CEAT - Post Installed Anchor - Site Practice - 2013 - For Present

Post installed anchor Site practice
Referenced Construction Fixing Association: BS 8539:2012 Code of practice for the selection and installation of post-installed anchors in concrete and masonry & Australian Engineered Fasteners & Anchor Council: Setting standards for the specification, selection & application of anchors & fasteners in Australia
Agenda
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Generic features of Mechanical & Adhesive Anchor Whats equivalent stand for? Approved non-equivalent anchor Selecting right anchor Who take responsible for selection? Installation, Inspection & Test plan (ITP)
Generic features of mechanical anchors

Advantages (in general):
Immediate design load capacity after installation process (drill, install, torque)
Typically very simple installation procedure

Less sensitivity to borehole cleaning
Virtually unlimited time of storage
Disadvantages (in general):

In the case of water filled holes corrosion and freeze/thaw cycles can be an issue Embedment depths are fixed for most mechanical anchors Bigger spacing and edge distances compared to chemical anchors
Generic features of chemical anchors

Advantages (in general):
Possibility to install anchors with distances and anchor spacing short edge
Hole completely filled prevents water penetration and protects the element from corrosion Flexible use of different elements (threaded rods, rebars, special rods)
Deep embedment and large anchor sizes possible Usable for applications in several different base materials Impossible to immediately load the fixture Limited time of storage (expire date) Health legal restrictions in some countries
Disadvantages (in general):

Chemical anchor elements
Types based on chemical composition
Agenda
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Whats equivalent stand for? or equivalent stand for variety reasons

Changing specifications (BS 8539 Clause 10)
Anchor specifications are frequently qualified with the phrase or equivalent or or similar approved. With or without such a phrase changes to specifications should only be made following a full change management process carried out by the specifier. It might be necessary to change the specification of an anchor for a variety of reasons including: unavailability of the specified anchor contractor has a preferred supplier a change in the design loading information means the current anchor specification is inappropriate economic reasons.
Whats equivalent stand for? or equivalent stand for variety reasons
Anchor Bolt XXX M12
or equivalent
SECTION 1-1
unavailability of the specified anchor contractor has a preferred supplier
a change in the design loading information means the current anchor specification is inappropriate economic reasons.
Whats equivalent stand for?

Whatever the reason for the change request, The full process must be completed.
Changing specifications (BS 8539 Clause 10)
Whatever the reason for the change request, the alternative specification should be determined by either the original anchor specifier or by a responsible engineer on site who assumes the role and responsibilities of the specifier and has access to the original design data . The full process must be completed. It is not sufficient to change the specified anchor for one which appears to be similar, or to compare headline performance figures quoted in catalogues of the proposed alternative anchor with those of the originally specified anchor. To do so might not take into account the way in which the performance of different anchors changes with particular application factors . Nor is it acceptable to carry out proof load tests of the proposed alternative anchor on site, as this does not validate the required safety margin.
Whats equivalent stand for?

Whatever the reason for the change request, The full process must be completed.
does not validate the required safety margin.

Anchor shape appears to be similar proof load tests
XXX
compare headline performance figures quoted in catalogues
Agenda
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Brutal fact: Post installed design has never been addressed in Thailand. Unfortunately, many request for equivalent was approved!!!!
Contractor submit for equivalent with or without design sheet
No request for design criteria

No calculation sheet submitted
Consultant review for approval

Approve without considering for base material and condition of use in international report 1 failure mode from pullout test (bond resistance) is represented for 8 modes
Submit to designer Yes Approve Yes Designer responsibility No Approve Yes Consultant responsibility
No
Brutal fact:
Most approve are not equivalent
Approved non-equivalent
Equivalent or not ?
Lets see sample of approval for nonequivalent from many jobsites
Many sites approve masonry anchor apply to concrete structure
International report recommend to use for masonry
Wrong practice, Adhesive for masonry use in concrete
Many sites approve adhesive for thread rod apply with rebar
International report recommend for small thread rod
Wrong practice, Apply with small rebar
Many sites approved to use thread rod larger than recommendation of international approval
International report recommend for limited diameter
Wrong practice, Apply with larger than recommended
Many sites approved to use rebar larger than recommendation of international approval
International report recommend for DB10-B25
Wrong practice, Apply with larger than approval
Many sites approve low viscosity adhesive to use in wall or overhead Application, this cause of continuity lost
International report recommend to use with limited direction
Wrong practice, Lost of bonding area
Many sites approve adhesive anchor which is not match temperature environment
International report recommend to use limited temperature
Wrong practice, Lost of bond strength
Many sites approve adhesive for dry concrete with saturated condition
International report recommend to use with dry concrete
Wrong practice, Apply to saturated concrete
Many sites change design without request for designer approval
Specify with undercut anchor
Wrong practice, Change to expansion anchor without inform to designer
Agenda
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Compare figures quoted in catalogues nor carry out proof load tests does not validate the required safety margin.
I dont know the design criteria and design condition. Better ask designer then follow his instruction I dont know how to approve. Better
ask suppliers
then follow their suggestion
Then, How to select anchors ?
How to select anchors ?
Selecting right anchor

