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International Journal of Sustainable Energy

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Thermodynamic optimization for an open cycle of an externally fired micro gas turbine (EFmGT). Part 1: Thermodynamic modelling
Lingen Chen , Wanli Zhang & Fengrui Sun
a a a a

Postgraduate School, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, People's Republic of China Available online: 05 Jul 2011

To cite this article: Lingen Chen, Wanli Zhang & Fengrui Sun (2011): Thermodynamic optimization for an open cycle of an externally fired micro gas turbine (EFmGT). Part 1: Thermodynamic modelling, International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 30:4, 246-256 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1478646X.2010.509501

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International Journal of Sustainable Energy Vol. 30, No. 4, August 2011, 246256

Thermodynamic optimization for an open cycle of an externally red micro gas turbine (EFmGT). Part 1: Thermodynamic modelling
Downloaded by [National Chiao Tung University] at 22:46 16 October 2011
Lingen Chen*, Wanli Zhang and Fengrui Sun
Postgraduate School, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Peoples Republic of China
The principle of optimally tuning the air ow rate and subsequent distribution of pressure drops is applied to optimize the performance of a thermodynamic model for an open regenerative cycle of an externally red micro gas turbine power plant with pressure drop irreversibilities by using nite-time thermodynamics and considering the size constraints of the real plant. There are eight ow resistances encountered by the working uid stream for the cycle model. Two of these, the friction through the blades and vanes of the compressor and the turbine, are related to the isentropic efciencies. The remaining ow resistances are always present because of the changes in ow cross-section at the compressor inlet and outlet, the turbine inlet and outlet and the regenerator hot/cold-side inlet and outlet. These resistances associated with the ow through various cross-sectional areas are derived as functions of the compressor inlet relative pressure drop, and control the air ow rate and the net power output and thermal efciency. The analytical formulae for the power output, efciency and other coefcients are derived, which indicate that the thermodynamic performance for an open regenerative cycle of an externally red micro gas turbine power plant can be optimized by adjusting the mass ow rate (or the distribution of pressure losses along the ow path). It is shown that there are optimal air mass ow rates (or the distribution of pressure losses along the ow path) which maximize the net power output. Keywords: externally red micro gas turbine; power; efciency; pressure drop; nite time thermodynamics

1.

Introduction

Performance analysis for Brayton (gas turbine) cycles has made tremendous progress by using nite-time thermodynamics (FTT) (Andresen et al. 1984, Bejan 1996c, Berry et al. 1999, Chen et al. 1999b, Chen and Sun 2004, Durmayaz et al. 2004, Feidt 1996, 2008, Hoffmann et al. 1997, Sieniutycz and Jezowski 2009). There are two basic cycle models for gas turbine cycles, one is closed cycle, and another is open cycle. For the closed Brayton cycles, the principle of optimally dividing a nite heat exchanger inventory between the hot and cold end of the power plant has been used (Bejan and Vargas 1995, Feidt et al. 2007, Klein and Reindl 1998, Sarkar and Bhattacharyya 2007). FTT performance analysis and optimization for closed, simple, regenerated, intercooled, intercooled and regenerated, and intercooled-regenerated-reheated, endoreversible and irreversible Brayton cycles with constant- and variable-temperature heat reservoirs have been
*Corresponding author. Email: lgchenna@yahoo.com and lingenchen@hotmail.com

ISSN 1478-6451 print/ISSN 1478-646X online 2011 Taylor & Francis DOI: 10.1080/1478646X.2010.509501 http://www.informaworld.com

