Derrick Lai Period 1 Chapter #11: Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic Big Picture Themes 1.

. Jeffersons election was considered a revolution because he represented the common people for the first time. 2. Troubles in North Africa and between England and France emerged. Jeffersons actions were sluggish. 3. Trying to again avoid war with England or France, Jefferson bumbled around with an embargo. His theory was that the only way to avoid war was to stop interaction between U.S. ships and Europe. The overall effect was to kill U.S. trade and enrage the merchants and businessmen up North. 4. The Louisiana Purchase came as a complete surprise and quickly doubled the size of the U.S. 5. James Madison picked up where Jefferson left off with the embargo in trying to avoid war. But, young western Congressmen wanted war to possibly gain new land, to squelch Indian troubles, and defend the free seas. They declared the War of 1812 with England. IDENTIFICATIONS: Marbury v. Madison Madison was one of Adams Midnight Judges. William Marbury was the focus of the appointment that was for a Justice of the Peace position. However, Marbury decided to sue for the position. Chief Justice John Marshall dismissed Marbury's suit, avoiding a political showdown and magnifying the power of the Court Henry Clay A Political Scientist during the 1820's. He was also a Congressman from Kentucky, who developed the American System that the US adopted after the War of 1812. The American System created a protective tariff to American Markets. It also used the tariff to build road and canal for better transportation. Essex Junto A group of lawyers and merchants from Essex County, Massachusetts. When Hamilton was offered a place in the plot to secede New England from the Union, he denied the offer. These Federalists supported Alexander Hamilton and the Massachusetts radicals.

Burr Conspiracy After the duel between Burr and Hamilton, Burr fled New York and joined a group of

Derrick Lai Period 1 mercenaries in the southern Louisiana territory region. The U.S. arrested them as they moved towards Mexico. Burr claimed that they had intended to attack Mexico, but the U.S. believed that they were actually trying to get Mexican aid to start a secession movement in the territories. Burr was tried for treason, and although Jefferson advocated Burrs punishment, the Supreme Court acquitted Burr. Impressment British seamen who often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British. Chesapeake/Leopard Incident The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. Non-intercourse Act This Act lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports. The intent was to damage the economies of the United Kingdom and France. Like its predecessor, the Embargo Act, it was mostly ineffective, and contributed to the coming of the War of 1812 Macons Bill No. 2 This law lifted all embargoes with Britain or France. If either one of the two countries stopped attacks upon American shipping, the United States would cease trade with the other, unless that country agreed to recognize the rights of the neutral American ships as well. William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought on November 7, 1811, between United States forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and forces of Tecumseh's growing American Indian confederation led by his younger brother Tenskwatawa. In response to rising tensions with the tribes and threats of war, a United States force of militia and regulars set out to launch a preemptive strike on the headquarters of the confederacy. War Hawks War Hawks refers to the members of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated waging war against the British in the War of 1812. Battle of Horseshoe bend United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh,

Derrick Lai Period 1 effectively ending the Creek War. Hartford Convention New England's opposition to the war reached the point where secession from the United States was discussed. The end of the war with a return to the status quo ante bellum disgraced the Federalist Party, which was nearly extinct at the time. Treaty of Ghent The peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The treaty largely restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum. Treaty of Greenville 1795 Signed at Fort Greenville (now Greenville, Ohio), between a coalition of Native Americans & Frontiers men, known as the Western Confederacy, and the United States following the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Battle of New Orleans Very great American victory for the people. The battle took place after the Treaty of Ghent took place because it took weeks for the news to reach the United States. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Federalist and Republican Mudslingers Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign 1. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800? Adams had many enemies because of his Alien and Sedition Acts. The Federalists had been most damaged by John Adams' not declaring war against France. They had raised a bunch of taxes and built a good navy, and then had not gotten any reason to justify such spending, making them seem fraudulent as they had also swelled the public debt. Thrown on the defensive, the Federalists concentrated their fire on Jefferson himself, who became the victim of one of Americas earliest whispering campaigns. The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800" Know: Aaron Burr 2. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain. Jefferson later claimed that the election of 1800 was a revolution comparable to that of 1776. But it was no revolution in the sense of a massive popular upheaval or an upending of the political system. In truth, Jefferson had narrowly squeaked through to victory. A switch of some 250 votes in New York would have thrown the election to Adams. Jefferson meant that his election represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the

Derrick Lai Period 1 Revolution. 3. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain.

