122 Chapter 3 Differentiation

122
Chapter 3 Differentiation
aq sec qb3 b sec2 q c a3q b tan qbaq sec q tan q b sec qa1bb
aq sec qb2
3
3q2 sec q tan q b 3q sec q b q sec q tan2 q b sec q tan q
3q sec q b q sec q c
q sec3 q c 3q2 sec q tan q c q sec q tan2 q c sec q tan q
32. p
3q b tan q
q sec q
dp
dq
aq sec qb2
aq sec qb2
33. (a) y csc x yw ccsc x cot x yww c a(csc x) accsc# xb b (cot x)(ccsc x cot x)b csc$ x b csc x cot# x
(csc x) acsc# x b cot# xb (csc x) acsc# x b csc# x c 1b 2 csc$ x c csc x
(b) y sec x yw sec x tan x yww (sec x) asec# xb b (tan x)(sec x tan x) sec$ x b sec x tan# x
(sec x) asec# x b tan# xb (sec x) asec# x b sec# x c 1b 2 sec$ x c sec x
34. (a) y c2 sin x yw c2 cos x yww c2(csin x) 2 sin x ywww 2 cos x y% c2 sin x
(b) y 9 cos x yw c9 sin x yww c9 cos x ywww c9(csin x) 9 sin x y% 9 cos x
35. y sin x yw cos x slope of tangent at
x c1 is yw (c1) cos (c1) c"; slope of
tangent at x 0 is yw (0) cos (0) 1; and
1
1
1
slope of tangent at x 3# is yw 3# cos 3#
0. The tangent at (c1 !) is y c 0 c1(x b 1),

or y cx c 1; the tangent at (0 0) is
y c 0 1(x c 0), or y x; and the tangent at
31 c1 is y c1.
#
36. y tan x yw sec# x slope of tangent at x c 1

3
is sec# c 1 4; slope of tangent at x 0 is sec# (0) 1;
3
and slope of tangent at x
1
3
is sec# 1 4. The tangent

3
at c 1 tanc 1 c 1 c3 is y b 3 4x b 1 ;
3
3
3
3
the tangent at (0 0) is y x; and the tangent at 1 tan 1
3
3
1 3 is y c 3 4 x c 1 .
3
3
37. y sec x yw sec x tan x slope of tangent at
x c 1 is sec c 1 tan c 1 c23 ; slope of tangent
3
3
3
is sec 1 tan 1 2 . The tangent at the point
4
4
c 1 sec c 1 c 1 # is y c 2 c#3 x b 1 ;
at x
1
4
the tangent at the point
1 sec 1
4
4
1 2
4
is y c 2
2 x c 1 .
4
38. y 1 b cos x yw csin x slope of tangent at
x c 1 is csin c 1 #3 ; slope of tangent at x

3
3
is csin 31 1. The tangent at the point
#
31
#
c 1 " b cos c 1 c 1 3
3
3
3 #
is y c 3 #3 x b 1 ; the tangent at the point

#
3
1
1
1
1
3# " b cos 3# 3# 1 is y c 1 x c 3#
39. Yes, y x b sin x yw " b cos x; horizontal tangent occurs where 1 b cos x 0 cos x c1 x 1
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.
Section 3.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

40. No, y 2x b sin x yw 2 b cos x; horizontal tangent occurs where 2 b cos x 0 cos x c#. But there
are no x-values for which cos x c#.
41. No, y x c cot x yw 1 b csc# x; horizontal tangent occurs where 1 b csc# x 0 csc# x c1. But there
are no x-values for which csc# x c1.
42. Yes, y x b 2 cos x yw 1 c 2 sin x; horizontal tangent occurs where 1 c 2 sin x 0 1 2 sin x
1
" sin x x 1 or x 56
#
6
43. We want all points on the curve where the tangent
line has slope 2. Thus, y tan x yw sec# x so
that yw 2 sec# x 2 sec x 2
x 1 . Then the tangent line at 1 " has
4
4
equation y c 1 2 x c 1 ; the tangent line at
4
c 1 c" has equation y b 1 2 x b 1 .
4
4
44. We want all points on the curve y cot x where

the tangent line has slope c1. Thus y cot x
yw ccsc# x so that yw c1 ccsc# x c1
csc# x 1 csc x 1 x 1 . The
#
tangent line at 1 ! is y cx b 1 .
#
2
2
"
45. y 4 b cot x c 2 csc x yw ccsc# x b 2 csc x cot x c sin x 1 csincos x
x
(a) When x 1 , then yw c1; the tangent line is y cx b

#
w
1
#
b 2.
(b) To find the location of the horizontal tangent set y 0 1 c 2 cos x 0 x

then y % c 3 is the horizontal tangent.
"
46. y 1 b 2 csc x b cot x yw c2 csc x cot x c csc# x c sin x
1
3
2 cos x b 1
sin x
(a) If x 1 , then yw c4; the tangent line is y c4x b 1 b 4.

4
(b) To find the location of the horizontal tangent set yw 0 2 cos x b 1 0 x
x
31
4 ,
radians. When x 1 ,
3
31
4
radians. When
then y 2 is the horizontal tangent.
"
"
"
47. lim sin " c # sin # c # sin 0 0
x
x2
1
6
sin ) c
)c 6
d
d) asin )b)
cos )
) 6
49. lim
1 b cos (1 csc x) 1 b cos 1 csc c 1 1 b cos a1 ac2bb 2

#
"
lim
x c6
48.
cos 1
6
3
2
123
1
4
d
d) atan )b)
sec2 )
tan ) c 1
)c 4
50. lim
sec2 1 2
4
) 4
124
1
1
51. lim sec <cos x b 1 tan 4 sec x c 1 sec <1 b 1 tan 4 sec 0 c 1 sec <1 tan 1 sec 1 c1
4
x!
x
0
52. lim sin tan1xb tansec x sin tan10b tansec 0 sin c 1 c1
c2
c2
#
x!
t!
1)
54. lim cos sin ) cos 1 lim
) ! sin )
)!
tan (1 c 1) 0
sin t
t
"
cos 1
lim
sin
!)
tan 1 c lim
sin t
t
t!
"
9 cos 1 1 c1
53. lim tan 1 c
55. s 2 c 2 sin t v ds c2 cos t a dv 2 sin t j da 2 cos t. Therefore, velocity v 1

dt
dt
dt
4
2 m/sec; speed v 1 2 m/sec; acceleration a 1 2 m/sec# ; jerk j 1 2 m/sec$ .
c
4
x!
x!
v 1
4
csin t c cos t j
dv
dt
0 m/sec; acceleration
ccos t b sin t. Therefore

c2 m/sec# ; jerk j 1 0 m/sec$ .
da
dt
a 1
4
lim 9 sin 3x sin 3x 9 so that f is continuous at x 0 lim f(x) f(0) 9 c.

3x
3x
x!
x!
lim g(x) lim (x b b) b and lim g(x) lim cos x 1 so that g is continuous at x 0
x!
x!
x!
x!
58.
sin 3x
x
#
57. lim f(x) lim
0 m/sec; speed
velocity
v 1
4
cos t c sin t a
ds
dt
lim g(x)
x!
lim g(x) b 1. Now g is not differentiable at x 0: At x 0, the left-hand derivative is

b
x!
(x b b) x = 0 1, but the right-hand derivative is
d
dx
56. s sin t b cos t v
(cos x) x=0 csin 0 0. The left- and right-hand
d
dx
derivatives can never agree at x 0, so g is not differentiable at x 0 for any value of b (including b 1).
d
dx
(cos x) cos x the derivative of cos x any number of times that is a
***
***
multiple of 4 is cos x. Thus, dividing 999 by 4 gives 999 249 4 b 3
dy
dx
(cos x)(0) c (1)(csin x)

(cos x)
(sin x)(0) c (1)(cos x)

(sin x)
sin x
cos x
"
sin
cos x cos x sec x tan x
x
(sec x) sec x tan x
(b) y csc x
c"
x
sin x cos x ccsc x cot x
sin
dy
dx
#
(sin x)(csin x) c (cos x)(cos x)

(sin x)
#
csin xccos x
sin x
#
cos x
sin x
d
dx
ccos x
sin x
(csc x) ccsc x cot x
(c) y cot x
dy
dx
d
dx
c"
sin x
#
"
sin x
d
dx
$
$
"
cos x
(cos x)
(cos x) sin x.
%*%#
%*%#
60. (a) y sec x
d
dx
(cos x)
d
dx
d
dx
***
d
dx
***
(cos x) sin x because
d
dx
59.
ccsc# x
(cot x) ccsc x
61. (a) t 0 x 10 cosa0b 10 cm; t

cm
(b) t 0 v c10 sina0b 0 sec ; t
1
3
1
3
1
1
x 10 cos 1 5 cm; t 34 x 10 cos 34 c52 cm
3
cm
1
1
cm
v c10 sin 1 c53 sec ; t 34 v c10 sin 34 c52 sec
3
62. (a) t 0 x 3 cosa0b b 4 sina0b 3 ft; t
1
2
x 3 cos 1 b 4 sin 1 4 ft;

2
2
t 1 x 3 cosa1b b 4 sina1b c3 ft
ft
(b) t 0 v c3 sina0b b 4 cosa0b 4 sec ; t
t 1 v c3 sina1b b 4 cosa1b c4
1
2
v c3 sin 1 b 4 cos 1 c3
2
2
ft
sec ;
ft
sec
Section 3.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
125
63.
As h takes on the values of 1, 0.5, 0.3 and 0.1 the corresponding dashed curves of y
closer and closer to the black curve y cos x because
d
dx
(sin x)
is true as h takes on the values of c1, c0.5, c0.3 and c0.1.
lim sin (x b h) c sin x

h
h!
sin (x b h) c sin x
h
get
cos x. The same
64.
cos (x b h) c cos x
h
lim cos (x b h) c cos x csin x.
h
h!
As h takes on the values of 1, 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1 the corresponding dashed curves of y
get
closer and closer to the black curve y csin x because
The
d
dx
(cos x)
same is true as h takes on the values of c1, c0.5, c0.3, and c0.1.
65. (a)
The dashed curves of y
sinax b hb c sinax c hb
#h
are closer to the black curve y cos x than the corresponding dashed
curves in Exercise 63 illustrating that the centered difference quotient is a better approximation of the derivative of
this function.
(b)
The dashed curves of y
cosax b hb c cosax c hb
#h
are closer to the black curve y csin x than the corresponding dashed
curves in Exercise 64 illustrating that the centered difference quotient is a better approximation of the derivative of
this function.
66. lim
h!
k0 b h k c k 0 c h k
2h
lim
x!
k h k c k hk
2h
lim 0 0 the limits of the centered difference quotient exists even

h!
though the derivative of f(x) kxk does not exist at x 0.
126
67. y tan x yw sec# x, so the smallest value

yw sec# x takes on is yw 1 when x 0;
yw has no maximum value since sec# x has no
largest value on c 1 1 ; yw is never negative
# #
since sec# x 1.
68. y cot x yw ccsc# x so yw has no smallest

value since ccsc# x has no minimum value on
(! 1); the largest value of yw is c1, when x 1 ;
#
the slope is never positive since the largest
value yw ccsc2 x takes on is c1.
69. y
sin x
x appears to cross the y-axis at y 1, since
lim sin x 1; y sinx2x appears to cross the y-axis
x! x
at y 2, since lim sinx2x 2; y sinx4x appears to

x!
cross the y-axis at y 4, since lim sinx4x 4.
x!
However, none of these graphs actually cross the y-axis

since x 0 is not in the domain of the functions. Also,
lim
x!
sin 5x
x
sin (c3x)
x
5, lim
x!
k the graphs of y
y
sin kx
x
c3, and lim
sin kx
x
x!
sin 5x
x ,
sin (c3x)
,
x
and
approach 5, c3, and k, respectively, as
x 0. However, the graphs do not actually cross the

y-axis.
x!
sin h 180
h
1
lim
lim
sin h
h
.017452406
.017453292
.017453292
.017453292
180
h!
sin h 180
180 h
1
lim
h!
sin h 180
h
1
.99994923
1
1
1
1
sin h
h
h
1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
lim
)!
70. (a)
180
sin )
)
1
180
() h
1
180 )
(converting to radians)
(b)
cos hc1
h
h
1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
lim
h!
c0.0001523
c0.0000015
c0.0000001
0
cos hc1
h
(c) In degrees,
0, whether h is measured in degrees or radians.
d
dx
(sin x) lim
h!
lim sin x
h!
cos h c 1
h
sin (x b h) c sin x
h
b lim cos x
h!
1
(sin x)(0) b (cos x) 180
1
180
lim
h!
sin h
h
(sin x cos h b cos x sin h) c sin x

h
(sin x) lim cos h c 1 b (cos x) lim sin h

h
h
h!
h!
cos x
Section 3.6 The Chain Rule
h!
h!
(cos x)(cos h c 1) c sin x sin h

h
(cos x) lim
h!
h!
lim cos x
h!
(cos x cos h c sin x sin h) c cos x

h
cos h c 1
h
c lim sin x
h!
sin h
h
1
1
c (sin x) lim sin h (cos x)(0) c (sin x) 180 c 180 sin x
h
h!
1 #
c 180
(sin x)
d
dx
1
180
(cos x)
d
dx
1
1
c 180 sin x c 180 # cos x;
cos x
sin x;
d
dx
#
#
d
dx
cos h c 1
h
lim
(e)
d
dx
cos (x b h) c cos x
h
(cos x) lim
(sin x)
d
dx
lim
d
dx
(d) In degrees,
127
d
dx
1
1
c 180 sin x c 180 cos x;
(cos x)
d
dx
1
1
c 180 cos x 180 sin x
#
#
3.6 THE CHAIN RULE

1. f(u) 6u c 9 f w (u) 6 f w (g(x)) 6; g(x)
"
#
x% gw (x) 2x$ ; therefore
dy
dx
f w (g(x))gw (x) 6 2x$ 12x$
2. f(u) 2u$ f w (u) 6u# f w (g(x)) 6(8x c 1)# ; g(x) 8x c 1 gw (x) 8; therefore
6(8x c 1)# 8 48(8x c 1)#
dy
dx
f w (g(x))gw (x)
3. f(u) sin u f w (u) cos u f w (g(x)) cos (3x b 1); g(x) 3x b 1 gw (x) 3; therefore
f w (g(x))gw (x)
dy
dx
(cos (3x b 1))(3) 3 cos (3x b 1)

4. f(u) cos u f w (u) csin u f w (g(x)) csin cx ; g(x)
3
csin cx c" " sin cx
3
3
3
3
cx
3
gw (x) c " ; therefore

3
dy
dx
f w (g(x))gw (x)
5. f(u) cos u f w (u) csin u f w (g(x)) csin (sin x); g(x) sin x gw (x) cos x; therefore
dy
dx
f w (g(x))gw (x) c(sin (sin x)) cos x
6. f(u) sin u f w (u) cos u f w (g(x)) cos (x c cos x); g(x) x c cos x gw (x) 1 b sin x; therefore
dy
dx
f w (g(x))gw (x) (cos (x c cos x))(1 b sin x)
7. f(u) tan u f w (u) sec# u f w (g(x)) sec# (10x c 5); g(x) 10x c 5 gw (x) 10; therefore
dy
dx
f w (g(x))gw (x) asec# (10x c 5)b (10) 10 sec# (10x c 5)
8. f(u) csec u f w (u) csec u tan u f w (g(x)) csec ax# b 7xb tan ax# b 7xb ; g(x) x# b 7x
gw (x) 2x b 7; therefore
dy
dx
f w (g(x))gw (x) c(2x b 7) sec ax# b 7xb tan ax# b 7xb
9. With u (2x b 1), y u& :
dy
dx
dy du
du dx
5u% 2 10(2x b 1)%
10. With u (4 c 3x), y u* :
dy
dx
dy du
du dx
9u) (c3) c27(4 c 3x))
dy
dx
13. With u x b x c " , y u% :

8
x
#
14. With u 3x2 c 4x b 6, y u12 :
c)
c7uc) c " " c x
7
7
dy du
du dx
dy du
du dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
c10uc"" " c5 x c 1
#
#
dy du
du dx
dy du
du dx
4u$ x b 1 b
4
"
x
c""
4 x b x c " x b 1 b
8
x
4
" uc12 a6x c 4b

#
12. With u x c 1 , y uc"! :

#
dy
dx
3x c 2
3x2 c4xb6
"
x
11. With u 1 c x , y uc( :

7
dy du
du dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
3u# cos x 3 asin# xb (cos x)
dy du
du dx
18. With u cos x, y 5uc% :
19. p 3 c t (3 c t)"#
3
20. q 2r c r# a2r c r# b
4
51
cos 5t
"
#
dq
dr
(3 c t)c"#
"
3
d
dt
a2r c r# b
(3 c t) c " (3 c t)c"#
#
c 2 3
d
dr
a2r c r# b
ds
dt
cos 3t
d
dt
(3t) b
ds
dt
1
cos 3# t
d
dt
1
1
3# t c sin 3# t
4
31
4
51
(csin 5t)
d
dt
"
3
c"
2 3 c t
a2r c r# b
(5t)
4
1
c 2 3
2 c 2r
3a2rcr b2
(2 c 2r)
cos 3t c
4
1
sin 5t
(cos 3t c sin 5t)
1
1
22. s sin 3# t b cos 3# t
1
1
1
32 cos 3# t c sin 3# t
23. r (csc ) b cot ))c"
c(csc ) b cot ))c#
dr
d)
24. r 6(sec ) c tan ))32
dr
d)
d
d)
d
dt
1
3# t
(csc ) b cot ))
6 3 asec ) c tan )b1#

#
d
d) asec
31
2
1
cos 3# t c
csc ) cot ) b csc )

(csc ) b cot ))
#
4
1
sin 3t b
ac20uc& b (csin x) 20 acosc& xb (sin x)
4
31
"3
dy du
du dx
31
2
1
sin 3# t
csc ) (cot ) b csc ))

(csc ) b cot ))
#
21. s
dp
dt
"
"
"
accsc# ub x c x csc# 1 c x
dy
dx
(sec u tan u) asec# xb (sec (tan x) tan (tan x)) sec# x
dy du
du dx
16. With u 1 c " , y cot u:

x
17. With u sin x, y u$ :
dy
dx
15. With u tan x, y sec u:
128
csc )
csc ) b cot )
) c tan )b 9sec ) c tan )asec ) tan ) c sec2 )b
d
d
d
25. y x# sin% x b x cosc# x dy x# dx asin% xb b sin% x dx ax# b b x dx acosc# xb b cosc# x
dx
d
d
x# 4 sin$ x dx (sin x) b 2x sin% x b x c2 cosc$ x dx (cos x) b cosc# x
d
dx
(x)
x# a4 sin$ x cos xb b 2x sin% x b xa ac2 cosc$ xb (csin x)b b cosc# x

4x# sin$ x cos x b 2x sin% x b 2x sin x cosc$ x b cosc# x
d "
d
asinc& xb b sinc& x dx x c x dx acos$ xb c cos$ x
3
"
x
"
" ac5 sinc' x cos xb b asinc& xb c x c 3 a a3 cos# xb (csin x)b c acos$ xb 3
x
"
x
sinc& x b x cos# x sin x c
d
dx
4 c
"
#x
$
$
4 2
2
"
2
c3(5 c 2x)c% (c2) b 8 x b 1 c x 6(5 c 2x)c% c x x b 1
#
dy
dx
(4x b 3)% (c3)(x b 1)c%
c%
c$
d
dx
(x b 1) b (x b 1)c$ (4)(4x b 3)$

%
d
dx
$
(4x b 3)
b 16(4x b 3) (x b 1)c$
(4x b 3) (4x b 7)
(x b 1)
$
cc3(4x b 3) b 16(x b 1)d
c%
(4x b 3)
(x b 1)
c#
(4x b 3) (c3)(x b 1) (1) b (x b 1) (4)(4x b 3) (4) c3(4x b 3) (x b 1)

$
"
#x
2 b 1
x
29. y (4x b 3)% (x b 1)c$

%
# #
"
6
(5 c 2x)
dy
dx
(c1) 4 c
%
2
28. y (5 c 2x)c$ b " x b 1
8
x
3
cos$ x
"
" c"
7
d
(
dy 21 (3x c 2)' dx (3x c 2) b