Same as BS 8539, AEFAC also suggest to start with application details then complete the selecting with design

BS 8539 considers the selection process in two phases
determination of the anchor type (BS8539 Clause 5.3) determination of the anchor size (BS 8539 Clause 5.4)

determination of the anchor type (BS8539 Clause 5.3) Base material considerations its type its nature
Loading aspects include the nature, magnitude, direction and duration of the applied load. Nature The magnitude of the characteristic action Direction Duration Temperature considerations Corrosion aspects

determination of the anchor type (BS8539 Clause 5.3) Base material considerations its type (concrete or masonry and whether solid or hollow) its nature (if concrete is it cracked or uncracked?), structural thickness, etc. Loading aspects include the nature, magnitude, direction and duration of the applied load. Nature The magnitude of the characteristic action Direction Duration Temperature considerations Corrosion aspects

determination of the anchor type (BS8539 Clause 5.3) Base material considerations
its type (concrete or masonry and whether solid or hollow)
Concrete
Lightweight concrete
Hollow concrete blocks
Hollow concrete slabs
Solid clay bricks
Hollow clay bricks
Timber
Natural stone
etc

its type (concrete or masonry and whether solid or hollow)

determination of the anchor type (BS8539 Clause 5.3) Base material considerations its type (concrete or masonry and whether solid or hollow) its nature (if concrete is it cracked or uncracked?), structural thickness, etc.
Loading aspects include the nature, magnitude, direction and duration of the applied load. Nature The magnitude of the characteristic action Direction Duration Temperature considerations Corrosion aspects

its nature (if concrete is it cracked or uncracked?), structural thickness, etc.
What is reasonably easy for a simple beam or cantilever
can be fairly complex for a real structure load scenarios

Single load
Distributed loads
Wind load
Single load
Defining where concrete is cracked its as easy as searching where the concrete could be in tension. If the concrete is in tension it is or will be definitely cracked! Non-cracked concrete consideration must be shown by calculation for the different load combinations.
For seismic actions the concrete shall be always considered cracked!

Earthquake shaking leads tension and compression in the concrete members to change compared to static loads. In the case seismic action is considered, concrete shall be considered as cracked concrete (unless proven otherwise by a specific report)!
For all cases, the designer is always responsible to define if the anchor is set in cracked or non-cracked concrete! We should focus on explaining what this implies for the anchors selection and performance

determination of the anchor type (BS8539 Clause 5.3)
Base material considerations its type its nature
Loading aspects include the nature, magnitude, direction and duration of the applied load. Nature is the overall loading statically determinate or indeterminate?
and is it a static or non-static action? (BS 8539 Annex E).
The magnitude of the characteristic action (a.k.a. applied load)

is fundamental to the anchor selection and handled within the design process (See BS8539 Annex A).
Direction. Different anchors have different capabilities in tension and

shear and a special approach is needed for combined tensile and shear loads. Few anchors cope with bending loads very well.
Duration. Is the action applied over the short or long term?

Temperature considerations Corrosion aspects

Load
Pulsating Load
Load
Static Load
Time Load
Time
Shock Load
Alternating Load
Load Load
Time
Seismic Load
Time Time Time





Floor
Wall
Ceiling
Vertical
Horizontal
Overhead
Different anchors have different capabilities in tension and shear and a special approach is needed for combined tensile and shear loads. Few anchors cope with bending loads very well.





Temporary Work
Permanent Work

Loading aspects include the nature, magnitude, direction and duration of the applied load. Nature The magnitude of the characteristic action Direction Duration
Temperature considerations limitations placed on service temperatures

Corrosion aspects


23oF = -5oC
120oF = 49oC
---- product 1
---- product 2 ---- product 3 ---- product 4
212oF = 100oC
Each product has own temperature characteristic

Loading aspects include the nature, magnitude, direction and duration of the applied load. Nature The magnitude of the characteristic action Direction Duration
Temperature considerations
Corrosion aspects