The Empire State fell into the Jeffersonian basket, and with it the election, largely because Aaron Burr, a master wire-puller, turned New York to Jefferson by the narrowest of margins. It was particularly remarkable in that age; comparable successions would not take place in Britain for another generation. After a decade of division and doubt, Americans could take justifiable pride in the vigor of their experiment in democracy. Responsibility Breeds Moderation Know: Pell-mell 4. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?" The Revolution of 1800 is considered to be one of the milestones in United States history. This was the election of Thomas Jefferson wherein he defeated John Adams. This particular election revolutionized the arrival of the Democratic-Republican Party. Extending democratic principles to etiquette, Jefferson established the rule of pell-mell at official dinners that is, seating without regard to rank. The resplendent British minister, who had enjoyed precedence among the pro-British Federalists, was insulted.

Jeffersonian Restraint Know: Albert Gallatin 5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess. At the outset Jefferson was determined to undo the Federalist abuses begotten by the antiFrench hysteria. The hated Alien and Sedition Acts had already expired. The incoming president speedily pardoned the martyrs who were serving sentences under the Sedition Act, and the government remitted many fines. Shortly after the Congress met, the Jeffersonians enacted the new naturalization law of 1802.

The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase 6 What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision?

Derrick Lai Period 1 Madison was one of Adams Midnight Judges. The appointment was for a Justice of the Peace position for William Marbury. Marbury sued. Chief Justice John Marshall dismissed Marbury's suit, avoiding a political showdown and magnifying the power of the Court. The deathbed Judiciary Act of 1801 was one of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats 7. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States? Among his fondest hopes for America was that it might transcend the bloody wars and entangling alliances of Europe. Pirates of the North African Barbary States had long made a national industry of blackmailing and plundering merchant ships that ventured into the Mediterranean. The pasha of Tripoli, dissatisfied with his share of protection money, informally declared war on the United States by cutting down the flagstaff of the American consulate.

The Louisiana Godsend Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture 8. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States. We would have a territory of France in the middle southern section of the United States. French territory would not be subject to the United States government at all. Trading between the French territory could only happen through treaties between the United States and France. When the Spaniards at New Orleans withdrew the right of deposit guaranteed America by the treaty of 1795. Louisiana in the Long View Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike 9. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase? By scooping up Louisiana, America secured at one bloodless stroke the western half of the richest river valley in the world and further laid the foundations of a future major power. Aided by the Shoshoni woman Sacajawea, Lewis and Clark ascended the Great Muddy (Missouri River) from St. Louis, struggled through the Rockies, and descended the Columbia River to the Pacific coast. Zebulun Pike was an American brigadier general and explorer for whom Pikes Peak in Colorado is named.

America: A Nutcracked Neutral

Derrick Lai Period 1 Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake 10. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States? The British captain bluntly demanded the surrender of four alleged deserters. London had never claimed the right to seize sailors from a foreign warship, and the American commander, though totally unprepared to fight, refused the request. The British warship thereupon fired three devastating broadsides at close range, killing three Americans and wounding eighteen. Four deserters were dragged away, and the bloody hulk called the Chesapeake limped back to port. Unable to hurt each other directly, the two antagonists were forced to strike indirect blows. The Hated Embargo Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act 11. Who opposed the embargo and why? Jeffersonian Republicans probably hurt the commerce of New England, which they avowedly were trying to protect, far more than Britain and France together were doing. Farmers of the South and West, the strongholds of Jefferson, suffered no less disastrously than New England. They were alarmed by the mounting piles of unexportable cotton, grain, and tobacco. Jefferson seemed to be waging war on his fellow citizens rather than on the offending foreign powers. Madisons Gamble Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2 12. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy? This bill was a revision of the original bill by Representative Nathaniel Macon, known as Macon's Bill Number 1. The law lifted all embargoes with Britain or France. If either one of the two countries stopped attacks upon American shipping, the United States would cease trade with the other, unless that country agreed to recognize the rights of the neutral American ships as well. The crafty Napoleon saw his chance. Since 1806 Britain had justified its Orders in Council as retaliation for Napoleons actionsimplying, without promising outright, that trade restrictions would be lifted if the French decrees disappeared.