21 (3x c 2) b 4 c #x
dx
7
" c# "
"
'
(3x c 2)' c
21 (3x c 2) 3 b (c1) 4 c #x
x
x 4 c
27. y
"
3
d
dx
c 5 sinc' x cos x c
x
" d
x dx
cos$ x yw
x
3
sinc& x c
"
x
26. y

'
30. y (2x c 5)c" ax# c 5xb

2 ax c 5xb
(2x c 5)
&
'
(2x c 5)c" (6) ax# c 5xb (2x c 5) b ax# c 5xb (c1)(2x c 5)c# (2)
'
&
6 ax# c 5xb c
dy
dx
d
d
31. h(x) x tan 2x b 7 hw (x) x dx tan 2x"# b tan 2x"# dx (x) b 0
d
"
x sec# 2x"# dx 2x"# b tan 2x"# x sec# 2x b tan 2x x sec# 2x b tan 2x
x
d
d
"
"
"
"
32. k(x) x# sec " kw (x) x# dx sec x b sec x dx ax# b x# sec x tan x
x
"
"
"
"
"
"
x# sec " tan x c x b 2x sec x 2x sec x c sec x tan x
x
"
"
x b 2x sec x
d
dx
33. faxb 7 b x sec x f w axb " a7 b x sec xbc12 ax asec x tan xb b asec xb "b
#
34. gaxb
ax b 7b4 sec2 3x$ c atan 3xb4ax b 7b3 1

<ax b 7b4 2
gw axb
ax b 7b3 $ax b 7bsec2 3x c 4tan 3x

ax b 7 b 8
$ax b 7bsec2 3x c 4tan 3x

ax b 7 b5
(2 sin )) acos ) b cos ) b sin )b

(1 b cos ))
#
c"
(2 sin )) (cos ) b 1)
(1 b cos ))
sin
36. g(t) 1 bc 2t3t
3
3 c 2t
1 b sin 3t
37. r sin a)# b cos (2))
d
d)
gw (t)
sin )
1 b cos )
2 sin )
(1 b cos ))
(1 b cos ))(cos )) c (sin ))(csin ))

(1 b cos ))
a1 b sin 3tbac2b c a3 c 2tba3 cos 3tb

a1 b sin 3tb2
sin a)# b (csin 2))
dr
d)
2 sin )
1 b cos )
sin )
sin )
35. f()) 1 b cos ) f w ()) 2 1 b cos )
d
d)
tan 3x
ax b 7 b 4
x sec x tan x b sec x

#7bx sec x
c2 c 2sin 3t c 9 cos 3t b 6t cos 3t

a1 b sin 3tb2
(2)) b cos (2)) acos a)# bb
d
d)
a) # b
sin a)# b (csin 2))(2) b (cos 2)) acos a)# bb (2)) c2 sin a)# b sin (#)) b 2) cos (2)) cos a)# b
d
dt
sin t ccsc# sin t t cos ttc sin t

t
t
2 sin (1t c 2)
ccsc# sin t
t
dy
dt
t b 1
t b 1
b2
cos ttb 1 2(t b 1) c t 2(ttb 1) cos ttb 1
2(t b 1)
#$
41. y sin# (1t c 2)
d
dt
sec
#$
dq
dt
t b 1 (1)ct
tb1
t
t
ttb 1 cos ttb 1
d
dt
tan ) tan
# )
cos ttb 1
dq
dt
t b 1 c
40. q cot sin t

t
tan " sec ) tan ) sec )

)
"
# )
)
cos ttb 1
39. q sin ttb 1
"
# )
"
c )" sec ) sec# " b

)
sec ) sec# " c )" b tan " sec ) tan )

)
)
#
dr
d)
"
38. r sec ) tan "

)
d
dt
sin (1t c 2) 2 sin (1t c 2) cos (1t c 2)
d
dt
(1t c 2)
21 sin (1t c 2) cos (1t c 2)

dy
dt
(2 sec 1t)
43. y (1 b cos 2t)c%

t
44. y 1 b cot #
csc t
1 b cot t
(sec 1t) (2 sec 1t)(sec 1t tan 1t)
c4(1 b cos 2t)c&

dy
dt
t
c2 1 b cot #
d
dt
c$
d
dt
(1t) 21 sec# 1t tan 1t
(1 b cos 2t) c4(1 b cos 2t)c& (csin 2t)
d
dt 1
t
t
b cot # c2 1 b cot #
c$
d
dt
(2t)
8 sin 2t
(1 b cos 2t)
t
ccsc# #
c#
dy
dt
d
dt
&
42. y sec# 1t
dt
dt #
129
46. y tc34 sin t
4 3
dy
dt
4
tc1 3 asin tb13 cost c tc2 asin tb43
4asin tb1 3 cos t

3t
asin tb4
t2
asin tb1 3 a4t cos t c 3cos tb

3t2
3
t
47. y t3 c 4t
48. y 3t c 4
5t b 2
tc1 asin tb43
10at tan tb9 at sec2 t b 1 tan tb 10 t9 tan9 tat sec2 t b tan tb 10 t10 tan9 t sec2 t b 10 t9 tan10 t
dy
dt
45. y at tan tb10
130
c5
dy
dt
t
3 t3 c 4t
dy
dt
c5 3t c 4
5t b 2
t3 c 4ta2tb c t2 3t2 c 4
c6
at3 c 4tb2
a5t b 2b3 c a3t c 4b5

a5t b 2b2
3t4
at3 c 4tb2
2t4 c 8t2 c 3t4 b 4t2

at3 c 4tb2
6
c5 5t b 2
3t c 4
15t b 6 c 15t b 20
a5t b 2b2
3t4 ct4 c 4t2

t4 at2 c 4b4
c3t2 t2 b 4
at2 c 4b4
a5t 2b
c5 a3t b 4b6
c
26
a5t b 2b2
c130a5t b 2b4
a3t c 4b6
49. y sin acos (2t c 5)b
dy
dt
cos (cos (2t c 5))
d
dt
cos (2t c 5) cos (cos (2t c 5)) (csin (2t c 5))
d
dt
(2t c 5)
c2 cos (cos (2t c 5))(sin (2t c 5))

t
t
50. y cos 5 sin 3 dy csin 5 sin 3
dt
t
t
c 5 sin 5 sin 3 cos 3
3
d
dt
t
t
t
5 sin 3 csin 5 sin 3 5 cos 3
dy
% t # d <
<
dt 1
dt 3 1 b tan
1#
"
% t # <
$ t
# t
tan 1#
tan 1# sec 1# 1# <1 b
51. y <1 b tan% 1t#
52. y
"
6
c1 b cos# (7t)d
"#
c " a1 b cos at# bb

#
c"#
dy
dt
2 cos 1 b t9
1 b t2t
a1 b cos at# bb
c"#
d
dt
a1 b cos at# bb
"
#
a1 b cos at# bb
c"#
csin at# b
d
dt
a t# b
dy
dt
4 cos 1 b t9
d
dt
"
1 b t9 4 cos 1 b t9
# 1 b t
d
dt
1 b t
cos 1 b t9
55. y tan2 asin3 tb
tan 1t#
c1 b cos# (7t)d 2 cos (7t)(csin (7t))(7) c7 c1 b cos# (7t)d (cos (7t) sin (7t))
3
6
"
#
#
tan% 1t# <tan$ 1t# sec# 1t#
d
dt
t
at
asin at# bb 2t c 1 sincos b t b
b
a
54. y 4 sin 1 b t9
#
b tan% 1t# 3 <1 b tan% 1t# <4 tan$ 1t#
53. y a1 b cos at# bb
dy
dt
t
3
12 <1 b
d
dt
t b tt
dy
dt
56. y cos4 asec2 3tb
2 tanasin3 tb sec2 asin3 tb a3sin2 t acos tbb 6 tanasin3 tbsec2 asin3 tbsin2 t cos t
dy
dt
4 cos3 asec2 a3tbbacsinasec2 a3tbb 2 aseca3tbbaseca3tb tana3tb 3bb
c24 cos3 asec2 a3tbbsinasec2 a3tbbsec2 a3tb tana3tb

4
57. y 3ta2t2 c 5b
dy
dt
58. y 3t b 2 b 1 c t
"
#3tb2b1ct
:3 b
3t 4a2t2 c 5b a4tb b 3 a2t2 c 5b 3a2t2 c 5b 16t2 b 2t2 c 5 3a2t2 c 5b a18t2 c 5b
dy
dt
"
#2b1ct
c 1 2
" 3t b 2 b 1 c t9
#
c1
# 1 c t ;
"
#3tb2b1ct
"
3 b # 2 b 1 c t
121ct2b1ct c "
41ct2b1ct
c 1 2
"
# a1
c tbc12 ac1b9
121ct2b1ct c "
81ct2b1ct3tb2b1ct

#
"
1 b x b
6
x
6
x
"
1 b x #
3
"
"
6
" #
c x 2 1 b x c x b x 1 b x
6
"
x 1 b x 1 b 2
x
d
dx
6
x
"
"
1 b x # c 1 b x #
d
dx
3
x
#
$
" #
"
" #
3
3
59. y 1 b " yw 3 1 b x c x c x 1 b x yww c x
x
131
"
"
"
1 b x x b 1 b x
60. y 1 c x
"
#
yww
"
#
"
#x
61. y
c"
yw c 1 c x
c " xc"#
#
"
#
1 c xc# xc"#
c#
c$
1 c x c " xc$# b xc"# (c2) 1 c x c " xc"#
#
#
c" xc$# 1 c x
#
"
9
c#
1 c xc$ c
c#
"
# x
c$
b xc" 1 c x
"
#
b 1
"
#x
"
#
xc" 1 c x
1 c xc$ 3 c
#
c$
<c " xc"# 1 c x b 1

#
"
#x
"
"
2
cot (3x c 1) yw c 9 csc# (3x c 1)(3) c 3 csc# (3x c 1) yww c 3 (csc (3x c 1)
2
3
csc (3x c 1)(ccsc (3x c 1) cot (3x c 1)
d
dx
csc (3x c 1))
d
dx
(3x c 1)) 2 csc (3x c 1) cot (3x c 1)
"
x
x
62. y 9 tan x yw 9 sec# x 3 3 sec# x yww 3 2 sec x sec x tan x " 2 sec# 3 tan 3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
63. y xa2x b 1b4 yw x 4a2x b 1b3 a2b b 1 a2x b 1b4 a2x b 1b3 a8x b a2x b 1bb a2x b 1b3 a10x b 1b
yww a2x b 1b3 a10b b 3a2x b 1b2 a2ba10x b 1b 2a2x b 1b2 a5a2x b 1b b 3a10x b 1bb 2a2x b 1b2 a40x b 8b
16a2x b 1b2 a5x b 1b
5
64. y x2 ax3 c 1b yw x2 5ax3 c 1b a3x2 b b 2xax3 c 1b xax3 c 1b 15x3 b 2ax3 c 1b ax3 c 1b a17x4 c 2xb
4
yww ax3 c 1b a68x3 c 2b b 4ax3 c 1b a3x2 ba17x4 c 2xb 2ax3 c 1b ax3 c 1ba34x3 c 1b b 6x2 a17x4 c 2xb
3
2ax3 c 1b a136x6 c 47x3 b 1b

g(1) 1 and gw (1)
therefore, (f g)w (1) f w (g(1)) gw (1) 5
"
#
"
u
; f(u) u& b 1 f w (u) 5u% f w (g(1)) f w (1) 5;
5
#
66. g(x) (1 c x)c" gw (x) c(1 c x)c# (c1)

#
f w (u)
"
#
"
(1cx)
"
# x
65. g(x) x gw (x)
g(c1)
"
#
w
and gw (c1)
"
4
; f(u) 1 c
"
f w (g(c1)) f w # 4; therefore, (f g)w (c1) f (g(c1))gw (c1) 4
67. g(x) 5x gw (x)

f w (g(1)) f w (5) c
5
5
g(1) 5 and gw (1) #
# x
1
1
# 1
10 csc
# c 10 ; therefore,
"
4
"
u
1
; f(u) cot 1u f w (u) ccsc# 1u 10
10
10
c1
10
csc# 1u
10
1
(f g)w (1) f w (g(1))gw (1) c 10 5 = c 1
#
4
"
68. g(x) 1x gw (x) 1 g " 1 and gw 4 1; f(u) u b sec# u f w (u) 1 b 2 sec u sec u tan u
4
4
"
"
"
1 b 2 sec# u tan u f w g " f w 1 1 b 2 sec# 1 tan 1 5; therefore, (f g)w 4 f w g 4 gw 4 51
4
4
4
4
f w (g(0)) f w (1) 0; therefore, (f g)w (0) f w (g(0))gw (0) 0 1 0
"
2
w
x c 1 g (x) c x g(c1) 0 and
c (u
c 1)
2 u c 1 (u b 1)(1)b 1) c 1)(1) 2(u c 1)(2) 4(ub 1)
ub1
(u
(u b 1)
(u
w
w
w
70. g(x)
au b 1b(2) c (2u)(2u)
au b 1 b
#
c2u b 2
au b 1 b
f w (u)
2u
u b1
69. g(x) 10x# b x b 1 gw (x) 20x b 1 g(0) 1 and gw (0) 1; f(u)
u 1
u 1
gw (c1) 2; f(u) u c 1 f w (u) 2 u c 1
b
b
f w (g(c1)) f w (0) c4; therefore,
(f g) (c1) f (g(c1))g (c1) (c4)(2) c8
d
du
u 1
uc1
b
132
71. y fagaxbb, f w a3b c1, gw a2b 5, ga2b 3 y w f w agaxbbg w axb y w

ac1b 5 c5
f(x)gw (x) b g(x)f w (x)
g(x)f (x) c f(x)g (x)

[g(x)]
(e) y f(g(x))
dy
dx
f w (g(x))gw (x)
"
#
dy
dx x=2
(f) y (f(x))"#
dy
dx
(g) y (g(x))c#
dy
dx
c2(g(x))c$ gw (x)
dy
dx x=2
"
#
"#
"
#
# c"#
dy
dx
a(f(2))# b (g(2)) b
74. (a) y 5f(x) c g(x)

(b) y f(x)(g(x))$
f (x)
#f(x)
dy
dx x=3
dy
dx x=2
dy
dx x=1
"
3
3
# 8
37
6
(c3) c1
"
6 8
"
1 # 2
c2(g(3))c$ gw (3) c2(c4)c$ 5

c"#
2
24
5
3#
a2f(x) f w (x) b 2g(x) gw (x)b

"
#
a8# b 2# b
c"#
2 8
"
3
5
b 2 2 (c3) c 317
"
5f w (1) c gw (1) 5 c 3 c c8 1
3
f(x) a3(g(x))# gw (x)b b (g(x))$ f w (x)
dy
dx
(2) 3 c (8)(c3)
#
f (2)
#f(2)
a2f(2)f w (2) b 2g(2)gw (2)b
5f w (x) c gw (x)
dy
dx
a(f(x))# b (g(x))# b
f w (g(2))gw (2) f w (2)(c3)

w
(h) y a(f(x))# b (g(x))# b
(f(x))c"# f w (x)
f(3)gw (3) b g(3)f w (3) 3 5 b (c4)(21) 15 c 81
g(2)f (2) c f(2)g (2)

[g(2)]
dy
dx x=2
dy
dx x=3
dy
dx
dy
dx
f(x)
g(x)
f w (3) b gw (3) 21 b 5
dy
dx x=3
(c) y f(x) g(x)
f w (x) b gw (x)
dy
dx
2
3
(b) y f(x) b g(x)
2f w (2) 2 "
3
dy
dx x=2
"
2f w (x)
dy
dx
cosafa0bb f w a0b cos 1 4 " 4 2

3
#
dr
dt t0
"
73. (a) y 2f(x)
cosafatbb f w atb
dr
dt
72. r sinafatbb, fa0b 1 , f w a0b 4

3
(d) y
f w aga2bbgw a2b f w a3b 5
x 2
dy
dx x = 0
$f(0)(g(0))# gw (0) b (g(0))$ f w (0)
"
3(1)(1)# 3 b (1)$ (5) 6
(g(x) b 1)f (x) c f(x) g (x)
(g(x) b 1)
w
dy
dx
(c4b") c 3 c(3) c 8
3
(c4b1)
dy
dx x = 1
(g(1) b 1)f (1) c f(1)g (1)

(g(1) b 1)
"
f(x)
g(x) b 1
(c) y
(d) y f(g(x))
dy
dx
f w (g(x))gw (x)
dy
dx x = 0
"
"
f w (g(0))gw (0) f w (1) " c " 3 c 9
3
3
(e) y g(f(x))
dy
dx
gw (f(x))f w (x)
dy
dx x = 0
gw (f(0))f w (0) gw (1)(5) c 8 (5) c 40

3
3
(f) y ax"" b f(x)b
c#
c2 ax"" b f(x)b
dy
dx
c$
a11x"! b f w (x)b
dy
dx x=1
c2(1 b f(1))c$ a11 b f w (1)b
2
c2(1 b 3)c$ 11 c " c 4 32 c "
3
3
3
$
(g) y f(x b g(x))
dy
dx
f w (x b g(x)) a1 b gw (x)b
dy
dx x = 0
f w (0 b g(0)) a1 b gw (0)b f w (1) 1 b "

3
c " 4 c 4
3
3
9
ds
d)
d)
dt :
s cos )
76.
dy
dt
dy
dx
dx
dt :
y x# b 7x c 5
"
u
c"
a(x c 1) b
; u (x c 1)
# "c
; u 5x c 35
dy
dx x = 1
9 so that
dy
dt
ds
dt
dy
dx
dx
dt
ds
d)
d)
dt
15 5
"
3
1 for both (a) and (b):
c"
(x c 1)
y1b "
u
c" (x c"1)
u
c
"
5
2x b 7
dy
dx
c"
du
dx
5; therefore,
du
dx
(x c 1)#
dy
dy
dx du
c#
c(x c 1) (1)
"
(x c 1)
(b)
b7
dy
du
dy
du
(a) y
u
5
dy
dx
1
csin 3# 1 so that
ds
d) = 32
du
"
dx 5
c"
(x c 1) ;
#
77. With y x, we should get
csin )
ds
d)
ds
dt
75.
5 1, as expected
therefore
dy
dx
1, again as expected
dy
du
du
dx
(a) y u$
dy
du
as expected.
(b) y u
dy
dx
3
#
x"# for both (a) and (b):
3u# ; u x
dy
du
"
# u
du
dx
; u x$
du
dx
"
# x
; therefore,
dy
dx
dy
du
du
dx
3u#
3x# ; therefore,
dy
dx
dy
du
du
dx
"
#u
"
# x
#
3 x
3x#
"
# x
78. With y x$# , we should get
"
#x
3x#
3
#
3
#
x,
x"# ,
again as expected.
2
79. y x c 1 and x 0 y 0 c 1 ac1b2 1. yw 2 x c 1

xb1
0b1
xb1
yw
x0
4 a0 c 1 b
a0 b 1 b 3
c4
13
ax b 1b1 c ax c 1b1
ax b 1 b 2
2
2 a x c 1 b ax b 1 b 2
ax b 1 b
c4 y c 1 c4ax c 0b y c4x b 1
80. y x2 c x b 7 and x 2 y a2b2 c a2b b 7 9 3. y w " ax2 c x b 7b

