Translators will always be needed.

Without them, there would be no summit talks, no Olympic Games, no international festivals and so on. And who is to do this work? Either the professionals, or the students of language

DEFINITIONS OF TRANSLATION
Translation does not only change the source language to the target language but more sophisticated it also changes the grammar and the meaning. So what has been written by translator has the same meaning with the authors idea in the target language. Translation is a process of converting from source language to target language and there is no biased meaning between source language and target language.

 Nida and Taber (1969): translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Penerjemahan adalah usaha mencipta kembali pesan dalam bahasa sumber kedalam bahasa sasaran dengan padanan alami yang sedekat mungkin, pertama-tama dalam hal makna dan kemudian gayabahasanya.

 Brislin (1976): translation is the general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another language (target), whether the languages are in written or oral form; whether the languages have established orthographies or do not have such standardization or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with sign languages of the deaf. Penerjemahan adalah istilah umum yang mengacu pada proses pengalihan buah pikiran dan gagasan dari satu bahasa ke bahasa lain, baik dalam bentuk tulisan maupun lisan; baik kedua bahasa tersebut telah mempunyai system penulisan yang telah baku ataupun belum, baik salah satu atau keduanya didasarkan pada isyarat sebagaimana bahasa isyarat orang tuna rungu.

 Newmark (1988:32) defines translation as the super ordinate term for converting the meaning of any source language utterance to the target language. Translasi merupakan istilah superordinat untuk menerjemahkan makna ungkapan bahasa sumber apapun ke dalam bahasa sasaran.

TL & SL CHARACTERISTICS
Identifying the complex structure of modification or compound words occurring in the sentence. Complex compound words usually occur as a subject or an object in a sentence. The complex compound words give the impression that the sentence is complicated and difficult to translate. However, when the students have been trained to identify these complex construction they will find it not as difficult as it appears. In translation , they will use their knowledge that the compound word in English has a reversed order in Indonesian. Below is the kinds compound words to be identified and correctly translated:

1. Adjective as a Modifier
English Indonesian Adjective + Noun Noun + Adjective Beautiful + lady . wanita + cantik ( please note that we wanita kaya yang cantik can have more than one ( please note that adjective as a modifier) addition of yang is necessary to make the Beautiful rich lady Tl more natural )

2. Noun as a Modifier
Noun can modify noun. When two nouns or more occur one after the other, we have to treat the last noun in the English construction as the HEAD to be translated into Indonesian HEAD which is but in the initial position

English Noun1 + Noun2 Bank + manager

Indonesian Noun 2+Noun1 manajer + bank ( Please note that we can have more than one noun as a modifier )

3. Combination of Noun and Adjective as a Modifier

English Adjective + Noun+ Noun Wise +company+ director Indonesian Noun +Noun+ Adjective Direktur + perusahaan + Yang bijaksana

4. Noun + ed as a Modifier
Some students may only know that suffix ed can only be attached to verb. But in reality it can be attached to Noun, functioning as modifier which means possessing

English Indonesian Adjective + N-ed + N Noun + ber-Noun + Adj Long + haired +girl gadis + berambut + panjang One +celled + organism organisme + bersel + Satu
Here if numerical adjective ( number ) is used with noun indicating time, measurement or currency , there is an addition of word as an adjustment to make the TL natural. The additional word refers to the modifier ( Noun)

 English Numeral + Noun + Noun One day seminar Three gallon tank Two meter fence Five dollar book

Indonesian
Noun + Yang Numeral + Noun Seminar yangberlangsung satu hari or seminar sehari tangki berisi tiga gallon pagar yang panjangnya dua meter

buku seharga limadollar (dollar indicates cost )

6. Verb as a Modifier Here there are two kinds of verb functioning as modifier : Present participle and Past participle
a. Present Participle as a Modifier When presents participle ( V ing ) functions as a modifier, it has an active meaning, which is equivalent to me in Indonesian

English V-ing + Noun Boiling + water Satisfying + result

Indonesian Noun + me ( N) Verb air + mendidih hasil + yang + memuaskan ( the word yang is added to make the construction more natural )

Past Participle as a Modifier When past participle ( V-en or V. III ) function as a modifier, it has a passive meaning, which is equivalent to di, ter or ber in Indonesian.

English V-en ( V3) + Noun Integrated + system Fried + rice

Indonesian Noun + ber/ter/di Verb Sistem + terpadu nasi + yang digoreng

7. Combination of Verb and Noun as a Modifier

English Noun + Verb-ing + Noun Disease + causing + microbe Noun + Verb-en + Noun State + owned + company Indonesian Noun + yang Me ( pe ) + Noun Mikroba + penyebab + penyakit Noun + yang di/ter/ber + Noun perusahaan + yang dimiliki + Negara ( to be more naturan : perusahaan milik Negara)

Silahkan merujuk pada sri endah tabiati

Principles of translation:
Here are some guidelines on how to help the students evaluate their own work. The principles are adapted from Frederick Fuller: The Translators Handbook.

1. Meaning
The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the original text. Ask yourself: a. is the meaning of the original text clear? if not, where does the uncertainty lie? b. are any words 'loaded', that is, are there any underlying implications? c. is the dictionary meaning of a particular word the most suitable one?

2. Form
The ordering of words and ideas in the translation should match the original as closely as possible. (This is particularly important in translating legal documents, guarantees, contracts. etc.) But differences in language structure often require changes in the form and order of words.

