Slide 1

Designing and Proportioning Normal Concrete Mixtures ACI 211

Proportioning

Slide 2

Key Considerations in the Proportioning of Quality Concrete Mixtures

Placeability Consistency or workability Mechanical performance Durability Appearance Economy

Proportioning

Slide 3

Other Key Considerations

The application method Available materials Available workforce and equipment

Proportioning

Slide 4

Materials

Cement Supplementary Cementing Materials Water Aggregate Admixtures Fibers

Proportioning

Slide 5

Ten Steps for Mix Proportioning

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Proportioning

10.

Assemble information Know desired slump Choose max. size aggregate Estimate the water and air Choose the W/C ratio Determine the cement content Estimate the CA content Determine the FA content Adjust for moisture Perform trial batches

Slide 6

Step 1: Determine the slump

Proportioning

Slide 7

Slump Test

Proportioning

Fig. 16-2. Slump test for consistency of concrete. Left figure illustrates a lower slump, right figure a higher slump. (69786, 69787)

Slide 8

Recommended Slump Ranges

From ACI 211
Concrete construction
Reinforced foundation walls and footings Plain footings, caissons, and substructure walls Beams and reinforced walls Building columns Pavements and slabs Mass concrete Proportioning

Slump, mm (in.)
75 (3) 75 (3) 25 (1) 25 (1) 25 (1) 25 (1) 25 (1) 25 (1)

Maximum Minimum

100 (4) 100 (4) 75 (3) 75 (3)

Note that the placement method and conditions determine the slump requirement

Maximum slump may be increased by 25 mm (1 in.) for consolidation by hand methods, such as rodding and spading. Plasticizers can safely provide higher slumps. Adapted from ACI 211.1.

Slide 9

Rule of Thumb

Generally each 1kg per cubic meter of water added results in 5 mm of slump.

Proportioning

Slide 10

Step 3: Select the Maximum Size of Coarse Aggregate

Maximum size of coarse aggregate is chosen based on the dimensions of the concrete member. Typically use the largest size possible. The largest size of aggregate used determines the volume of paste.

Proportioning

Slide 11

Homework

Find out what the maximum size of CA requirements are identifying where the requirements come from and your sources of the information

Proportioning

Slide 12

Maximum Size of Coarse Aggregate Based On

< 1/5 of minimum dimension of forms < of the minimum clear space between bars or between steel & reinforcement < 1/3 of the slab depth for slabs on grade

Proportioning

Slide 13

Step 4: Estimate the Water Content

Proportioning

Slide 14

Water and Air Requirements for Different Slumps and Sizes of Aggregate
For non-air-entrained concrete Water, kilograms per cubic meter of concrete, for indicated sizes of aggregate Slump, mm 25 to 50 75 to 100 150 to 175 Approximate amount of entrapped air in non-airentrained concrete, percent 9.5 mm 12.5 mm 19 25 mm mm 37.5 mm 50 75 mm mm 150 mm

207 199 190 179 166 154 130 113 228 216 205 193 181 169 145 124 243 228 216 202 190 178 160 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0.3 0.2

Proportioning

Table 9-5 (Metric). Approximate Mixing Water and Target Air Content Requirements for Different Slumps and Nominal Maximum Sizes of Aggregate These quantities of mixing water are for use in computing cementitious material contents for trial batches. They are maximums for reasonably well-shaped angular coarse aggregates graded within limits of accepted specifications. The slump values for concrete containing aggregates larger than 37.5 mm are based on slump tests made after removal of particles larger than 37.5 mm by wet screening. The air content in job specifications should be specified to be delivered within 1 to +2 percentage points of the table target value for moderate and severe exposures. Adapted from ACI 211.1 and ACI 318. Hover (1995) presents this information in graphical form.

Slide 15

Approx. Water Requirements for Various Agg. Sizes and Slumps

Proportioning

Fig. 9-5. Approximate water requirement for various slumps and crushed aggregate sizes for non-air-entrained concrete. Adapted from Table 9-5, ACI 211.1 and Hover (1995 and 1998).

Slide 16

Approx. Water Requirements for Various Agg. Sizes and Slumps

Proportioning

Fig. 9-5. Approximate water requirement for various slumps and crushed aggregate sizes for air-entrained concrete. Adapted from Table 9-5, ACI 211.1 and Hover (1995 and 1998).