Environmental conditions
Galvanized
5-20 m
Hot dipped Galvanised

Sherardised
A4 Steel
BS, UNS, JIS 316
Inside rooms with heavy condensation Outside with moderate chlorides
HCR
Inside rooms without humidity Outside only for temporary applications
Damp inside rooms Slightly corrosive outside atmosphere Occasional exposure to condensation
Highly corrosive surroundings like road tunnels, indoor swimming pools
Low
Corrosive Resistance
High

AEFAC described about factor influencing performance of chemical anchor
Hole Preparation
Caution :
Any drilling method are effected bond stress
Anchor spacing and edge distance
Annular space and distribution of chemical
Annular space and distribution of chemical

BS 8539 considers the selection process in two phases
determination of the anchor type (BS8539 Clause 5.3) determination of the anchor size (BS 8539 Clause 5.4) this part of the process being referred to as the Design of the anchor

determination of the anchor size (BS 8539 Clause 5.4)
The design method for an anchor with an ETA will be referred to in the ETA itself and will commonly be to ETAG 001, Annex C, for mechanical anchors or TR 029 for bonded anchors, the details of which may be downloaded from the EOTA website at http://www.eota.eu. Some ETA may refer to design methods of CEN TS 1992-43. The design would, in all cases, require reference to the ETA for the particular anchor to obtain the relevant design data.
The practical approach is to download design software from the anchor manufacturers website, which will provide an accurate and efficient design along with the widest choice of suitable anchor types to select from. Most companies also offer technical support to assist in this and engineers who can visit your office/site to discuss the application.
The manufacturers also provide technical manuals that allow simplified designs to be carried out by hand, but these are usually much more conservative than the software and the data is updated far less frequently.

Completed the change process by design standard from ACI or EOTA.
ACI
EOTA

Completed the change process by design standard from ACI or EOTA.
ACI 318-11 Appendix D ACI 318-11 : Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete Appendix D : Anchoring to Concrete Concrete Capacity Design Method
ETAG 001 Annex C / ETAG 001 : Guideline for European Technical Approval of Metal Anchors for use in Concrete Annex C : Design Methods for Anchorages TR 029 Design of Bond Anchor
k, kappa method
EU design vs. US design

Example: characteristic resistance to concrete cone failure ETAG 001, Annex C method A
ACI 318, Appendix D

The main influencing factors are the same for European and US design, even so the denomination is sometimes different. The characteristic resistance is calculated by multiplying the basic loading value by different modification factors and (if applicable) by a factor considering the concrete breakout area.
The basic loading values are calculated the same way. Due to different units (inch/pound vs. m/kN) and different sizes of the concrete specimens for concrete compressive strength testing, the factors k are different.
For other failure modes the concept is similar
Start with request for design Information from designer to completed the change process
CFA 8539/01 Design Information
PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS: This application is safety critical: YES / NO
BASE MATERIAL: Made of Concrete , see A) below, Masonry , see B) below

A) Concrete: In-situ cast Pre-cast Solid Hollow core . Other Condition: Cracked Non-cracked ; Strength _________ N/mm2 B) Masonry: Brickwork Blockwork Stonework Brickwork: Solid e.g. 9 Cavity ; Bricks: Solid ;Perforated ; Strength ______ N/mm2 FIXTURE TYPE AND GEOMETRY Material: Carbon steel plated HDG :Stainless steel Timber ;
Thickness of grout or shims <_____ mm

Anchor spacings (s) are fixed flexible ; Edge distances ACTIONS: Static Pulsating Alternating Seismic Tension N = ___ kN; Compression N = ____ kN Shear Vx = ____ kN; Shear Vy = ____ kN Moment Mx = ____My = ____kNm Mz = ______kNm Temperature ranges: Short term , long term Environment: Internal Dry, Humid / External Urban Coastal Aggressive Preferred anchor type (If any)
BS8539 & AEFAC recommend similar process of selecting the right anchor, consideration for type from internal report then design & size based
Recommend Note
1
2
Refer international report

Consider to base material
ETA, ICC
Concrete, Masonry. Crack
3
4
Consider to load aspect

Consider to temperature
Nature, Magnitude, direction & duration

High temp - low load
5
6
Consider to corrosion
Consider to hole preparation
Galvanized, hot dip, A4, HCR

