SHORING SUITE +

ct-SHORING u EPRES u LPRES u HEAVE

FOR WINDOWS
CIVILTECH SOFTWARE

CivilTech Software

SHORING i

ct-SHORING
Shoring Wall Design and Analysis
CIVILTECH SOFTWARE

CivilTech Software

SHORING ii

SHORING FOR WINDOWS SOFTWARE MANUAL Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1 ABOUT THE PROGRAM ....................................................................................................................................... 1 ABOUT THE MANUAL ........................................................................................................................................ 1 ABOUT THE COMPANY ....................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND QUICK START..................................................................................... 2 QUICK START .................................................................................................................................................... 2 REGISTRATION .................................................................................................................................................. 3 MENU COMMAND .............................................................................................................................................. 4 ABOUT THE SHORING SUITE PACKAGE ............................................................................................................... 4 INTEGRATION WITH EPRES AND LPRES PROGRAMS ............................................................................................. 5 CHANGING FIRM OR USER DATA ........................................................................................................................ 5 PREVIEW AND PRINT SCREEN ............................................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 3 RUNNING THE PROGRAM ...................................................................................................... 7 DATA INPUT ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 Input Illustration (Figure 3-1) ....................................................................................................................... 7 Input Page 1 (Figure 3-2).............................................................................................................................. 8 Input Page 2 (Figure 3-3)............................................................................................................................ 10 Optional Input ............................................................................................................................................ 12 DATA OUTPUT ................................................................................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 4 CALCULATION METHOD ..................................................................................................... 13 CANTILEVER WALLS ....................................................................................................................................... 14 ANCHORED WALLS ......................................................................................................................................... 14 MULTI-BRACING OR TIEBACK WITH EMBEDMENT............................................................................................. 16 MULTI-BRACING WITHOUT EMBEDMENT .......................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION & SPECIAL CONDITIONS .............................................................................. 18 CHAPTER 6 EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................................... 21 Design of Contilevered Wall, Granular Soil Alternative Input for Example 1 Design of Sheet Pile Wall with Two Soil & Surcharge Loads Design of Sheet Pile Wall with Cohesive Soil and Surcharge Load Design of Sheet Pile Wall with Differential Water Levels Design of Anchored Sheet Pile Wall with the Same Water Level Design of Anchored Soldier Pile Wall with Lagging Design of Sheet Pile Wall with Tieback Anchor Design of Cofferdam with Two Braces Design of Cofferdam with Three Braces Design of Tieback Wall Design of Anchored and Racking Braced Wall Design of Braced Cut without Embedment Design of Sheet Pile Wall, Pour Seal at Bottom Design of Deep Excavation Using Multi-Tieback Wall

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

About the Program

The program SHORING for Windows has a user-friendly interface that makes the program easy to learn and easy to run. It has a pull-down menu bar at the top of the screen and is easy to operate. The commands on the menu bar are arranged in a Microsoft-style configuration. Both the mouse and the keyboard can be used for data input and retrieval with short-cut keys provided for quick operation. The program uses pressure diagram input rather than soil parameters. The main advantage of pressure diagrams is that differing soil conditions, design criteria, surcharge loads, water conditions, and wall types can be easily accommodated. The user can also input soil, water, and surcharge information through our Epres and Lpres programs. The results of these two programs are automatically linked to SHORING. The user does not need to type the data again. These three integrated programs are called the Shoring Suite and can be purchased separately or together.

About the Manual

This manual: 1) Describes software operation and hardware configuration 2) Introduces theory and methods of calculation used in the program (the user should, at least, be familiar with design theory) 3) Describes each input and output parameter 4) Provides typical example problems

About the Company

CivilTech Software is a subsidiary of CivilTech Corporation. CivilTech Software employs engineers with experience in structural, geotechnical, and software engineering. These engineers have many years of experience in design and analysis in these fields as well as in special studies, including seismic analysis, soil-structure interaction, and finite element analysis. CivilTech has developed a series of engineering programs that are efficient, easy to learn, engineering oriented, practical, and accurate. The series of CivilTech Software includes SHORING, HEAVE, Lpres, Epres, Tunnel, Buried Structures, All-Pile, SuperLog, Pinned Pile, and Lab Testing. These programs are widely used in the U.S. and around the world. For more information, visit our Web site at http://www.civiltech.com.

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CHAPTER 2
Quick Start
Setup

INSTALLATION AND QUICK START

Insert the setup disk into floppy drive A: or B:. In Windows 3.1, go to the [FILE] menu and select [RUN]. In Windows 95/ NT click on <START> and select [RUN]. Type: A: install or B: install Press <OK> and follow the directions on the screen. The installation program will automatically create an icon called SHORING on your Windows desktop. When you first start the program you will be in unregistered mode. To register the software, see the instructions in the Registration section below. If you have the Shoring Suite disk, the installation program will install all of the programs together.

Configuration

The program will be configured using your Windows settings. However, you can change your configuration later in Windows. To do that, consult your Windows manual. Double click the SHORING shortcut on your desktop on your Windows desktop. Press <Quick Results> or F5 to see Quick Results Press <Graph Results> or F6 to see graphical results Press <Detailed Results> or F7 to see a detailed report. After <Graph>, a Preview window appears. You can zoom in, zoom out, shift pages, and print. Press <Epres, Lpres> to open either Epres or Lpres and integrate those programs data into SHORING. Press [Exit] from the [File] menu or Ctrl+X.

Starting the Program Running the Calculation View and Print Results Switch to Epres/ Lpres Quit Program

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Registration

Figure 2-1 Registration Window You will need to register your copy of this software to use its full capabilities. When you first start the program, the Demonstration Panel will appear. Click the <Register> button and a registration window will appear (as shown in Figure 2-1.) If you do not register at this time you can always open this window which is located under the [HELP] menu as the option [REGISTER]. After your registration has been accepted, this window will disappear. The program will find the CPU ID number of your computer and indicate it at the top of the registration panel. You may provide this number to CivilTech by telephone, email or fax. In return, you will be given a registration code to enter into the panel, along with your user name and company name. You will also need to select the program group you've purchased. Click Register to close the program, re-open it and you will have full program capabilities. You will need to have one license per each computer installed with the program. Additional licenses may be obtained at discounted rates. If further information is desired please contact CivilTech. If you purchased the Shoring Suite Plus package you will only need to register once through the Shoring Program.