Tecumseh and the Prophet Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison 13. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain? The war hawks were cautious of hearing how their fathers had whipped the British singlehandedly, and they detested the manhandling of American sailors and the British Orders in Council that dammed the flow of American trade, especially western farm products headed for Europe. Western war hawks also yearned to wipe out a renewed Indian threat to the

Derrick Lai Period 1 pioneer settlers who were streaming into the trans-Allegheny wilderness.

"Mr. Madison's War" Know: War of 1812 14. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812? Madison asked Congress to declare war on June 1, 1812. Congress obliged him two weeks later. The vote in the House was 79 to 49 for war, in the Senate 19 to 13. The close tally revealed deep divisions over the wisdom of fighting. The split was both sectional and partisan. Support for the War of 1812 came from the South and West, but also from Republicans in populous middle states such as Pennsylvania and Virginia. Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1. The U.S. vs. England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans. 2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war. 3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the American System to build up the economy. 4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an East-West line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to stay away! IDENTIFICATIONS: Rush-Bagot Agreement A treaty between the United States and Britain ratified by the United States Senate on April 16, 1818. The treaty provided for a large demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained. Second Bank of the United States A federal establishment operated by the government as an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812. It was part of Henry Clay's American System and forced state banks to call in their loans which led to foreclosures and the Panic of 1819.

Derrick Lai Period 1 Francis Cabot Lowell A businessman for whom the city of Lowell, Massachusetts, United States is named, and who brought the Industrial Revolution to the United States. Lowell started to employ women, from the age of 15-35 from New England farming families, as textile workers, in what became known as the Lowell system. Era of Good Feelings A period that took place during Monroe's presidency, during 1817-1825 people had good feelings caused by the nationalistic pride after the Battle of New Orleans and second war for Independence with British, only one political party was present, on the surface everything looked fine, but underneath it all everything was troubled, conflict over slavery was appearing and sectionalism was inevitable, Missouri Compromise had a very dampening effect on those good feelings Adams-Onis Treaty Transcontinental Treaty or the Purchase of Florida, was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that gave Florida to the U.S. and set out a boundary between the U.S. and New Spain (now Mexico). It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy Panic of 1819 In 1819 the boom that had followed the War of 1812 ended. The downturn that followed was triggered by the revival of European agriculture after the ending of the Napoleonic Wars and by the contraction of credit instituted by the Second Bank of the United States, which was paying off loans that had been made to finance the Louisiana Purchase. Tallmadge Amendment The Tallmadge Amendment amended Missouri enabling legislation by forbidding the further introduction of slavery into Missouri and declaring that all children born of slave parents after the admission of the state should be free upon reaching the age of twenty-five. Missouri Compromise An act passed by the U.S. Congress admitting Missouri to the Union as the 24th state. After the territory requested statehood without slavery restrictions, Northern congressmen tried unsuccessfully to attach amendments restricting further slaveholding. John Marshall Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States, appointed in 1801 by