Hammer or Diamond drill, Dry or saturated
Full design process to be completed
Designer acceptance Note

not validate safety margin Who take responsible when fail
Not Recommend
1 2 3 Select from performance in Catalog Select from load test Change without designer acceptance
Agenda
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Who design the connection of this balustrade, Architect or Engineer? What is design load criteria when panic? Is shock load considered?
SAN ANTONIO 2011, Specified clearly detailed but finally failed
There is some interesting issue for all engineers not only in our country
BS 8539 defines the designer as the person with overall responsibility for the design of the structure, which includes the anchorage,
BS 8539 defines the designer as the person with overall responsibility for the design of the structure, which includes the anchorage, and the specifier as the person responsible for the selection (including the design) of an anchor.
Agenda
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Installation
*Bad installation practices arising from

untrained installers
manufacturers instructions not being followed

use of the wrong equipment criminal negligence such as anchor rods being cut short when rebar is struck
* How to install anchors in accordance with BS 8539:2012: Code of practice for the selection and installation of post-installed anchors in concrete and masonry. A guide for contractors & installers.
Installation
Installation
Installation
BS 8539 Clauses 4.4 and 4.5: Contractors should ensure that
the correct anchor is obtained as per the specification.
the installer is trained in the correct installation of the specified anchor and is supervised by a competent supervisor.
any proposal to change the anchor to an alternative is subjected to the full selection procedure the strength of the base material is at least that assumed by the specifier in the selection of the anchor. if site tests are called for they are carried out by a competent tester to the appropriate procedure in the correct location and that results are recorded and retained in project documentation and communicated to the specifier. Once the installation is completed, and prior to service loading, the installation should be certified by the contractors supervisor, as being fit for loading.
Installation
BS 8539 Clauses 4.4 and 4.5: Installers should ensure that
They are trained in anchor installation and familiar with the correct installation procedure.
They have the correct anchor, as specified, and the correct drilling and setting tools.
They comply with the manufacturers installation instructions . If rebar is struck during drilling they do not proceed with the installation but refer back to the specifier for instructions. The anchors are installed in the correct locations for the project itself or for site tests.
Installation
Installation step recd by BS 8539 Clause 7.2
Prior to installation check that: the correct anchor is available as specified and all necessary setting tools are to hand.
the concrete (or mortar of masonry) is at least 28 days old and, if not, has at least reached the strength assumed in the specification.
Installation
Drill the hole using the correct drill bit to the correct diameter and to the correct depth, usually indicated on manufacturers instructions by h0 and measured to the shoulder of the drill (i.e. full diameter).
Clean the hole to the manufacturers instructions. Use setting tools for the type AND size of anchor from the manufacturer
Tighten to the torque recommended by the manufacturer.
Installation
Clean the hole Caution :
Hole cleaning are effected resistance load
Installation
Clean the hole Caution :
Hole cleaning method are effected resistance load
Installation
Hitting rebar. If, or rather, when rebar is struck during drilling the specifier should be contacted to get his instructions as to what should be done if he/she has not already specified it in the anchor specification. One thing which should never be done is to cut anchor rods short.
Installation
Hitting rebar. Possible options may include: drilling through the rebar with the permission of the responsible engineer i.e. specifier or designer.
moving the hole by a suitable distance and filling the aborted hole with a strong non-shrink grout.
The latter option will usually involve redesign of brackets or base plates and reconsideration of anchor strength and performance taking account of the different anchor spacings etc. It is not to be undertaken
Installation
For bonded anchors

allow the full curing time as stated on manufacturers packaging .
time from setting to when the anchor may be tightened, tested or loaded This varies with the temperature of the base material and whether the hole is wet or dry.
Shelf life and storage conditions.

To maintain the shelf life, as quoted by the manufacturer usually on the packaging, resin material should ideally be stored in cool, dark conditions. If exposed to extremes of temperatures and excessive light then their useful life may be dramatically reduced. Resin materials left out in the sun will cure within a relatively short time.
Using resin materials in wet holes.

Some resin materials do not cure satisfactorily in wet holes, for those which do the cooling effect of the water will extend the curing time. So, if wet conditions are unavoidable:
Installation
For bonded anchors Using resin materials in wet holes.
check that the specified resin is suitable for use in wet conditions
ensure all dust is removed from the holes before they are allowed to become wet.
double the curing time Flooded holes should be thoroughly cleaned to ensure all dust is removed
Agenda
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Generic features of Mechanical & Adhesive Anchor Whats equivalent stand for? Approved non-equivalent anchor Selecting right anchor Who take responsible for selection? Installation, Inspection & Test plan (ITP) 1. 2. 3. 4. Method Statement 1 - resin capsule spinning Method Statement 2- resin injection concrete Method Statement 3 - resin injection hollow mats Method Statement 4- through bolts
Inspection
Installation Method Statement
Inspection
Inspection
Inspection
Installation
BS 8539 Clauses 4.4 and 4.5: Installers should ensure that
They are trained in anchor installation and familiar with the correct installation procedure.
They have the correct anchor, as specified, and the correct drilling and setting tools.
They comply with the manufacturers installation instructions . If rebar is struck during drilling they do not proceed with the installation but refer back to the specifier for instructions. The anchors are installed in the correct locations for the project itself or for site tests.
How to ensure?
Installer to Request Anchor Test
Installer to Request Anchor Test