#
y w
x2
2 a2 b c 1
2 a2 b 2 c a 2 b b 7
81. y 2 tan 14x

(a)
dy
dx x = 1
1
#
dy
dx
4 ax c 1 b
ax b 1 b 3
3
6
"
#
2 sec#
c 1 2
a2x c 1b
2x c 1
2 x 2 cx b 7
y c 3 " ax c 2b y " x b 2
#
#
1x 1
4
4
1
#
sec#
1x
4
sec# 1 1 slope of tangent is 2; thus, y(1) 2 tan 1 2 and yw (1) 1 tangent line is
4
4
given by y c 2 1(x c 1) y 1x b 2 c 1
(b) yw 1 sec# 14x and the smallest value the secant function can have in c# x 2 is 1 the minimum
#
value of yw is 1 and that occurs when 1 1 sec# 14x 1 sec# 14x 1 sec 14x x 0.
#
#
#
82. (a) y sin 2x yw 2 cos 2x yw (0) 2 cos (0) 2 tangent to y sin 2x at the origin is y 2x;
y csin x yw c " cos x yw (0) c " cos 0 c " tangent to y csin x at the origin is
#
#
#
#
#
#
y c " x. The tangents are perpendicular to each other at the origin since the product of their slopes is c1.
#
"
x
x
(b) y sin (mx) yw m cos (mx) yw (0) m cos 0 m; y csin m yw c m cos m
"
"
"
yw (0) c m cos (0) c m . Since m c m c1, the tangent lines are perpendicular at the origin.
(c) y sin (mx) yw m cos (mx). The largest value cos (mx) can attain is 1 at x 0 the largest value
x
yw can attain is kmk because kyw k km cos (mx)k kmk kcos mxk kmk 1 kmk . Also, y csin m
"
x
c"
x
"
x
"
"
w
w
w
y c m cos m ky k m cos m m cos m kmk the largest value y can attain is m .
(d) y sin (mx) yw m cos (mx) yw (0) m slope of curve at the origin is m. Also, sin (mx) completes
m periods on [0 21]. Therefore the slope of the curve y sin (mx) at the origin is the same as the number
of periods it completes on [0 21]. In particular, for large m, we can think of compressing" the graph of
y sin x horizontally which gives more periods completed on [0 21], but also increases the slope of the
graph at the origin.
83. s A cos (21bt) v
ds
dt
cA sin (21bt)(21b) c21bA sin (21bt). If we replace b with 2b to double the
frequency, the velocity formula gives v c41bA sin (41bt) doubling the frequency causes the velocity to
double. Also v c#1bA sin (21bt) a dv c41# b# A cos (21bt). If we replace b with 2b in the
dt
acceleration formula, we get a c161# b# A cos (41bt) doubling the frequency causes the acceleration to
quadruple. Finally, a c41# b# A cos (21bt) j da 81$ b$ A sin (21bt). If we replace b with 2b in the jerk
dt
formula, we get j 641$ b$ A sin (41bt) doubling the frequency multiplies the jerk by a factor of 8.
21
21
21
84. (a) y 37 sin < 365 (x c 101) b 25 yw 37 cos < 365 (x c 101) 365
741
365
21
cos < 365 (x c 101) .
The temperature is increasing the fastest when yw is as large as possible. The largest value of
21
21
cos < 365 (x c 101) is 1 and occurs when 365 (x c 101) 0 x 101 on day 101 of the year
( April 11), the temperature is increasing the fastest.
133
21
cos < 365 (101 c 101)
85. s (" b 4t)"# v

v 2(" b 4t)
c"#
ds
dt
dv
dt
86. We need to show a

k
2 s
ks
87. v proportional to
#$
kT
2
0.64 F/day
(1 b 4t)c"# (4) 2(1 b 4t)c"# v(6) 2(" b % 6)c"#

"
#
c 2(1 b 4t)
is constant: a
dv
dt
c$#
dv
ds
(4) c4(1 b 4t)
ds
dt
and
dv
ds
"
s
f(x). Then, a
dT
dL
d
ds
c$#
2
5
m/sec;
a(6) c4(1 b 4 6)c$# c 145 m/sec#

#
ks
k
2 s
dv
ds
ds
dt
ds
dt
dv
ds
which is a constant.
k
s
for some constant k
dv
ds
c 2sk . Thus, a
c k s" acceleration is a constant times

#
k
s
89. T 21 L
g
741
365
dx
dt
88. Let
cos (0)
c 2sk
k
#
dv
dt
"
#
741
365
dv
dt
21
"
# L
g
dv
dx
dx
dt
"
g
1
g L
g
dv
dx
f(x)
1
gL
d
dx
"
s
741
365
(b) yw (101)
#$
134
dT
du
dv
ds
dv
ds
so a is inversely proportional to s# .
dx f(x)
dt
. Therefore,
dv
dt
d
dx
(f(x)) f(x) f w (x)f(x), as required.
dT
dL
dL
du
1
gL
kL
1 k L
g
"
#
21k L
g
, as required.
90. No. The chain rule says that when g is differentiable at 0 and f is differentiable at g(0), then f g is
differentiable at 0. But the chain rule says nothing about what happens when g is not differentiable at 0 so
there is no contradiction.
91. As h 0, the graph of y
sin 2(xbh)csin 2x
h
approaches the graph of y 2 cos 2x because
d
dx
(sin 2x) 2 cos 2x.
92. As h 0, the graph of y
cos c(x b h) dccos ax b

h
#
#
sin 2(xbh)csin 2x
h
lim
h!
approaches the graph of y c2x sin ax b because

cos c(x b h) dccos ax b
h
#
lim
h!
d
dx
ccos ax# bd c2x sin ax# b.
Section 3.7 Implicit Differentiation

93. (a)
(b)
df
dt
1.27324 sin 2t b 0.42444 sin 6t b 0.2546 sin 10t b 0.18186 sin 14t
(c) The curve of y
approximates y
df
dt
dg
dt
the best when t is not c1, c 1 , 0, 1 , nor 1.

#
#
94. (a)
(b)
dh
dt
2.5464 cos (2t) b 2.5464 cos (6t) b 2.5465 cos (10t) b 2.54646 cos (14t) b 2.54646 cos (18t)
(c)
3.7 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

1. x# y b xy# 6:
Step 1:
x#
Step 2:
x#
dy
dx
Step 3:
dy
dx
dy
dx
ax# b 2xyb c2xy c y#
b 2xy
dy
dx
dy
dx
b y# 1 0
c2xy c y#
c2xy c y
x b 2xy
#
dy
dx
18y b 18x
dy
dx
a3y# c 18xb
dy
dx
18y c 3x#
dy
dx
6y c x
y c 6x
3. 2xy b y# x b y:
Step 1:
2x
Step 2:
2x
dy
dx
dy
dx
b 2y b 2y
b 2y
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
1b
dy
dx
1 c 2y
2. x$ b y$ 18xy 3x# b 3y#
b y 2x b x 2y
Step 4:
dy
dx
135
Step 4:
(2x b 2y c 1) " c 2y
1 c 2y
2x b 2y c 1
4. x$ c xy b y$ 1 3x# c y c x
dy
dx
b 3y#
0 a3y# c xb
dy
dx
dy
dx
y c 3x#
dy
dx
y c 3x
3y c x
dy
dx
dy
dx
Step 3:
136
5. x# (x c y)# x# c y# :
Step 1:
x# 2(x c y) 1 c
Step 2:
c2x# (x c y)
Step 3:
dy
dx
dy
dx
b 2y
b (x c y)# (2x) 2x c 2y
2x c 2x# (x c y) c 2x(x c y)#
dy
dx
cc2x# (x c y) b 2yd 2x c1 c x(x c y) c (x c y)# d

#
x a1 c x b xy c x b 2xy c y b
x ycx by
b 3y 6
[6x(3xy b 7) c 6] c6y(3xy b 7)
(x b 1) c (x c 1)
(x b 1)
dy
dx
dy
dx
2(3xy b 7)(3x)
y(3xy
c x(3xy bb 7) 1
7) c
dy
dx
c6
dy
dx
c6y(3xy b 7)
3xy b 7y
1 c 3x y c 7x
#
dy
dx
6. (3xy b 7)# 6y 2(3xy b 7) 3x

dy
dx
x c 2x b 3x y c xy
x ycx by
x c1 c x(x c y) c (x c y) d
y c x (x c y)
2x c1 c x(x c y) c (x c y) d
c2x (x c y) b 2y
dy
dx
Step 4:
dy
dx
dy
dx
7. y#
xc"
xb1
2y
8. x3
2x c y
x b 3y
x4 b 3x3 y 2x c y 4x3 b 9x2 y b 3x3 y w 2 c y w a3x3 b1by w 2 c 4x3 c 9x2 y
2
(x b 1)
dy
dx
"
y(x b 1)
2 c 4x3 c 9x2 y
3x3 b 1
9. x tan y 1 asec# yb
dy
dx
dy
dx
"
sec y
cos# y
yw
dy
dx
10. xy cot axyb x dy b y ccsc# (xy)x dy b y x dy b x csc# (xy) dy cy csc# (xy) c y

dx
dx
dx
dx
12. x4 b sin y x3 y2 4x3 b (cos y)
dy
dx
3x2 y2 b x3 2y
"
13. y sin " 1 c xy y cos y (c1)
y
dy
dx
c1 c y sec# (xy)
dy
dx
c" c y sec (xy)

x sec (xy)
ccos (xy) c y
x
"
c " cos " b sin y b x cy
y
y
"
y
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
acos y c 2x3 yb
"
b sin y
dy
dx
cx
cy
c
"
cos y b sin y b x
"
y
x
"
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
3x2 y2 c 4x3
dy
dx
3x2 y2 c 4x3
cos y c 2x3 y
cy
cy
y sin y c cos y b xy
"
ccos (xy)
x
0 x sec# (xy)
"
y
x
cy
x
c1
x sec (xy)
cy <csc (xy) b "

x<" b csc (xy)
dy
dx
11. x b tan (xy) ! 1 b csec# (xy)d y b x
dy
dx
b x csc# (xy) cy <csc# (xy) b "
dy <
dx x
14. x cosa2x b 3yb y sin x cx sina2x b 3yba2 b 3y w b b cosa2x b 3yb y cos x b y w sin x
c2x sina2x b 3yb c 3x y w sina2x b 3yb b cosa2x b 3yb y cos x b y w sin x
cosa2x b 3yb c 2x sina2x b 3yb c y cos x asin x b 3x sina2x b 3ybby w y w
15. )"# b r"# 1
16. r c 2)
3
#
"
#
)c"# b " rc"#

#
4
)#$ b 3 )$%
dr
d)
dr
d)
dr
d)
"
# r
c )c"# )c"$ b )c"%
c"
# )
dr
d)
dr
d)
2 r
2 )
cosa2x b 3yb c 2x sina2x b 3yb c y cos x

sin x b 3x sina2x b 3yb
r
)c"# b )c"$ b )c"%
dr
d)
$"
$#c " $"
c 3 y
c
x
"
3y x
9by
3 x
b
c rsincsc ))
rb
dr
d)
ayw b
dy
dx
r
c ) , cos (r )) 0
d
dx
c x
y
c"
y
x
cy
"$
c y
x
y c (x b 1)y
y
; then yww
y c (x b 1) x y 1
y
xb1
y
$"
$"
$%
d y
dx
c"
(y b 1)
yww
(y b 1)c" ; then yww c(y b 1)c# yw
c(y b 1)c# (y b 1)c"
"
yb1
23. 2y x c y yc"# yw 1 c yw yw yc"# b 1 1
dy
dx
"
yw
"
#
#"c
22. y# c 2x 1 c 2y 2y yw c 2 c2yw yw (2y b 2) 2 yw
y
y b 1
b1
; we can
differentiate the equation yw yc"# b 1 1 again to find yww : yw c yc$# yw b yc"# b 1 yww 0
2y
ay
b 1b
"
# 1 b y
#"c
24. xy b y# 1 xyw b y b 2yyw 0 xyw b 2yyw cy yw (x b 2y) cy yw
(x
2y)
yww
cy(x b 2y) b y(x b 2y) c 2y d

(x b 2y)
2y(x b y)
(x b 2y)
$
b
c
2y b 2xy
(x b 2y)
(x b 2y)
y
y
2y) b y 1 b 2 (x 2y)
b
c
2y(x b 2y) c 2y
(x b 2y)
c(x b 2y) (x
b
"
d y
dx
c(x b 2y)y b y(1 b 2y )

(x b 2y)
cy
(xb2y)
"
9 y
b 1b
#$
#"c
ay
#
"
yww
d y
dx
b #"c
"
cyw d# yc$#
"
#
#$c
yc"# b 1 yww
25. x$ b y$ 16 3x# b 3y# yw 0 3y# yw c3x# yw c x ; we differentiate y# yw cx# to find yww :

y
#
#
2x
y
xb"
#y c y
$
dy
dx b 2x
dy
dx ( 2 1)
#
"
dy
dx
"
c4
4y$
dy
dx
c 2 2y
c1 and
dy
dx ( 2 1)
dy
dx
c 4y$
dy
dx
c2 c 2x
c c
&
a2y c 4y$ b c2 c 2x
(x b 2y) acy b c (cy) a1 b 2y b

(x b 2y)
w
yww
1)
cy
(xb2y)
dy
dx
c2x c
c " we obtain yww k (0

#
(c2) c (1)(0)
4
27. y# b x# y% c 2x at (c# ") and (c# c1) 2y
1)
c2
26. xy b y# 1 xyw b y b 2yyw 0 yw (x b 2y) cy yw

since yw k (0
#
#
c32 c 32
32
x
y
d y
dx (2 2)
c2x c 2y c
$
%
y# yww b yw c2y yw d c2x y# yww c2x c 2y cyw d # yww

c2xy c 2x
y
$# $"
$#
w $#c "
< 2 yc"$ c 2 xc"$ yw

3
3
$#c "
y c (xb 1)
y
ww
2x b 2
2y
21. y# x# b 2x 2yyw 2x b 2 yw
d y
dx
3 x
d
dx
cy c a" c y b
y
$#
$"
$"
dy
dx
cy c x
y
d y
dx
$#c " $"
c#$ c"$
"
3
c 3 y
y by
x
y
" "$ c%$
x
3x
3 y
x
Differentiating again, yww

d y
dx
dy
dx
yww
xc"$ b 2 yc"$
3
2
3
d y
dx
since yw c x
y
20. x#$ b y#$ 1
cy b x c x
y
yw c x ; now to find
y
#
y(c1) b xy
y
yww
dy
dx
19. x# b y# 1 2x b 2yyw 0 2yyw c2x
[csin r c )] r b csc# )
dr
d)
c csc# ) r b )
cr cos (r ))
) cos (r ))
dr
d)
$"c
$"c
[) cos (r ))] cr cos (r ))
dr
d)
dr
d)
18. cos r b cot ) r ) (csin r)
dr
d)
[cos (r ))] r b )
"
#
17. sin (r ))
137
dy
dx (1 1)
dy
dx
c2x ax b y b b (x c y)
2y ax b y b b (x c y)
#
c2y ax# b y# b b (x c y)d c2x ax# b y# b b (x c y)
dy
dx
dy
dx (1 0)
c1
and
dy
dx
2(x c y) 1 c
#
dy
dx
28. ax# b y# b (x c y)# at (" !) and (" c1) 2 ax# b y# b 2x b 2y
138
29. x# b xy c y# 1 2x b y b xyw c 2yyw 0 (x c 2y)yw c2x c y yw

(a) the slope of the tangent line m yw k (2 3)
the tangent line is y c 3
7
4
(b) the normal line is y c 3 c 4 (x c 2) y c 4 x b

7
7
7
4
2x b y
2y c x
(x c 2) y
7
4
xc
"
#
29
7
30. x# b y# 25 2x b 2yyw 0 yw c x ;
y
c x
y
4)
(3
(a) the slope of the tangent line m yw k (3
4)
the tangent line is y b 4
3
4
3
4
(x c 3) y
3
4
xc
25
4
(b) the normal line is y b 4 c 4 (x c 3) y c 4 x

3
3
31. x# y# 9 2xy# b 2x# yyw 0 x# yyw cxy# yw c y ;
x
(a) the slope of the tangent line m yw k ( 1 3) c y ( 1 3) 3 the tangent line is y c 3 3(x b 1) y 3x b 6
x
c
"
(b) the normal line is y c 3 c " (x b 1) y c 3 x b
3
8
3
32. y# c 2x c 4y c " ! 2yyw c 2 c 4yw 0 2(y c 2)yw 2 yw
c1 the tangent line is y c 1 c1(x b 2) y cx c 1
2 1)
(a) the slope of the tangent line m yw k (
"
yc#
(b) the normal line is y c 1 1(x b 2) y x b 3

33. 6x# b 3xy b 2y# b 17y c 6 0 12x b 3y b 3xyw b 4yyw b 17yw 0 yw (3x b 4y b 17) c12x c 3y
c12x
yw 3x b 4yc 3y ;
b 17
6
7
xb
1 0)
c"2x c 3y
3x b 4y b 17 ( 1 0)
(a) the slope of the tangent line m yw k (

6
7
(b) the normal line is y c 0 c 7 (x b 1) y c 7 x c

6
6
6
7
the tangent line is y c 0
6
7
(x b 1)
7
6
34. x# c 3xy b 2y# 5 2x c 3xyw c 3y b 4yyw 0 yw 4y c 3x 3y c 2x yw

3y c 2x
4y c 3x
32
32
0 the tangent line is y 2
(a) the slope of the tangent line m yw k

(b) the normal line is x 3
35. 2xy b 1 sin y 21 2xyw b 2y b 1(cos y)yw 0 yw (2x b 1 cos y) c2y yw
1
#
yc
c2y
2x b 1 cos y 1
c 1 (x c 1) y c 1 x b 1
#
#
(b) the normal line is y c
1
#
2
1
(x c 1) y
2
1
xc
2
1
c2y
2x b 1 cos y
c 1 the tangent line is

#
1
#
36. x sin 2y y cos 2x x(cos 2y)2yw b sin 2y c2y sin 2x b yw cos 2x yw (2x cos 2y c cos 2x)
1
#
2 x c 1 y 2x
4
(b) the normal line is y c
1
#
11
yc
4 2
sin 2y b 2y sin 2x
cos 2x c 2x cos 2y
c " x c 1 y c " x b
#
#
4
11
;
4 2
2 the tangent line is
sin 2y b 2y sin 2x
cos 2x c 2x cos 2y
csin 2y c 2y sin 2x yw
51
8
3y c 2x
4y c 3x
21 cos (1x c y)
1 b # cos (1x c y)
37. y 2 sin (1x c y) yw 2 [cos (1x c y)] a1 c yw b yw [1 b 2 cos (1x c y)] 21 cos (1x c y) yw
(a) the slope of the tangent line m yw k (1 0)
21 cos (1x c y)
1 b 2 cos (1x c y) (1 0)
139
;
21 the tangent line is
y c 0 21(x c 1) y 21x c 21
(b) the normal line is y c 0 c #" (x c 1) y c 2x b
1
1
"
#1
38. x# cos# y c sin y 0 x# (2 cos y)(csin y)yw b 2x cos# y c yw cos y 0 yw cc2x# cos y sin y c cos yd
;
2x cos y
2x cos y sin y b cos y (0 )
#
(a) the slope of the tangent line m yw k (0
0 the tangent line is y 1
2x cos y
2x cos y sin y b cos y
c2x cos# y yw
(b) the normal line is x 0
39. Solving x# b xy b y# 7 and y 0 x# 7 x 7 c7 ! and 7 ! are the points where the

curve crosses the x-axis. Now x# b xy b y# 7 2x b y b xyw b 2yyw 0 (x b 2y)yw c2x c y
yw c 2x b y m c 2x b y the slope at c7 ! is m c c277 c2 and the slope at 7 ! is

x b 2y
x b 2y
c
m c 277 c2. Since the slope is c2 in each case, the corresponding tangents must be parallel.
40. xy b 2x c y 0 x
dy
dx
byb2c
dy
dx
dy
dx
yb2
1cx
; the slope of the line 2x b y 0 is c2. In order to be
parallel, the normal lines must also have slope of c2. Since a normal is perpendicular to a tangent, the slope of
"
the tangent is " . Therefore, y b 2 # 2y b 4 1 c x x c3 c 2y. Substituting in the original equation,
#
1cx
y(c3 c 2y) b 2(c3 c 2y) c y 0 y# b 4y b 3 0 y c3 or y c1. If y c3, then x 3 and

y b 3 c2(x c 3) y c2x b 3. If y c1, then x c1 and y b 1 c2(x b 1) y c2x c 3.
c3
4
"
#c3
c1; the slope of the tangent line at
#
"
; the slope of the tangent line is m
2 the tangent line is y c 1 2(x c 1) y 2x c 1; the normal line is y c 1 c " (x c 1) y c " x b