Slide 17

Assumptions in the Water Requirements Given

Proportioning

Water contents given are for trial batches Maximums for well-shaped angular coarse aggregates graded within specification limits. Slump values for concrete containing aggregates larger than 37.5 mm are based on slump tests made after removal of particles larger than 37.5 mm by wet screening.

Slide 18

Adjustments in the Water Content per ACI 211

Local history For each % above/below 35% of void content of combined aggregate add/subtract 5 kg/m3 Decrease water by 10 kg/m3 if sand is rounded and increase water by same amount if natural sand For rounded CA, subtract 12 kg/m3 Adjust for chemical admixture use

Proportioning

Slide 19

Step 5: Select Proper W/C

Proportioning

Slide 20

Choosing the proper W/C or W/CM Requires Judgment

Balance between short-term and long-term requirements W/C is chosen based on strength W/C is also chosen based on durability considerations:
Freeze-thaw exposure Exposure to sulfates

Proportioning

Slide 21

W/C Requirements for Exposure Conditions

from ACI 318 (w/c here is water to cementitious materials ratio)

Exposure condition
No freeze-thaw, deicers, aggressive substances Concrete with low permeability; exposed to water Concrete exposed to freezing and thawing in a moist condition or deicers For corrosion protection for reinforced concrete exposed to chlorides Proportioning

Maximum w/c Min. strength, ratio by mass f'c, MPa (psi)

Select for strength, workability, and finishing needs 0.50 Select for structural requirements 28 (4000)

0.45

31 (4500)

0.40

35 (5000)

Table 9-1. Maximum Water-Cementitious Material Ratios and Minimum Design Strengths for Various Exposure Conditions Adapted from ACI 318 (1999).

Slide 22

W/C Requirement for Concrete Exposed to Sulfates

Sulfate (SO4) in Sulfate soil, % by exposure mass
Negligible

Sulfate (SO4) in water, ppm

Maximum w/c-ratio, Cement type by mass

Minimum strength, f'c, MPa (psi)

Less Less than No special than 0.10 150 type required II, MS, IP(MS), IS(MS), P(MS), I(PM)(MS), I(SM)(MS) V, HS V, HS

Moderate

0.10 to 0.20

150 to 1500

0.50

28 (4000)

Severe

0.20 to 2.00

1500 to 10,000 Over 10,000

0.45 0.40

31 (4500) 35 (5000)

Very Over Proportioning severe 2.00

Table 9-2. Requirements for Concrete Exposed to Sulfates in Soil or Water Adapted from ACI 318 (1999). Sulfate tested in accordance with the Method for Determining the Quantity of Soluble Sulfate in Solid (Soil and Rock) and Water Samples, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, 1977. Cement Types II and V are in ASTM C 150 (AASHTO M 85), Types MS and HS in ASTM C 1157, and the remaining types are in ASTM C 595 (AASHTO M 240). Pozzolans or slags that have been determined by test or service record to improve sulfate resistance may also be used.

Slide 23

Relationship between W/C Ratio and Strength

Water-cementitious materials ratio by mass Compressive strength at Non-air-entrained Air-entrained concrete 28 days, MPa concrete 0.30 45 0.38 40 0.42 0.34 35 30 25 20 15 Proportioning 0.47 0.54 0.61 0.69 0.79 0.39 0.45 0.52 0.60 0.70 Metric

Table 9-3 (Metric). Relationship Between Water to Cementitious Material Ratio and Compressive Strength of Concrete Strength is based on cylinders moist-cured 28 days in accordance with ASTM C 31 (AASHTO T 23). Relationship assumes nominal maximum size aggregate of about 19 to 25 mm. Adapted from ACI 211.1 and ACI 211.3.

Slide 24

Compressive Strength vs. W/C

Proportioning

Fig. 9-2. Approximate relationship between compressive strength and water to cementing materials ratio for concrete using 19-mm to 25-mm (3/4-in. to 1-in.) nominal maximum size coarse aggregate. Strength is based on cylinders moist cured 28 days per ASTM C 31 (AASHTO T 23). Adapted from Table 9-3, ACI 211.1, ACI 211.3, and Hover 1995.

