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MECHANICAL COMPONENTS
S E C T I O N 27
CREATIVE
10 Ways to Amplify Mechanical Movements 10 Ways to Amplify Mechanical Action
How to Damp Axial and Rotational Motion
27-2 27-4 27-6 27-8 27-10 27-12 27- 14 27- 16 27- 18 27-20 27-21 27-22 27-23
8 Snap-Action Devices
Make Diaphragms Work for You Control-Locks Thwart Vibration and Shock liquid level Mechanisms, Indicators and Controllers Liquid Level Indicators and Controllers Hangers Put Up by Hand Assemble Sheetmetal with Sheetmetal Devices for Indexing or Holding Mechanical Movements Slash Errors with Sensitive Balance Rotary Piston Engine
27-2
10 Ways to Amplify
Mechanical Movements
How levers, membranes, cams, and gears are arranged to measure, weigh, gage, adjust, and govern.
Federico Strasser
HIGH AMPLIFICATION f o r simple measuring instruments is provided b y double lever acfion. Accuracy can be as high
ab
Bridge lever
-Spring
0.0001 in.
PIVOTED LEVERS allow extremely sensitive action in compardtof-type memuring device shown here. The range, however, is sniall.
Corn t o l l o w e r 7
ULTRA-HIGH AMPLIFICATION, w i t h only one lever, is provided in the Hirth-Minimeter shown here. Again, thc range is siiinll.
Aujusftng corn-
A@bsfing
Section through A - A
-Worm
qeur
MICROSCOPIC ADJUSTMENT is achieved liere 112 employing ;I large eccentric-c;iiit cotipled ((I :I worni-gear drive. Snioolli, f i i i e udjuslnienl result.
Creative Assemblies
27-3
/ever or beum
CAPSULE UNIT for gaspressure indicators should be provided with a compression spring to preload the membrane for more positive action.
Sfeelyord rod-
LEVER ACTUATED \+eighscale needs no springs to niaiciVain balance. The lever system, mounted on knife edges, is extremely sensitive.
gear m d p/nfon
QUADRANT-GEAR AND PINION couplctt to an l,-le\cr providc wiiple mot rniriit of indicirttrr needle for snisll chiu~gcs in go\rrnor speed.
27-4
Levers, wires, hair, and metal bands are arranged to give high velocity ratios for adjusting and measuring.
Federico Strasser
Ius
Geared lever
LEVER
AND
GEAR
train amplify the microscope control-knob movement. Knife edges provide frictionless pivots for lever.
DfAL INDICATOR starts with rack and pinion amplified by gear train. The return-spring takes out backlash.
Moveme
Curved lever
spring
ball
measuring face
Or
CURVED LEVER is so shaped and pivoted that the force exerted on the stylus rod, and thus stylus pressure, remains constant.
ZElSS COMPARATOR is
provided with a special lever to move the stylus clear of the work. A steel ball greatly reduces friction.
HOT-WIRE AMMETER
relies on the thermal expansion of a current-canying wire. A relatively large needle movement occurs.
Creative Assemblies
27-5
Sfeel
HYGROMETER actuated by a hair. When humidity causes expansion of the hair, its movement is amplified by a lever.
mit movement without the slightest backlash. The movement is amplified by differences in diameter.
METAL BAND is twisted and supported at each end. Small movement of contact sphere produces large needle movement.
Suppoff bushing
+b --+
ACCURACY of YU'squares
TORSIONAL deflection of
can be checked with a device shown here. The rod makes the error much more apparent.
the short arm is transmitted with low friction to the longer arm for micrometer measurement.
27-6
CI
two sides of the piston controls speed at which fluid can flow when piston is moved.
CHECK VALVE in piston lets speed be controlled so that the piston moves faster in one direction than in the other.
ROTATING VANES are resisted by the air a9 they revolve. Make allowance for sudden stops by providing a spring.
SWlNGlNG VANES create increased wind drag as centrifugal force opens them to a larger radius.