#
#
27
8
; (3 c#): m c 27
8
#
#
44. x$ b y$ c 9xy 0 3x# b 3y# yw c 9xyw c 9y 0 yw a3y# c 9xb 9y c 3x# yw
3y c x
y c 3x
4
5
3y c x
y c 3x
0 3y c x# 0 y
x
3
(b) yw 0
and yw k (2 4)
x$ b x c 9x x 0 x' c 54x$ 0
3
3
#
5
4
(a) yw k (4 2)
9y c 3x
3y c 9x
#
; (3 #): m
27
8
2x c 9x
2y c 4y
c 27 ; (c$ c#): m
8
(c3)(18 c 9)
2(8 c 4)
m; (c3 2): m
x a2x c 9b
y a2y c 4b
4x c 18x
4y c 8y
3
#
43. y% c 4y# x% c 9x# 4y$ yw c 8yyw 4x$ c 18x yw a4y$ c 8yb 4x$ c 18x yw
y b 3x
2y(2 c x) (1 1)
4
#
y b 3x
2y(2 c x)
#
42. y# (2 c x) x$ 2yyw (2 c x) b y# (c1) 3x# yw
3 "
4 #
2 3
4c2
c 683
; the slope of the tangent line at
c2
8
3 1
4 2
x
y c 2y
x
yc2y
is
#
"
is
3 3
4 #
"
x
y c 2y
41. y% y# c x# 4y$ yw 2yyw c 2x 2 a2y$ c yb yw c2x yw
x$ ax$ c 54b 0 x 0 or x $ 54 3 $ 2 there is a horizontal tangent at x 3 $ 2 . To find the

corresponding y-value, we will use part (c).
0
y c 3x
3y c x
#
dx
dy
(c)
0 y# c 3x 0 y 3x ; y 3x x$ b 3x c 9x3x 0
3
3
x$ c 63 x$# 0 x$# x$# c 63 0 x$# 0 or x$# 63 x 0 or x 108 3 4.
Since the equation x$ b y$ c 9xy 0 is symmetric in x and y, the graph is symmetric about the line y x. That is, if
140
(a b) is a point on the folium, then so is (b a). Moreover, if yw k (a b) m, then yw k (b a)
"
m
. Thus, if the folium has a
horizontal tangent at (a b), it has a vertical tangent at (b a) so one might expect that with a horizontal tangent at
3
3
3
3
3
x 54 and a vertical tangent at x 3 $ 4, the points of tangency are 54 3 4 and 3 4 54,

respectively. One can check that these points do satisfy the equation x$ b y$ c 9xy 0.
45. x# b 2xy c 3y# 0 2x b 2xyw b 2y c 6yyw 0 yw (2x c 6y) c2x c 2y yw
xby
3y c x (1 1)
line m yw k (1 1)
xby
3y c x
the slope of the tangent
1 the equation of the normal line at (1 1) is y c 1 c1(x c 1) y cx b 2. To find
where the normal line intersects the curve we substitute into its equation: x# b 2x(2 c x) c 3(2 c x)# 0
x# b 4x c 2x# c 3 a4 c 4x b x# b 0 c4x# b 16x c 12 0 x# c 4x b 3 0 (x c 3)(x c 1) 0
x 3 and y cx b 2 c1. Therefore, the normal to the curve at (1 1) intersects the curve at the point (3 c1).
Note that it also intersects the curve at (1 1).
46. Let p and q be integers with q 0 and suppose that y xp xpq . Then yq xp . Since p and q are integers and
q
"
#y
p q
p
q
a p q b c 1
. If a normal is drawn from (a 0) to (x" y" ) on the curve its slope satisfies
y" c2y" (x" c a) or a x" b " . Since x" 0 on the curve, we must have that a
#
"
#
y c0
x ca
p
q
xp
yq
x
x
ca acx
and yw k (1
3
#
1)
3x
2y
(1 1)
(1
"
"
3x
2y
1)
yw k (1 1)
3x
2y
c 2 and yw k (1
3
(1 1)
c1
"
"
"
and y" # . Therefore, 4 # and a
48. 2x# b 3y# 5 4x b 6yyw 0 yw c 2x yw k (1 1) c 2x

3y
3y
y# x$ 2yyw 3x# yw
"
4
1)
c 2x
3y
(1
c x" x "
"
"
#
"
1 x" (a c x" )# x" x" b
"
x
(a c x )
. By symmetry, the two
points on the parabola are x" x" and x" cx" . For the normal to be perpendicular, x
c2y"
"
pxp
qyq
"
xp
xp
dy
dx
"
47. y# x
dy
dx
p
q
ax p q b
c
c
xp
qyq c 1 dy pxp c 1
dx
d
p
dx ax b
c
c
p
q
c
c
d
q
dx ay b
p
xp c 1cap c pqb q
assuming y is a differentiable function of x,
1)
2
3
; also,
3
c # . Therefore the
tangents to the curves are perpendicular at (1 1) and (1 c1) (i.e., the curves are orthogonal at these two points of
intersection).
49. (a) x2 b y2 4, x2 3y2 a3y2 b b y2 4 y2 1 y 1. If y 1 x2 b a1b2 4 x2 3
x 3. If y c1 x2 b ac1b2 4 x2 3 x 3.
x2 b y2 4 2x b 2y dy 0 m1
dx
At 3 1: m1
dy
dx
3
1
dy
dx
At c3 1: m1
dy
dx
At c3 c 1: m1
dy
dx
3
2
x 1 c c
dy
1 2 y dx m2
3
At 1
4
3
2 :
At 1 c
4
m1
3
2 :
dy
dx
m1
dy
dx
3 2
2
c
dy
dx
3 and m2
dy
dx
c3
ac 1 b
c3 and m2
3
4
3
3
c 3
3 a1 b
dy
dx
c 33
m1 m2
3
3
c3
3 ac 1 b
3
2 .
dy
dx
m1 m2 c3
If y
1 . x 1 c y2 1 c2y dy m1
4
dx
x
3y
3
3
c1
3c 33
m1 m2 3c
3
3
3
2
dy
dx
c1
3
3
m1 m2 c3
x1c
3
2
c1
3
3
c1
1
4 . If
1
c 2y and x 1 y2
3
3
2y
1
232
3
3 a1 b
dy
dx
(b) x 1 c y2 , x 1 y2 1 y2 1 c y2 y2
3
3
yc
dy
dx
3
3 ac 1 b
3 and m2
c3
c x and x2 3y2 2x 6y dy m2
y
dx
c3 and m2
3
c ac 1 b
At 3 c1: m1
dy
dx
1
c 3 and m2
1
2c32
1
3
dy
dx
and m2
dy
dx
3
232
3
2c32
3
3
1
3
m1 m2 c 3 3 c1
3
1
3
c 3 m1 m2 3 c 3 c1
3
4
51. xy$ b x# y 6 x 3y#
dy
dx
a4 b 2
2
3x2
2y
c 1 3x c1
3
2y
b y$ b x#
dy
dx
b 2xy 0
c 3xybb x ; thus
y
2xy
dx
dy
a0b2
2
x2
2
appears to equal
"
dy
dx
dx
dy
dy
dx
! and c 1 3x c1 is
3
2y
a3xy# b x# b cy$ c 2xy
b x# b y 2x
dx
dy
dx
dy
y x x3
2
1
1
8. At a4 8b, y c 3 x b b 8 c 3 a4b b b b
y
2xy
c 3xybb x ; also, xy$ b x# y 6 x a3y# b b y$
#
dx
dy
x3 x4 c 4x3 0 x3 ax c 4b 0 x 0 or x 4. If x 0 y
indeterminant at a0, 0b. If x 4 y
dy
dx
dy
dx
28
3 .
cy c 2xy
3xy b x
$
x4
4
dy
c 1 and 2y dx 3x2
3
dy
dx
50. y c 1 x b b, y2 x3
3
ay$ b 2xyb c3xy# c x#
. The two different treatments view the graphs as functions
symmetric across the line y x, so their slopes are reciprocals of one another at the corresponding points
(a b) and (b a).
3x
2 sin y cos y c 2y
#
appears to equal
(2 sin y)(cos y)
; also, x$ b y# sin# y 3x#

"
dy
dx
dx
dy
dy
dx
dy
dx
(2y c 2 sin y cos y) c3x#
b 2y 2 sin y cos y
dx
dy
2 sin y cos y c 2y
3x
#
dy
dx
dy
dx
c3x
2y c 2 sin y cos y
; thus
52. x$ b y# sin# y 3x# b 2y
dx
dy
. The two different treatments view the graphs as functions symmetric across the line
y x so their slopes are reciprocals of one another at the corresponding points (a b) and (b a).
53-60. Example CAS commands:
Maple:
q1 := x^3-x*y+y^3 = 7;
pt := [x=2,y=1];
p1 := implicitplot( q1, x=-3..3, y=-3..3 ):
p1;
eval( q1, pt );
q2 := implicitdiff( q1, y, x );
m := eval( q2, pt );
tan_line := y = 1 + m*(x-2);
p2 := implicitplot( tan_line, x=-5..5, y=-5..5, color=green ):
p3 := pointplot( eval([x,y],pt), color=blue ):
display( [p1,p2,p3], ="Section 3.7 #57(c)" );
Mathematica: (functions and x0 may vary):
Note use of double equal sign (logic statement) in definition of eqn and tanline.
<<Graphics`ImplicitPlot`
Clear[x, y]
{x0, y0}={1, 1/4};
eqn=x + Tan[y/x]==2;
ImplicitPlot[eqn,{ x, x0 c 3, x0 b 3},{y, y0 c 3, y0 b 3}]
eqn/.{x x0, y y0}
eqn/.{ y y[x]}
D[%, x]
Solve[%, y'[x]]
slope=y'[x]/.First[%]
m=slope/.{x x0, y[x] y0}
tanline=y==y0 b m (x c x0)
ImplicitPlot[{eqn, tanline}, {x, x0 c 3, x0 b 3},{y, y0 c 3, y0 + 3}]
141
142
3.8 RELATED RATES

1. A 1r#
2. S 41r#
3. y 5x,
dx
dt
dx
dt
dS
dt
dy
dt
7. x2 b y2 25,
dy
dt
5 dx
dt
dy
dt
5a2b 10
2x dx ; when x c1
dt
dy
dt
5
dx
dt
dr
dt
c2 2 dx b 3 dy 0 2 dx b 3ac2b 0
dt
dt
dt
dy
dt
6. x y3 c y,
dr
dt
81r
4. 2x b 3y 12,
5. y x2 ,
21r
dA
dt
3y2 dy c
dt
dx
dt
dy
dt ;
dL
dt
dx
dt
c1,
a5bac1b b a12ba3b
dx
dt
3a2b2 a5b c a5b 55
c2 2x dx b 2y dy 0; when x 3 and y c4 2a3bac2b b 2ac4b dy 0

dt
dt
dt
4 dy
"
2 2 dy
3 dx
27 , dt # 3x y dt b 2x y dt 0;
2
3
3a2b2 1 " b 2a2b 1 dx 0 dx c 9
3
#
3
dt
dt
2
2ac1ba3b c6
when y 2
8. x2 y3
9. L x2 b y2 ,
dy
dt
dx
dt
a5b2 ba12b2
10. r b s2 b v3 12,
dr
dt
4 b 2a1bac3b b
dy
dt
dL
dt
when x 2 a2b2 y3
1
2x dx
dt
2 x2 b y2
b 2y dy
dt
dy
dt
y 1 . Thus
3
4
27
x dx b y dy
dt
dt
x2 b y2 ;
when x 5 and y 12
31
13
4,
ds
dt
3a2b2 dv
dt
c3
0
dr
ds
dt b 2s dt
dv
1
dt 6
b 3v2 dv 0; when r 3 and s 1 a3b b a1b2 b v3 12 v 2

dt
dx
m
dS
dx
dS
m2
dt c5 min dt 12x dt ; when x 3 dt 12a3bac5b c180 min
m
m3
x3 , dx c5 min dV 3x2 dx ; when x 3 dV 3a3b2 ac5b c135 min
dt
dt
dt
dt
11. (a) S 6x2 ,

(b) V
12. S 6x2 ,
dV
dt
dS
dt
in
72 sec
3a3b2 a2b 54
13. (a) V 1r# h
dV
dt
dV
dt
(c) V 1r# h
dS
dt
in3
sec
12x dx 72 12a3b dx
dt
dt
1 r#
14. (a) V " 1r# h

3
dh
dt
1r# dh
dt
dV
dt
" # dh
2
3 1r dt b 3 1rh
dx
dt
in
sec ;
V x3
(b) V 1r# h
b 21rh
dV
dt
dV
dt
3x2 dx ; when x 3
dt
21rh
dr
dt
dr
dt
" # dh
3 1r dt
dr
dt
(b) V " 1r# h

3
dV
dt
(c)
dV
dt
15. (a)
dV
dt
dV
dt
dR
dt
2 1rh
3
dr
dt
"
1 volt/sec
(b) dI c 3 amp/sec
dt
R dI b I dR dR " dV c R dI dR " dV c V dI
dt
dt
dt
I
dt
dt
dt
I
dt
I dt
"
"
" <1 c 12 c 3 # (3) 3 ohms/sec, R is increasing
#
#
#
dP
dt
I#
(b) P RI# 0
dP
dt
dR
dt
b 2RI
I#
dR
dt
dI
dt
b 2RI
dI
dt
dR
dt
c 2RI
I
#
16. (a) P RI#
dI
dt
2 P dI
I
I
dt
#
(d)
c 2P
I
$
(c)
c3
2
dI
dt
Section 3.8 Related Rates
x
x b y
(b) s x# b y# ax# b y# b
"#
ds
dt
x
x b y
#
#
(c) s x# b y# s# x# b y# 2s
ds
dt
dx
dt
ds
dt
dx
dt
dx
dt
2x
18. (a) s x# b y# b z# s# x# b y# b z# 2s
y
x b y b z
ab sin )
ab sin )
20. Given A 1r# ,
ab cos )
ab cos )
d)
dt
d)
dt
(b) A
b " b sin )
#
0.01 cm/sec, and r 50 cm. Since
dr
dt
"
#
z dz
x dt
ab sin )
dA
dt
b " a sin )
#
da
dt
21r
dA
dt
dy
dt
"
#
ab cos )
d)
dt
b " b sin )
#
da
dt
db
dt
dr
dt
, then
dA
dt r=50
"
21(50) 100 1 cm# /min.
c2 cm/sec,
(5)(2) b(12)(c2)
25 b 144
22. (a) V xyz
w dw b j d
dt
dt
w b j
c 14 cm/sec, decreasing
13
yz
dV
dt
dx
dt
b xz
b xy
dy
dt
dz
dt
dV
dt (4 3 2)

(c)
"
#
"
#
(b)
cy
x
dx
dt
dz
dt
dw
dt 2 cm/sec, j 12 cm and w 5 cm.
dA
A jw dt j dw b w dj dA 12(2) b 5(c2) 14 cm# /sec, increasing
dt
dt
dt
P 2j b 2w dP 2 dj b 2 dw 2(c2) b 2(2) 0 cm/sec, constant
dt
dt
dt
w# b j# aw# b j# b"# dD " aw# b j# bc"# 2w dw b 2j dj dD
D
dt
#
dt
dt
dt
21. Given
(a)
dj
dt
dA
dt
dA
dt
dy
dt
(c) A
"
#
"
#
b 2z
b 2y
dx
dt
19. (a) A
ds
dt
(c) From part (a) with
dy
dt
z
dz
x b y b z dt
y
dy
ds
z
dz
dt x b y b z dt b x b y b z dt
0 2x dx b 2y dy b 2z dz dx b y dy
dt
dt
dt
dt
x dt
#
dx
dt
b 2y
dx
dt
(b) From part (a) with
dy
dt
2s 0 2x
dx
dt
x
x b y b z
ds
dt
2x
ds
dt
dy
dt
y
x b y
2y dy
dt
#
"#
17. (a) s x# b y# ax# b y# b
143
(3)(2)(1) b (4)(2)(c2) b (4)(3)(1) 2 m$ /sec
(b) S 2xy b 2xz b 2yz dS (2y b 2z) dx b (2x b 2z)

dt
dt
dS
(10)(1) b (12)(c2) b (14)(1) 0 m# /sec
dt
dy
dt
b (2x b 2y)
dz
dt
(4 3 2)

y
x b y b z
#
dx
dt
dx
dt
x
x b y b z
dy
dt
z
x b y b z
#
23. Given:
dj
dt (4 3 2)
dj
dt
"#
(c) j x# b y# b z# ax# b y# b z# b
dz
dt
429 (1) b 329 (c2) b 229 (1) 0 m/sec
5 ft/sec, the ladder is 13 ft long, and x 12, y 5 at the instant of time
(a) Since x# b y# 169
dy
dt
cx
y
dx
dt
c 12 (5) c12 ft/sec, the ladder is sliding down the wall

5
(b) The area of the triangle formed by the ladder and walls is A
is changing at
(c) cos )
x
13
"
#
xy
dA
dt
" x
#
dy
dt
by
dx
dt .
The area
[12(c12) b 5(5)] c 119 c59.5 ft# /sec.

#
csin )
24. s# y# b x# 2s
"
#
ds
dt
2x
d)
dt
"
13
dx
dt
b 2y
dx
dt
dy
dt
ds
dt
d)
dt
"
c 13 sin )
dx
dt
"
s
dy
dt
dx
dt
by
"
c 5 (5) c1 rad/sec
ds
dt
"
169
[5(c442) b 12(c481)] c614 knots
25. Let s represent the distance between the girl and the kite and x represents the horizontal distance between the girl and kite
s# (300)# b x#
ds
dt
x dx
s dt
400(25)
500
20 ft/sec.
"
26. When the diameter is 3.8 in., the radius is 1.9 in. and dr 3000 in/min. Also V 61r#
dt
"
dV 121(1.9) 3000 0.00761. The volume is changing at about 0.0239 in$ /min.
dt
dV
dt
121r
dr
dt
"
3
1r# h and r
15h
#
"
3
1
3
y# (3R c y)
y 8 we have
"
1441 (c6)
dy
dt
1
3
dV
dt
1 15h h
#
751h
4
dV
dt
161h
9
dh
dt
2251h
4
dV
dt
dh
dt
dh
dt h = 5
4(c50)
2251(5)
c8
2251
c0.0849 m/sec c8.49 cm/sec
dy
dt
dy
dt
c" dV
dt
< 1 a6Ry c 3y# b

3
at R 13 and
m/min
(b) The hemisphere is on the circle r b (13 c y)# 169 r 26y c y# m

c5
2881
30. If V
4
3
"#
"
#
dr
dt
a26y c y# b
c"#
(26 c 2y)
dy
dt
dr
dt
13 c y
26y c y
(c) r a26y c y# b
c4
151
c2y(3R c y) b y# (c1)d
c"
241
0.1492 m/sec 14.92 cm/sec
c0.0113 m/min c1.13 cm/min

c8
(b) r 15h dr 15 dh dr h = 5 15 2251
#
dt
# dt
dt
#
29. (a) V
161h
27
m/sec 11.19 cm/sec
28. (a) V
1 4h h
3
(b)
(a)
"
3
"
3
3r
4h
#
3 1r h, h 8 (2r) 4 r 3
dh
90
9
dt h = 4 1614 (10) 2561 0.1119
4
4
90
15
r 4h dr 3 dh 3 2561 321
3
dt
dt
27. V
144
dy
dt
dr
dt y = 8
13 c 8
268 c 64
c"
#4 1
m/min
1r$ , S 41r# , and
dV
dt
kS 4k1r# , then
dV
dt
41r#
4k1r# 41r#
dr
dt
dr
dt
dr
dt
k, a constant.
Therefore, the radius is increasing at a constant rate.