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Menu Command
The following text describes the purpose of the commands under each menu item. File Menu The [File] menu provides easy data file handling tools. New To clear all the old data from the screen, and provide a blank work space so you can begin a new job. Every time you open the program, the program provides you with a new untitled file. If the file name is Untitled you have to name the file before you save it. (See Save below). To open an existing file saved previously. A dialog box with a list of files will show on the screen. Select the file you want and click open. If you change your mind, press Esc or cancel button. Occasionally you should save the file you are working on to avoid losing data. To save the working file you can press the shortcut key F10, or pull down the [file] menu and click on [Save] or [Save As]. If the file is untitled, the program will automatically switch to the [Save As] command and ask you to provide a file name for the file. If you want to save a new untitled file or change the file name of an opened file, you should use the [Save As] command. A dialog box appears to ask you the file name you want to use. You may type up to 8 letters for a file name. Don't type "." or an extension. A legal file name cannot contain the "# " character. If the file name is not valid, another dialog box appears to warn you. You can enter a valid name or click [Cancel] to go back. To quit the program. A dialog box will appear. You can click <YES> to quit the program or <NO> to go back to the program. To run the program. It has the same function as the <All> buttons on the menu bar. Provides help information for your convenience.

Open

Save

Save As

Exit Run Menu Help Menu

About the Shoring Suite Package

Your shipment disk contains all of the programs in Shoring Suite Plus, even though you may have purchased only one of them. The installation will install all of the programs together, but only the ones you have registered will function. The others will remain in demonstration mode only. You can register these other programs by calling us with your credit card ready or by mailing us a check (please check our Web site or call for our latest prices.) The results from Epres and Lpres can be read into the Shoring program. Please see below for more information regarding this new feature.

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Integration with Epres and Lpres Programs

The SHORING program provides integration with our Epres and Lpres programs. When you open the SHORING program, click on the <Suite> button, which is located on the top menu bar. A Suite panel appears with buttons to access the programs labeled on them: <Heave>, <Epres>, <Lpres>, <SHORING>. If the project is in very soft ground, you may need to check stability of the excavation. Click <Heave> in Step 1, then you can open the Heave program. If you input soils parameters (c, , along with water, ground conditions) press <Step2><3><4>. If you do not have surcharge loads, you can skip <Step 3> If you direct input pressures, press <Step 4> (you can skip <Step 2> and <3>.

The data from <Step 2> and <3> are automatically exported to SHORING. Please note, the data imported from Epres and Lpres has many small pressure diagram segments. It is not efficient to run SHORING using these segments. We recommend the following procedures: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Run Epres and Lpres first. Get output pressure diagrams from the two programs. Construct new simplified pressure diagrams from scratch. Input the simplified pressure diagrams in SHORING manually. Run the SHORING program. This way, the shoring program can be more efficient.

Changing Firm or User Data

You can easily change your firm and user name. Please bear in mind that if the software owner is to change companies, the current owner should contact us about reregistering it. This will allow you to still be eligible for upgrades and support. To change the registered firm and user name, click on <Help> and then <Register> on the upper menu bar to open up the registration window. Enter in the new name of company and user name with the current registration code. (If your old code does not work any more contact us for a new one). You will need to quit and restart the program. This change will take effect for the entire Shoring Suite for Windows programs (SHORING, Epres, Lpres, and Heave.)

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Preview and Print Screen

The preview and print screen is shown in Figure 2-2.

Return

Print

Zoom Tools

Shift Pages

Figure 2-2 Preview and Print Screen

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CHAPTER 3
Data Input

RUNNING THE PROGRAM

The data needed for calculation all input on three pages. A sample input is provided in Figure 3-1.

Input Illustration (Figure 3-1)

Pressures above base Depth
1.5

Brace or Anchor
.45 5

Pressure 2
.45

X Dredge Line
.35 1 .27 1.4

Pressure 1
.35 0.035

8 10

14 1

Y 1

Two lines to define no-load zone Active Pressure Below Dredge Line

Passive Pressure Below Dredge Line

Figure 3-1 General Page

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Input Page 1 (Figure 3-2)

Height Brace or Tieback No: Brace: Tieback: Xbrace: Angle: Define No-Load Zone: No brace. Using horizontal braces. Using tieback anchors. Enter length from top of wall (ground surface) to each brace or anchor. For cantilever walls, these cells are left blank. Enter the inclination angle for each brace or tieback anchor. The angle is measured from the horizontal line. Clockwise rotation is positive. To calculate the tieback free length, a no-load zone should be defined. The noload zone is defined by two lines: a horizontal line starts from the wall and a sloped line to the surface (see Fig. 3-1). The horizontal length of Line 1 and angle of Line 2 are inputted in two input boxes. The definition of the input is also shown on Page 3 of the program. This is the ratio of the horizontal length of Line 1 to the wall height. If the wall is 10 and H-Distance is 0.2, then length of Line 1 is 0.2x10=2. This is the angle from horizontal line to Line 2. Usually 60 is used to define the angle. After these two parameters are defined, the free length of the tieback anchor can be calculated. To calculate the tieback, fixed length (grouted length), and adhesion between the grout and the soil should be defined. It must be inputted in force per linear length. The units are kip/ft or KN/m. If you only know adhesion in kip per square foot (or Kpa), you need to multiply it by the circumference of the hole. The input data corresponding to Figure 3-1 are presented in the following table: Xtop 0 1.5 5 8 Spacing: Xtop: Top Pres: Xbot: Bot. Pres: Top Pres. Xbot Bot. Pres. Spacing 0 10 0.35 1 Pressure 1 0 5 0.45 1 Pressure 2 0.45 8 0.45 1 Pressure 2 0.45 14 0 1 Pressure 2 The width of pressure acting on the wall. Usually, this is the spacing of piles. If sheet pile is used, then width equals one. Units are feet or meters. The distance from the top of the wall to the top of the diagram. Units are feet or meters. The pressure value at the location of Xtop. Units ksf or kPa. The distance from the top of the wall to the bottom of each diagram. The pressure value at the location of Xbot. (Excavation Depth) Enter length from top of wall (ground surface) to dredge line.