Creative Assemblies
27-7
screw
A
PNEUMATIC CHECK VALVE acts i n manner similar to that of previous device. Vertical position, of course, is necessary. FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGM controls short movements. Speed is fast in one direction, but greatly slowed in return direction.
-.
'I LJ
Magnet
UI
VANE AREA INCREASES when the spring-loaded vanes swing out. Forces differ for niotion into or against the wind.
EDDY CURRENTS are induced in disk when it is moved through a magnetic field. Braking is directly proportiona1 to speed.
27-8
8 Snap-Action Devices
A further selection of basic arrangements for obtaining
sudden motion after gradual buildup of force.
Peter
C.Noy
Acfuofing force
Preload force
1
Torsion ribbon
bent as shown will turn "inside out" at A with a snap action when twisted at 6. Design factors are ribbon width and thickness, and bend ongle.
...
Resef
2
Collapsing cylinder
has elastic walls that may be deformed gradually until their stress changes from compressive to bending with the resultant collapse of the cylinder
...
3
Bowed spring
...
Y
4
Flap vane
Adjus fment
will collapse into new shape when loaded as shown. "Push-pull" type of steel measuring tape illustrates this action; the curved material stiffens the tape so that it can be held out as a cantilever until excessive weight causes it to collapse suddenly.
...
is for air or liquid flow cutoff at a limiting velocity. With a regulating valve, vane will snap shut (because of increased velocity) when pressure is ieduced below a certain value.
Creative Assemblies
27-9
Fusible link
Closed container,
6
Gravity-tips
...
5
Sacrificing link
IS
used generally where high heat or chemically corrosivc conditions would be hazardous -if temperature becomes too high, or atmosphere too corrosive, link will yield at whatever conditions it is designed for. Usually the device is required to act only once, although a device like the lower one is quickly reset but restricted to temperature control.
...
aithough slower acting than most snap mechanisms, can t.r called snap mechanisms because they require an accumulation of energy to trigger an automatic release. Tippingtroughs used to spread sewage exemplify arrangement shown in A, once overbalanced, action is fast.
re
8
W
Overcentering leaf-spring
...
7
Overcentering tension
...
spring combined with pivoted contact-strip is one arrangement among many similar ones used in switches. Arrangement shown here i s somewhat unusual, since the actuating force bears on the spring itself.
action i s also the basis for many ingenious snap-action switches used for electrical control. Sometimes spring action is combined with the thermostatic action of a bimetal strip to make the switch respond to heat or cold either for control purposes or as a safety feature.
27- 1 0
A /nospheric
pressure
connecfi
Oil
lnlef
Pressure
possoge
Expansion compensator for liquid-filled systems handles thermal expansion of the liquid as well as any system losses.
A balanced valve uses a fabric-elastomer diaphragm to hydrostatically balance the valve poppet as well as the valve head.
-Diaphragm
Rubber dust
SOl
Spring
Linear actuator converts gas or fluid pressure into a linear stroke without leakage or break-out friction effects.
Creative Assemblies
27- 11
,Diuphragms
. Piston
Double-acting actuator provides for thrust in either direction by placing two diaphragm assemblies back to back.
Diap n raynm
Regulating valve controls the value ot air pressure by means of a diaphragm-balanced valve and two control diaphragms.
Double-acting pump has two diaphragms to give smooth and continuous flow of fluid to equipment at a safe working pressure.
Diaphragm
'
u+I
Shaft
Shaft seal uses lubricant pressure to force the sidewall of the diaphragm to roll against the shaft and housing.
Damping mechanism prevents abrupt or sudden motion in a machine. Damping amount is controlled by orifice size.
27- 12
Control-Locked Thwart
Critical adjustments stay put-safe against accidental turning or deliberate fiddling with them.
Wood JR.
a..SPLIT YOKE clamps on shaft when eccentric squeezes ends of yoke together. Knurled knob is handy for constant use, and eliminates need for tool. Another advantage is high torque capacity. But this design needs considerable space on panel.
w
Clamp knob
FINGER springs into place between gear te h at turn of cam. Although gear lock is ideally suited for right-angle drives, size of teeth limits positioning accuracy.