Derrick Lai Period 1 President John Adams. In the 34 years that Marshall presided over the Supreme Court, the federal powers of the judicial branch were strengthened and defined. Latin American Revolution They were rebellions of Latin American territories against the English Monarchy. The Latin American Wars of Independence were the revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. Monroe Doctrine A U.S. foreign-policy statement first enunciated by Pres. James Monroe on Dec. 2, 1823, declaring the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization. Concerned that the European powers would attempt to restore Spain's former colonies, he declared, inter alia, that any attempt by a European power to control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the U.S.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: On to Canada over Land and Lakes Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough 1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada. The British had captured Fort Michilimackinac. However, when the Americans battled on sea with their general Oliver Hazard Perry, they captured a British fleet and General William Harrison had beaten the British at the Battle of Thames. These victories really boosted America's spirits and on September 11, 1814, Thomas Macdonough challenged the British and won. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans 2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain. The Englishmen poor attacks caused them to lose men and injury many. The Battle of New Orleans restored that honor, at least in American eyes, and unleashed a wave of nationalism and self-confidence. Francis Scott Key, a detained American anxiously watching the bombardment from a British ship, was inspired by the doughty defenders to write the words of The Star- Spangled Banner. Set to the tune of a saucy English tavern refrain, the song quickly attained popularity. The Treaty of Ghent Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay 3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain.

Derrick Lai Period 1 The Treaty of Ghent was not advantageous to the United States. The Treaty basically stated that they would stop fighting and give back whatever land or territory they took from each other. Nowhere was it mentioned that the British attacked the American ships, seized and search, impressments or confiscations. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention 4. What did the Hartford Convention do? The federalists wanted Congress to require a two thirds vote before an embargo can be imposed. As the war dragged on, New England extremists became more vocal. A small minority of them proposed secession from the Union, or at least a separate peace with Britain. Ugly rumors were afloat about Blue Light Federaliststreacherous New Englanders who supposedly flashed lanterns on the shore so that blockading British cruisers would be alerted to the attempted escape of American ships. The Second War for American Independence 5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812? Many American soldiers were killed. The Federalist Party died and war heroes like Andrew Jackson were born. Because of the British blockade manufacturing prospered and sparked the Industrial Revolution of America. Nascent Nationalism Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur 6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812? A new sense of nationalism arose as America became one nation. Writers like Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper received international recognition in the 1820s for their use of American themes and scenes. Stephen Decatur, naval hero of the War of 1812 and of the Barbary Coast expeditions, pungently captured the countrys nationalist mood in a famous toast made on his return from the Mediterranean campaigns: Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be in the right; but our country, right or wrong! "The American System" Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal 7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the postwar years? The American system had three main parts. It began with a strong banking system, which would provide easy and abundant credit. Clay also advocated a protective tariff, behind which eastern manufacturing would flourish. Revenues gushing from the tariff would provide funds for the third component of the American systema network of roads and canals, especially in the burgeoning Ohio Valley.

Derrick Lai Period 1 The So-Called Era of Good Feelings Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings 8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings? The Era of Good Feelings took place during James Monroe's presidency, during 1817-1825 people had good feelings caused by the nationalistic pride after the Battle of New Orleans and second war for Independence with British, only one political party was present, on the surface everything looked fine, but underneath it all everything was troubled, conflict over slavery was appearing and sectionalism was inevitable, Missouri Compromise had a very dampening effect on those good feelings.

The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819 9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819. The Bank of the United States, through its western branches, had become deeply involved in this popular type of outdoor gambling. Financial paralysis from the panic, which lasted in some degree for several years, gave a rude setback to the nationalistic ardor. The West was especially hard hit. When the pinch came, the Bank of the United States forced the speculative (wildcat) western banks to the wall and foreclosed mortgages on countless farms. All this was technically legal but politically unwise. In the eyes of the western debtor, the nationalist Bank of the United States soon became a kind of financial devil.