H-Distance: Angle:

Tieback Adhesion:

Lateral Pressures:

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Double click 1st and 2nd columns to copy data from top rows.

Figure 3-2 Menu of Input Page 1 The pressure can be a combination of soil pressure, water pressure, and surcharge pressure on the wall. Trapezoidal pressure diagrams are utilized for data input. For triangular pressure diagrams, Top Pres. or Bot. Pres. can be equal to zero. Complicated pressure diagrams can be reduced into several trapezoidal diagrams. Up to 100 diagrams can be entered. The lateral pressures in this table can extend below the dredge line. Double clicking the mouse button on the first and second columns will copy the data from the third and fourth columns of the top row down. This will speed up your input. If Xbot is the same depth as the tip of the pile, which needs to be determined, 999 can be inputted in the Xbot location. The program will determine the top elevation then set Xbot equal to the top elevation. See example 5 in example section. All the pressures have the same spacing indicated in the Spacing box (top left corner of the table). If a pressure has two different spacings, for example, above dredge line is 8' spacing and below dredge line is 2' spacing. You should break the pressure into two parts at the dredge line. The part above the dredge line will have a spacing of 8' and the CivilTech Software SHORING 9

part below the dredge line will have a spacing of 2'. The two pressures are both entered in the table on Page 1. The 8' spacing is entered on page 1, the 2' spacing is entered on page 2 (Active pressures below base).

Input Page 2 (Figure 3-3)

Active Pressure Diagram (below dredge line): This pressure input has the same function as lateral pressure input except for the following differences: Page 1 inputs depth (X) measured from the top of the wall. Page 2 inputs depth (Y) measured from the dredge line. The pressure in Page 2 is only valid below the dredge line. Page 1 inputs values of pressure at top point and bottom point. Page 2 inputs value of pressure at top point and slope of pressure change. No bottom pressure is defined. Therefore the program can search the required embedment of the pile. An example input for Figure 3-3 is as follows: Y 0 Spacing Ytop Top Pressure Top Pressure 0.35 Pressure Slope 0.035 Spacing 1

The effective width of pressure, usually it is the diameter of the pile. If the sheet pile is used, then width equals one. Units are in feet or meters. The distance between the dredge line and the top of the pressure diagram. Units are in feet or meters. The pressure value at the location of Y. Units are ksf and kPa.

Pressure Slope - The slope (pressure change/ depth change) of the inclined line of the pressure diagram. Sometimes known as the equivalent fluid density. Units are in kcf or kPa/m. Here users should also remember that the slope and the pressure usually have the positive sign if the entire diagram stays in the active side of the pile, but they can also be negative if part of the diagram is on the passive side of the pile. Passive Pressure Diagram (below dredge line). This item has the same format as the above item but in the opposite direction. If you input positive values here, the pressure is in a passive direction. If you input a negative value, the pressure is in an active direction. A sample input for the Figure 3-3 is presented here: Y 0 4 Top Pressure 0 1.4 Pressure Slope .35 0.27 Spacing 1 1

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Spacing -

The effective width of pressure. Due to the arching effect, 2 to 3 times of the pile diameter are generally used as the effective width herein. If sheet pile is used, the width equals one. The distance between the pressure value at the location of Y. Units are in feet or meters. The pressure value at the location of Y. Units are in ksf or kPa..

Ytop Top Pressure -

Pressure Slope - The slope (pressure change/ depth change) of the inclined line of the pressure diagram. Sometimes known as the equivalent fluid density. Units are in KCF or Kpa/m. Note: X is measured from the top of the wall. Y is measured from the dredge line.

Figure 3-3, Menu of Input Page 2

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Optional Input
There are some optional inputs in page 2 to make the program flexible for different design assumptions. Factor of Safety (F.S.) for Passive Pressure: Generally, the passive pressure should carry a F.S. (1.5 is common). User should be clear that the passive pressure inputted has enough F.S. inside. If not, then user should input F.S. in this box. The passive pressure inputted is divided by the F.S. during the calculation. It will increase both the embedment and pile size. If user only wants to increase the embedment, then user can multiply the calculated embedment by F.S. and put 1 in the box. In this way, the pile size does not increase. Pile Selection: The program selects the minimum pile size for the shoring wall . The selection includes soldier piles, sheet piles, or no selection.

Pile Strength (Fy): The choices between grade 36 or 60 steel. In the pile size calculation, a factor of safety = 1.5. Embedment: Choose Yes if the piles have penetration below the excavation base. Choose No for steel plates or trench box excavation. At least two sufficient braces are required for no embedment option.

Top Brace Increasing: Based on the DM-7 US NAVY Manual (7.2-103, Fig 27), the upper brace should be increased by 15% due to unexpected ground and surcharge conditions. User has choice to apply the 15% increasing. Last Brace Increasing: In the calculation, the last brace force can be computed from last span (from the last brace to the excavation line) or from embedment span (from the last brace to the tip of pile). The force of the last brace calculated from the two spans may be different. User has choice to use the larger one or use the one from embedment span (previously used in the shoring program).

Unit:

Selection of metrics or English unitd. For English units, kip and feet are used. For metric units, kN and meters are used.