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performed by taking the power, specic power, power density, efcient power, efciency, thermoeconomic function, ecological function, and ecological coefcient of performance as objectives with considerations of the heat transfer irreversibility and/or internal irreversibilities. For open Brayton cycles, the principle of optimally tuning the air ow rate and subsequent distribution of pressure drops has been used (Bejan 1982, 1996a, b, 1997, Chen et al. 1998, 1999a, Hu and Chen 2006, Radcenco 1994). In practical industry, conventional simple and regenerated open-cycle gas turbine plants are used. The performance of an open-cycle simple gas turbine power plant was optimized by incorporating the irreversibilities due to the various pressure drops distributed along the ow path into the power plant model by Radcenco et al. (1998a,b). The power and efciency of an open-cycle regenerated gas turbine power plant was optimized by using a similar method by Chen et al. (2004). The power and efciency of an open-cycle intercooled gas turbine power plant was optimized by using a similar method by Wang et al. (2008). Recently, some new cycle congurations of gas turbine plants have been proposed. Agnew et al. (2003) and Alabdoadaim et al. (2004, 2006a,b) proposed a combined Brayton and inverse Brayton cycles power plant and a combined Brayton and two parallel inverse Brayton cycles power plant. The power and efciency of an open-cycle combined Brayton and inverse Brayton cycles power plant (Zhang et al. 2009) and an open-cycle combined Brayton and two parallel inverse Brayton cycles power plant (Chen et al. 2008, Zhang et al. 2008) were optimized by using a similar method to Radcenco et al. (1998a,b), Chen et al. (2004), Wang (2008) by Zhang et al. (Zhang et al. 2008, 2009) and Chen et al. (2008). Alhazmy and Najjar (2004), Zadpoor and Golshan (2006) and Zaki et al. (2007) proposed gas turbine power plants with refrigeration cycles for compressor inlet air cooling. The power and efciency of an open-cycle gas turbine power plant with a refrigeration cycle for compressor inlet air cooling were optimized by using a similar method to Radcenco et al. (1998a,b), Chen et al. (2004), Wang (2008) by Chen et al. (2009) and Zhang et al. (2009). An externally red micro gas turbine power plant, as shown in Figure 1 (Kautz and Hansen 2005, 2007), is another choice for the use of impure reproducible fuel in the cogeneration plant because its movement components do not contact the gas directly. It is an effective, economical, promising micro available plant using reproducible energy sources, and can reduce carbon dioxide exhaust (Kautz and Hansen 2005, 2007) and get to a thermal efciency of 2533% (Torrero 2000, 2002). A study by the America Aeronautics and Space Research Company and Thermal Chemical Energy Source Organization indicates that the regenerator is the most important, costly component, the run temperature (i.e. the inlet temperature of the regenerator hot side) of which is higher than that of the inlet of the turbine because heat ows from the high temperature end to the low temperature end (Traverso et al. 2003, 2006). The externally red gas turbine unites two advantages. One is that the utilization of the waste heat from the turbine in a regenerative process increases the efciency; the other is the possible utilization of burning dirty fuel such as biomass or coal. A further step of the current article beyond Radcenco et al. (1998a,b), Chen et al. (2004, 2008, 2009), Wang et al. (2008), Zhang et al. (2008, 2009a, b), Kautz and Hansen (2005, 2007), and Traverso et al. (2003, 2006) is to analyse and optimize the performance of the externally red micro gas turbine power plant (Kautz and Hansen 2005, 2007, Torrero 2000, 2002) with consideration of the eight pressure drop losses in the intake, compressor, regenerator, expansion, combustion chamber and discharge processes, and the ow processes of the working uid in the piping, the heat transfer loss to ambient, the irreversible compression and expansion losses in the compressor and turbine, the irreversible heat transfer loss in the regenerator and the irreversible combustion loss in the combustion chamber by using a similar principle and method to that used in Radcenco et al. (1998a,b), Chen et al. (2004, 2008, 2009), Wang et al. (2008), and Zhang et al. (2008, 2009a,b).

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Figure 1.

Pressure drop and mass ow rate distributions for the open cycle of an externally red micro gas turbine.

2.