Project details
Tests details: Purpose of test: To determine
allowable resistance Proof test Tension Shear Characteristic action _______ kN For Preliminary test: load test = ______ kN Total number of anchors in the job _______ Number of anchors to be tested _________
Anchor to be tested:
Anchor make: ____Anchor type: ________Anchor designation _______Makers catalogue/order number: __________Anchor material: ____ Head style __________Anchor size: Thread dia M ______ ; Outer diameter _______mm; Drill diameter _____mm Overall length ___mm; Hole depth _______mm; Instn torque ____________Nm
Base material:
(e.g. Concrete/brickwork/blockwork)
Special instructions e.g. edge distance to be

at least
Certifying finished installations (BS 8539 Clause 4.6)

A supervisor employed by the contractor is expected to monitor every stage of the installation and, once all aspects of the installation have been completed and any proof tests satisfactorily carried out, to certify that the specified anchors have been correctly installed in accordance with the manufacturers instructions and in the specified locations.
Certificate to be issued by Installer only
Installer to issue Anchor Installation Certificate
Project details
Installer details Anchor specification Base material Anchor details Installation details
Rebar struck
Supervisor name Date
Thank you
Designer responsible for selection.

I use product A in my design, based on design code and recommendation from international approval. Unavailability of the specified anchor may happened, open for equivalent should be a good idea.
Whatever reason for the change request, The full process must be completed.
Please consider my product for equivalent, catalog & site load test is sufficient proof I dont know how to select or review the design, but no problem, sent it to consultant!!
Neither catalog nor carry out proof load tests of the proposed alternative anchor on site, does not validate the required safety margin.
I dont know the design criteria and design condition. Better ask designer then follow his instruction I dont know how to approve. Better ask suppliers then follow their suggestion
Catalog & site load test does not validate the required safety margin.
Catalog
ICC / ETA
Safety
Who take responsible?
Not me, I did not select the anchor!
The specifier as the person responsible for the selection (including the design) of an anchor.
Designer completed full process of select the anchor on design stage
Specifier is the person who change the specification?
Supplier supply material and provide installation training for buyer
Thank you

CEAT - Post Installed Anchor - Site Practice - 2013 - For Present

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Post installed anchor Site practice

Generic features of mechanical anchors

Typically very simple installation procedure

Virtually unlimited time of storage

Disadvantages (in general):

Generic features of chemical anchors

Disadvantages (in general):

Chemical anchor elements

Types based on chemical composition

Types based on chemical composition

Types based on chemical composition

Types based on chemical composition

Whats equivalent stand for? or equivalent stand for variety reasons

Whats equivalent stand for? or equivalent stand for variety reasons

Anchor Bolt XXX M12

unavailability of the specified anchor contractor has a preferred supplier

Whats equivalent stand for?

Whats equivalent stand for?

does not validate the required safety margin.

compare headline performance figures quoted in catalogues

No request for design criteria

Consultant review for approval

Most approve are not equivalent

Lets see sample of approval for nonequivalent from many jobsites

Many sites approve masonry anchor apply to concrete structure

International report recommend to use for masonry

Wrong practice, Adhesive for masonry use in concrete

International report recommend for small thread rod

Wrong practice, Apply with small rebar

International report recommend for limited diameter

Wrong practice, Apply with larger than recommended

International report recommend for DB10-B25

Wrong practice, Apply with larger than approval

International report recommend to use with limited direction

Wrong practice, Lost of bonding area

International report recommend to use limited temperature

Wrong practice, Lost of bond strength

International report recommend to use with dry concrete

Wrong practice, Apply to saturated concrete

Many sites change design without request for designer approval

Specify with undercut anchor

Wrong practice, Change to expansion anchor without inform to designer

Then, How to select anchors ?

How to select anchors ?

Selecting right anchor

Selecting right anchor

Selecting right anchor

Selecting right anchor

Selecting right anchor

Hollow concrete blocks

Hollow concrete slabs

Solid clay bricks

Hollow clay bricks

Selecting right anchor

Selecting right anchor

Selecting right anchor

What is reasonably easy for a simple beam or cantilever

can be fairly complex for a real structure load scenarios

For seismic actions the concrete shall be always considered cracked!

Selecting right anchor

The magnitude of the characteristic action (a.k.a. applied load)

Direction. Different anchors have different capabilities in tension and