Data Output
Ct-Shoring has two kinds of output results. One is the summary of results that tells users: 1) embedment depth, 2) brace reaction, 3) maximum moment in the whole pile and its corresponding location and 4) input information and units. This type of format gives you a quick idea of what the results looks like. The other summary is the detail of results which allows you to check the results of the calculation. The calculation proceeds in each span that is between two adjacent braces except the first and last CivilTech Software SHORING 12

cantilever span. Depending on the type of problem, the contents in these results will be slightly different. Most of time the output will include the following in each span: Cantilever moment: most cases have top cantilever moment at the first brace level. Multiple braces without embedment also have bottom cantilever moment at the last brace level. Brace reaction: this is the reaction of each brace due to the earth pressures exerted on the piles. Driving force at bottom: this is the force exerted on the pile only due to the pressure diagram. Driving moment at bottom: this is the moment only from the pressure diagram. Reaction at top: this is one of the two components of each brace reaction, which is exerted on the top hinge of each span. Reaction at bottom: this is one of the two components of each brace reaction, which is exerted on the bottom hinge of each span. Maximum moment in each span and its location: at this point, the shear force must be zero. Overall maximum moment and its location: maximum moment in overall pile. The pile size selected by the program.

There are three buttons on the top menu bar. They have the following functions: <Quick Results> Shows brief results. It is useful for question solving via trial and error. The user can change data and view the results back and forth to find the optimum solution. Shows the results in a graphical presentation good for a final report. Shows detailed calculations for each span.

<Graphical Results> <Detailed Results>

CHAPTER 4
a)

CALCULATION METHOD
evaluation of the forces and lateral pressures that act on the wall.

The design of sheet pile retaining walls requires several successive operations:

b) determination of the required depth of piling penetration. c) computation of the reaction force in braces and the maximum bending moments in the piling.

d) computation of the stresses in the wall and selection of the appropriate piling section. e) the design of the walling and anchorage system which includes the reaction force in tie rod.

There are two basic types of walls: a) cantilevered walls b) braced walls.

For the braced walls, it can be divided further into CivilTech Software SHORING 13

a)

one-anchored walls.

b) Multi-bracing walls with embedment in soil. c) Multi bracing walls without embedment in soil.

Cantilever Walls
In these walls, sheet piling is driven to a sufficient depth into the ground to become fixed as a vertical cantilever in resisting the lateral active earth pressure. It acts like a wide cantilever beam above the dredge line, and there is no brace or tieback. The embedment is almost equal to the height above the dredge line. Cantilever sheet pile walls are usually recommended for walls of moderate height. A typical earth pressure diagram for a cantilevered wall is shown in Fig 4-1. Each component can be treated as trapezoidal or triangular-shaped. This makes calculation easier to handle. The basic principles for the estimation of net lateral pressure distribution on a cantilever sheet pile wall can be explained with the aid of Figure 4-1 which shows the nature of lateral yielding of a cantilever wall penetrating a sand layer below the dredge line. The wall rotates about a point o. In Zone A, the lateral pressure is the only active pressure from the land side. In Zone B, because of the nature of yielding of the wall, there will be active pressure from the land side (right side) and passive pressure from the dredge side (left side). The condition is reversed in Zone C -- that is, below the point of rotation o. The net actual pressure distribution on the wall is shown in Fig. 4-1. The calculation method is as follows: 1. 2. 3. Take moments at the bottom of the steel pile (assume we know the length of the pile) until the sum of the moments equals to zero. Calculate the embedment, B, to satisfy moment equilibrium. Add an additional reversed pressure and embedment (right side) to satisfy force equilibrium. The additional embedment, C, is assumed to be 20% of B. Therefore, the actual embedment , B+C, is 120% of B. Please note, this is not a Factor of Safety. The F.S. of the system is one. Find the maximum moment in the pile by choosing zero shear stress point.

4.

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M=0 F=0

Figure 4-1 Cantilever Wall

Anchored Walls
Anchored pile walls derive their support by two means: passive pressure on the front of the embedded portion of the wall and anchor tie rods near the top of the piling. Anchors minimize the depth of required penetration by the piles and also reduce the cross section area and weight of the piles needed for construction of the wall. This kind of wall is used mostly for tieback rod and bracing for sheet pile walls and soldier pile walls. For higher walls the use of high-strength steel piling, reinforced sheet piling, relieving platforms, or additional tiers or tie rods may be necessary. The typical pressure diagram in this kind of wall is shown in Fig 4-2. It also shows that the diagrams are trapezoidal or triangle-shaped, the same as in the cantilever wall except for the tie rod. The basic principals of calculation use moment equilibrium and force equilibrium to find the embedment of pile and anchor force. Because the embedment is relatively smaller than the cantilever wall, it is assumed that the wall in the embedment part will not rotate and no pressure reverse occurs. The calculation method is: 1. 2. 3. 4. Take moment about tie rod o, increase the pile embedment until the sum of the moment equals to zero. Calculate the embedment to satisfy the moment equilibrium at point o. Take the sum of horizontal forces equal to zero to get tie rod reaction. Find the maximum moment by choosing zero shear stress point. The maximum moment should be compared with the cantilever moment at the tie rod location to determine which one is larger.

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M=0 F=0

Tie Rod
O

Figure 4-2 Anchored Wall

Multi-Bracing or Tieback with Embedment

When the pressure and the wall are high, it is necessary to increase the number of braces. Unlike one anchored case, there is more than one brace or tieback to support the wall. The typical pressure diagram of this kind of wall is shown in Fig. 4-3. Due to the existence of multi-bracing, the diagrams are mostly rectangular or trapezoidal, which can be decomposed to rectangular and triangular components. In order to design this multi-bracing wall, which in many cases turns out to be an indeterminate static system, we need to make some reasonable assumptions to put hinges on it. Here, we assume that there are three kinds of spans through hinges to connect the multi-bracing walls: a) b) Cantilever span (from top of wall to first brace, refer to Figure 4-3). Beam span (between two adjacent braces, refer to Figure 4-3). Hinges are assumed at each brace level. Therefore, the reaction force and moment for each span can be determined. At the last beam span (span 3 in Figure 4-3), a bottom hinge has to be placed at the dredge line. Embedment span (from the last brace level to the tip of pile). Since the embedment of the pile is unknown, the embedment, Y, will be calculated. SHORING 16

c)

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The procedure to analyze the multi-brace wall is: 1. 2. Calculate the cantilever span and finding the cantilever moment. Calculate each brace reaction from each beam span by using the equilibrium method, where the reaction is the sum of the top component in the current span and the bottom component in the previous span. Calculate zero shear position in each beam span to get maximum moment. While considering the embedment span, take the moment about top point (at last brace level) until it becomes zero to get embedment Y. Calculating zero shear position in the embedment span to get maximum moment. Comparing the moment in all spans and finding the maximum moment of overall system.