Slide 25

Step 6: Determine the Amount of Cement

From the water content determined in Step 4 and W/C chosen in Step 5

Proportioning

Slide 26

Determination of Cement Content

Required Water Content Cement Content = Water-Cement Ratio Example: air-entrained concrete 25-mm max. size aggregate 75-mm slump 175 kg/m3 Water 0.53 W/C-ratio
Proportioning

= 330 kg cement per m3 of concrete

Slide 27

Minimum Cementing Materials Content for Flatwork

Nominal maximum size Cementing materials, of aggregate, mm (in.) kg/m3 (lb/yd3)
37.5 25 19 12.5 9.5 Proportioning (1) (1) () () (3/8) 280 310 320 350 360 (470) (520) (540) (590) (610)

Table 9-7. Minimum Requirements of Cementing Materials for Concrete Used in Flatwork Cementing materials quantities may need to be greater for severe exposure. For example, for deicer exposures, concrete should contain at least 335 kg/m3 (564 lb/yd3) of cementing materials. Adapted from ACI 302.

Slide 28

Cementitious Materials Requirements for Concrete Exposed to Deicing Chemicals

Cementitious materials
Fly ash and natural pozzolans Slag Silica fume Total of fly ash, slag, silica fume and natural pozzolans Total of natural pozzolans and silica fume Proportioning

Maximum of cementitious materials, %

25 50 10 50 35

Table 9-8. Cementitious Materials Requirements for Concrete Exposed to Deicing Chemicals Includes portion of supplementary cementing materials in blended cements. Total cementitious materials include the summation of portland cements, blended cements, fly ash, slag, silica fume and other pozzolans. Silica fume should not constitute more than 10% of total cementitious materials and fly ash or other pozzolans shall not constitute more than 25% of cementitious materials. Adapted from ACI 318.

Slide 29

Step 7: Determine Coarse Aggregate Content

Proportioning

Slide 30

Bulk Volume of Coarse Aggregate

per unit volume of concrete
Maximum size of aggregate, mm (in.)
9.5 12.5 19 25 37.5 50 75 150 Proportioning (3/8) (1/2) (3/4) (1) (1 1/2) (2) (3) (6)

Fineness modulus of sand 2.40

0.50 0.59 0.66 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.82 0.87

2.60
0.48 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.85

2.80
0.46 0.55 0.62 0.67 0.71 0.74 0.78 0.83

3.00
0.44 0.53 0.60 0.65 0.69 0.72 0.76 0.81

Based on aggregate in dry-rodded condition

Table 9-4. Bulk Volume of Coarse Aggregate Per Unit Volume of Concrete Bulk volumes are based on aggregates in a dry-rodded condition as described in ASTM C 29 (AASHTO T 19). Adapted from ACI 211.1.

Slide 31

Bulk Volume of Coarse Aggregate

Proportioning

Fig. 9-3. Bulk volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete. Bulk volumes are based on aggregates in a dry-rodded condition as described in ASTM C 29 (AASHTO T 19). For more workable concrete, such as may be required when placement is by pump, they may be reduced up to 10%. Adapted from Table 9-4, ACI 211.1 and Hover (1995 and 1998).

Slide 32

Absolute Volume of Coarse Aggregate per m3 of Concrete

1 m3 Given: 0.46 m3 of coarse aggregate Bulk density = 1567 kg/m3, rodded Relative density = 2.65 Water = 1000 kg/m3 0.46 m3 1567 kg/m3 = 715.5 kg
0.46 m3

Absolute volume = 715.5/(2.65 1000) = 0.27 m3 So the coarse aggregate is 27% of the absolute volume of the concrete

Proportioning

Slide 33

Air Content and Aggregate Size

Proportioning

Fig. 9-4. Target total air content requirements for concretes using different sizes of aggregate. The air content in job specifications should be specified to be delivered within 1 to +2 percentage points of the target value for moderate and severe exposures. Adapted from Table 9-5, ACI 211.1 and Hover (1995 and 1998).