4
dV
dV
dr
$
$
# dr
3 1r , r 5, and dt 1001 ft /min, then dt 41r dt dt
dr
#
dt 81(5)(1) 401 ft /min, the rate at which the surface area
31. If V
81r
1 ft/min. Then S 41r#
dS
dt
is increasing.
32. Let s represent the length of the rope and x the horizontal distance of the boat from the dock.
c sin )
6
8
10 10
#
d)
dt
6
r
s ds
x dt
s
ds
s c 36 dt
. Therefore, the boat is approaching the dock at
(c2) c2.5 ft/sec.

d)
dt
c r6
(b) cos )
10
10 c 36
dr
dt
d)
dt
6
dr
r sin ) dt
#
dx
dt s = 10
dx
dt
(a) We have s# x# b 36
. Thus, r 10, x 8, and sin )
8
10
3
(c2) c 20 rad/sec
33. Let s represent the distance between the bicycle and balloon, h the height of the balloon and x the horizontal
distance between the balloon and the bicycle. The relationship between the variables is s# h# b x#
"
ds " h dh b x dx ds 85 [68(1) b 51(17)] 11 ft/sec.
dt
s
dt
dt
dt
34. (a) Let h be the height of the coffee in the pot. Since the radius of the pot is 3, the volume of the coffee is
10
V 91h dV 91 dh the rate the coffee is rising is dh 9" dV 91 in/min.
dt
dt
dt
1 dt
(b) Let h be the height of the coffee in the pot. From the figure, the radius of the filter r
, the volume of the filter. The rate the coffee is falling is
35. y QDc"
dy
dt
Dc"
dQ
dt
c QDc#
dD
dt
"
41
(0) c
233
(41)
1h
1#
(c2)
dh
dt
466
1681
4
1h
dV
dt
4
#5 1
h
#
"
3
1r# h
(c10) c 58 in/min.
1
L/min increasing about 0.2772 L/min
36. Let P(x y) represent a point on the curve y x# and ) the angle of inclination of a line containing P and the
3
9 b3
#
and cos )kx=3
x
y bx
y
x
tan )
"
10
, we have
x
d)
#
x x sec ) dt
d)
dt x=3 1 rad/sec.
#
origin. Consequently, tan )
dx
dt
d)
dt
cos# )
dx
dt
. Since
dx
dt
10 m/sec
Section 3.8 Related Rates
(5)(c1) b (12)(c5)
25 b 144
"
#
ax# b y# b
cos ) ds
132 dt
d)
dt
b 2y
dx
dt
2x
dy
dt (5 12)
c5 m/sec
38. Let s distance of car from foot of perpendicular in the textbook diagram tan )
c"#
ds
dt
d)
dt
c264 and ) 0
d)
dt
sec# )
s
13#
" ds
13# dt
c2 rad/sec. A half second later the car has traveled 132 ft
right of the perpendicular k)k 1 , cos# ) " , and

4
#
d)
dt
264 (since s increases)
ds
dt

132
#
"
ds
dt (5 12)
37. The distance from the origin is s x# b y# and we wish to find
145
(264) 1 rad/sec.
39. Let s 16t# represent the distance the ball has fallen, h the
distance between the ball and the ground, and I the distance
between the shadow and the point directly beneath the ball.
Accordingly, s b h 50 and since the triangle LOQ and
30h
triangle PRQ are similar we have I 50 c h h 50 c 16t#
c 30
1500
16t
#
dI
dt
c 1500
8t
c1500 ft/sec.
) d)
dt
0.589 ft/min 7.1 in./min.

41. The volume of the ice is V
4
3
1r$ c 4 14$
3
thickness of the ice is decreasing at
5
721
41r#
dV
dt
dr
dt
dr
dt r=6
c5
721
10
3
dS
dt
cx sec ) d)
80
dt
dx
dt
3
5
= 2000 and sec ) = 3
d
dt
in./min when
in/min. The surface area is S 41r#
c 10 in# /min, the outer surface area of the ice is decreasing at

3
sec
dx cx 80
dt
3
5
dx
dt
rad/min. At x 60, cos )
c 80
x
31
#000
0.27
d)
dt
81r
dr
dt
in# /min.
d)
dt
given that
sec# )
80
x
40. When x represents the length of the shadow, then tan )
dI
dt t= 1
2
30 a50 c 16t b
50 c a50 c 16t b
and I
31
16
. We are
ft/min
c10 in$ /min, the

c
dS 481 725
dt
1
dV
dt
r=6
42. Let s represent the horizontal distance between the car and plane while r is the line-of-sight distance between the car and
dr
ds
5
plane 9 b s# r# ds r
dt
dt dt r=5 16 (c160) c200 mph speed of plane b speed of car
r c9
#
200 mph the speed of the car is 80 mph.

43. Let x represent distance of the player from second base and s the distance to third base. Then
rad/sec; cos )#
lim d)
x ! dt
"
6
rad/sec;
c"
6
d)
dt
90
s sin )
#
"
90
b 8100 (c15)
90
dx
b 8100 dt
90
c s x
csin )#
90
3013 (60)
c s90x x dx c 90 dx c x
s
dt
s
dt
ds
dt
"
x!
90
cos )
d)
dt
90
s
ds
dt
ds
dt
ds
dt
. Therefore, x 60 and s 3013
d)
dt
c 90
s
ds
dt
d)
dt
90
s sin )
ds
dt
8
c
32 c 65 rad/sec.
13
90
dx
b 8100 dt
lim
x!
d)
dt
s90x x dx 90 dx
s
dt
s
dt
8
65
c
32
13
90
cos )
cs
. Therefore, x 60 and s 3013
lim c x
#
"
cs
ds
dt
"
d)
dt
c 90
s
(c)
c8.875 ft/sec
ds
dt
90
sx
. When the player is 30 ft from first base, x 60
90
3013 (60)
d)
dt
c16 ft/sec
d)
dt
"
d)
dt
cos )"
90
s
x dx
s dt
c32
13
ds
dt
"
(b) sin )"
dx
dt
(a) s x b 8100 2s 2x
13 and ds 60 (c16)
s 30
dt
3013
ds
dt
"
dx
dt
rad/sec
44. Let a represent the distance between point O and ship A, b the distance between point O and ship B, and D the distance
between the ships. By the Law of Cosines, D# a# b b# c 2ab cos 120 dD #" <2a da b 2b db b a db b b da .
dt
D
dt
dt
dt
dt
When a 5,
da
dt
14, b 3, and
db
dt
21, then
dD
dt
413
2D
where D 7. The ships are moving
dD
dt
29.5 knots apart.
146
3.9 LINEARIZATION AND DIFFERENTIALS

1. f(x) x$ c 2x b 3 f w (x) 3x# c 2 L(x) f w (2)(x c 2) b f(2) 10(x c 2) b 7 L(x) 10x c 13 at x 2
"#
f w (x) " ax# b 9b

#
c 4 (x b 4) b 5 L(x) c 4 x b
5
5
"
x
(2x)
x
x b 9
L(x) f w (c4)(x b 4) b f(c4)
at x c4
f w (x) 1 c xc# L(x) f(1) b f w (1)(x c 1) # b !(x c 1) #
4. f(x) x"$ f w (x)
"
$x
$#
3. f(x) x b
9
5
c"#
2. f(x) x# b 9 ax# b 9b
"
1#
L(x) f w (c8)ax c ac8bb b fac8b
(x b 8) c 2 L(x)
"
1#
xc
4
3
5. f(x) tan x f w axb sec2 x Laxb fa1b b f w a1bax c 1b 0 b 1ax c 1b x c 1

6. (a) f(x) sin x f w axb cos x Laxb fa0b b f w a0bax c 0b x Laxb x
(b) f(x) cos x f w axb csin x Laxb fa0b b f w a0bax c 0b 1 Laxb 1
(c) f(x) tan x f w axb sec2 x Laxb fa0b b f w a0bax c 0b x Laxb x
7. f(x) x# b 2x f w (x) 2x b 2 L(x) f w (0)(x c 0) b f(0) 2(x c 0) b 0 L(x) 2x at x 0
8. f(x) xc" f w (x) cxc# L(x) f w (1)(x c 1) b f(1) (c1)(x c 1) b 1 L(x) cx b 2 at x 1
9. f(x) 2x# b 4x c 3 f w (x) 4x b 4 L(x) f w (c1)(x b 1) b f(c1) 0(x b 1) b (c5) L(x) c5 at x c1
10. f(x) 1 b x f w (x) 1 L(x) f w (8)(x c 8) b f(8) 1(x c 8) b 9 L(x) x b 1 at x 8
3
11. f(x) x x"$ f w (x) " xc#$ L(x) f w (8)(x c 8) b f(8)
3
L(x)
f w (x)
"
4
xb
"
4
(1)(x b 1) c (")(x)
(x b 1)
#
x
xb1
"
(x b 1)
12. f(x)
"
1#
(x c 8) b 2 L(x)
L(x) f w (1)(x c 1) b f(1)
"
4
(x c 1) b
"
1#
xb
4
3
at x 8
"
#
at x 1
13. f w axb ka" b xbkc" . We have fa!b " and f w a!b k. Laxb fa!b b f w a!bax c !b " b kax c !b " b kx
'
14. (a) faxb a" c xb' <" b acxb " b 'acxb " c 'x
c"
#<" b acxb
#<" b ac"bacxb # b #x
" b c " x " c

#
(d) faxb 2 b x# #" b
x
#
(c) faxb a" b xb
c"#
(e) faxb a% b $xb"$ %"$ " b

(f) faxb " c
" 2$
#bx
"#
x
#
#" b
$x "$
%
"x
# #
%"$ " b
2$
"
" b c # b x
#
" cx
#" b
" $x
$ %
x
%
(b) faxb
%"$ " b x
%
#
"
" b $ c # b x " c
#
' b $x
15. (a) (1.0002)&! (1 b 0.0002)&! 1 b 50(0.0002) 1 b .01 1.01

3
(b) 1.009 (1 b 0.009)"$ 1 b " (0.009) 1 b 0.003 1.003
3
16. f(x) x b 1 b sin x (x b 1)"# b sin x f w (x) " (x b 1)c"# b cos x Lf (x) f w (0)(x c 0) b f(0)
#
3 (x c 0) b 1 Lf (x) 3 x b 1, the linearization of f(x); g(x) x b 1 (x b 1)"# gw (x)
#
Section 3.9 Linearization and Differentials

" (x b 1)c"# Lg (x) gw (0)(x c 0) b g(0)
#
w
"
#
(x c 0) b 1 Lg (x)
"
#
x b 1, the linearization of g(x);
h(x) sin x h (x) cos x Lh (x) h (0)(x c 0) b h(0) (1)(x c 0) b 0 Lh (x) x, the linearization of
h(x). Lf (x) Lg (x) b Lh (x) implies that the linearization of a sum is equal to the sum of the linearizations.
3
17. y x$ c 3x x$ c 3x"# dy 3x# c # xc"# dx dy 3x# c
2 x
dx
"#
"#
c"#
18. y x1 c x# x a1 c x# b
dy (1) a1 c x# b b (x) " a1 c x# b
(c2x) dx
#
#"c
dy
3 1 b x
#"
#"
#"
#
"
3 x 1 b x
c 2x
9 a1 b x
# #"
2x
3 a1 b x
#"
# #
dy
3 x
2 x
3 1 b x
dx
#"c
20. y
2 c 2x
a1 b x b
dx
b3c3
3x
9 a1 b x b
#"c
2x
1 bx
# #"
c
dy (2) a1 b1xbb x b(2x)(2x) dx
a
19. y
dx
#
a1 c 2x b
1 c x
# #
ca1 c x# b c x# d dx
c"#
a1 c x# b
dx
dx
21. 2y$# b xy c x 0 3y"# dy b y dx b x dy c dx 0 3y"# b x dy (1 c y) dx dy
1cy
3 y bx
22. xy# c 4x$# c y 0 y# dx b 2xy dy c 6x"# dx c dy 0 (2xy c 1) dy 6x"# c y# dx

6 x c y
2xy c 1
dy
dx
23. y sin 5x sin 5x"# dy cos 5x"# 5 xc"# dx dy

#
5 cos 5x
2 x
dx
24. y cos ax# b dy ccsin ax# bd (2x) dx c2x sin ax# b dx

25. y 4 tan x dy 4 sec# x ax# b dx dy 4x# sec# x dx
3
3
3
$
26. y sec ax# c 1b dy csec ax# c 1b tan ax# c 1bd (2x) dx 2x csec ax# c 1b tan ax# c 1bd dx
27. y 3 csc 1 c 2x 3 csc 1 c 2x"# dy 3 ccsc 1 c 2x"# cot 1 c 2x"# cxc"# dx
3
dy csc 1 c 2x cot 1 c 2x dx
x
"
x
"
"
28. y 2 cot x 2 cot xc"# dy c2 csc# xc"# c # xc$# dx dy
"
csc# x dx
29. f(x) x# b 2x, x! 1, dx 0.1 f w (x) 2x b 2

(a) ?f f(x! b dx) c f(x! ) f(1.1) c f(1) 3.41 c 3 0.41
(b) df f w (x! ) dx [2(1) b 2](0.1) 0.4
(c) k?f c df k k0.41 c 0.4k 0.01
30. f(x) 2x# b 4x c 3, x! c1, dx 0.1 f w (x) 4x b 4
(a) ?f f(x! b dx) c f(x! ) f(c.9) c f(c1) .02
(b) df f w (x! ) dx [4(c1) b 4](.1) 0
(c) k?f c df k k.02 c 0k .02
dx
147
148
31. f(x) x$ c x, x! 1, dx 0.1 f w (x) 3x# c 1

(a) ?f f(x! b dx) c f(x! ) f(1.1) c f(1) .231
(b) df f w (x! ) dx [3(1)# c 1](.1) .2
(c) k?f c df k k.231 c .2k .031
32. f(x) x% , x! 1, dx 0.1 f w (x) 4x$
(a) ?f f(x! b dx) c f(x! ) f(1.1) c f(1) .4641
(b) df f w (x! ) dx 4(1)$ (.1) .4
(c) k?f c df k k.4641 c .4k .0641
33. f(x) xc" , x! 0.5, dx 0.1 f w (x) cxc#
(a) ?f f(x! b dx) c f(x! ) f(.6) c f(.5) c "
3
"
2
(b) df f w (x! ) dx (c4) 10 c 5
(c) k?f c df k c " b 2
3
5
"
15
34. f(x) x$ c 2x b 3, x! 2, dx 0.1 f w (x) 3x# c 2

(a) ?f f(x! b dx) c f(x! ) f(2.1) c f(2) 1.061
(b) df f w (x! ) dx (10)(0.10) 1
(c) k?f c df k k1.061 c 1k .061
35. V
4
3
#
1r$ dV 41r! dr
#
36. V x$ dV 3x! dx
37. S 6x# dS 12x! dx
1 ar b h b b 1 r
r b h
dS
1 a2r b h b
!
#
!
#
dS
dr
, h constant
r b h
dS
dr
1 ar# b h# b
"#
b 1r r ar# b h# b
c"#
dr, h constant
"#
38. S 1rr# b h# 1r ar# b h# b
39. V 1r# h, height constant dV 21r! h dr
40. S 21rh dS 21r dh
41. Given r 2 m, dr .02 m

(a) A 1r# dA 21r dr 21(2)(.02) .081 m#
(b) .081 (100%) 2%
41
42. C 21r and dC 2 in. dC 21 dr dr
"
21(5) 1 10 in.#
"
1
the diameter grew about
43. The volume of a cylinder is V 1r# h. When h is held fixed, we have
dV
dr
2
1
in.; A 1r# dA 21r dr
#1rh, and so dV #1rh dr. For h $! in.,
r ' in., and dr !& in., the volume of the material in the shell is approximately dV #1rh dr #1a'ba$!ba!&b
")!1 &'&& in$ .
44. Let ) angle of elevation and h height of building. Then h $!tan ), so dh $!sec# ) d). We want ldhl !!%h,
"
which gives: l$!sec# ) d)l !!%l$!tan )l cos ) ld)l !!%sin ) ld)l !!%sin ) cos ) ld)l !!%sin &1 cos &1
"#
"#
cos )
#
!!" radian. The angle should be measured with an error of less than !!" radian (or approximatley !&( degrees),
which is a percentage error of approximately !('%.
Section 3.9 Linearization and Differentials

45. The percentage error in the radius is
(a) Since C 21 r
100
(b) Since A 1 r2
21 r dr
dt
1 r2
100 2
dr
dt
r
(a) Since S 6x
dS
dt
100 0.5%.
The percentage error in the cube's surface area is
3x2 dx . The percentage error in the cube's volume is

dt
dV
dt
(1) a1h b
100
kdhk
k31h# dhk
of h is
12x dx
dt
6x2
100
100
dV
dt
V
100
3x2 dx
dt
x3
100
100 3a0.5%b 1.5%
47. V 1h$ dV 31h# dh; recall that ?V dV. Then k?Vk (1%)(V)
"
3
dS
dt
S
100 2a0.5%b 1%
(b) Since V x3
dx
3 dt
x
12x
dx
dt .
dx
dt
x
"
300
(1) a1h b
100
kdVk
(1) a1h b
100
"
h 3 % h. Therefore the greatest tolerated error in the measurement
%.
#
1 Di h
4
48. (a) Let Di represent the interior diameter. Then V 1r# h 1 Di h

#
"
dV 51Di dDi . Recall that ?V dV. We want k?Vk (1%)(V) kdVk 100 51#Di
#
1Di
40
51Di dDi
dDi
Di
5 1 Di
#
1 Di
40
and h 10 V
dx
2 dt
x
100
100 2a2%b 4%.
46. The percentage error in the edge of the cube is

2
dA
dt
A
21 r dr . The percentage error in calculating the circle's area is given by

dt
dA
dt
100
dC
dt
C
error in calculating the circle's circumference is
100 2%.
dC
dr
dt 21 dt . The percentage
dr
dt
r 100 2%.
21 dr
dt
21 r
dr
dt
r
149
200. The inside diameter must be measured to within 0.5%.
(b) Let De represent the exterior diameter, h the height and S the area of the painted surface. S 1De h dS 1hdDe
dS dDee . Thus for small changes in exterior diameter, the approximate percentage change in the exterior diameter
S
D
is equal to the approximate percentage change in the area painted, and to estimate the amount of paint required to
within 5%, the tanks's exterior diameter must be measured to within 5%.
1D
6
dV
1
#
D# dD
1
#
(100)# (1)
10 1
#
. Then
dV
V
(100%)
1'
1%
10
1 D
#
10
4
3
49. Given D 100 cm, dD 1 cm, V

10 a10# %b 10 % 3%
#
dV
1D
#
1D
200
1D dD
#
1D
#00
kdVk
1D
6
1 D
#
4
3
1D
200
1 r$
3
dD; recall that ?V dV. Then k?Vk (3%)V 100 1D
6
$
1'
4
3
1'
50. V
kdDk
D
100
(1%) D the allowable percentage error in
measuring the diameter is 1%.

a b bgc" dW cbgc# dg c bgdg
#
b
g
dWmoon
dWearth
b dg
(5.2)
b dg
c
(32)
51. W a b
32
5.2 37.87, so a change of
gravity on the moon has about 38 times the effect that a change of the same magnitude has on Earth.
52. (a) T 21 L
g
"#
dT 21L c " gc$# dg c1L gc$# dg

#
(b) If g increases, then dg 0 dT 0. The period T decreases and the clock ticks more frequently. Both
the pendulum speed and clock speed increase.
(c) 0.001 c1100 980c$# dg dg c0.977 cm/sec# the new g 979 cm/sec#
150
53. E(x) f(x) c g(x) E(x) f(x) c m(x c a) c c. Then E(a) 0 f(a) c m(a c a) c c 0 c f(a). Next
0 xlima f(x) c m(x c a) c c 0 xlima f(x) c f(a) c m 0 (since c f(a))
xca
xca
w
w
w
f (a) c m 0 m f (a). Therefore, g(x) m(x c a) b c f (a)(x c a) b f(a) is the linear approximation,
as claimed.
we calculate m: xlima
E(x)
xca
54. (a) i. Qaab faab implies that b! faab.

ii. Since Qw axb b" b #b# ax c ab, Qw aab f w aab implies that b" f w aab.
f aa b
# .
ww
In summary, b! faab, b" f w aab, and b2
ww
iii. Since Qww axb #b# , Qww aab f ww aab implies that b2
f aa b
# .
(b) faxb a" c xbc" ; f w axb c"a" c xbc# ac"b a" c xbc# ; f ww axb c#a" c xbc$ ac"b #a" c xbc$
Since fa!b ", f w a!b ", and f ww a!b #, the coefficients are b! ", b" ", b# # ". The quadratic
#
approximation is Qaxb " b x b x# .
(c)
As one zooms in, the two graphs quickly become

indistinguishable. They appear to be identical.
(d) gaxb xc" ; gw axb c"xc# ; gww axb #xc$

Since ga"b ", gw a"b c", and gww a"b # , the coefficients are b! ", b" c", b#
#
#
#
". The quadratic
approximation is Qaxb " c ax c "b b ax c "b .