3. 4. 5. 6.

Cantilever Span F Beam Span 1 i g u Beam Span 2 r e 4 Beam Span 3 3 M u l t i B

Embedment Span

Figure 4-3 Multi-Bracing with Embedment

Multi-Bracing without Embedment

Passive resistance is not always necessary for a shoring system in which most lateral loads are supported by bracing. This kind of shoring has the following cases: 1. Plate supporting system. Since there is no pile, there is no embedment required. The multiple braces take the entire lateral load. The plate can be steel plate, plywood, and sheet pile without penetration into the ground. Sometimes, horizontal and vertical framing and a wale system are required to make the system stable. Trench box excavation.

2.

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3.

A seal or concrete slab poured at dredge line, so that it acts as a brace at the bottom of the excavation level.

A typical pressure diagram with this kind of shoring is shown in Figure 4-4. Like multibracing walls with embedment in soil, we also need to make some reasonable and reliable assumptions to put hinges in it. The only difference between these two is here there is no embedment span and the last span is the same as the top span. The procedure to design this multi-brace wall is: 1. 2. Calculate the cantilever spans and finds the cantilever moment. There are two cantilever spans: one at the top, one at the bottom. Calculate each bracing reaction from each span by using the equilibrium method where the reaction is the sum of the top component in the current span and the bottom component in the previous span. Calculate zero shear position in each span to get maximum moment. Find maximum moment in the overall system.

3. 4.

Cantilever Span Beam Span 1

Beam Span 2

Cantilever Span

Figure 4-4 Multi-Bracing without Embedment

CHAPTER 5
Information Gathering:

DISCUSSION & SPECIAL CONDITIONS

The design procedure for a shoring wall can be divided into the following steps:

Before we start the design of shoring walls, we need to know several design conditions: Soil Conditions: since the magnitude of the earth pressure depends upon the physical properties of the soil, the interaction at the soil-structure interface, and the magnitude and character of the deformations in the soil-structure system, it is very

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important to know the soil conditions before starting design. The soil conditions generally include unit weight, soil friction angle, soil cohesion, water table, etc. Excavation Profile: depending on the real site conditions and contract agreement, we need to know the following things: a) the depth of excavation, the kind of pile (e.g. sheet, soldier pile)

b) the water pressure c) the surcharge condition

d) the type of supporting system (e.g., bracing or tieback) e) Pressure Diagram: After we get all the above information, we determine (1) active pressure above dredge (or excavation) line, (2) surcharge pressure, (3) water pressure, (4) active pressure below dredge line and (5) passive below dredge line. These diagrams will be used as input to the SHORING program. If you have Epres and Lpres, these two programs can help you determine the earth pressures and surcharge pressures. Unknown Depth of Pressure: In the case of seepage occurring below the bottom of the (sheet) pile due to the existence of differential water pressure and permeable materials (as shown in Examples 8 and 9), the net water pressure is considered to be zero at the bottom of the pile where a 999 is designated to calculate this unknown pile embedment depth. Conversely, a constant net water pressure is assumed if there is differential water pressure without seepage as shown in Example 10. Factor of Safety: The program sets F.S.=1 by default. Users may add their own F.S. in the following ways: Reduce passive pressures as in Example 1. Pp=Pp/F.S. Use Pp for program input. F.S.=1.5 is recommended for shoring design. This will affect the results of maximum movement and embedment of pile. Increase embedment of pile. Y=F.S. * Y Y is the embedment calculated by the program. Y is the embedment used in design. F.S.=1.2 is recommended. Please do not confuse this with the 20% increase in the cantilever calculation. The 20% increase is required for the force equilibrium internally calculated by the program. There is no F.S. inside. (See Chapter 4 Cantilever Wall.) if cantilever, one tie rod, or multiple tie rod system is being used

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Concrete Seal at the Base: If concrete seal or Control Density Fill (CDF) is installed at the base after excavation, an additional support is established. There are two ways to input this condition. Input additional brace above the base. The brace depth cannot equal or be deeper than the base. It should be above the base and keep a distance equal to half of the thickness of the seal. (See Example 14.) The excavation depth (wall height) equals the bottom of the seal. Set the excavation depth (wall height) equal to the top of the seal. Input a passive pressure zone equivalent to the thickness of the seal. The passive pressure can be set at about 500 ksf constant. Design of Wind Wall: The program can be used for the design of wind walls for airports and noise walls for highways. These simply use wind pressure instead of soil pressure. Bedrock on the Bottom: If very shallow bedrock is encountered, the bottom of the pile is anchored in the rock. The user can input a passive zone with high strength to represent the rock layer. It is recommended to use 500-2,000 ksf of passive constant pressure for input. The penetration in the rock may only be 0.1-0.2 feet. Weak Bedding Soils: If the soils below the base are very soft with very low strength, the embedment will be quite deep. The user must keep the passive pressure higher than the active pressure or the program cannot find the results and the program will attempt to search for an embedment up to 500, then give up! Input Horizontal Force Sometimes the user may want to input some horizontal forces on the wall. This can be done by converting the concentrated force to a pressure. For example, a 5 kip force can be converted into a 10 ksf pressure acting on 1 ft x 0.5 ft area. Use 1 foot of spacing and 0.5 foot of width for input. Wale and Struts for Sheet Pile If brace or anchor is used for sheet pile walls, the program output is the force per linear foot between wale and sheet pile. (See Example 9.) The struts force can be calculated by: F=S * T T: the horizontal brace force from the program (kip/ ft) S: spacing of the struts (ft) F: axial force in struts (kip) Global Stability The program does not include the analysis of the GLOBAL and LOCAL stability for the slope and its associated structure. The design engineer should be responsible for the evaluation of the GLOBAL and LOCAL stability of the whole shoring system. In addition, for an excavation with high water pressure, the boiling condition should be CivilTech Software SHORING 20