3. Register
Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in a given context. Consider: a. - would any expression in the original sound too formal / informal, cold/warm, personal/impersonal . . . if translated literally? b. - what is the intention of the speaker or writer? (to persuade/ dissuade, apologize/criticize?) Does this come through in the translation?

4. Source Language Influence

One of the most frequent criticisms of translation is that 'it doesn't sound natural'. A good way of shaking off the source language (SL) influence is to set the text aside and translate a few sentences aloud, from memory. This will suggest natural patterns of thought in the target language (TL), which may not come to mind when the eye is fixed on the SL text.

5. Style and Clarity

The translator should not change the style of the original. But if the text is sloppily written, or full of tedious repetitions, the translator may, for the reader's sake, correct the defects.

6. Idiom
Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable. If the expressions cannot be directly translated, try any of the specific methods of transferring the meaning of the idioms. The golden rule is: if the idiom does not work in the TL, do not force it into the translation.

TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES
First of all, quickly translate these sentences from English to Spanish (or vice versa). Copy the exercise into a new Word document and type in your translations. You will need them later. 1. 2. 3.

 One widely-accepted list of translation techniques is outlined briefly below (Fawcett, 1997:34-41)

1. Borrowing
This means taking words straight into another language. Borrowed terms often pass into general usage, for example in the fields of technology ("software") and culture ("punk"). Borrowing can be for different reasons, with the examples below being taken from usage rather than translated texts: the target language has no (generally used) equivalent. For example, the first man-made satellites were Soviet, so for a time they were known in English as "sputniks". the source language word sounds "better" (more specific, fashionable, exotic or just accepted), even though it can be translated. For example, Spanish IT is full or terms like "soft[ware]", and Spanish accountants talk of "overheads", even though these terms can be translated into Spanish. to retain some "feel" of the source language. For example, from a recent issue of The Guardian newspaper: "Madrileos are surprisingly unworldly."

2. Calque
This is a literal translation at phrase level. Sometimes calques work, sometimes they don't. You often see them in specialized, internationalized fields such as quality assurance (aseguramiento de calidad, assurance qualit, Qualittssicherung...).

3. Literal Translation
Just what it says - "El equipo est trabajando para acabar el informe" - "The team is working to finish the report". Again, sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn't. For example, the Spanish sentence above could not be translated into French or German in the same way - you would have to use technique no. 4...

4. Transposition
This is the mechanical process whereby parts of speech "play musical chairs" (Fawcett's analogy) when they are translated. Grammatical structures are not often identical in different languages. "She likes swimming" translates as "Le gusta nadar" (not "nadando") - or in German, "Sie schwimmt gern", because gerunds and infinitives work in different ways in English and Spanish, and German is German (bringing in an adverb to complicate matters). Transposition is often used between English and Spanish because of the preferred position of the verb in the sentence: English wants the verb up near the front; Spanish can have it closer to the end.

5. Modulation
Now we're getting clever. Slightly more abstract than transposition, this consists of using a phrase that is different in the source and target languages to convey the same idea - "Te lo dejo" - "You can have it".

6. Reformulation (sometimes known as quivalence)

Here you have to express something in a completely different way, for example when translating idioms or, even harder, advertising slogans. The process is creative, but not always easy. Would you have given the name Sonrisas y lgrimas to the film The Sound of Music in Spanish?

7. Adaptation
Here something specific to the source language culture is expressed in a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to the target language culture. Sometimes it is valid, and sometimes it is problematic, to say the least. Should a restaurant menu in a Spanish tourist resort translate "pincho" as "kebab" in English? Should a French text talking about Belgian jokes be translated into English as talking about Irish jokes (always assuming it should be translated at all)? We will return to these problems of referentiality below.

8. Compensation
Another model describes a technique known as compensation. This is a rather amorphous term, but in general terms it can be used where something cannot be translated from source to target language, and the meaning that is lost in the immediate translation is expressed somewhere else in the TT. Fawcett defines it as: "...making good in one part of the text something that could not be translated in another". One example given by Fawcett is the problem of translating nuances of formality from languages which use forms such as tu and usted (tu/vous, du/Sie, etc.) into English which only has 'you', and expresses degrees of formality in different ways. If you want to read more, look at Fawcett 1997:31-33.

A Task: Getting Used to the Terms

Here are eight sentences, together with a possible translation. Which of the above techniques has been used in each case? The parts of the sentences you should look at are underlined - naturally, translating a whole sentence may well involve more than one of the above techniques. A hint: there is one example of each technique. Type your answers into the Word document you started earlier. 1. Mi profesor es un cabrn. - My teacher is a bastard. 2. His lack of experience is obvious. - Su falta de experiencia es evidente. 3. Seguidamente, aflojaremos el tornillo A... - Next, loosen screw A... 4. The documents are sent to all departments. - Los documentos se envan a todos los departamentos. 5. "Eh, jefe, has llegado tarde," dij Marta. - "Hey boss, you're late," said Marta, in a deliberately over familiar way. 6. 'Some Like it Hot' - 'Con faldas y a lo loco' 7. Prueben nuestra deliciosa paella. - Try our delicious paella. 8. Your hard disk will be formatted. - Se dar formato al disco duro. What techniques can you spot in the parts of the sentences that are not underlined?