Knurled
Split
3,.SPLIT
'
BUSHING tightens on control shaft, because knurled knob has tapered thread. Bushing also mounts control to panel, so requires just one hole. Lever, like knob, does away with tools, but locks tighter and faster. For controls adjusted infrequently, hex nut turns a fault into an advantage. Although it takes a wrench to turn the nut, added difficulty guards against knobtwisters.
Control shaft
Hex nut-'
Creative Assemblies
27-13
4 . . CONSTANT D R A G of tapered collar on shaft makes control stiff, so it doesnt need locking and unlocking. Compressed lip both seals out dust and keeps molded locking nut from rotating.
5 . T O N G U E slides in groove, clamps down on edge of dial. If clamp is not tight, it can scratch the face.
6 , . SPOT-BRAKE clamp is self-locking, which means it takes two hands to make an adjustment, one to hold the clamp open and one to turn the dial.
27- 14
perature a n d pressure. Methods using electric resistance of a column of liquid and measurement of pressure changes by means of piezo-electric crystals are not shown. Patent No. 2,162,180 describes a method involving determination of change in air pressure when a measured volume nf air is introduced into a tank.
&
Sfof for f i o a t
-Ffoaf chamber
counterweighf ann
1
flfi
Bourdon tube sqpporfs magnefic core in resista7ce coils i Y (Magnefic core _.- : i t m a v b e ~ u d ~
I/ tube)
mercury
I M II
/ndicafor or recorder--- -
<i----r
F/ouf---,
.
I
_-__---------.-.-.-.-
Creative Assemblies
:---F/oafing
frigerunf sdmpling reservoir
27-15
Double bdancing mechanism fUfs mercury swifcbes for u/arms when refri eranf i s be/ow eifher operufing or idle &e/s
- -Groo ves
Fig.11 -Automatic
Battery Filler
Back
Front
27- 16
I m l
Bubbler fixture
&Air
supply
DXAPHRAQM ACTUATED INDICATOR. Can be used with a n y kind of liquid, whether it be flowing, turbulent, or
carrying solid matter. Recorder can be mounted above or belnw the level of the tank or reservoir.
BUBBLER TYPE RECORDER measures height E. can be used with a 1 1 kinds of liquids, including those carrying solids. Small amount of air is bled into submerged pipe. Gage measures pressure of air that displaces fluid.
I I i L/,51
BELLOWS ACTUATED
INDICATOR.
connecting tubing are fllled with incompressible fluid. Change in liquid level 'displaces transmitting bellows and pointer.
ELECTRICAL T Y P E LEVEL CONTROLLER. Positions of probes determine duration of pump operation. When liquid touches upper probe, relay operates and puinp stops. Through auxiliary contacts, lower pmbe Provides relay holding cdrrent until liquid drops below It.
op-ociing switch
/--
-- - -
To float in
Minneapolis- Honeywell
ion&
___-Indicator and tank U n i t are connected by a single wire. As liquid level in tank increases, brush contact on tank rheostat moves to the rlght, introducing an increasing amount of resistance into circuit that grounds the "F" coil. Displacement o f needle from empty mark Is proportional to the amount of resistance introduced into this circuit.
AUTOMOTIVE TYPE LIQUID LEVEL INDICATOR.
mined level, float actuates switch through horseshoe-shape arm. Switch can operate valve or pump, as required.
Creative Assemblies
27-17
Recorder
Counterweighf
'rope
yoot
float chamber
Minmaplis Mneywell
Pointer can be a t t w h e d to a calibrated float tape to give a n approximate hstantaneous indication of fluld level.
DIFFERENTIAL P R E S S U R E SYSTEM.
When liquid level is normal, common-to-right leg circuit of mercury switch is closed. When level drops to predetermined level. magnetic Piston is drawn below the magnetic field.