Slide 34

Water and Air Requirements for Different Slumps and Sizes of Aggregate
Water, kilograms per cubic meter of concrete, for indicated sizes of aggregate Slump, mm 25 to 50 75 to 100 150 to 175 9.5 mm 12.5 mm 19 25 mm mm 37.5 mm 50 75 mm mm 142 122 157 133 166 154 150 mm 107 119 -

181 175 202 193 216 205

168 160 150 184 175 165 197 184 174

Recommended average total air content, percent, for level of exposure Mild exposure Moderate exposure Severe exposure 4.5 6.0 7.5 4.0 5.5 7.0 3.5 5.0 6.0 3.0 4.5 6.0 2.5 4.5 5.5 2.0 4.0 5.0 1.5 3.5 4.5 1.0 3.0 4.0 Metric

Proportioning

Air-entrained concrete

Table 9-5 (Metric). Approximate Mixing Water and Target Air Content Requirements for Different Slumps and Nominal Maximum Sizes of Aggregate These quantities of mixing water are for use in computing cementitious material contents for trial batches. They are maximums for reasonably well-shaped angular coarse aggregates graded within limits of accepted specifications. The slump values for concrete containing aggregates larger than 37.5 mm are based on slump tests made after removal of particles larger than 37.5 mm by wet screening. The air content in job specifications should be specified to be delivered within 1 to +2 percentage points of the table target value for moderate and severe exposures. Adapted from ACI 211.1 and ACI 318. Hover (1995) presents this information in graphical form.

Slide 35

Maximum Chloride-Ion Content for Corrosion Protection

Type of member
Prestressed concrete Reinforced concrete exposed to chloride in service Reinforced concrete that will be dry or protected from moisture in service Other reinforced concrete construction

Maximum chloride ion content in concrete, % by mass of cement

0.06 0.15 1.00 0.30

Proportioning

Table 9-9. Maximum Chloride-Ion Content for Corrosion Protection ASTM C 1218. Adapted from ACI 318.

Slide 36

Methods for Proportioning Concrete Mixtures

Water-cement ratio method Weight method Absolute volume method Field experience (statistical data) Trial mixtures

Proportioning

Slide 37

Proportioning from Field Data

Modification Factor for Standard Deviation ( 30 Tests)
Number of tests
Less than 15 15 20 25 30 or more Proportioning

Modification factor for standard deviation

see next slide 1.16 1.08 1.03 1.00

Table 9-10. Modification Factor for Standard Deviation When Less Than 30 Tests Are Available Interpolate for intermediate numbers of tests. Modified standard deviation to be used to determine required average strength, f'cr. Adapted from ACI 318.

Slide 38

Proportioning from Field Data

Required Strength When Data Are Available to Establish a Standard Deviation
Specified compressive Required average strength, f'c, MPa compressive strength, f'cr, MPa
35 f'cr = f'c+ 1.34s f'cr = f'c + 2.33s 3.45 Use larger value f'cr = f'c+ 1.34s f'cr = 0.90f'c + 2.33s Use larger value Metric

Over 35 Proportioning

Required Average Compressive Strength When Data Are Available to Establish a Standard Deviation (Metric) Adapted from ACI 318.

Slide 39

Proportioning from Field Data

Required Strength When Data Are Not Available to Establish a Standard Deviation
Specified Required average compressive strength, compressive strength, f'c, MPa f'cr, MPa
Less than 21 21 to 35 Over 35 Proportioning f'c + 7.0 f'c + 8.5 1.10f'c + 5.0 Metric

Table 9-11 (Metric). Required Average Compressive Strength When Data Are Not Available to Establish a Standard Deviation Adapted from ACI 318.

Slide 40

Proportioning by Trial Mixtures

Trial batching verifies that a concrete mixture meets design requirements prior to use in construction.

Proportioning

Photo 87_13. The trial mixtures should use the same materials proposed for the work. Three mixtures with three different watercementing materials ratios or cementing materials contents should be made. The trial mixtures should have a slump and air content within 20 mm (0.75 in.) and 0.5%, respectively, of the maximum permitted. Three cylinders for each water-cementing materials ratio should be tested at 28 days.