evaluated. For an excavation in soft clay, the bottom heave condition also needs to be checked. The ct-HEAVE program can provide assistance in the heave analysis. Limitations The ct_Shoring program is powerful, and can solve almost all the problems with cantilever, one anchored wall, and multiple level bracing or tieback walls. However, there are some limitations with parameter input. They are: Maximum pile length = 500 ft Maximum excavation depth = Unlimited. However, we suggest 300 ft maximum for braced wall and 200 ft for cantilever wall. Maximum number of active pressure diagrams = 100 Maximum number of passive pressure diagrams (must start from dredge line)=50 Maximum number of active pressure diagrams (must start from dredge line) = 10 The distance between two adjacent braces cant be less than one foot.

If the input data are beyond the limitations, do the following: If maximum pile length > 500 ft, use 1 ft =10 ft for input then multiply the results by 10. If two braces are very close, use one brace to replace the two braces for input. Then the calculated reaction of the one brace should be divided into two for each of the two braces.

CHAPTER 6

EXAMPLES

In order to let users know quickly how to use this program, different typical examples are presented in this chapter. The first four or five examples are intended to tell users who do not have too much experience using this kind of program, how to convert general soil information (e.g., friction angle, cohesion, etc.) to pressure diagrams which are used to run this program. The rest of the examples just present results that cover many different cases such as: Different ways to input the same problem to see if the result will be the same (it should be.) Problem with or without water and also with or without seepage. Results compared with theoretical results from a textbook. Different bracing cases: a) cantilever (no brace), b) one brace, and c) multi-bracing. Support systems with or without embedment in ground

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SHORING 21

Example 1 Design of Cantilevered Wall, Granular Soil Example 2 Alternative Input for Example 1 Example 3 Design of Sheet Pile Wall with Two Soil & Surcharge Loads Example 4 Design of Sheet Pile Wall with Cohesive Soil and Surcharge Load Example 5 Design of Sheet Pile Wall with Differential Water Levels Example 6 Design of Anchored Sheet Pile Wall with the Same Water Level Example 7 Design of Anchored Soldier Pile Wall with Lagging Example 8 Design of Sheet Pile Wall with Tieback Anchor Example 9 Design of Cofferdam with Two Braces Example 10 Design of Cofferdam with Three Braces Example 11 Design of Tieback Wall Example 12 Design of Anchored and Racking Braced Wall Example 13 Design of Braced Cut without Embedment Example 14 Design of Sheet Pile Wall, Pour Seal at Bottom Example 15 Design of Deep Excavation Using Multi-Tieback Wall

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SHORING 22

EXAMPLE 1
DESIGN OF CANTILEVERED WALL, GRANULAR SOIL
Introduction: A sheet pile wall is required to support a 12 excavation. The soil is uniform as shown in the figure. To take into account the friction between the wall and the soil, we use friction angle = /2. Please note this value is applied only for passive pressure. Use factor of safety = 1.5 for passive pressure. Question: What is the embedment and maximum bending moment in the pile? Calculation: Active pressure above cut: = 35, Ka = 0.27, @ 12, P1 = Ka(12) = (0.27)(125)(12) = 0.405 Ksf Active pressure below cut: Below the cut, use pressure slope input. The pressure slope Pa = Ka = (0.027)(125) = 0.034 Kcf Passive pressure below cut: Soil friction = 35, wall friction = /2, Kp = 6.74 (NAVFAC or Epres program) The pressure slope Pp = Kp/F.S. = (6.74)(125)/1.50 = 0.56 Kcf Running Program: A short result for input and output is presented. NOTE: 1 spacing for the sheet pile Results: The program shows that the minimum embedment is 9.3 and the pile length is 21.3. The maximum moment in the pile is 17 Kip-ft /ft. The maximum moment is at 15.9 from the ground surface.

EXAMPLE 1
= 125 pcf = 35o = /2 (only for passive)

H = 12

Dredge Line

P1 = 0.405 ksf 0.034 kcf

0.56 kcf 1

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SHORING EXAMPLES 1

EXAMPLE 2
Alternative Input for Example 1
Introduction: The conditions are the same as example 1. In example 2, we use an alternative input to check the versatility of the program. Instead of inputting both active and passive pressures below the cut, we input the net passive pressure below the cut. The net passive pressure is equal to PpPa. Question: What is the embedment and maximum bending moment in pile? Calculation: Active pressure above cut: Same as Example 1. Net pressure below cut: Active pressure slope is Pa = Ka = (0.27)(125) = 0.034 Kcf Passive pressure slope is Pp = Kp/F.S. = (6.74)(125) /1.5 = 0.56 Kcf Net passive pressure slope is Pn = Pp - Pa = 0.56 - 0.034 = 0.526 Kcf The point of zero pressure is e = P1/Pn = 0.405/0.526 = 0.77 Running Program: Input two active pressures in driving pressure input: One is from x = 0 to x = 12. Another is from x = 12 to x = 12 + 0.77 There is no active pressure input below dredge line. The passive pressure starts Y = 0.77, with a net slope = 0.526 Kcf Results: The same as example 1. Alternative: Another alternative input is also presented in attached file, example 2A. In this input, the net passive pressure slope, 0.526 Kcf is directly inputted from Y = 0 with starting pressure of -0.405 Ksf. In this way, the calculation of zero pressure point, e, can be omitted.