Physical model

An externally red micro gas turbine power plant is shown in Figure 1. There are eight ow resistances encountered by the gas stream. Two of these, the friction through the compressor and the turbine, are related to the isentropic efciencies c and t , respectively. In principle, these resistances can be rendered negligible by minimizing friction in the compressor and turbines in the limit (c , t ) 1. The remaining ow resistances, however, are always present because of the changes in ow cross-section at the compressor inlet and outlet, regenerator inlet and outlet, combustion chamber inlet and outlet, and turbine inlets and outlets. These resistances control the air ow rate m . The plant model is expressed using pressure drop and mass ow rate distributions and a temperatureentropy diagram, as shown in Figure 2. There are four components: the compressor, the regenerator, the gas turbine and the combustion chamber and there is no blade cooling ow to the expander. The feature of ow through each component is that there is a pressure drop that increases with the mass ow rate. The key of this study is to conrm the optimal pressure drops, that exist or not, which make the performance of the cycle optimization. Proceeding along the path followed by the working uid, the following modelling is made. The working uid (air, gas) is an ideal gas with a specic heat that depends on temperature and composition. The air ows into the compressor (process 0-1) irreversibly and is accompanied by a pressure drop P1 = P0 P1 and specic entropy increase s1 at the ambient temperature T0 . The pressure drop at the compressor inlet of the plant is given by P1 = K1 1 0 V12 , 2 (1)

where K1 is the contraction pressure loss coefcient and V1 is the average air velocity through the inlet ow cross-section A1 , see Figure 1. It is assumed that the ow is highly turbulent and, as a rst approximation, K1 is a constant when the change in the ow cross-section is xed (Bejan 1993). The air mass ow rate through the same cross-section is m = A1 0 V1 or m = A1 2 0 P0 K1
1/2

1 ,

1/2

(2)

where 1 = P1 /P0 is the relative pressure drop associated with the rst ow resistance. The air compression process 1-2 is adiabatic and irreversible, leading to specic entropy increase sc . In Figure 2, this process is represented schematically by the isentropic compression 1-2s followed by the throttling process 2s -2, which accounts for the pressure drop Pc associated with

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Figure 2. Temperatureentropy diagram and the ow resistances for the open cycle of an externally red micro gas turbine.

uid friction through the compressor. The modelling of the ow through the compressor continues with the apparent compressor pressure ratio 1 = P2 /P0 as an input parameter (Gordon 1985). The effective pressure ratio c = P2 /P1 = 1 /(1 1 ) is related to the isentropic temperature ratio ( 1)/a1 (cs ) across the compressor, cs = T2s /T1 = c a1 , where the ratio of the air specic heats a1 = (Cp /Cv )air decreases as the mean air temperature Tma1 increases. The empirical correlation for a1 was developed by Radcenco (1979), a1 = 1.438 (1.05 104 ) Tma1 , (3)

and is valid with 0.5% in the range 350 K < Tma < 1000 K, where Tma = T0 (1 + cs )/2. 1 The specic work required by the compressor, wc = c RT0 (cs 1)a1 /(a1 1), can be related to the pressure drop through the compressor by writing h2s = h2 , and noting that c = Pc /P2 = (c /cs )a1 /(a1 1) 1 and c = T2 /T1 = 1 + (cs 1)/c . The resulting c = mw dimensionless expression for the compressor power input W c is c = W c W a1 (cs 1) 1/2 = . A1 (2/K1 )1/2 P0 (RT0 )1/2 c (a1 1) 1 (4)

The air ow through the regenerator (process 2-3 ) is characterized by the total pressure drop Pch . This process is represented schematically by the throttling process 2-2 followed by the isobaric process 2 -3 , which accounts for the pressure drop Pch associated with uid friction through the regenerator. The pressure drop associated with the ow into the regenerator cold side is Pch = K2 2 V22 /2, where K2 and V2 are the pressure loss coefcient and the mean velocity based on A2 of the compressor, with K2 treated as a constant. The relative pressure drop associated with the ow out of the compressor and into the regenerator cold side is determined from mass conservation m = A1 0 V1 = A2 2 V2 . The result is ch = Pch c 1 . = 2 P2 1 (A2 /A1 )2 (K1 /K2 ) (5)

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The heat transfer rate of the regenerator cold side is c RL = m(h Q 3 h2 ) = m a2 RT0 , a2 1 (6)