(e) haxb a" b xb"# ; hw axb " a" b xbc"# ; hww axb c " a" b xbc$#
#
%
x
#
x
8
approximation is Qaxb " b
c
2
%
"
Since ha!b ", hw a!b " , and hww a!b c " , the coefficients are b! ", b" " , b#
#
%
#
c " . The quadratic

8
.
(f) The linearization of any differentiable function uaxb at x a is Laxb uaab b uw aabax c ab b! b b" ax c ab, where
b! and b" are the coefficients of the constant and linear terms of the quadratic approximation. Thus, the linearization
for faxb at x ! is " b x; the linearization for gaxb at x " is " c ax c "b or # c x; and the linearization for haxb at
x ! is " b x .
#
Chapter 3 Practice Exercises
151
55-58. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
with(plots):
a:= 1: f:=x -> x 3 b x 2 c 2*x;
plot(f(x), x=c1..2);
diff(f(x),x);
fp := unapply (ww ,x);
L:=x -> f(a) b fp(a)*(x c a);
plot({f(x), L(x)}, x=c1..2);
err:=x -> abs(f(x) c L(x));
plot(err(x), x=c1..2, title = #absolute error function#);
err(c1);
Mathematica: (function, x1, x2, and a may vary):
Clear[f, x]
{x1, x2} = {c1, 2}; a = 1;
f[x_]:=x3 b x2 c 2x
Plot[f[x], {x, x1, x2}]
lin[x_]=f[a] b f'[a](x c a)
Plot[{f[x], lin[x]}, {x, x1, x2}]
err[x_]=Abs[f[x] c lin[x]]
Plot[err[x], {x, x1,x 2}]
err//N
After reviewing the error function, plot the error function and epsilon for differing values of epsilon (eps) and delta (del)
eps = 0.5; del = 0.4
Plot[{err[x], eps},{x, a c del, a b del}]
CHAPTER 3 PRACTICE EXERCISES
1. y x& c 0.125x# b 0.25x
2. y 3 c 0.7x$ b 0.3x(
"
1 b1
dy
dx
3x# c 3(2x b 0) 3x# c 6x 3x(x c 2)
dy
dx
7x' b 7
5. y (x b 1)# ax# b 2xb
dy
dx
6. y (2x c 5)(4 c x)c"

3(4 c x)c#
$
csc )
#
)
4
8. y c1 c
(x b 1)# (2x b 2) b ax# b 2xb (2(x b 1)) 2(x b 1) c(x b 1)# b x(x b 2)d
dy
dx
2(x b 1) a2x# b 4x b 1b
7. y a)# b sec ) b 1b
c2.1x# b 2.1x'
dy
dx
(2x c 5)(c1)(4 c x)c# (c1) b (4 c x)c" (2) (4 c x)c# c(2x c 5) b 2(4 c x)d
dy
d)
3 a)# b sec ) b 1b (2) b sec ) tan ))

dy
d)
2 c1 c
csc )
#
)
4
4. y x( b 7x c
5x% c 0.25x b 0.25
)
csc )#cot ) c # c1 c
csc )
#
)
4
3. y x$ c 3 ax# b 1# b
dy
dx
(csc ) cot ) c ))
1 b t
t c 1 (0) c 1
11. y 2 tan# x c sec# x

c
13. s cos% (1 c 2t)

ds
dt
2t 1 b t
c"
2 t t c 1
dy
dx
"
#t 1 b t
4 cos$ (1 c 2t)(csin (1 c 2t))(c2) 8 cos$ (1 c 2t) sin (1 c 2t)
ds
dt
3 cot# 2 ccsc# 2 c2
t
t
t
15. s (sec t b tan t)&
(2 csc x)(ccsc x cot x) c 2(c csc x cot x) (2 csc x cot x)(1 c csc x)
14. s cot$ 2
t
1 b t c t
(4 tan x) asec# xb c (2 sec x)(sec x tan x) 2 sec# x tan x
dy
dx
csc# x c 2 csc x
2
sin x
ds
dt
16. s csc& a1 c t b 3t# b
6
t
"
sin x
#
12. y
t c 1
"
c t
ds
dt
"
"
t c 1
10. s
1 b t
ds
dt
"
t
1 b t
9. s
152
cot# 2 csc# 2
t
t
5(sec t b tan t)% asec t tan t b sec# tb 5(sec t)(sec t b tan t)&
ds
dt
5 csc% a1 c t b 3t# b accsc a1 c t b 3t# b cot a1 c t b 3t# bb (c1 b 6t)
c5(6t c 1) csc& a1 c t b 3t# b cot a1 c t b 3t# b

"
#
) cos ) b sin )
2) sin )
17. r 2) sin ) (2) sin ))"#
dr
d)
(2) sin ))c"# (#) cos ) b 2 sin ))
18. r 2)cos ) 2) (cos ))"#
dr
d)
2) " (cos ))c"# (csin )) b 2(cos ))"#

#
c) sin )
cos )
b 2cos )
2 cos ) c ) sin )
cos )
19. r sin 2) sin (2))"#

20. r sin ) b ) b 1
cos (2))"# " (2))c"# (2)

#
cos ) b ) b 1 1 b
cos 2)
2)
"
2 ) b 1
2)b"b1
# ) b "
"
#
22. y 2x sin x
dy
dx
"
2
2x cos x 2x b sin x 2x cos x b
2
x
x# ccsc
2
x
x# csc
2
2
cot x c2 b csc x " 2x csc
x
#
cos ) b ) b 1
dy
dx
21. y
"
#
dr
d)
dr
d)
2
x
cot
2
x
b x csc
2
x
sin x
x
dy
c"#
sec (2x)# tan (2x)# (2(2x) 2) b sec (2x)# c " xc$#
dx x
#
8x"# sec (2x)# tan (2x)# c " xc$# sec (2x)# " x"# sec (2x)# c16 tan (2x)# c xc# d or #x"
#
#
23. y xc"# sec (2x)#
seca#xb2 <16x# tana2xb# c "
#$
24. y x csc (x b 1)$ x"# csc (x b 1)$

dy
dx
x"# accsc (x b 1)$ cot (x b 1)$ b a3(x b 1)# b b csc (x b 1)$ " xc"#
#
c3x (x b 1)# csc (x b 1)$ cot (x b 1)$ b

or
"
csc(x
# x
csc (x b 1)
2 x
"
#
"
x csc (x b 1)$ < x c 6(x b 1)# cot (x b 1)$
b 1)$ c1 c 6x(x b 1)# cot (x b 1)$ d
25. y 5 cot x#
26. y x# cot 5x
dy
dx
5 accsc# x# b (2x) c10x csc# ax# b
dy
dx
x# accsc# 5xb (5) b (cot 5x)(2x) c5x# csc# 5x b 2x cot 5x
153
27. y x# sin# a2x# b
dy
dx
x# a2 sin a2x# bb acos a2x# bb (4x) b sin# a2x# b (2x) 8x$ sin a2x# b cos a2x# b b 2x sin# a2x# b
28. y xc# sin# ax$ b
dy
dx
xc# a2 sin ax$ bb acos ax$ bb a3x# b b sin# ax$ b ac2xc$ b 6 sin ax$ b cos ax$ b c 2xc$ sin# ax$ b
"
dy
dx
"
#x 1 b
4x " x b x"#
#
b 4 x b x x b x
1cx
(x b 1)
c"#
c"#
4 x
2 x b 1
4
2 x b 1
"
"
# x
"
2x 1 b
c 2 x
2 x b 1
c"#
"
1 b " c"# c x c
x
"
#
"#
2 x b 1
(x b 1) c 2x
(x b 1)
"
34. y 4xx b x 4x x b x"#

x b x
c x (1)
3
(15t c 1)
2 x
dy
dx
(x b 1)
2 2 x b 1 :
"#
33. y x xb x 1 b "
"
dy
dx
2 x
32. y 2x b 1
(x b 1)
2 xb1
dy
dx
b
c (t 8t 1)
4
(t b 1)
"
c 15 (c3)(15t c 1)c% (15)
ds
dt
31. y x b 1
c$
4t
(t b 1)(4) c (4t)(1) c2 t b 1
(t b 1)
c$
"
c 15 (15t c 1)c$
4t
c2 t b 1
c"
15(15t c 1)
ds
dt
30. s
c#
4t
29. s t b 1
1 b " xc"# b x b x"# "# (4)

#
2x b x b 4x b 4x
(2 sin )) (1 c cos ))
(cos ) c 1)
c2 sin )
(cos ) c ")
dr
d)
) c
sin
2 1 c ) b 1 (1 c cos ))(cos c)cos(sin ) b ")(sin ))
cos )
(1
))
2(sin ) b ")
(1 c cos ))
$
acos ) c cos# ) c sin# ) c sin )b
2(sin ) b 1)(cos ) c sin ) c 1)

(1 cc os ))
$
(2x b 1)"# (2) 32x b 1
39. y 3 a5x# b sin 2xb

40. y a3 b cos$ 3xb
c$#
c"$
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
"
20 20 (3x c 4)c"*#! (3)
3 c 3 a5x# b sin 2xb

#
c " a3 b cos$ 3xb

3
c%$
c&#
[10x b (cos 2x)(2)]
a3 cos# 3xb (csin 3x)(3)
3
(3x c 4)
c9(5x b cos 2x)

a5x b sin 2xb
3 cos 3x sin 3x
a3 b cos 3xb
#
38. y 20(3x c 4)"% (3x c 4)c"& 20(3x c 4)"#!
3
#
$%
dy
dx
#&
37. y (2x b 1) 2x b 1 (2x b 1)$#
!#*"
) c cos ) b sin )
(cos ) c ")
sin
36. r 1 c ) b 1
cos )
) c (sin
sin )
sin )
2 cos ) c 1 (cos ) c 1)(cos )) c 1) ))(csin )) 2 cos ) c " cos
(cos
dr
d)
sin )
35. r cos ) c 1
6x b 5x
x b x
41. xy b 2x b 3y 1 axyw b yb b 2 b 3yw 0 xyw b 3yw c2 c y yw (x b 3) c2 c y yw c y b 2

xb3
42. x# b xy b y# c 5x 2 2x b x
dy
dx
c5!x
dy
dx
b 2y
dy
dx
5 c 2x c y
dy
dx
(x b 2y) 5 c 2x c y
5 c 2x c y
x b 2y
43. x$ b 4xy c 3y%$ 2x 3x# b 4x
dy
dx
dy
dx
4x c 4y"$ 2 c 3x# c 4y
b 4y c 4y"$
dy
dx
dy
dx
2 4x
dy
dx
c 4y"$
dy
dx
2 c 3x# c 4y
2 c 3x c 4y
4x c 4y
#
b y b 2y
$"
dy
dx
dy
dx
2y
x
x b1
48. y# 1 b x
1cx
"#
(x b 1)(1) c (x)(1)
(x b 1)
dy
dx
b y# (2x) 0 2x# y
y%
"bx
1cx
49. p$ b 4pq c 3q# 2 3p#
c$#
dy
dx
c 6q 0 3p#
dp
dq
"
#y(x b 1)
(1 c x)(1) c (1 b x)c")
(" c x)
b 4 p b q
dp
dq
1 c 3 a5p# b 2pb
#
"
2y (1 c x)
b 4q
dp
dq
c&#
10p
dp
dq
b2
dp
dq
c 2 a5p# b 2pb
3
dr
51. r cos 2s b sin# s 1 r(csin 2s)(2) b (cos 2s) ds b 2 sin s cos s 0
&#
dp
dq
(10p b 2)
y(1) c x
y
dy
dx
y c x x
y
y
0 c2y
ayx# b
c2x
dy
dx
y cx
y
#
d y
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
c"
dy
dx
c ayx# b
d y
dx
c#
y(2x) b x#
dy
dx
c2xy c 1
y x
% #
x
y
dy
dx
c"
y
$
#
"
" c 2s c 2r
2s c 1
54. (a) x# c y# 1 2x c 2y
y (c2x) c acx b 2y
dr
ds
% $
"
yx
dy
dx
c2xy c 2x
y
yx
2
x
d y
dx
(2s c 1) 1 c 2s c 2r
y x
#
#
c2xy c x
dy
dx
2x
y
d y
dx
2y
c2xy c
x
cy
dy
dx
2
x
dr
ds
&
(b) y# 1 c
(cos 2s) 2r sin 2s c 2 sin s cos s
c 1 b 2s 0
dr
ds
d y
dx
x
y
c2xy b a2yx b c
dy
dx
dr
ds
53. (a) x$ b y$ 1 3x# b 3y#
dy
dx
a3p# b 4qb 6q c 4p
(2r c 1)(tan 2s)
(2r c 1)(sin 2s)

cos 2s
52. 2rs c r c s b s# c3 2 r b s
(b)
dp
dq
2r sin 2s c sin 2s
cos 2s
dr
ds
dr
ds
6q c 4p
2pb
c a5p b b 1)
3(5p
#
dp
dq
cy
x
cy
x
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
6q c 4p
3p b 4q
50. q a5p# b 2pb
dp
dq
dy
dx
cxc" y
#&
dp
dq
4y$
c2xy#
dy
dx
47. y#
dy
dx
cxc"# y"#
dy
dx
46. x# y# 1 x# 2y
b y 0 x"# yc"#
dy
dx
"
c " xc"& yc"& c 3(xy)
3
dy
dx
(xy)c"# x
c4xc"&
dy
dx
"
#
45. (xy)"# 1
0 12y"&
dy
dx
44. 5x%& b 10y'& 15 4xc"& b 12y"&
&"
154
x
y
(since y# c x# c1)
55. (a) Let h(x) 6f(x) c g(x) hw (x) 6f w (x) c gw (x) hw (1) 6f w (1) c gw (1) 6 " c ac%b (
#
(b) Let h(x) f(x)g# (x) hw (x) f(x) a#g(x)b gw (x) b g# (x)f w (x) hw (0) #f(0)g(0)gw (0) b g# (0)f w (0)
#(1)(1) " b (1)# (c$) c#
#
(& b 1) c 3 ac%b
(g(1) b ")f (1) c f(1)g (1)
(g(1) b 1)
(& b 1)
f w (g(0))gw (0) f w (1) " " " "
#
#
#
%
w
w
w
w
(d) Let h(x) f(g(x)) hw (x) f (g(x))g (x) hw (0)
hw (1)
(g(x) b 1)f (x) c f(x)g (x)

(g(x) b 1)
w
w
hw (x)
#
"
f(x)
g(x) b 1
(c) Let h(x)
&
"#
(e) Let h(x) g(f(x)) hw (x) gw (f(x))f w (x) hw (0) g (f(0))f (0) g (1)f (0) ac%b (c$) "#
(f) Let h(x) (x b f(x))$# hw (x) 3 (x b f(x))"# a1 b f w (x)b hw (1) 3 (1 b f(1))"# a1 b f w (1)b
#
#
3 (1 b 3)"# 1 b " *
#
#
#
(g) Let h(x) f(x b g(x)) hw (x) f w (x b g(x)) a1 b gw (x)b hw (0) f w (g(0)) a1 b gw (0)b
f w (1) 1 b " " $ $
#
#
#
%

"
# x
56. (a) Let h(x) x f(x) hw (x) x f w (x) b f(x)

"
#
(b) Let h(x) (f(x))"# hw (x)
(f(x))c"# af w (x)b hw (0)
(c) Let h(x) f x hw (x) f w x
"
# x
"
"
"
5 b (c3) #
# 1
"
"
c"#
(c2) c 3
# (9)
hw (1) 1 f w (1) b f(1)

"
#
(f(0))c"# f w (0)
"
# 1
w
hw (1) f w 1
"
5
"
#
c 13
10
"
10
(d) Let h(x) f(1 c 5 tan x) hw (x) f w (1 c 5 tan x) ac5 sec# xb h (0) f w (1 c 5 tan 0) ac5 sec# 0b
f w (1)(c5) " (c5) c1
5
(2 b cos x)f (x) c f(x)(csin x)
c
hw (0) (2 b 1)f (0)1) f(0)(0) 3(c2)
(2 b cos x)
(2 b
9
h(x) 10 sin 1#x f # (x) hw (x) 10 sin 1#x a2f(x)f w (x)b b f # (x) 10 cos 1#x 1
#
hw (1) 10 sin 1 a2f(1)f w (1)b b f # (1) 10 cos 1 1 20(c3) " b ! c12
5
#
#
#
$#
dy
dx
"
6 (c1)
dy
dx
c2 sin x
3y b1
dy
dx
dy
dx
cy
x
d y
dx (8 8)
dy
dx (8 8)
c1;
dy
dx
cy
x
<c 2 8
3
(c1) b 8
8
2 8
3
"$
d)
dt t= 0, = 1
"
6
a3y# b 1b c2 sin x
$"c
2
3
# $#
"
"
$#
"
6
"
b#
"
b b#
ax
2 x
3
; r a)# b 7b
c
f(t b h) c f(t)
2t
c (2t b 2h b 1)
"
"
(t h) 1 t 1 (2tb 12h b 1)(2t b 1)h
2t b 1 and f(t b h) #(t b h) b 1
h
h
b
f(t b h) c f(t)
c2h
c2
c
w
lim (2t b 2h b 2 #t b 1)
(2t b 2h b 1)(2t b 1)h (2t b 2h b 1)(2t b 1) f (t) hlim!
h
1)(
h!
c#
(2t b 1)
63. f(t)
dy
dx c cy
$#
c 2 y
3
$"c
b3
8
dy
dx
d y
dx
"
xc#$ b 3 yc#$
c)
2)tb1
"
c#
"
3
d)
dt t = 0
$#
62. x"$ b y"$ 4
d)
dt
(2)t b 1) c)#
dr
d) t = 0
a3y b 1b (c2 cos x) c (c2 sin x) 6y

a3y b 1b
; now t 0 and )# t b ) 1 ) 1 so that
c2 sin x
(3 b 1)(c2 cos 0) c (c2 sin 0)(60)

(3 b 1)
<8 cos s b 1
6
$"c
c#$
d y
dx (0 1)
d y
dx
dy
dx
dr
dt t = 0
0;
) a)# b 7b
d)
dt
9
#
"
cos r c 2 #r
$%
c2 sin (0)
3 b1
"
6
(1 b 7)c#$
dy
dx
2
3
d)
dt
24
dw
dr
$#
(2))
# 8 sin s b 6
(cos 0)(8)
2t b 5
(u b 1)
$"c
c#$
61. y$ b y 2 cos x 3y#
cos 8 sin s b 6 c 2
$#
b 7b
d )
dt
dr
ds
28 sin 6
dr
"
#
d ) 3 a)
dr
2
d) = 1 3
and
dw
dr
cos 8 sin 6 c 28 cos 6
60. )# t b ) 1 )# b t 2)
dw
ds
dw
ds s = 0
; thus,
ds
dt
"
(2 b 1) 2 2 8"$ b 5 8c#$ 2(2 2 b 5) 4
8 cos s b 1 ; w sin r c 2
6
dr
ds
c#$
b 2ub
c#$
28 sin s b 6
b 5 2 a2# b 2(2)b
3
(u b 1); s t# b 5t
2
5 3 au#
$#
cos 8 sin s b 6 c 2
1
"$
c#$
59. r 8 sin s b 1
6
2 au# b 2ub
dt
du
b 2ub
$#
2 a2# b 2(2)b
2
#
3 au
"$
(2u b 2)
ds
du
ds
dt
c#$
$#
b 5; thus
au# b 2ub
ds
du u=2
"
3
"$
dt
du
dy
dx (0 1)
2 au# b 2ub
"$
58. t au# b 2ub
6 cos (0) 0 0
dy
dt t = 0
6 cos a2t# b 2t
dx
dt
2
c3
3(cos 2x)(2) 6 cos 2x 6 cos a2t# b 21b 6 cos a2t# b ; thus,
dy
dx
dy
dx
2t; y 3 sin 2x
dx
dt
dy
dt
57. x t# b 1
(f) Let
hw (x)
f(x)
2 b cos x
(e) Let h(x)
c1
1
c1
155
4xh b 2h
h
g(x b h) c g(x)
h
4x b 2h gw (x) lim
h!
a2x b 4xh b 2h b 1b c a2x b 1b

h
#
g(x b h) c g(x)
h
64. g(x) 2x# b 1 and g(x b h) 2(x b h)# b 1 2x# b 4xh b 2h# b 1
156
lim (4x b 2h) 4x

h!
65. (a)
lim f(x) lim x# 0 and lim f(x) lim cx# 0 lim f(x) 0. Since lim f(x) 0 f(0) it
c
x!
x!
x!
x!
x!
(b)
x!
follows that f is continuous at x 0.

