c3sin x b cos x, f w (x) 0 tan x
x

1
6

and x

71
6

1
3

193

critical points are

1
f w [ bbb ccc bbb ] , fa0b 3, f 1 2, f 76 c2, fa21b 3 local
6
1
71
0
21
6
6

maxima are 2 at x

1
6

and 3 at x 21, and local minima are c2 at x


w

71
6

and 3 at x 0.

(b) The graph of f rises when f 0, falls when f  0,


and has local extreme values where f w 0. The function
1
f has a local minimum value at x 0 and x 76 , where
the values of f w change from negative to positive. The
function f has a local maximum value at x 21 and
x 1 , where the values of f w change from positive to
6
negative.
56. (a) faxb c2x b tan x, c 1  x 
2
x c 1 and x
4
maximum is

1
2

1
4

1
2

f w axb c2 b sec2 x, f w (x) 0 sec2 x 2 critical points are


f w ( bbb ccc bbb ) , fc 1 1 c 1, f 1 1 c 1 local
4
2
4
2
1
1
c1
c1
2
2
4
4

c 1 at x c 1 , and local minimum is 1 c


4

(b) The graph of f rises when f w 0, falls when f w  0,


and has local extreme values where f w 0. The function
f has a local minimum value at x 1 , where the values
4

1
2

at x 1 .
4

of f w change from negative to positive. The function f


has a local maximum value at x c 1 , where the values
4
of f w change from positive to negative.

57. (a) f(x)

x
#

c 2 sin x f w (x)
#

f w [ ccc bbb ]
!
#1
#1$

1
c cos x , f w (x) 0 cos x " a critical point at x 23
#
#
#
1
and f(0) 0, f 23 1 c 3, f(21) 1 local maxima are 0 at x 0 and 1
3
"
#

1
at x 21, a local minimum is 1 c 3 at x 23
3
w
w
(b) The graph of f rises when f 0, falls when f  0,
and has a local minimum value at the point where f w
changes from negative to positive.

58. (a) f(x) c2 cos x c cos# x f w (x) 2 sin x b 2 cos x sin x 2(sin x)(1 b cos x) critical points at x c1, 0, 1
f w [ ccc bbb ] and f(c1) 1, f(0) c3, f(1) 1 a local maximum is 1 at x 1, a local
c1
1
!
minimum is c3 at x 0

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

194

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

(b) The graph of f rises when f w 0, falls when f w  0,


and has local extreme values where f w 0. The
function f has a local minimum value at x 0, where
the values of f w change from negative to positive.

59. (a) f(x) csc# x c 2 cot x f w (x) 2(csc x)(ccsc x)(cot x) c 2 accsc# xb c2 acsc# xb (cot x c 1) a critical
point at x 1 f w ( ccc bbb ) and f 1 0 no local maximum, a local minimum is 0 at x 1
4
4
4
1
!
1%
(b) The graph of f rises when f w 0, falls when f w  0,
and has a local minimum value at the point where
f w 0 and the values of f w change from negative to
positive. The graph of f steepens as f w (x) _.

60. (a) f(x) sec# x c 2 tan x f w (x) 2(sec x)(sec x)(tan x) c 2 sec# x a2 sec# xb (tan x c 1) a critical point
at x 1 f w ( ccc bbb ) and f 1 0 no local maximum, a local minimum is 0 at x 1
4
4
4
1#
c1#
1%
(b) The graph of f rises when f w 0, falls when f w  0,
and has a local minimum value where f w 0 and the
values of f w change from negative to positive.

)
)
61. h()) 3 cos # hw ()) c 3 sin # hw [ ccc ] , (! $) and (#1 c3) a local maximum is 3 at ) 0,
#
!
#1
a local minimum is c3 at ) 21
)
62. h()) 5 sin # hw ())

minimum is 0 at ) 0
63. (a)

5
#

)
cos # hw [ bbb ] , (! 0) and (1 5) a local maximum is 5 at ) 1, a local
1
!