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where = T3 /T0 is the temperature ratio of the cycle, and a2 is evaluated based on Equation (3) with Tma2 = T0 ( + c )/2. The pressure drop associated with the ow out of the regenerator cold side and into the turbine (process 3-3) is Pht = K3 3 V32 /2, where K3 and V3 are the pressure loss coefcient and the mean velocity based on A3 , with K3 treated as a constant. The process is accompanied by the specic entropy increase sht . The relative pressure drop ht = Pht /P3 is determined from mass conservation m = A1 0 V1 = A3 3 V3 . The result is ht (1 ht ) = 1 . 2 (A3 /A1 )2 (K1 /K3 )1 (1 ch )2 (7)

The turbine expansion process 3-4 is modelled as adiabatic and irreversible with the specic entropy increase st1 . This process is equivalent to the isentropic expansion 3-4s from P3 = P3 Pht to P4s = P4 + Pt , followed by the adiabatic throttling process 4s -4 accounting for the pressure drop Pt through the blades and vanes of the turbine. The modelling of the ow through the turbine continues with the apparent turbine pressure ratio 2 = P3 /P4 as an input parameter (Gordon 1985). The effective pressure ratio t = P3 /P4 = 2 (1 ht ) is related to ( 1)/a3 , where the ratio the isentropic temperature ratio ts across the turbine, ts = T3 /T4s = t a3 of the air specic heats a3 in the temperature range occupied by the turbine is correlated by the same Equation (3), and Tma3 is the average temperature Tma3 = T0 (1 + 1/ts )/2. The specic power output of the turbine is wt = t RT0 (1 1/ts )a3 /(a3 1), which is related to the pressure drop associated with the friction through the turbine blades and vanes, t = Pt /P4 . Taking note of t = T3 /T4 = (1 t + t /ts )1 and h4s = h4 , one can get t = t1 = m (ts /t )a3 /(a3 1) 1. In conclusion, the turbine power output W g wt1 can be expressed in dimensionless form as t = W A1 (2/K1 Wt 1 ) /2 P
0 (RT0

)1/2

a 3 t (1 1/ts ) 1/2 1 . (a3 1)

(8)

The combustion process and ow through the combustion chamber are characterized by the pressure drop Ptcc due to the ow into the combustion chamber (process 4-5 ) and the specic entropy increase stcc . The pressure drop associated with the ow into the combustion chamber is Ptcc = K4 4 V42 /2, where K4 and V4 are the pressure loss coefcient and the mean velocity based on A4 , with K4 treated as a constant. The relative pressure drop associated with the ow out of the compressor and into the combustion chamber is determined from mass conservation m = A1 0 V1 = A4 4 V4 . The result is tcc =
2 Ptcc 2 1 = . 2 2 P4 (A4 /A1 ) (K1 /K4 )1 t (1 ch )2

(9)

In view of the ideal gas model, the temperature increase experienced by the gas through the combustion chamber is equivalent to the isobaric process 4 -5 at pressure P4 = P5 = P4 Ptcc . cf ) of the heating rate produced by the burning fuel (Q f ) leaks directly into the ambient A fraction (Q through the wall of the combustion chamber. The heat leakage from the combustor to the ambient is accounted for in terms of combustor efciency cf = cf Q Q =1 , f Qf Q (10)

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= Q1 which typically has values higher than 0.95. The heat transfer rate received by the gas stream is Q f = m cf Q g cpg (T5 T4 ), where m g is the gas mass ow rate, m g = m +m f = m f (L0 + 1), and L0 are the excess air ratio and theoretical air quantity = 1 L0 gc 1 Qf cf 1 , gc RT0 T5 /T0 /t (11)

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f /mf is the lower heating value (LHV) of the fuel. The fuel considered in this study where Qf = Q is kerosene with a composition by weight of 86.08% carbon and 13.92% hydrogen, theoretical air L0 = 14.64 (kg air)/(kg fuel), and Qf = 43.1 103 kJ/(kgfuel) (Brown 1993). The ratio of specic heats of the gas in the combustor, gc = (Cp /Cv )gas , has been correlated (Radcenco 1979) as a function of and a average gas temperature Tmgc = T0 (T5 /T0 + /t )/2 gc = 1.254 0.0372 76.7 + . Tmgc (12)

