Terms in Linguistics and Literature

epistrophe the repetition of a word or words at the end of two or more successive verses, clauses, or sentences [also known as: epiphora] the simultaneous use of anaphora and epistrophe describing multiple expressions in the same text referring to the same thing (the same referent) the use of an expression to refer to something within the same text (intralinguistic) the use of an expression to refer to something not explicit in the same text (extralinguistic) 1. the repetition of a word or words at the beginning of two or more successive verses, clauses, or sentences [also known as: epanaphora] 2. an instance of an expression referring to another a word used to prevent repetition (eg. a pronoun) [also known as: anaphor] a. strictly, this expression refers to an earlier expression (compare cataphora) cataphora epistrophe an expression referring to a later expression in the same text the repetition of a word or words at the end of two or more successive verses, clauses, or sentences [also known as: epiphora] in English there are two reciprocal anaphors, each other and one another the rhythm, stress, and intonation of connected speech articulated with the tongue touching or close to the alveolar ridge a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators (eg. teeth, tongue, lips) close together a representation of a word or phrase by pictures, symbols, etc. (usually homophones) that suggest that word or phrase or its syllables using existing symbols, such as pictograms, purely for their sounds regardless of their meaning, to represent new words a predicate is a part of a sentence which modifies its subject; in linguistic semantics, a predicate is an expression that can be true of something; in logic, an element of { | is an object for which the predicate is true an exclamatory figure of speech directed at someone not present, or a personified object or idea a figure of speech in which a whole is used to refer to a part or vice versa, or something specific is used to refer to something general or vice versa, or a

symploce coreferent

endophora

exophora

anaphora

reciprocal anaphor prosody alveolar fricative

rebus

the Rebus Principle

predicate

apostrophe

synecdoche

material is used to refer to an object composed of it metonymy a figure of speech in which an object or concept is referred to not by its own name, but that of another object or concept intimately related to it a stylistic scheme in which conjunctions are omitted from a series of related clauses (the grammatical term is parataxis) a stylistic trope where a word is repeated with a different meaning each time the misapplication of a word, especially in a mixed metaphor a figure of speech in which two or more clauses are related to each other through a reversal of structures (ie. inverted parallelism) the description of one kind of sense impression by using words that normally describe another the repetition at the start of a clause a word or words used at the end of the previous clause (a feature of chiamus) a figure of repetition involving a series of synonymous words or phrases a subject of a sentence which is syntactically independent consisting of its own subject and a predicate containing at least one finite verb the name of a place or personal name used within that place or for that person by the local inhabitants [also known as: self-appellation, autonym] the name of a place or personal name not used within that place or for that person by the local inhabitants a non-standard grammatical usage/error in speech; any mistake/impropriety the inversion of normal syntactical patterns a direct address to someone not present (direct address to a muse = invocation) a balance of contrasting terms with parallel grammatical structure in linguistics, the absence of a linguistic element in a position in which one previously existed or might be expected to exist (often represented by ) a word used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate (in English, mainly the verb to be) [also: linking verb, passive verb] a phenomenon in which a subject is joined to its predicate without a copula the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning [in spoken language: phoneme; in written language: grapheme] a linguistic theory which attempts to identify syntactic features presumably common to all sentences in all languages (proposed by Chomsky)

asyndeton

antanaclasis catachresis chiasmus

synesthesia

anadiplosis

scesis onomaton sentential subject

endonym

exonym

solecism anastrophe apostrophe antithesis zero

copula

zero copula morpheme

X-bar theory

ekphrasis metrical feet

the graphic or dramatic description of a visual work of art iamb: unstressed/stressed; trochee: stressed/unstressed; spondee: stressed/stressed; pyrrhic/dibrach: unstressed/unstressed; dactyl: stressed/unstressed/unstressed; anapaest: unstressed/unstressed/stressed the inversion of a foot, reversing the order of its elements a slip of the tongue [Freudian slip] the placing together of sentences, clauses or phrases without conjunctive word/s lack of grammatical coherence (in a sentence) modification of a word to express grammatical categories the inflection of verbs the inflection of nouns/adjectives/pronouns where grammatical category/relationship is expressed by a free morpheme (a separate word) rather than through inflection of the word itself an elliptical construction in which a verb phrase has been left out (elided) the contraction of a word by omitting one or more sounds from the middle loan translation; a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation a complete stop in a line of poetry, especially in the middle [sense pause]; any pause or interruption

anaclasis parapraxis parataxis anacoluthia inflection conjugation declension periphrasis

verb phrase ellipsis syncope calque

caesura