(b)

(c)

(d)

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.3 Monotonic Functions and the First Derivative Test


64. (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

65. (a)

(b)

66. (a)

195

(b)

67. The function faxb x sin 1 has an infinite number of local maxima and minima. The function sin x has the following
x
properties: a) it is continuous on ac_, _b; b) it is periodic; and c) its range is c1, 1. Also, for a 0, the function
a range of c_, ca r a, _ on

c 1 , 1 .
a a

In particular, if a 1, then

1
x

c1 or

1
x

1
x

has

1 when x is in c1, 1. This means

sin 1 takes on the values of 1 and c1 infinitely many times in times on the interval c1, 1, which occur when
x
1
1
1
2
1
1 , 32 , 52 ,. . . . x 1 , 32 , 52 , . . . . Thus sin x has infinitely many local maxima and minima
x
2
1
1

in the interval c1, 1. On the interval 0, 1, c1 sin 1 1 and since x 0 we have cx x sin 1 x. On the
x
x
interval c1, 0, c1 sin 1 1 and since x  0 we have cx x sin 1 x. Thus faxb is bounded by the lines y x
x
x

and y cx. Since sin 1 oscillates between 1 and c1 infinitely many times on c1, 1 then f will oscillate between y x
x
and y cx infinitely many times. Thus f has infinitely many local maxima and minima. We can see from the graph (and
verify later in Chapter 7) that lim x sin 1 1 and lim x sin 1 1. The graph of f does not have any absolute
x
x
x_

xc_

maxima., but it does have two absolute minima.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives


b
4a

b
4a
#

#
#

68. f(x) a x# b b x b c a x# b b x b c a x# b b x b
a
a

b c a x b

b #
2a

b c 4ac
4a
#

196

cb _
2a

, a parabola whose

vertex is at x c . Thus when a 0, f is increasing on


and decreasing on c_
when a  0,
cb
cb
w
f is increasing on c_ #a and decreasing on #a _ . Also note that f (x) 2ax b b 2a x b #ba for
b
2a

cb
#a ;

a 0, f w ccc | bbb ; for a  0, f w bbb ccc .


cb2a
cb2a

69. f(x) a x# b b x f w axb 2a x b b, fa1b 2 a b b 2, f w a1b 0 2a b b 0 a c2, b 4


f(x) c2x# b 4x
70. f(x) a x3 b b x# b c x b d f w axb 3a x2 b 2b x b c, fa0b 0 d 0, fa1b c1 a b b b c b d c1,
f w a0b 0 c 0, f w a1b 0 3a b 2b b c 0 a 2, b c3, c 0, d 0 f(x) 2x3 c 3x#
4.4 CONCAVITY AND CURVE SKETCHING
yw x# c x c 2 (x c 2)(x b 1) yww 2x c 1 2 x c " . The graph is rising on
#
(c_ c1) and (# _), falling on (c" #), concave up on " _ and concave down on c_ " . Consequently,
#
#
a local maximum is 3 at x c1, a local minimum is c3 at x 2, and " c 3 is a point of inflection.
#
#
4
x
3

2. y

x
4

c 2x# b 4 yw x$ c 4x x ax# c 4b x(x b 2)(x c 2) yww 3x# c 4 3x b 2 3x c 2 . The

x
#

c 2x b

"
3

1. y

$
%

2
2
graph is rising on (c2 0) and (# _), falling on (c_ c#) and (! #), concave up on c_ c 3 and 3 _ and
2
2
concave down on c 3 3 . Consequently, a local maximum is 4 at x 0, local minima are 0 at x 2, and
2
2
c 3 16 and 3 16 are points of inflection.
9
9

yw 3 2 ax# c 1b
4
3

c"$

c"$

c%$

(2x)

x c3
3 ax c 1 b
$

"
b (x) c 3 ax# c 1b

c"$

minima are 0 at x 1; yww ax# c 1b

(2x) x ax# c 1b

3
4

ax# c 1b

#$

, yw ccc ) ( bbb ccc )( bbb


c"
"
!
the graph is rising on (c" !) and (" _), falling on (c_ c") and (! ") a local maximum is 3 at x 0, local
4