(c) lim f w (x) lim (2x) 0 and lim f w (x) lim (c2x) 0 lim f w (x) 0. Since this limit exists, it
x!
x!
x!
follows that f is differentiable at x 0.
x!
x!
66. (a)
lim f(x) lim x 0 and lim f(x) lim tan x 0 lim f(x) 0. Since lim f(x) 0 f(0), it
c
x!
x!
x!
x!
x!
(b)
x!

(c) lim f w (x) lim 1 1 and lim f w (x) lim sec# x 1 lim f w (x) 1. Since this limit exists it
x!
x!
x!
follows that f is differentiable at x 0.
x!
x!
67. (a)
lim f(x) lim x 1 and lim f(x) lim (2 c x) 1 lim f(x) 1. Since lim f(x) 1 f(1), it
x"
x"
x"
x"
not exist f is not differentiable at x 1.
lim f w (x) lim f w (x), so lim f w (x) does
x"
x"
x1
lim f(x) lim sin 2x 0 and lim f(x) lim mx 0 lim f(x) 0, independent of m; since
c
x!
x!
x!
x!
x!
68. (a)
x"
x"
x"
x"

(c) lim f w (x) lim 1 1 and lim f w (x) lim c1 c1
x"
x"
(b)
f(0) 0 lim f(x) it follows that f is continuous at x 0 for all values of m.

x!
lim f w (x) lim (sin 2x)w lim 2 cos 2x 2 and lim f w (x) lim (mx)w lim m m f is
x!
x!
x!
x!
differentiable at x 0 provided that lim f w (x) lim f w (x) m 2.

x!
x!
x!
x!
(b)

"
#x c 4
"
#
x b (2x c 4)c"
"
#
1b
dy
dx
c 2(2x c 4)c# ; the slope of the tangent is c 3 c 3

#
#
"
"
#x ; the slope of the tangent is 3 3 1 b #x
" "
# # are points on the curve where the slope is 3.
1b
2
(2x)
"
#
"
#
c 2(2x c 4)c#
(2x c 5)(2x c 3) 0 x
"
2x
"
#
#
#
(2x c 4) (2x c 4) 1 4x c 16x b 16 1 4x c 16x b 15 0
9
"
5 or x 3 5 4 and 3 c 4 are points on the curve where the slope
#
#
#
#
c2 c2(2x c 4)c# 1
70. y x c
dy
dx
" c " and c

#
#
71. y 2x$ c 3x# c 12x b 20
dy
dx
x
#
6x# c 6x c 12; the tangent is parallel to the x-axis when
dy
dx
"
#x
69. y
157
is c 3 .
#
x#
"
4
6x# c 6x c 12 0 x# c x c 2 0 (x c 2)(x b 1) 0 x 2 or x c1 (# !) and (c" #7) are

points on the curve where the tangent is parallel to the x-axis.
72. y x$
3x#
dy
dx
12; an equation of the tangent line at (c# c)) is y b 8 12(x b 2)
dy
dx ( 2 8)
c c
y 12x b 16; x-intercept: 0 12x b 16 x c 4 c 4 ! ; y-intercept: y 12(0) b 16 16 (0 16)

3
3
dy
dx
6x# c 6x c 12
(a) The tangent is perpendicular to the line y 1 c
x
24
when
dy
dx
c c " 24; 6x# c 6x c 12 24

#
"
73. y 2x$ c 3x# c 12x b 20
x# c x c 2 4 x# c x c 6 0 (x c 3)(x b 2) 0 x c2 or x 3 (c# 16) and ($ 11) are

x
points where the tangent is perpendicular to y 1 c 24 .
(b) The tangent is parallel to the line y 2 c 12x when dy c12 6x# c 6x c 12 c12 x# c x 0
dx
x(x c 1) 0 x 0 or x 1 (! 20) and (" () are points where the tangent is parallel to
y 2 c 12x.
dy
dx x=
tangents intersect at right angles.

75. y tan x, c 1 x
#
y
dy
dx
c1
1
c1 and m#
dy
dx x=
1
1
"
1. Since m" c m the
sec# x; now the slope
c is c " the normal line is parallel to

#
"
c x when dy 2. Thus, sec# x 2 cos x 2
#
dx
"
cos# x " cos x 2 x c 1 and x 1
#
4
4
x
#
of y
1
#
m"
x(1 cos x) c (1 sin x)(1)

x
1c
dy
dx
1 sin x
x
74. y
for c 1 x
#
1
#
c 1 c1 and 1 " are points

4
4
where the normal is parallel to y c x .

#
dy
dx
csin x
dy
dx
c1
76. y 1 b cos x
the tangent at 1 1 is the line y c 1 c x c 1

#
#
y cx b 1 b 1; the normal at 1 1 is
#
#
y c 1 (1) x c 1 y x c
#
77. y x# b C
"
#
" #
#
dy
dx
1
#
b1
2x and y x
bCC
dy
dx
1; the parabola is tangent to y x when 2x 1 x
"
4
"
#
"
#
; thus,
158
78. y x$
dy
dx
3x#
dy
dx x a
3a# the tangent line at aa a$ b is y c a$ 3a# (x c a). The tangent line
intersects y x$ when x$ c a$ 3a# (x c a) (x c a) ax# b xa b a# b 3a# (x c a) (x c a) ax# b xa c 2a# b 0

(x c a)# (x b 2a) 0 x a or x c2a. Now
dy
dx x 2a
3(c2a)# 12a# 4 a3a# b, so the slope at
x c2a is 4 times as large as the slope at aa a$ b where x a.
dy
dx
cc
(x b 1)
y cx b 3; y
c
xb1
3 c (c2)
0c5
c1 the line through a0 3b and a5 c2b is
, so the curve is tangent to y cx b 3
(x b 1)# c, x c1. Moreover, y
intersects y cx b 3
c
xb1
c1
dy
dx
cc
(x b 1)
79. The line through a0 3b and a5 c2b has slope m
cx b 3, x c1
c
x b1
c (x b 1)(cx b 3), x c1. Thus c c (x b 1) (x b 1)(cx b 3) (x b 1)[x b 1 c (cx b 3)]

!, x c1 (x b 1)(2x c 2) 0 x 1 (since x c1) c 4.
80. Let b a# c b# be a point on the circle x# b y# a# . Then x# b y# a# 2x b 2y
normal line through b a# c b# has slope
(x c b) y a# c b#
a c b
b
#
a c b
b
y c a# c b#
a c b
b
cx
y
normal line is
x a# c b# y
a c b
b
#
cb
a c b
dy
dx
dy
dx x b
dy
dx
which passes through the origin.

81. x# b 2y# 9 2x b 4y
dy
dx
x
c 2y
and the normal line is y 2 b 4(x c 1) 4x c 2.
dy
dx
c3x
2y
dy
dx (1 1)
5
#
2
and the normal line is y 1 b 3 (x c 1)
83. xy b 2x c 5y 2 x
b y b 2 c 5
dy
dx
dy
dx
2
3
the tangent line is y 2 b 3 (x c 6)

4
"
#xy
dy
dx
xc
(x c 3) c " x b 7 .
#
#
1bycx
ycx
dy
dx
b y c2xy
dy
dx
c2xy c y
x
cx
2y
dy
dx (1 4)
c5
4
4
5
xc
11
5
c " the tangent line is

4
and the normal line is y 4 b 4(x c 1) 4x.

b y$ a3x# b b 2y
dy
dx
1b
1 c 3x y
3x y b 2y c 1
# $
a3x$ y# b 2y c 1b 1 c 3x# y$
dy
dx
$ #
dy
dx
dy
dx
3x$ y#
dy
dx (1 1)
dy
dx
dy
dx
b 2y
c 2 , but
4
Therefore, the curve has slope c " at (" ") but the slope is undefined at (" c1).
#
dy
dx
dy
dx (1 1) is
dy
dx
" c 3x# y$
undefined.
dy
dx
87. x$ y$ b y# x b y x$ 3y#
#"
17
4
dy
dx
#"
x"# b 3y"#
"
y 4 c " (x c 1) c 4 x b
4
3
2
dy
dx (6 2)
dy
dx (4 1)
the tangent line is y 1 c 5 (x c 4) = c 5 x b 6 and the normal line is y " b 4 (x c 4)

4
4
5
86. x$# b 2y$# 17
dy
dx (3 2)
and the normal line is y 2 c 4 (x c 6) c 4 x b 10.

3
3
5
#
b y 0 x
c1
#
dy
dx
1 b (y c x)
85. x b xy 6 1 b
3
4
dy
dx
cy c 2
x c5
dy
dx
the tangent line is y 2 b 2(x c 3) 2x c 4 and the normal line is y 2 b

84. (y c x)# 2x b 4 2(y c x) dy c 1 2 (y c x)
dx
(x c 1)
"
xb 3 .
(x c 5) cy c 2
dy
dx
c3
#
3
c # the tangent line is y 1 b
dy
dx
9
4
82. x$ b y# 2 3x# b 2y
c3xb
#
c " the tangent line is y 2 c " (x c 1)

4
4
dy
dx (1 2)
c"xb
4
dy
dx
3
4

88. y sin (x c sin x)
dy
dx
[cos (x c sin x)](1 c cos x); y 0 sin (x c sin x) 0 x c sin x k1,
k c2, c1, 0, 1, 2 (for our interval) cos (x c sin x) cos (k1) 1. Therefore,
dy
dx
0 and y 0 when
1 c cos x 0 and x k1. For c#1 x 21, these equations hold when k c2, 0, and 2 (since
cos (c1) cos 1 c1). Thus the curve has horizontal tangents at the x-axis for the x-values c21, 0, and 21
(which are even integer multiples of 1) the curve has an infinite number of horizontal tangents.
89. B graph of f, A graph of f w . Curve B cannot be the derivative of A because A has only negative slopes
while some of B's values are positive.
90. A graph of f, B graph of f w . Curve A cannot be the derivative of B because B has only negative slopes
while A has positive values for x 0.
91.
92.
93. (a) 0, 0
(b) largest 1700, smallest about 1400
94. rabbits/day and foxes/day
x!
7
5 c cot c cot8
(0 c 2)
(5 c 0 c 0)
lim
x sin x
x
x ! 2 2 sin
sin

)
sin

)!
lim
2 sin
)
3
#
7
c 1 1 2 c 2
"
#
. Let x sin ). Then x 0 as ) 0
2
c5
x x
lim sin
x!
#
# #
)!
c 2
cot
x sin x
x ! 2(1 c cos x)
lim
"
" (1) 1
#
(4 b 0 b 0)
(1 b 0)
" b tan5
1ccos )
)
)#
lim
)!
)!
lim
(1)(1)(1) 1
102.
lim
x sin x
x ! 2 c 2 cos x
lim
4 b tan b tan
) 2
"
1 c 2 cot )
5 cot ) c 7 cot ) c 8
lim
"
2
7
)#
lim
)!
sin (sin ))
sin )
)#
101.
100.
4 tan ) b tan ) b 1
tan ) b &
#
) 2
sin x
x
lim
x!
99.
)!
lim
cos 2r
sin 2r
r ! 2r
"
)!
" " (1) lim

#
#
)!
sin 7x
7x
x!
(sin
lim sinsin ) )) sin ) lim
)
sin (sin ))
sin )
lim
2r
tan 2r
"
c lim cos 7x
sin (sin ))
)
r!
3
#
sin x
x
" (1)(1) "

#
#
lim sin x
x!
98. lim
lim sin r
r
sin r
)!
sin 7x
2x cos 7x
x!
"
#
x
#
97. lim
r ! tan 2r
lim 3x c
2x
sin x
#
3x c tan 7x
#x
"
(1) c1 c1
96. lim
x!
"
(#x c 1)
lim sin x
x
"
x ! 2x c x
)#
sin x
95. lim
sin x
x
159
(tan
lim tantan x x)
105. (a) S 21r# b 21rh and h constant

(b) S 21r# b 21rh and r constant
; so s 20 and
b 2y
dD
dt
"
dx
dt
dy
dt
dr
dt
cr dh
2rbh dt
1r
r b h
dr
dt
"
R
"
R
c"
5
2
(21)(10) c 1 c40 m# /sec
1200 cm$ /min

c" dR
R dt
c" dR
dt
R
ds
dt
" dR
dt
R
"
3(20)
(1200) 1 cm/min
. Also, R" 75 ohms and
Therefore, from the derivative equation,
dR
dt
5625
(c900) 5000c5000
5625
dZ
dt
R dR b X dX
dt
dt
R b X
#
"
R
dV
dt
dA
dt
2x
dD
dt
2
c 1 m/sec
(10)(3)b(20)(c2)
10 b 20
10 m/sec and
dh
dt
c2 ohms/sec; Z R# b X#
dx
dt
1rh
r b h
"
"
75 b 50 R 30 ohms.
"
"
"
(50) (0.5) 5625 c 5000
111. Given
dy
dt
dr
dt
dZ
dt
1r# b h# b
dr
dt
dX
dt
3 ohms/sec and
X 20 ohms
dV
dt
"
(c1) c
dh
dt
dh
dt
1r# b h#
"
3s
(2r b
dh
dt
dR
dt
c"
(75)
dr
dt
dr
dt b 21r
h) dr cr
dt
"
#
110.
dR
dt
ds
dt
dr
dt
0.5 ohm/sec; and
dR
dt
"
R
dr
dt
(41r b 21h)
dr
dt
"
ds
dt
; so r 10 and
c"
(30)
1r
r b h
#
3s#
R# 50 ohms
dr
dt
1r
r b h b
1rh
dh
r b h dt
#
21 r
c1 ohm/sec,
dR
dt
dS
dt
b 21r
dr
dt
1. Therefore, to make f continuous at the origin,
dV
dt
1r# b h# b
dS
dt
dA
dt
dS
dt
dr
dt
108. V s$
tan (tan x)
tan x
(using the result of #105);
(41r b 21h)
dr
dt
b 1r# b h#
#
dr
dt
(b) r constant
r dr b h dh
dt
dt
r b h
#
dh
dt
(c) In general,
1r
dS
dt
(a) h constant
109.
0 0 (41r b 21h)
dS
dt
106. S 1rr# b h#
dr
dt
(d) S constant
41r
21r dh
dt
b #1 r dh b h
dt
sin x
x ! sin (sin x)
lim )
) ! sin )
41r dr b 21h
dt
dS
dt
dS
dt
1 lim
#
#
define f(0) 1.
dS
dt
sin x
lim
x ! sin (sin x)
"
cos x
let ) sin x ) 0 as x 0
(c) S 21r# b 21rh
sin x
sin (sin x)
x!
tan (tan x)
x ! sin (sin x)
107. A 1r#
x!
1. Therefore, to make g continuous at the origin, define g(0) 1.
lim f(x) lim
x!
x!
104.
tan )
)
1; let ) tan x ) 0 as x 0 lim g(x) lim
)!
sin x
x
x!
lim
"
lim cos x
tan x
x
lim
x!
103.
160
9(625)
50(5625)
"
50
0.02 ohm/sec.
so that R 10 ohms and
c0.45 ohm/sec.
5 m/sec, let D be the distance from the origin D# x# b y# 2D

x
(3)(10) b (c%)(5)
dy
dx
dt b y dt
dD
10
dt 5
dD
dt
. When (x y) ($ c%), D $# b ac%b# & and

2. Therefore, the particle is moving away from the origin at 2 m/sec
(because the distance D is increasing).

#
11 units/sec. Then D# x# b y# x# b x$#
x(2 b 3x) dx ; x 3 D 3# b 3$ 6 and substitution in the
dt
112. Let D be the distance from the origin. We are given that
dD
dt
2x
dx
dt
b 3x#
dx
dt
derivative equation gives (2)(6)(11) (3)(2 b 9)
(b) V
"
3
1r h
"
3
2
1 5
10
h
h h
4
r
41 h
75
$
113. (a) From the diagram we have
dV
dt
dx
dt
2
5
dx
dt
4 units/sec.
h.
41 h
25
x# b x$ 2D
dD
dt
dh
dt
, so
dV
dt
c5 and h 6
dh
dt
125
c 1441 ft/min.

114. From the sketch in the text, s r)
Therefore,
6 ft/sec and r 1.2 ft
ds
dt
115. (a) From the sketch in the text,

)0
d)
dt
d)
dt
ds
dt
d)
dt
b)
dr
dt
. Also r 1.2 is constant
dr
dt
dx
dt
sec# )
d)
dt
(1.2)
d)
dt
c0.6 rad/sec and x tan ). Also x tan )
asec 0b (c0.6) c0.6. Therefore the speed of the light is 0.6
3
5
d)
dt ;
at point A, x 0
km/sec when it reaches
point A.
1 rev
21 rad
a
r
116. From the figure,
b
BC
18
1
60 sec
min
a
r
revs/min
b
b c r
#
(3/5) rad
sec
(b)
. We are given
that r is constant. Differentiation gives,
c0.3r
c r (c0.3r) c (2r) :
(2r) c r
(2r)
a3r b (c0.3r) b a4r b (0.3r)

3 3 r
#
3r
2r( 0.3r)
3r (c0.3r) b
4r (0.3r)
3r
. Then,
(2r)
r
db
dt
da
dt
b 2r and
b cr
db
dt
b
b
# c#
c
b c r db c (b)
dt
da
dt
c#
"
r
0.3r
3 3
r
103
m/sec. Since
da
dt
is positive, the distance OA is increasing
when OB 2r, and B is moving toward O at the rate of 0.3r m/sec.

117. (a) If f(x) tan x and x c 1 , then f w (x) sec# x,
4
f c 1 c1 and f w c 1 2. The linearization of
4
4
f(x) is L(x) 2 x b 1 b (c1) 2x b
4
1 c2
#
(b) If f(x) sec x and x c 1 , then f w (x) sec x tan x,

4
f c 1 2 and f w c 1 c2. The
4
linearization of f(x) is L(x) c2 x b 1 b 2

4
"
1 b tan x
f w (x)
csec x
(1 b tan x)
#
118. f(x)
2(% c 1)
.
4
c2x b
. The linearization at x 0 is L(x) f w (0)(x c 0) b f(0) 1 c x.
119. f(x) x b 1 b sin x c 0.5 (x b 1)"# b sin x c 0.5 f w (x) " (x b 1)c"# b cos x
#
L(x) f w (0)(x c 0) b f(0) 1.5(x c 0) b 0.5 L(x) 1.5x b 0.5, the linearization of f(x).
2
1 cx
2
(1 c x)
120. f(x)
b 1 b x c 3.1 2(1 c x)c" b (1 b x)"# c 3.1 f w (x) c2(1 c x)c# (c1) b " (1 b x)c"#
#
"
2 1 b x
5 rad/sec
dx
dt
ds
dt
161
L(x) f w (0)(x c 0) b f(0) 2.5x c 0.1, the linearization of f(x).
162
121. S 1 rr# b h# , r constant dS 1 r " ar# b h# b

#
c"#
#h dh
1rh
r b h
#
122. (a) S 6r# dS 12r dr. We want kdSk (2%) S k12r drk
12r
100
dh. Height changes from h! to h! b dh
1 r h adhb
dS
!
#
#
r b h
kdrk
r
100
. The measurement of the
edge r must have an error less than 1%.

(b) When V r$ , then dV 3r# dr. The accuracy of the volume is dV (100%) 3rr dr (100%)
V
#
r
3 (dr)(100%) 3 100 (100%) 3%
r
r
C
1
, S 41 r #
, and V
4
3
1 r$
C
61
. It also follows that dr
"
#1
dC, dS
2C
1
dC and
dC. Recall that C 10 cm and dC 0.4 cm.