The excess air is calculated iteratively between Equations (12) and (13). It can be shown that the heat transfer produced by the burning fuel can be nondimensionalized and expressed as follows: f = Q
1/2 f Q Qf 1 1 = = 1+ 1/2 1/2 L0 RT0 L0 A1 (2/K1 ) P0 (RT0 )

gc (T5 /T0 /t ) 1/2 1 . (gc 1)cf

(13)

The corresponding heat transfer received by the gas stream is f = 1 + 1 = cf Q Q L0 gc (T5 /T0 /t ) 1/2 1 . (gc 1) (14)

The overall pressure drop associated with the ow of compressed working uid through the combustion chamber is Pcf = Ptcc + Pcch = P4 tcc + (P4 Ptcc )ct , and the overall relative pressure drop is cf = tcc + (1 tcc )cch = tcc + cch . The common range of cf is 0.05 cf (= Pcf /P4 ) 0.07. The pressure drop associated with the ow out of the combustion chamber and into the hot side of the regenerator (process 5 -5) is Pcch = K5 5 V52 /2, with K5 treated as a constant. The process is accompanied by the specic entropy increase scch . The process 5 -6 of the working uid through the hot side of the regenerator is represented schematically by the throttling process 5 -5 followed by the isobaric process 5-6. The relative pressure drop cch = Pcch /P5 associated with the ow out of the combustor and into the regenerator hot side (cross-sectional area A5 ) is determined from mass conservation m g = m 1+ The result is cch (1 cch ) =
2 [1 + 1/(L0 )]2 2 T5 1 . 2 2 2 2 T (A5 /A1 ) (K1 /K5 )(1 ch ) (1 tcc ) 1 0

1 1 = A1 0 V1 1 + = A5 5 V5 . (L0 ) (L0 )

(15)

The heat transfer rate of the regenerator hot side is 1 RH = m g (h5 h6 ) = m 1+ Q L0 g R(T5 T6 )/(g 1), (16)

where g is correlated by Equations (12) and (13), and Tmg is the average temperature Tmg = (T5 + T6 )/2.

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The effectiveness of the regenerator is dened as . The overall energy balance for the regenerator indicates that m g g R(T5 T6 ) m g g52 R(T5 T2 ) a2 R(T3 T2 ) RH = Q 52 = m RL = Q = = , Q a2 1 g 1 g52 1 (17)

where g52 is correlated by Equations (12) and (13), and Tmg52 is the average temperature Tmg52 = (T5 + T2 )/2. The following formulae are obtained

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a2 (g52 1)( c ) T5 = c + , T0 g52 (a2 1)(1 + 1/(L0 )) a2 (g 1)( c ) T5 T6 = . T0 T0 g (a2 1)[1 + 1/(L0 )]

(18) (19)

The discharge of the gas stream from the hot side of the regenerator (process 6-e) causes another pressure drop Pe = P6 P0 and specic entropy increase se at temperature Te . Analysis of the gas through the regenerator hot side begins with a guess for the relative pressure drop at its outlet, 6 = Pe /P0 , where Pe = K6 6 V62 /2, and K6 and V6 are the pressure loss coefcient and the mean velocity based on the ow cross-section A6 , and P6 = P0 (1 + 6 ). Finally, the value assumed for 6 can be veried by invoking mass continuity, m g = A1 0 V1 [1 + 1/(L0 )] = A6 6 V6 . After some algebra, it can be obtained that 6 (1 + 6 ) = 6 = and the pressure ratio of the turbine yields 2 = 1 (1 ch )(1 tcc )(1 cch ) . 1 + 6 (21) (1 + 1/(L0 ))2 1 T6 (A6 /A1 )2 (K1 /K6 ) T0 (20)

0 = The cooling rate experienced by the exhaust as it reaches the ambient temperature T0 is Q m g Cpg0 (Te T0 ), or in dimensionless form 0 = Q
1/2 0 (1 + 1/(L0 ))g0 1 Q = A1 (2/K1 )1/2 P0 (RT0 )1/2 g0 1

T6 1 , T0

(22)

where g0 is evaluated based on Equations (12) and (13) with Tmg0 = (T6 + T0 )/2. =W t W c = Q f Q cf The overall energy balance for the power plant indicates that W 0 = Q Q 0 is the net power output. The rst law efciency of the power plant is Q 1 = W W W = = cf , Qf Qf Q (23)

/Q is the thermal conversion efciency of the cycle supplied with Q , where W = g0 (gc 1)(T6 /T0 1) W . =1 gc (g0 1)(T5 /T0 /t ) Q (24)

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1 , 1 , Q 1 and Q 0 1 characteristics. Figure 3. The W

3.