3. y

yww bbb ccc ) ( ccc )( ccc bbb the graph is concave up on c_ c3 and 3 _, concave
c"
"
$
c $

down on c3 3 points of inflection at 3 $ %


$

xc#$ ax# c 1b, yw bbb ccc )( ccc bbb


!
c"
"
the graph is rising on (c_ c1) and (" _), falling on (c1 ") a local maximum is 27 at x c1, a local
7

4. y

9
14

x"$ ax# c 7b yw

3
14

xc#$ ax# c 7b b

9
14

x"$ (2x)

3
#

minimum is c 27 at x 1; yww cxc&$ ax# c 1b b 3x"$ 2x"$ b xc&$ xc&$ a2x# b 1b ,


7

yww ccc )( bbb the graph is concave up on (! _), concave down on (c_ !) a point of inflection at (! !).
!
5. y x b sin 2x yw 1 b 2 cos 2x, yw [ccc bbb ccc ] the graph is rising on c 1 1 , falling
3 3
c#1$ c1$
#1$
1$
1
1
1
on c #3 c 1 and 1 23 local maxima are c 23 b
3
3

c1c
3

3
#

at x c 1 and
3

21
3

3
#

3
#

1
at x c 23 and

1
3

3
#

at x

1
3

21
3

, local minima are

; yww c4 sin 2x, yww [ ccc bbb ccc bbb ]


the
!
c#1$ c1#
#1$
1#
1
1
graph is concave up on c 1 ! and 1 23 , concave down on c 23 c 1 and ! 1 points of inflection at
#
#
#
#
c

at x

c 1 c 1 , (! !), and 1 1
#
#
# #

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

197

6. y tan x c 4x yw sec# x c 4, yw ( bbb ccc bbb )


the graph is rising on c 1 c 1 and
2
3
1#
c1# c1$
1$
1
1
1 1 , falling on c 1 1 a local maximum is c3 b 43 at x c 1 , a local minimum is 3 c 43 at x 1 ;
3 #
3 3
3
3
yww 2(sec x)(sec x)(tan x) 2 asec# xb (tan x), yww ( ccc bbb ) the graph is concave up on 0 1 ,
#
!
c1#
1#
concave down on c 1 0 a point of inflection at (0 0)
2

7. If x 0, sin kxk sin x and if x  0, sin kxk sin (cx)


csin x. From the sketch the graph is rising on
1
1
1
c 3# c 1 , ! 1 and 3# #1 , falling on c21 c 3# ,
#
#
1
1
c 1 ! and 1 3# ; local minima are c1 at x 3#
#
#
and 0 at x !; local maxima are 1 at x

1
#

and 0 at

x #1; concave up on (c#1 c1) and (1 #1), and


concave down on (c1 0) and (! 1) points of inflection
are (c1 !) and (1 !)
8. y 2 cos x c 2 x yw c2 sin x c 2, yw [ ccc
bbb ccc bbb ] rising on
c1
$1#
c$1%
c1%
&1%
1
1 1
1
1
c 34 c 1 and 54 3# , falling on c1 c 34 and c 1 54 local maxima are c2 b 12 at x c1, 2 b
4
4
2

at x c 1 and c 31#
4

at x

31
# ,

1
1
at x c 34 and c2 c 514 2 at x 54 ;
1
concave up on c1 c 1 and 1 3# , concave down on
#
#

and local minima are c2 b

yww c2 cos x, yww [ bbb ccc bbb ]


c1
$1#
c1#
1#
c 1 1 points of inflection at c 1
# #
#

21
#

and 1 c
#

31 2
4

12
4

21
#

9. When y x# c 4x b 3, then yw 2x c 4 2(x c 2) and


yww 2. The curve rises on (# _) and falls on (c_ #).
At x 2 there is a minimum. Since yww 0, the curve is
concave up for all x.