Slide 41

Density of Water Vs. Temperature

Temperature, C
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Proportioning

Density, kg/m3
998.93 998.58 998.19 997.75 997.27 996.75 996.20 995.61 Celsius

Table 9-12. Density of Water Versus Temperature

Slide 42

Step 8: Absolute Volume Computation for Fine Aggregate Content

Water = Cement = Air = 135 1 1000 = 0.135 m3 = 0.145 m3 = 0.080 m3 = 0.400 m3 435 3.0 1000

8.0 100 Coarse 1072 aggregate = 2.68 1000

Subtotal = 0.760 m3 Fine aggregate volume = 1 - 0.76 = 0.24 m3 Proportioning Fine aggregate mass = 0.24 2.64 1000 = 634 kg

Slide 43

Absolute Volume Computation for Fine Aggregate Content

Water = Cement = Air = 270 1 62.4 435 3.15 62.4 = 4.33 ft3 = 3.27 ft3

7.0 27 = 1.89 ft3 100 Coarse 1674 aggregate = = 10.01 ft3 2.68 62.4 Subtotal = 19.50 ft3 Fine aggregate volume = 27 - 19.50 = 7.50 ft3 Proportioning Fine aggregate mass = 7.50 2.64 62.4 = 1236 lb

Slide 44

Proportioning

Fig. 9-6. Trial mixture data sheet (metric).

Slide 45

Result of Laboratory Trial Mixtures

Batc h no. 1 2 3 4 Slump, mm 50 40 45 36 Air content, percent 5.7 6.2 7.5 6.8 Density, kg/m3 2341 2332 2313 2324 Cement content, kg/m3 346 337 341 348 Fine aggregate, percent of total aggregate 28.6 33.3 38.0 40.2 Workability Harsh Fair Good Good

Water-Cement ratio was 0.45. Proportioning Metric

Table 9-13. Example of Results of Laboratory Trial Mixtures (Metric)*

Slide 46

Example Trial Mixtures for AirEntrained Concrete of 75 to 100 mm slump

With fine sand, FM = 2.50 Nominal W/C- maximum ratio, size of Water, kg per aggregate, Air, kg/m3 of mm % concrete kg 0.40 9.5 19.0 37.5 0.50 9.5 19.0 37.5 7.5 6 5 7.5 6 5 202 178 158 202 178 158 Cement, kg/m3 of concrete 505 446 395 406 357 315 Fine Coarse aggreaggregate, gate, in % of kg/m3 of kg/m3 of total aggregate concrete concrete
aggregate

Fine

50 35 29 53 38 32

744 577 518 833 654 583

750 1071 1255 750 1071 1225

Proportioning

Table 9-15 (Metric). Example Trial Mixtures for Air-Entrained Concrete of Medium Consistency, 75-mm to 100-mm slump

Slide 47

Relationship between:

Slump Agg. Size W/C Cement content

Proportioning

Fig. 9-9. Example graphical relationship for a particular aggregate source demonstrating the relationship between slump, aggregate size, water to cement ratio, and cement content (Hover 1995).

Slide 48

Proportions to Make 1/10 m3 of Concrete for Small Jobs

Air-entrained concrete Nominal maximum Wet fine Wet coarse size coarse aggregate, Cement, aggregate, aggregate, Water, kg mm kg kg kg
9.5 12.5 19.0 25.0 37.5 Proportioning 46 43 40 38 37 85 74 67 62 61 74 88 104 112 120 16 16 16 15 14 Metric

Table 9-16 (Metric). Proportions by Mass to Make One Tenth Cubic Meter of Concrete for Small Jobs If crushed stone is used, decrease coarse aggregate by 5 kg and increase fine aggregate by 5 kg.

Slide 49

Proportions to Make 1/10 m3 of Concrete for Small Jobs

Nominal Non-air-entrained concrete maximum Wet fine Wet coarse size coarse aggregate, Cement, aggregate, aggregate, Water, kg mm kg kg kg
9.5 12.5 19.0 25.0 37.5 Proportioning 46 43 40 38 37 94 85 75 72 69 74 88 104 112 120 18 18 16 15 14 Metric

Table 9-16 (Metric). Proportions by Mass to Make One Tenth Cubic Meter of Concrete for Small Jobs If crushed stone is used, decrease coarse aggregate by 5 kg and increase fine aggregate by 5 kg.

Slide 50

Proportioning

Fig. 9-10. Flowchart for selection and documentation of concrete proportions.

Slide 51

Proportioning

Fig. 9-1. Trial batching verifies that a concrete mixture meets design requirements prior to use in construction (69899, 70008)

Slide 52

Common Mix Design Mistakes

Not varying water-cement ratio (3 point curve) Not monitoring slump loss during mix design to identify false setting tendency in cement Not monitoring early age concrete temperatures to identify retardation effects of water reducers

Proportioning