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Presented by:
Alindogan, Maria Cristina Jurado, Clarisse Anne C. Maaliw, Bianca Jane B. Natanauan, Jenny Jane
The mathematical principles that applied to the binary, octal and hexadecimal number system are the same as those that apply to the decimal number system. For us to better understand the processes in these principles, well start-off our discussion with the familiar decimal system, then progresses to the binary, octal and hexadecimal number system.
base-10 number system, because each position in the number represents an incremental number with a base of 10. Thus the number base of the decimal number system is base 10. Since it is in base 10, ten symbols are used in the decimal number system. {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} This means that only the digits in the above set can be used for each position in every place value in a given decimal number. In the given : 270
We note that the highlighted place value can be filled by the digits in the set {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9). Thus, it can be increased by 1 until reaches 279.
At this point, the symbols that can be used to fill the highlighted position have been exhausted. Increasing it further causes a shift in place value and resets the initial place value to zero. Thus,
Lets take a look at an example of interpreting a base-10 number. An example number in the decimal system is 1374. We know this number as one thousand, three hundred and seventy-four. This is how to interpret the number:
The first position at the furthest right of the number represents 100 The next position represents 101 The next position represents 102 As we move further left of the number, each power is incremented by 1. In order to determine what the number actually is in the position, take the number that appears in the position, and multiply it by 10x, where x represents the power.
Add all the numbers together from each position to find out what the number is.
Another illustration:
Case Study: 3474 Using place values, the number 3474 is understood to mean,
3000 + 400 + 70 + 4 = 3474 This can also be expressed as (3x1000) + (4x100) + (7x10) + 4 = 3474 Note that each digit is multiplied by powers of 10, so that the above is equal to (3x103) + (4x102) + (7x101) + (4x100) = 3474 Note that the rightmost exponent starts from zero and increases by 1 as the place value increases. Hence, the decimal number system is said to be in base 10.
*Note: The base of the number system indicates the number of symbols that it uses, and each position in a number system has a value associated with it. By raising the base of the number system to consecutive powers beginning with zero, you can calculate the positional or the place value.
Since it is in base 2, two symbols are used in binary number system. {0,1} This means that only the digits in the above set can be used for each position in every place value in a given binary number.
Illustration:
Note that the highlighted place value can be filled by the digits in the set {0,1}. Thus, it can be increased by 1 until it reaches -
At this point, the symbols that can be used to fill the highlighted position has been exhausted. Increasing it further causes a shift in place value, and resets the initial place value to zero. Thus -
To avoid confusion, one should write binary number with base 2 as its subscript whenever necessary. Thus, the binary number should be written as 101102 It should be read as one-zero-one-one-zero base two and NOT ten-thousand onehundred ten since each phrase denotes an entirely different number.
We know that the decimal number 3474 can be expressed as powers of 10 (3x103) + (4x102) + (7x101) + (4x100) = 347410 In the same manner, the binary number 101102 can be expressed as powers of 2 (1x24) + (0x23) + (1x22) + (1x21) + (0x20) = 2210 Note that the rightmost exponent starts from zero and increases by 1 as the place value increases. Hence, the binary number system is said to be in base 2.
Note that the highlighted place value can be filled by the digits in the set {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}.
At this point, the symbols that can be used to fill the highlighted position has been exhausted. Increasing it further causes a shift in place value, and resets the initial place value to zero. Thus
To avoid confusion, one should write an octal number with base 8 as its subscript whenever necessary. Thus, the octal number 72143 should be written as 721438 It should be read as seven-two-one-four-three base eight and NOT seventy twothousand one-hundred forty three since each phrase denotes an entirely different number. Other Example: 721438
We know that the decimal number 3474 can be expressed as powers of 10 (3x103) + (4x102) + (7x101) + (4x100) = 347410 In the same manner, the octal number 721438 can be expressed as powers of 8 (7x84) + (2x83) + (1x82) + (4x81) + (3x80) = 2979510
Note that the rightmost exponent starts from zero and increases by 1 as the place value increases. Hence, the octal number system is said to be in base 8.
Note that the highlighted place value can be filled by the digits in the set {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F}. Thus, it can be increased by 1 until it reaches
At this point, the symbols that can be used to fill the highlighted position have been exhausted. Increasing it further causes a shift in place value, and resets the initial place value to zero. Thus
To avoid confusion, one should write a hexadecimal number with base 16 as its subscript whenever necessary. Thus, the hexadecimal number B23C should be written as B23C16 It should be read as b-two-three-c base sixteen.
We know that the decimal number 3474 can be expressed as powers of 10 (3x103) + (4x102) + (7x101) + (4x100) = 347410 In the same manner, the hexadecimal number B23C16 can be expressed as powers of 16 (11x163) + (2x162) + (3x161) + (12x160) = 4562810 Note that the rightmost exponent starts from zero and increases by 1 as the place value increases. Hence, the hexadecimal number system is said to be in base 16.