10. When y ' c 2x c x# , then yw c# c 2x c2(" b x) and


yww c2. The curve rises on (c_ c1) and falls on
(c1 _). At x c1 there is a maximum. Since yw w  0, the
curve is concave down for all x.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

198

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

11. When y x$ c 3x b 3, then yw 3x# c 3 3(x c 1)(x b 1)


and yww 6x. The curve rises on (c_ c1) r (" _) and
falls on (c1 1). At x c1 there is a local maximum and at
x 1 a local minimum. The curve is concave down on
(c_ 0) and concave up on (! _). There is a point of
inflection at x 0.

12. When y x(6 c 2x)# , then yw c4x(6 c 2x) b (' c 2x)#


12(3 c x)(" c x) and yww c12(3 c x) c 12(" c x)
24(x c 2). The curve rises on (c_ ") r ($ _) and
falls on (" $). The curve is concave down on (c_ #) and
concave up on (# _). At x 2 there is a point of
inflection.
13. When y c2x$ b 6x# c 3, then yw c6x# b 12x
c6x(x c 2) and yww c12x b 12 c12(x c 1). The
curve rises on (! #) and falls on (c_ 0) and (# _).
At x 0 there is a local minimum and at x 2 a local
maximum. The curve is concave up on (c_ ") and
concave down on (" _). At x 1 there is a point of
inflection.

14. When y 1 c 9x c 6x# c x$ , then yw c9 c 12x c 3x#


c$(x b 3)(B b 1) and yww c12 c 6x c6(x b 2).
The curve rises on (c$ c") and falls on (c_ c3) and
(c" _). At x c1 there is a local maximum and at
x c3 a local minimum. The curve is concave up on
(c_ c2) and concave down on (c# _). At x c2
there is a point of inflection.

15. When y (x c 2)$ b 1, then yw 3(x c 2)# and


yww 6(x c 2). The curve never falls and there are no
local extrema. The curve is concave down on (c_ #)
and concave up on (# _). At x 2 there is a point
of inflection.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching


16. When y 1 c (x b 1)$ , then yw c3(x b 1)# and
yww c6(x b 1). The curve never rises and there are
no local extrema. The curve is concave up on (c_ c1)
and concave down on (c" _). At x c1 there is a
point of inflection.

17. When y x% c 2x# , then yw 4x$ c 4x 4x(x b 1)(x c 1)


and yww 12x# c 4 12 x b

"
3 x

"
3 .

The curve

rises on (c" !) and (" _) and falls on (c_ c1) and (! ").
At x 1 there are local minima and at x 0 a local
"
maximum. The curve is concave up on c_ c 3 and
"
"
"
3 _ and concave down on c 3 3 . At x

"
3

there are points of inflection.


18. When y cx% b 6x# c 4, then yw c4x$ b 12x
c4x x b 3 x c 3 and yww c12x# b 12
c12(x b 1)(x c 1). The curve rises on c_ c3
and ! 3 , and falls on c3 ! and 3 _ . At
x 3there are local maxima and at x 0 a local
minimum. The curve is concave up on (c" ") and concave
down on (c_ c1) and (" _). At x 1 there are points
of inflection.
19. When y 4x$ c x% , then yw 12x# c 4x$ 4x# ($ c x) and
yww 24x c 12x# 12x(2 c x). The curve rises on ac_ $b
and falls on a$ _b. At x 3 there is a local maximum, but
there is no local minimum. The graph is concave up on
a! #b and concave down on ac_ !b and a# _b. There are
inflection points at x 0 and x 2.
20. When y x% b 2x$ , then yw 4x$ b 6x# 2x# (2x b 3) and
yww 12x# b 12x 12x(x b 1). The curve rises on
c 3 _ and falls on c_ c 3 . There is a local
#
2
minimum at x c 3 , but no local maximum. The curve is
#

concave up on (c_ c1) and (! _), and concave down on


(c1 0). At x c1 and x 0 there are points of inflection.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

199

200

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

21. When y x& c 5x% , then yw 5x% c 20x$ 5x$ (x c 4) and


yww 20x$ c 60x# 20x# (x c 3). The curve rises on
(c_ !) and (% _), and falls on (! %). There is a local
maximum at x 0, and a local minimum at x 4. The
curve is concave down on (c_ 3) and concave up on
(3 _). At x 3 there is a point of inflection.
%
%
$
22. When y x x c 5 , then yw x c 5 b x(4) x c 5 "
#
#
#
#
$
#
x c 5 5x c 5 , and yww 3 x c 5 " 5x c 5
#
#
#
#
#