Growing Pains of the West 10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War? In part it was simply a continuation of the generations-old westward movement, which had been going on since early colonial days. In addition, the siren song of cheap landthe Ohio feverhad a special appeal to European immigrants. Eager newcomers from abroad were beginning to stream down the gangplanks in impressive numbers, especially after the war of boycotts and bullets. Land exhaustion in the older tobacco states, where the soil was mined rather than cultivated, likewise drove people westward. Glib speculators accepted small down payments, making it easier to buy new holdings. Slavery and the Sectional Balance Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution 11 Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive? This fertile and well-watered area contained sufficient population to warrant statehood. But the House of Representatives stymied the plans of the Missourians by passing the incendiary

Derrick Lai Period 1 Tallmadge amendment. It stipulated that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri and also provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night" 12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain. Courtly Henry Clay of Kentucky, gifted conciliator, played a leading role. Congress, despite abolitionist pleas, agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state. But at the same time, free-soil Maine, which until then had been a part of Massachusetts, was admitted as a separate state. The balance between North and South was thus kept at twelve states each and remained there for fifteen years. Although Missouri was permitted to retain slaves, all future bondage was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of the line of 36 30'the southern boundary of Missouri. The Missouri Compromise lasted thirty-four yearsa vital formative period in the life of the young Republicand during that time it preserved the shaky compact of the states. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden 13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional."

John Marshalls ruling in the McCulloch v. Maryland case gave the doctrine of loose construction its most famous formulation. The Constitution, he said, derived from the consent of the people and thus permitted the government to act for their benefit. He further argued that the Constitution was intended to endure for ages to come and, consequently, to be adapted to the various crises of human affairs. Finally, he declared, Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are constitutional. Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster 14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess. The notorious case of Fletcher v. Peck (1810) arose when a Georgia legislature, swayed by bribery, granted 35 million acres in the Yazoo River country (Mississippi) to private speculators. The next legislature, yielding to an angry public outcry, canceled the crooked transaction. But the Supreme Court, with Marshall presiding, decreed that the legislative grant was a contract (even though fraudulently secured) and that the Constitution forbids state laws impairing contracts (Art. I, Sec. X, para. 1).

Derrick Lai Period 1 Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819 15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain. Early in 1818 Jackson swept across the Florida border with all the fury of an avenging angel. He hanged two Indian chiefs without ceremony and, after hasty military trials, executed two British subjects for assisting the Indians. Jackson had clearly exceeded his instructions from Washington. Alarmed, President Monroe consulted his cabinet. Its members were for disavowing or disciplining the overzealous Jacksonall except the lone wolf John Quincy Adams, who refused to howl with the pack. An ardent patriot and nationalist, the flinty New Englander took the offensive and demanded huge concessions from Spain.

The Menace of Monarchy in America Know: George Canning 16 How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America? Accordingly, in August 1823, George Canning, the haughty British foreign secretary, approached the American minister in London with a startling proposition. Would not the United States combine with Britain in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory, and specifically warning the European despots to keep their harsh hands off the Latin American republics? The American minister, lacking instructions, referred this fateful scheme to his superiors in Washington. Monroe and His Doctrine Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine 17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas? Monroe first directed his verbal volley primarily at the lumbering Russian bear in the Northwest. He proclaimed, in effect, that the era of colonization in the Americas had ended and that henceforth the hunting season was permanently closed. What the great powers had they might keep, but neither they nor any other Old World governments could seize or otherwise acquire more. At the same time, Monroe trumpeted a warning against foreign intervention. He was clearly concerned with regions to the south, where fears were felt for the fledgling Spanish-American republics. Monroe's Doctrine Appraised 18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history. The United States has never willingly permitted a powerful foreign nation to secure a foothold near its strategic Caribbean vitals. Yet in the absence of the British navy or other allies, the strength of the Monroe Doctrine has never been greater than Americas power

Derrick Lai Period 1 to eject the trespasser. The doctrine, as often noted, was just as big as the nations armed forces and no bigger. The Monroe Doctrine has had a long career of ups and downs. It was never lawdomestic or international. It was not, technically speaking, pledge or an agreement. It was merely a simple, personalized statement of the policy of President Monroe. What one president says, another may unsay.

Derrick Lai Period 1