(a) dr 0.4 0.2 cm dr (100%) 0.2 21 (100%) (.04)(100%) 4%
21
1
r
1
10
8
8
1
(b) dS 20 (0.4) 1 cm dS (100%) 1 100 (100%) 8%
1
S
C
21
dV
C
21
123. C 21r r
(0.4)
20
1
61
cm dV (100%) 20 1000 (100%) 12%
V
1
124. Similar triangles yield
35
h
b
a
h 14 ft. The same triangles imply that 20h a 6 h 120ac" b 6
"
2
da c 120 1"# c "#! "# 45 .0444 ft 0.53 inches.
a
"&
#
#
#
dh c120ac# da c
15
6
120
a
10
21
(c) dV
CHAPTER 3 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES

1. (a) sin 2) 2 sin ) cos )
#
d
d)
cos 2) cos ) c sin )

(b) cos 2) cos# ) c sin# )
(sin 2))
d
d)
d
d)
(cos 2))
(2 sin ) cos )) 2 cos 2) 2[(sin ))(csin )) b (cos ))(cos ))]

d
d)
acos# ) c sin# )b c2 sin 2) (2 cos ))(csin )) c (2 sin ))(cos ))
sin 2) cos ) sin ) b sin ) cos ) sin 2) 2 sin ) cos )

2. The derivative of sin (x b a) sin x cos a b cos x sin a with respect to x is cos (x b a) cos x cos a c sin x sin a, which
is also an identity. This principle does not apply to the equation x# c 2x c 8 0, since x# c 2x c 8 0 is not an identity:
it holds for 2 values of x (c2 and 4), but not for all x.
3. (a) f(x) cos x f w (x) csin x f ww (x) ccos x, and g(x) a b bx b cx# gw (x) b b 2cx gww (x) 2c;
also, f(0) g(0) cos (0) a a 1; f w (0) gw (0) csin (0) b b 0; f ww (0) gww (0) ccos (0) 2c
c c " . Therefore, g(x) 1 c " x# .
#
#
(b) f(x) sin (x b a) f w (x) cos (x b a), and g(x) b sin x b c cos x gw (x) b cos x c c sin x; also, f(0) g(0)
sin (a) b sin (0) b c cos (0) c sin a; f w (0) gw (0) cos (a) b cos (0) c c sin (0) b cos a.
Therefore, g(x) sin x cos a b cos x sin a.
(c) When f(x) cos x, f www (x) sin x and f % (x) cos x; when g(x) 1 c " x# , gwww (x) 0 and g% (x) 0. Thus
#
f www (0) 0 gwww (0) so the third derivatives agree at x 0. However, the fourth derivatives do not agree since
f % (0) 1 but g% (0) 0. In case (b), when f(x) sin (x b a) and g(x) sin x cos a b cos x sin a, notice that
f(x) g(x) for all x, not just x 0. Since this is an identity, we have f n (x) gn (x) for any x and any positive
integer n.
4. (a) y sin x yw cos x yww csin x yww b y csin x b sin x 0; y cos x yw csin x
yww ccos x yww b y ccos x b cos x 0; y a cos x b b sin x yw ca sin x b b cos x
yww ca cos x c b sin x yww b y (ca cos x c b sin x) b (a cos x b b sin x) 0
Chapter 3 Additional and Advanced Exercises
163
(b) y sin (2x) yw 2 cos (2x) yww c4 sin (2x) yww b 4y c4 sin (2x) b 4 sin (2x) 0. Similarly,
y cos (2x) and y a cos (2x) b b sin (2x) satisfy the differential equation yw w b 4y 0. In general,
y cos (mx), y sin (mx) and y a cos (mx) b b sin (mx) satisfy the differential equation yww b m# y 0.
5. If the circle (x c h)# b (y c k)# a# and y x# b 1 are tangent at (" #), then the slope of this tangent is
m 2xk (1 2) 2 and the tangent line is y 2x. The line containing (h k) and (" #) is perpendicular to
c " h 5 c 2k the location of the center is (5 c 2k k). Also, (x c h)# b (y c k)# a#
#
x c h b (y c k)yw 0 1 b ayw b# b (y c k)yw w 0 yww

w
1 b ay b
kcy
w
kc2
hc1
y 2x
. At the point (" #) we know
ww
y 2 from the tangent line and that y 2 from the parabola. Since the second derivatives are equal at (" #)
1 b (2)
kc#
we obtain 2
9
#
#
. Then h 5 c 2k c4 the circle is (x b 4)# b y c 9 a# . Since (" #)
#
lies on the circle we have that a
5 5
2
6. The total revenue is the number of people times the price of the fare: r(x) xp x 3 c
x #
, where
40
x <
x
c 40
3 c 40
"
dr
x #
x
dr
0 x 60. The marginal revenue is dx 3 c 40 b 2x 3 c 40 c 40 dx 3
c 2x
40
x
x
dr
3 3 c 40 1 c 40 . Then dx 0 x 40 (since x 120 does not belong to the domain). When 40 people
are on the bus the marginal revenue is zero and the fare is p(40) 3 c
7. (a) y uv
dy
dt
du
dt
x #
40 x 40
$4.00.
v b u dv (0.04u)v b u(0.05v) 0.09uv 0.09y the rate of growth of the total production is
dt
9% per year.
(b) If
du
dt
c0.02u and
dv
dt
0.03v, then
dy
dt
(c0.02u)v b (0.03v)u 0.01uv 0.01y, increasing at 1% per year.
8. When x# b y# 225, then yw c x . The tangent

y
line to the balloon at (12 c9) is y b 9
y
4
3
4
3
(x c 12)
x c 25. The top of the gondola is 15 b 8
23 ft below the center of the balloon. The intersection of y c23 and y 4 x c 25 is at the far
3
right edge of the gondola c23
x
3
#
4
3
x c 25
. Thus the gondola is 2x 3 ft wide.
9. Answers will vary. Here is one possibility.
c10 sin t b 1 a(t)

4
dv
dt
d s
dt
#
ds
dt
10. s(t) 10 cos t b 1 v(t)

4
10
(a) s(0) 10 cos 1
4
c10 cos t b 1
4
(b) Left: c10, Right: 10
164
1
(c) Solving 10 cos t b 1 c10 cos t b 1 c1 t 34 when the particle is farthest to the left.
4
4
1
Solving 10 cos t b 1 10 cos t b 1 1 t c 1 , but t 0 t 21 b c1 74 when the particle
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
is farthest to the right. Thus, v 34 0, v 74 0, a 34 10, and a 74 c10.
(d) Solving 10 cos t b 1 0 t

4
11. (a) s(t) 64t c 16t# v(t)
ds
dt
1
4
v 1 c10, v 1 10 and a 1 !.
4
4
4
64 c 32t 32(2 c t). The maximum height is reached when v(t) 0
t 2 sec. The velocity when it leaves the hand is v(0) 64 ft/sec.

(b) s(t) 64t c 2.6t# v(t) ds 64 c 5.2t. The maximum height is reached when v(t) 0 t 12.31 sec.
dt
The maximum height is about s(12.31) 393.85 ft.
12. s" 3t$ c 12t# b 18t b 5 and s# ct$ b 9t# c 12t v" 9t# c 24t b 18 and v# c3t# b 18t c 12; v" v#
9t# c 24t b 18 c3t# b 18t c 12 2t# c 7t b 5 0 (t c 1)(2t c 5) 0 t 1 sec and t 2.5 sec.
13. m av# c v# b k ax# c x# b m 2v
!
!
dv
dt
k c2x
dx
dt
2x
k c 2v
dv
dt
dx
dt
dv
dt
ckx "
v
2At b B v t
"
dx
dt
bt
#
14. (a) x At# b Bt b C on ct" t# d v
2A t
bt
#
. Then
b B A at" b t# b b B is the
instantaneous velocity at the midpoint. The average velocity over the time interval is vav
at c t b cA at b t b b Bd
t ct
#
#
"
"
aAt b Bt b Cb c aAt b Bt b Cb
t ct
"
"
"
#
"
#
#
dx
dt
ckx, as claimed.
"
v m
dv
dt
substituting
dx
dt
?x
?t
A at# b t" b b B.
(b) On the graph of the parabola x At b Bt b C, the slope of the curve at the midpoint of the interval
ct" t# d is the same as the average slope of the curve over the interval.
b
15. (a) To be continuous at x 1 requires that lim sin x lim (mx b b) 0 m1 b b m c 1 ;
x1
x1
cos x, x 1
(b) If y
is differentiable at x 1, then lim cos x m m c1 and b 1.
x1
m, x 1
w
x!
lim 1 cxcos x 1 b cos x

1 b cos x
x!
" c cos x
x
#
lim sin x
x
x!
! fa!b. f w (0) lim
f(x) c f(0)
xc0
1b" x
cos
cos x
c0
x
x!
"
#
lim
x!
16. faxb is continuous at ! because lim
. Therefore f (0) exists with value
"
#
17. (a) For all a, b and for all x 2, f is differentiable at x. Next, f differentiable at x 2 f continuous at x 2
lim f(x) f(2) 2a 4a c 2b b 3 2a c 2b b 3 0. Also, f differentiable at x 2
c
x2
f w (x)
a, x 2
. In order that f w (2) exist we must have a 2a(2) c b a 4a c b 3a b.
2ax c b, x 2
Then 2a c 2b b 3 0 and 3a b a
3
4
and b
9
4
(b) For x #, the graph of f is a straight line having a slope of
$
%
and passing through the origin; for x #, the graph of f
is a parabola. At x #, the value of the y-coordinate on the parabola is
$
#
which matches the y-coordinate of the point
on the straight line at x #. In addition, the slope of the parabola at the match up point is
$
%
which is equal to the
slope of the straight line. Therefore, since the graph is differentiable at the match up point, the graph is smooth there.
18. (a) For any a, b and for any x c1, g is differentiable at x. Next, g differentiable at x c1 g continuous at
x c1 lim g(x) g(c1) ca c 1 b 2b ca b b b 1. Also, g differentiable at x c1
gw (x)
x c"
a, x c1
. In order that gw (c1) exist we must have a 3a(c1)# b 1 a 3a b 1
3ax# b 1, x c1
ac".
#
Chapter 3 Additional and Advanced Exercises
165
(b) For x c", the graph of g is a straight line having a slope of c " and a y-intercept of ". For x c", the graph of g is
#
a cubic. At x c", the value of the y-coordinate on the cubic is
$
#
which matches the y-coordinate of the point
on the straight line at x c". In addition, the slope of the cubic at the match up point is c " which is equal to the
#
slope of the straight line. Therefore, since the graph is differentiable at the match up point, the graph is smooth there.
(f(x)) f w (cx)(c1) f w (x) f w (cx) cf w (x) f w is odd.

f(x) g(x) c f(x ) g(x )
xcx
c g(x
f(x
x lim f(x) g(x) c x ) b x lim g(x! ) f(x) c x )
x
xc
x
x
!
f(x) g(x) c f(x) g(x ) b f(x) g(x ) c f(x ) g(x )

xcx
x lim
x
x lim
x
h(x) c h(x )
xcx
!
21. Let h(x) (fg)(x) f(x) g(x) hw (x) x lim

x
d
dx
(cf(x)) f w (cx)(c1) cf w (x) f w (cx) f w (x) f w is even.
(f(cx))
d
dx
d
dx
20. f even f(cx) f(x)
(f(cx))
d
dx
19. f odd f(cx) cf(x)
g(x
f(x! ) x lim g(x) c g(x ) b g(x! ) f w (x! ) 0 x lim g(x) c x ) b g(x! ) f w (x! ) g(x! ) f w (x! ), if g is
xcx
xc
x
x
!
continuous at x! . Therefore (fg)(x) is differentiable at x! if f(x! ) 0, and (fg)w (x! ) g(x! ) f w (x! ).
22. From Exercise 21 we have that fg is differentiable at 0 if f is differentiable at 0, f(0) 0 and g is continuous at 0.
(a) If f(x) sin x and g(x) kxk , then kxk sin x is differentiable because f w (0) cos (0) 1, f(0) sin (0) 0
and g(x) kxk is continuous at x 0.
(b) If f(x) sin x and g(x) x#$ , then x#$ sin x is differentiable because f w (0) cos (0) 1, f(0) sin (0) 0
and g(x) x#$ is continuous at x 0.
(c) If f(x) 1 c cos x and g(x) $ x, then $ x (1 c cos x) is differentiable because f w (0) sin (0) 0,
f(0) 1 c cos (0) 0 and g(x) x"$ is continuous at x 0.
"
(d) If f(x) x and g(x) x sin " , then x# sin x is differentiable because f w (0) 1, f(0) 0 and
x
sin x
lim x sin " lim

x
"
x!
"
x!
lim
t_
sin t
t
0 (so g is continuous at x 0).
"
23. If f(x) x and g(x) x sin " , then x# sin x is differentiable at x 0 because f w (0) 1, f(0) 0 and
x
sin x
"
lim x sin " lim

x
x!
"
x!
lim
t_
sin t
t
0 (so g is continuous at x 0). In fact, from Exercise 21,
"
"
hw (0) g(0) f w (0) 0. However, for x 0, hw (x) <x# cos " c x b 2x sin x . But
x
"
"
lim hw (x) lim <ccos " b 2x sin x does not exist because cos x has no limit as x 0. Therefore,
x
#
x!
x!
the derivative is not continuous at x 0 because it has no limit there.

24. From the given conditions we have f(x b h) f(x) f(h), f(h) c 1 hg(h) and lim g(h) 1. Therefore,
h!
lim f(x) f(h)hc 1 f(x) lim g(h) f(x) 1 f(x)

h!
h!
f w (x) f(x) and f axbexists at every value of x.
25. Step 1: The formula holds for n 2 (a single product) since y u" u#
dy
dx
du
dx
"
f(x) f(h) c f(x)

h
h!
lim
u# b u"
du
dx
f(xbh) c f(x)
h
h!
w
f w (x) lim
Step 2: Assume the formula holds for n k:

du
duk
dx u$ uk b b u" u# uk-1 dx
If y u" u# uk uk 1 au" u# uk b uk 1 , then dy d(u u uk ) uk 1 b u" u# uk duk 1
dx
dx
dx
du u# u$ uk b u" du u$ uk b b u" u# uk 1 duk uk 1 b u" u# uk duk 1
dx
dx
dx
dx
du u# u$ uk 1 b u" du u$ uk 1 b b u" u# uk 1 duk uk 1 b u" u# uk duk 1 .
dx
dx
dx
dx
u# u$ uk b u"
# "
du
dx
"
dy
dx
y u" u# uk
"
"
Thus the original formula holds for n (kb1) whenever it holds for n k.
166
26. Recall m
k
m!
m!
m!
m!
m
m m
k! (m c k)! . Then 1 1! (m c 1)! m and k b k b 1 k! (m c k)! b (k b 1)! (m c k c 1)!
m! (k b 1) b m! (m c k)
m! (m b 1)
(m b 1)!
b1
(k b 1)! (m c k)! (k b 1)! ((m b 1) c (k b 1))! mb 1 . Now, we prove
(k b 1)! (m c k)!
k
Leibniz's rule by mathematical induction.

Step 1: If n 1, then
d(uv)
dv
du
dx u dx b v dx . Assume that the statement is true for n k, that is:
k
k
dk (uv)
dk u
dk u dv
dk v
k d u d v
k du d v
dxk dxk v b k dxk dx b 2 dxk dx b b k c 1 dv dxk b u dxk .
k
k
k
k
k
k
(uv)
d
If n k b 1, then d dx(uv) dx d dxk < d k u v b d u dv b k d u dv b k d k u d v
k
dx
dxk dx
dxk dx
dx
dx
"c
"c
"b
"b
"b
d u dk v
dx dxk
#
#c
#c
"c
"c
k
b k c1
du dk u
dx dxk
k
dk v
dk u
dk
dk
dxk u v b (k b 1) dxu dv b < k b k d k u d v b
k
dxk b u dxk
dx
1
2
dx
dx
k
k
du dk
dk
dk dv
dk
d
< k c 1 b k dx dxv b u dxk v d k u v b (k b 1) dxu dx b k b 1 dxk u dxv
k
k
k
dx
2
k
k b 1 du dk v
d v
k
dx dxk b u dxk .
"c
"c
"b
"b
"b
"c
"c
"b
"b
"b
"b
"b
"b
"b
k
b b k c 1
dk u d v
dxk dx
"c
"c
"b
b < du
dx
b k
2
"c
"c
dk u d v
dxk dx
"c
"c
b k
2
#c
#c
Step 2:
Therefore the formula (c) holds for n (k b 1) whenever it holds for n k.

L
#1
L;
g
a1 sec ba32.2 ft/sec b

41
dT
#1
g
"
dL
# L
L 0.8156 ft
1
Lg dL;
dT
1
a!)"&' ftba32.2 ft/sec b a!!"
#
T g
41
(b) T#
41 L
g
41 L
g
27. (a) T#
ftb 0.00613 sec.
#
#
(c) Since there are 86,400 sec in a day, we have a0.00613 secba86,400 sec/dayb 529.6 sec/day, or 8.83 min/day; the
clock will lose about 8.83 min/day.
c#k. If s! the initial length of the cube's side, then s" s! c #k
!
"" hr.
s
s cs
"
"
"c
av b
!
%
$" $
s
#k
av b
c v
$"
#k s! c s" . Let t the time it will take the ice cube to melt. Now, t
ds
dt
! %
$
$s# ds cka's# b
dt
$"
dv
dt
$"
28. v s$

122 Chapter 3 Differentiation

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122

0. The tangent at (c1 !) is y c 0 c1(x b 1),

36. y tan x yw sec# x slope of tangent at x c 1

is sec# 1 4. The tangent

the tangent at the point

38. y 1 b cos x yw csin x slope of tangent at

x c 1 is csin c 1 #3 ; slope of tangent at x

is y c 3 #3 x b 1 ; the tangent at the point

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 3.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

44. We want all points on the curve y cot x where

(a) When x 1 , then yw c1; the tangent line is y cx b

(b) To find the location of the horizontal tangent set y 0 1 c 2 cos x 0 x

(a) If x 1 , then yw c4; the tangent line is y c4x b 1 b 4.

then y 2 is the horizontal tangent.

1 b cos (1 csc x) 1 b cos 1 csc c 1 1 b cos a1 ac2bb 2

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

53. lim tan 1 c

55. s 2 c 2 sin t v ds c2 cos t a dv 2 sin t j da 2 cos t. Therefore, velocity v 1

ccos t b sin t. Therefore

lim 9 sin 3x sin 3x 9 so that f is continuous at x 0 lim f(x) f(0) 9 c.

57. lim f(x) lim

lim g(x) b 1. Now g is not differentiable at x 0: At x 0, the left-hand derivative is

(x b b) x = 0 1, but the right-hand derivative is

56. s sin t b cos t v

(cos x) x=0 csin 0 0. The left- and right-hand

(cos x) cos x the derivative of cos x any number of times that is a

multiple of 4 is cos x. Thus, dividing 999 by 4 gives 999 249 4 b 3

(cos x)(0) c (1)(csin x)

(sin x)(0) c (1)(cos x)

(sec x) sec x tan x

(sin x)(csin x) c (cos x)(cos x)

(csc x) ccsc x cot x

60. (a) y sec x

(cos x) sin x because

61. (a) t 0 x 10 cosa0b 10 cm; t

62. (a) t 0 x 3 cosa0b b 4 sina0b 3 ft; t

x 3 cos 1 b 4 sin 1 4 ft;

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 3.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

is true as h takes on the values of c1, c0.5, c0.3 and c0.1.

lim sin (x b h) c sin x

cos x. The same

closer and closer to the black curve y csin x because

The dashed curves of y

The dashed curves of y

lim 0 0 the limits of the centered difference quotient exists even

though the derivative of f(x) kxk does not exist at x 0.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

67. y tan x yw sec# x, so the smallest value

68. y cot x yw ccsc# x so yw has no smallest

at y 2, since lim sinx2x 2; y sinx4x appears to

However, none of these graphs actually cross the y-axis

c3, and lim

approach 5, c3, and k, respectively, as

x 0. However, the graphs do not actually cross the

0, whether h is measured in degrees or radians.

(sin x cos h b cos x sin h) c sin x

(sin x) lim cos h c 1 b (cos x) lim sin h

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 3.6 The Chain Rule

(cos x)(cos h c 1) c sin x sin h

(cos x cos h c sin x sin h) c cos x