$
#
b x c 5 5 5 x c 5 (x c 4). The curve is rising
#
#
#

on (c_ #) and (10 _), and falling on (# 10). There is a


local maximum at x 2 and a local minimum at x 10.
The curve is concave down on (c_ %) and concave up on
(% _). At x 4 there is a point of inflection.
23. When y x b sin x, then yw " b cos x and yww csin x.
The curve rises on (! 21). At x 0 there is a local and
absolute minimum and at x 21 there is a local and absolute
maximum. The curve is concave down on (! 1) and concave
up on (1 #1). At x 1 there is a point of inflection.

24. When y x c sin x, then yw " c cos x and yww sin x.


The curve rises on (! 21). At x 0 there is a local and
absolute minimum and at x 21 there is a local and absolute
maximum. The curve is concave up on (! 1) and concave
down on (1 #1). At x 1 there is a point of inflection.

25. When y 3x c 2 cos x, then yw 3 b 2 sin x and


1
yww 2 cos x. The curve is increasing on ! 43 and
51
41 51
3 21, and decreasing on 3 3 . At x 0 there
is a local and absolute minimum, at x
maximum, at x

51
3

41
3

there is a local

there is a local minimum, and and at

x 21 there is a local and absolute maximum. The curve


1
is concave up on ! 1 and 32 21, and is concave
2
1 31
1
1
down on 2 2 . At x 2 and x 32 there are points
of inflection.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching


26. When y 4 x c tan x, then yw
3

c sec2 x and

4
3

yww c2 sec2 x tan x. The curve is increasing on c 1 1 ,


6 6
and decreasing on c 1 c 1 and 1 1 . At x c 1
2
6
6 2
6
there is a local minimum, at x

1
6

there is a local

maximum,there are no absolute maxima or absolute minima.


The curve is concave up on c 1 0, and is concave
2
down on0 1 . At x 0 there is a point of inflection.
2
27. When y sin x cos x, then yw csin2 x b cos2 x cos 2x
and yww c2 sin 2x. The curve is increasing on 0 1 and
4
1
1
34 1, and decreasing on 1 34 . At x 0 there is a
4
local minimum, at x
maximum, at x

31
4

1
4

there is a local and absolute

there is a local and absolute minimum,

and at x 1 there is a local maximum. The curve is concave


down on 0 1 , and is concave up on 1 1. At x 1
2
2
2
there is a point of inflection.
28. When y cos x b 3sin x, then yw csin x b 3cos x
and yww ccos x c 3sin x. The curve is increasing on
1
1
0 1 and 43 21, and decreasing on 1 43 . At
3
3

x 0 there is a local minimum, at x


and absolute maximum, at x

41
3

1
3

there is a local

there is a local and

absolute minimum, and at x 21 there is a local maximum.


1
The curve is concave down on 0 56 and 111 21,
'
1
1
and is concave up on 56 111 . At x 56 and x 111
6
'
there are points of inflection.
29. When y x"& , then yw

"
5

4
xc%& and yww c 25 xc*& .

The curve rises on (c_ _) and there are no extrema.


The curve is concave up on (c_ !) and concave down
on (! _). At x 0 there is a point of inflection.

30. When y x#& , then yw

2
5

6
xc$& and yww c 25 xc)& .

The curve is rising on (0 _) and falling on (c_ !). At


x 0 there is a local and absolute minimum. There is
no local or absolute maximum. The curve is concave
down on (c_ !) and (! _). There are no points of
inflection, but a cusp exists at x 0.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

201

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

31. When y

c3x
ax 2 b 1 b 5

yww

x
x2 b 1 ,

then yw

1
ax 2 b 1 b 3

202

and

. The curve is increasing on ac_ _b.