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SHORING EXAMPLES 2

EXAMPLE 2
= 125 pcf = 35o = /2 (only for passive)

H = 12 e

P1 = 0.405 ksf Y = 0.77 0.526 kcf 1

EXAMPLE 3

SURCHARGE, Ps = 0.24

0.041 10 H = 12 0.4 15 1
P4 = 1.2

1 P1 = 0.495 1 P2 = 0.618 P3 = 0.526 0.035 1

SOIL 1 1 = 125 pcf 1 = 30o = /2

0.58

P5 = 1.752

SOIL 2 2 = 130 pcf 2 = 35o = /2

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SHORING EXAMPLES 3

EXAMPLE 3
DESIGN OF SHEET PILE WALL WITH TWO SOIL AND SURCHARGE LOAD
Introduction: A sheet pile wall is required to support 12 excavation. F.S. = 1.5 is required for passive pressure. Soil conditions are shown in the figure. The surcharge load will be in a separate diagram. Question: What is the embedment and maximum bending moment in pile? Calculation: Active pressure above cut: <soil 1> 1=30, Ka =0.33, P1 = Ka(12) = (0.33)(125)(12) = 0.495 Ksf Active pressure below cut: <soil 1> pressure slope, Pa = Ka = (0.33)(125) = 0.041 Kcf P2 = Ka(15) = (0.33)(125)(15) = 0.618 Ksf <soil 2> 2= 35, Ka = 0.27, pressure slope Pa = Ka = (0.27)(130) = 0.035 Kcf P3 = Ka (15) = (0.27)(130)(15) = 0.526 Ksf Passive pressure below cut: <soil 1> 1 = 30, = 1/2, Kp = 4.8 (NAVFAC or Epres program) pressure slope, Pp = Kp/F.S. = (4.8)(125) /1.5 = 0.4 Kcf P4 = Pp(3) = 0.4(3) = 1.2 Ksf <soil 2> 2 = 35, = 2/2, Kp = 6.74 (NAVFAC or Epres program) pressure slope, Pp = Kp/F.S.= (6.74)(130) /1.5 = (6.74)(130) /1.5 = 0.584 Kcf P5 = Pp(3) = 0.584(3) = 1.752 Ksf Running Program: Use 1 spacing for the sheet pile and 0.24 Ksf for surcharge load. Results: The program shows that the minimum embedment is 13.3 and the pile length is 25. The maximum moment in the pile is 53.3 K-ft/ft at 17.7 from the ground surface.

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SHORING EXAMPLES 4

EXAMPLE 4
DESIGN OF SHEET PILE WALL WITH COHESIVE SOIL AND SURCHARGE LOAD
Introduction : In this example, the surcharge load is merged with the active pressure. It also can be separated as example 3. Soil 2 below cut line is a cohesive material with cohesion = 500 pcf (F.S. included). Question: What is the embedment and maximum bending moment in the pile? Calculation: Active pressure above cut: <soil 1> 1=30, Ka = 0.33, @ 0, P1 = Ka q = (0.33)(300) = 0.1 Ksf. P2 = Ka (q + H) = 0.33 (300 + 122.5 x 12) = 0.485 Ksf Passive pressure below cut: <soil 2> 2 = 0, Ka = 0, @ 12, P3 = 4c - v = 4(500) - (q + 1H) = 2000 - [300 + 122.5(12)] = 0.23
Ksf

Running Program: For passive pressure input, use Top Pres.= 0.23 and Pres. Slope = 0 Results: The program shows that the minimum embedment is 41.58 and the pile length is 53.58. The maximum moment in the pile is 43.2 Kip-ft/ft at 27.3 from the ground surface. q = 300psf

EXAMPLE 4
P1 = 0.1

H = 12 P3 = 0.23

P2 = 0.485

SOIL 1 (LOOSE SAND) 1 = 122.5 pcf 1 = 30o =0 Cu = 0

SOIL 2 (MED. CLAY) 2 = 110 pcf 2 = 0 Cu = 500 psf

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SHORING EXAMPLES 5

EXAMPLE 5
DESIGN OF SHEET PILE WALL WITH DIFFERENTIAL WATER LEVELS
Introduction: The water level is higher outside of the excavation base. Seepage is allowed to flow through the bottom of the pile. The water pressures of both sides are equal, therefore, the net pressure is zero at the bottom of the pile. Question: What is the embedment and maximum bending moment in the pile? Calculation: Active pressure above cut: = 35, Ka = 0.27, @ 5, P1 = Ka(5) = (0.27)(125)(5) = 0.17 Ksf @ 12, P2 = (0.27)(125 - 62.4)(12 - 5) + P1 = 0.287 Ksf Active pressure below cut: Pa = Ka = (0.27)(125 - 62.4) = 0.017 Ksf Passive pressure below cut: = 35, Kp = 6.74, @ = /2, P1 =0 Pp = Kp/F.S. = (6.74)(62.6) /1.5 = 0.281 Ksf Running Program: Due to seepage, the net water pressure = 0 at the embedment bottom. Because the embedment depth is unknown, the value can be set 999 to let the program find embedment. (See Chapter 5). Results: The program shows that the minimum embedment is 16.8 and the pile length is 28.8. The maximum moment in the pile is 38.9 Kip-ft/ft at 20 from the ground surface.

EXAMPLE 5
1 = 125 pcf 1 = 35o = /2 (Only for passive) P1 = 0.17

H = 12 Water @ 5 Seepage @ bottom F. S. = 1.5

Pw = 0.43 H = 12 12 P2 = 0.287

0.281 1

0.017 1 The depth is unknown, input 999 in program

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SHORING EXAMPLES 6

EXAMPLE 6
DESIGN OF ANCHORED SHEET PILE WALL WITH THE SAME WATER LEVEL
Introduction: This example has a 36 deep excavation to which tieback anchors are applied. The water levels are the same inside and outside of the excavation. Two layers of soil are presented in the example. Question: What is the embedment, anchor force, and maximum bending moment in the pile? Calculation: Active pressure above cut: <soil 1> 1= 34, Ka = 0.28, @ 10, P1 = Ka (10) = 0.308 Ksf @ 36, P2 = P1 + Ka(36-10) = P1 + (0.28)(60)(26) = 0.745 Ksf Active pressure below cut: <soil 2> 2 = 34.5, Ka = 0.26, @ 36, P3 = Ka[(10) + (26)] = 1.26 [110(10) + 60(26)] = 0.692 Ksf Passive pressure below cut: 2= 34.5, Kp = 6.63, Pp = Kp Pn = Pp - Pa = (6.63 - 0.26)(65) = 0.414 Ksf Running Program: Try input anchor level at 9 from the ground surface. Results: The program shows that the minimum embedment is 7.5 and the pile length is 43.5. The maximum moment in the pile is 68.7 Kip-ft/ft at 26 from the ground surface. The brace force = 8.8 K/ft.