Numerical examples

The effects of the air mass ow rate and pressure drops on the net power output are examined by numerical examples. The range covered by the calculations is 0 1 0.4, 1 1 20, 3 5, c = 0.9, t = 0.85 and cf = 0.99. The ratio of the extreme ow cross-sections (compressor inlet/regenerator hot side outlet) covered the range 0.25 a15 4, where a16 is the dimensionless group a16 = In the same sense, one has a1i = A1 Ai Ki K1
1/2

A1 A6

K6 K1

1/2

(25)

(i = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).

(26)

In the calculations, a13 = 1/2, a12 = a14 = a15 = a16 = 1/3, and T0 = 300 K are set. , , Q , Q 0 ) as 1 increases is shown in The behaviour of the main quantities of interest (W Figure 3. One can see that the thermal efciency decreases with the increase in the compressor reaches its maximum at the inlet relative pressure drop 1 , the dimensionless power output W optimal value 1opt , and the corresponding thermal efciency is about 30%, which is closer to the experimentation conclusion in Torrero (2000, 2002), and is less than the value that will be achieved for the optimal condition of maximum work for an ideal cycle.

4.

Conclusion

A thermodynamic model for an open regenerative cycle of an externally red micro gas turbine power plant with pressure drop irreversibilities is established using nite time thermodynamics in this article. To summarize the analytical representation of the model, one notes the expressions for

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compressor power input, Equation (4), turbine power output, Equation (8), heating produced by the fuel, Equation (13), and heat rejection, Equation (22), due to exhaust. Each of these quantities is proportional to 1/2 (or to any one of the other pressure drops), which in turn is proportional c, Q f, W t , and Q 0 decrease g . In conclusion, the energy interactions W to the ow rate m ,m f or m in proportion to the ow rate and, for example, the net power output is zero when the ow rate is zero. reaches its maximum at The numerical examples show that the dimensionless power output W the optimal value 1opt and that the thermal efciency decreases with the increase in 1 . Acknowledgements
This research is supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of PR China (Project No. 10905093), The Programme for New Century Excellent Talents in the University of PR China (Project No. NCET-04-1006) and The Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of PR China (Project No. 200136). The authors wish to thank the reviewers for their careful, unbiased and constructive suggestions, which led to this revised manuscript.

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Appendix: Nomenclature
A a C h K m P Q Q Q R s T V Area (m2 ) Ratio of the outermost equivalent ow cross-sections Specic heat [kJ/(kg K )] Specic enthalpy (kJ/kg) Contraction pressure loss coefcient Mass ow rate (kg/s) Pressure (MPa) Heat transfer quantity (kJ) Heat transfer rate (kW) Dimensionless heat transfer rate Ideal gas constant (kJ/(kg K )) Specic entropy (kJ/(kg K )) Temperature (K ) Mean velocity (m/s)

256 w W W Specic work (kJ/kg) Power output (kW) Dimensionless power output

L. Chen et al.

Greek symbols
Pressure ratio Variation Effectiveness of the regenerator Ratio of specic heats Efciency Adiabatic temperature ratio Density (kg/m3 ) Temperature ratio of the cycle Relative pressure drop

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Subscripts
a c cch cf ch e f g gc ht ma mg max opt p pg R rf RH RL s t tcc 0 1, 2, . . . 5 Air Compressor Combustion chamber-heat exchanger Combustion chamber fraction Compressor-heat exchanger Environment Fired Gas Gas-combustion chamber Heat exchanger-Turbine Mean-air Mean-gas Maximum Optimal Pressure Pressure-gas Regenerator Regenerator fraction Regenerator hot-side Regenerator cold-side Entropy Turbine Turbine-combustion chamber Ambient State points/sequence numbers