There are no local or absolute extrema. The curve is


concave up on ac_ !b and concave down on a! _b.
At x 0 there is a point of inflection.
32. When y

1 c x2
2x b 1 ,

then yw

c ax b 2 b
a2x b 1b2 1 c x2

and

c4x3 c 12x2 b 7
. The curve is decreasing on
a2x b 1b3 a1 c x2 b3 2
c1 c " and c " 1. There are no absolute extrrema,
#
#

yww

there is a local maximum at x c1 and a local minimum


at x 1. The curve is concave up on ac1 c0.92b and
c " 0.69, and concave down on c0.92 c " and
#
#
a0.69 1b. At x c0.92 and x 0.69 there are points of
inflection.

33. When y 2x c 3x#$ , then yw 2 c 2xc"$ and


yww 2 xc%$ . The curve is rising on (c_ !) and
3
(" _), and falling on (! "). There is a local maximum
at x 0 and a local minimum at x 1. The curve is
concave up on (c_ !) and (! _). There are no
points of inflection, but a cusp exists at x 0.

34. When y 5x#& c 2x, then yw 2xc$& c 2 2 xc$& c 1


and yww c 6 xc)& . The curve is rising on (0 1) and
5
falling on (c_ 0) and (" _). There is a local minimum
at x 0 and a local maximum at x 1. The curve is
concave down on (c_ !) and (! _). There are no
points of inflection, but a cusp exists at x 0.
5
35. When y x#$ # c x

5 #$
c x&$ , then
# x
yw 5 xc"$ c 5 x#$ 5 xc"$ (1 c x) and
3
3
3
5
yww c 5 xc%$ c 10 xc"$ c 9 xc%$ (1 b 2x).
9
9

The curve is rising on (! ") and falling on (c_ !) and


(" _). There is a local minimum at x 0 and a local
maximum at x 1. The curve is concave up on c_ c "
#
and concave down on c " ! and (0 _). There is a point
#
of inflection at x c " and a cusp at x 0.
#

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching


36. When y x#$ (x c 5) x&$ c 5x#$ , then
5
yw 5 x#$ c 10 xc"$ 3 xc"$ (x c 2) and
3
3
yww

10
9

xc"$ b

10
9

xc%$

10
9

xc%$ (x b 1). The curve

is rising on (c_ !) and (# _), and falling on (! #).


There is a local minimum at x 2 and a local maximum
at x 0. The curve is concave up on (c" 0) and (! _),
and concave down on (c_ c1). There is a point of
inflection at x c1 and a cusp at x 0.

yw a 8 c x b

# c"#

a8 c x b

b (x) " a8 c x b
#
a8 c 2x b

2x ax c 12b
#

a8 c x b

(c#x)

2(2 c x)(2 b x)

yww c " a8 c x# b
#
$ #

, then

# c"#

#
$

# "#

"#

22 b x 22 c x

and

(c2x)a8 c 2x# b b a8 c x# b

#
"

37. When y x8 c x# x a8 c x# b

(c4x)

. The curve is rising on (c# #), and falling

on c22 c2 and # 22 . There are local minima


x c2 and x 22, and local maxima at x c22 and
x 2. The curve is concave up on c22 ! and
concave down on ! #2 . There is a point of inflection
at x 0.
38. When y a2 c x# b

$#

, then yw 3 a2 c x# b
#

"#

(c2x)

c3x2 c x# c3x2 c x 2 b x and


yww (c3) a2 c x# b

"#

c6(" c x)(1 b x)
2 c x 2 b x

b (c3x) " a2 c x# b
#

c"#

(c2x)

. The curve is rising on

c2 ! and falling on ! 2 . There is a local


maximum at x 0, and local minima at x 2. The
curve is concave down on (c" ") and concave up on
c2 c" and " 2 . There are points of inflection at
x 1.

c16
a16 c x b3

yww

cx
16 c x

39. When y 16 c x# , then yw

and

. The curve is rising on ac4 0b and falling

on a0 4b. There is a local and absolute maximum at x 0


and local and absolute minima at x c4 and x 4. The
curve is concave down on ac4 4b. There are no points
of inflection.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

203

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