Applicable to liquids under pressure. Measuring element is mercury manometer. Mechanical or electric meter body can be used. Seal pots protect meter body.
r-7
t of ocfuofing,
element
-_PA
Pressure gouge
Mimqoofis-HmRywrll
Inexpensive, direct-reading gage has dial calibruted to tank volume. Comparable type as far as simplicity I s concerned h a s needle connected through a right-angle a r m to float. As liquid level drops, float rotates the a r m and the needle.
DIRECT READING FLOAT TYPE GAGE.
of liquid head is imposed directly upon actuating element of pressure gage. Center line of the actuating element must conincide wlth the minimum level line if the gage i s to read zero when the liquid reaches the minlhum level.
Heoter wirerank
Bimetal strip
- ---
-Float
7 ,
BIMETALLIC TYPE INDICATOR. When tank is empty, contacts in tank unit just touch. With switch closed, heaters cause both bimetallic strips to bend. This opens contacts in tank and bimetals cool, closing circuit again. Cycle repeats about once per s e a As Hqutd level increases. float forces cam to bend tank bimetal. Action is simllar to previous case, but current and needle displacement are increased.
SWITCH ACTUATED LEVEL CONTROLLER. Pump is actuated by switch. Float pivots magnet 40 that
upper pole attracts switch contact. Tank wall serves as other contact.
27-18
CLIP is most secure when tubing of right size helps keep it spread. To install, hook one side over edge of slot and spring in other side.
EDGE HANGER doesnt have to be sprung, but requires enough clearance above holes so that ends can be pushed down through.
RAMPS cam split end together as hanger is pushed into slot. Ends spread again when notches engage sheet.
Small end enters large slot first, then tilts over into smaller, close-fitting slot.
Creative Assemblies
27- 19
short tail which snaps into hole drilled through the side.
DOUBLE HANGER supports two tubes 8s they pass through divider. While tubes are in place hanger cant come out.
COIL grips edges of T- or I-section or flat bar. Spreading the ends wraps wire tightly around tubing to prevent vibration.
END PIECE supports pipe between waUs of any thickness. First spring it over pipe, then slide it along pipe into holes.
27-20
Sheetmetal
These sheetmetal parts join sheetmetal quickly with the simplest of tools.
L. Kasper
SQUEEZE CLIP holds two overlapping sheets together. The ends of the clip are pushed through parallel slots, then bent over much like a staple.
ALIGNING PIECE slides up out of the way in long slot while butting sheets are being positioned. Afterwards it slips down over lower sheet.
ESS supports shelf between uprights, By mating with notched edge it acts as a key to keep shelf from sliding back and forth. and provides positive location,
CUP carries a bar on both sides of divider. Here bars stick up above the top, but deeper cutout will lower them until they are flush or sunk.
Creative Assemblies
27-21
detent
ROLLER DETENT POSITIONS IN A NOTCH: Ntana 1-cos RISE, S z= 2 COS a ROLLER RADIUS, R =
( -ivy,
.)( 1
COSa
-cOSa
Re foihihg
Din
Puf/ h o b to release
IN
27-22
SENSITIVITY OF BALANCE is independent of temperature fluctuations. To keep the center of gravity constant, two temperature-sensitive elements are riveted to aluminumalloy balance beam, bridging a slot which is directly over the balance point. Their coefficient of expansion compensates for beam deflection caused by variations in temperature.
Enclosed in a cylindrical canister at the rear of the balance beam is a vane that damps its movement, preventing oscillation. The hanger at the front of the scale carries sets of ring weights which are lifted by camoperated levers. The shafts on which the cams are mounted are connected to the mechanical readout. The scale in effect weighs by sub-
traction since it is balanced, when empty, by all the ring weights resting on the hanger. To weigh an unknown, the ring weights are lifted from the hanger. The sum o f the raised weights is shown on the mechanical counter, which displays the first three digits. The complete total is displayed by the mechanical plus the optical system that projects through the reticle.
Creative Assemblies
27-23
Exploded drawing of engine illustrates the many standard mechanical components that are arranged to preform a function in a new way.
27-24
25
\ i
1
.
1
I
FIG. 3
Figure 2
7
>
Figure 3
41
42