EXAMPLE 6
9 10 T P1=0.308 SAND BACK FILL = 110 = 60 pcf o = 34 =0 Ka = 0.28 H = 36 P2=0.745 P3=0.692 MEDIUM SAND = 65 pcf Kp = 6.63 = 34.5o / = 0.4 Ka = 0.26 Kp - Ka = 6.37

0.414 1

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SHORING EXAMPLES 7

EXAMPLE 7
DESIGN OF ANCHORED SOLDIER PILE WALL WITH LAGGING
Introduction: A soldier pile wall is used in this example with one tieback anchor applied for each pile. Question: What is the embedment, anchor force, and maximum bending moment in the pile? Calculation: Active pressure above cut: = 30, Ka = 0.33, @ 12, P1 = Ka(12) = 0.485 Ksf Passive pressure below cut: C = 700 psf, = 0, Ka = 0, @ 12, P2 = 4c - v = 4(700) - (122.5)(12) = 1.33 Ksf Running Program: Try an anchor level = 5 from the pile top. Results: The program shows that the minimum embedment is 1.3 and the pile length is 13.3. The maximum moment in the pile is 13.2 Kip-ft/ft at 9.3 from the ground surface. Horizontal tieback force is 10.6 Kips per pile.

EXAMPLE 7
T 5

Lagging spacing = 6

LOOSE SAND 1 = 122.5 pcf 1 = 30o =0 Cu = 0 Ka = 0.33 P1 = 0.485

H = 12 P2 = 1.33

MED. CLAY 2 = 110 pcf 2 = 0 Cu = 700 psf

Pile Dia. = 2

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SHORING EXAMPLES 8

EXAMPLE 8
DESIGN OF SHEET PILE WALL WITH TIEBACK ANCHOR
Introduction: This example has a limited surcharge load. The surcharge pressure from the Lpres program is 0.42 Ksf as shown in the figure. The water pressure is similar to the condition in example 5. Question: What is the embedment, anchor force, and maximum bending moment in the pile? Calculation: Surcharge: Ps = 0.42 Ksf Water pressure: Pw = w (16 - 8) = (62.4)(8) = 0.499 Ksf Active pressure: P1 = Ka(8) = (0.27)(125)(8) = 0.27 Ksf P2 = P1 +Ka= P1 + (0.27)(125 - 62.4)(7) = 0.388 Ksf Pa = Kp = (0.27)(125-62.4) = 0.017 Kcf Passive pressure: starting 2 below dredge line P3 = Kp[(1) + w (1)] = 8.95 [125 + 62.4] = 1.26 Ksf Pp = Kp = (8.95)(125 - 62.4) = 0.56 Kcf Running Program: Use 999 for the unknown depth. (See Example 5) Results: The program shows that the minimum embedment is 5 and the pile length is 20. The maximum moment in the pile is 17.3 Kip-ft/ft at 12.5 from the ground surface. T = 8.2 Kips.

EXAMPLE 8

Ps = 0.42 5 T P1 = 0.27 10 H = 15 8

P2 = 0.39 16 Pw = 0.499 The depth is unknown, input 999 in program = 62.6 pcf = 125 pcf = 35o = /2 SHORING EXAMPLES 9

17 0.56 1 P3 =1.26

0.017 1

18

CivilTech Software

EXAMPLE 9
DESIGN OF COFFERDAM WITH TWO BRACES
Introduction : A cofferdam is designed for a bridge pier excavation. Two braces are used herein. Question: What is the embedment, brace force, and maximum bending moment in the pile? Calculation: Surcharge: Ps = 0.42 Ksf Water pressure: Pw = w (16 - 8) = (62.4)(8) = 0.499 Ksf Active pressure: P1 = Ka(8) = (0.27)(125)(8) = 0.27 Ksf P2 = P1 +Ka = P1 + (0.27)(125 - 62.4)(7) = 0.388 Ksf Pa= Kp = (0.27)(125-62.4) = 0.017 Kcf Passive pressure: starting 2 below dredge line P3 = Kp[(1) + w (1)] =8.95 [125 + 62.4] = 1.26 Ksf Pp = Kp = (8.95)(125 - 62.4) = 0.56 Kcf Running Program: The condition is the same as in example 8. The maximum movement is significantly reduced due to two levels of bracing. Results: The program shows that the minimum embedment is 4.2 and the pile length is 19.2. The maximum moment in the pile is 7.8 Kip-ft/ft at 14.1 from the ground surface. T1 = 5.3 Kips/ ft and T2=2.9 Kips/ ft.

EXAMPLE 9

Ps = 0.42 5 T1 P1 = 0.27 T2 10 H = 15 16 17
P3 =1.26

8 10

= 62.6 pcf = 125 pcf = 35o = /2

P2 = 0.39 16 Pw = 0.499 0.01 1 The depth is unknown, input 999 in program

Pw = 0

18

0.5 1

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SHORING EXAMPLES 10

EXAMPLE 10
DESIGN OF COFFERDAM WITH THREE BRACES
Introduction: A cofferdam is designed to support an excavation for a bridge pier. Due to a railroad 6 from the wall, surcharge pressure of 0.42 Ksf is applied. No seepage is allowed below the pile bottom. The water pressures at both sides are not equal. The outside pressure is higher than inside. After subtraction of the inside pressure, the net hydraulic pressure is constant below 36. Question: What is the embedment, brace force, and maximum bending moment in the pile? Calculation: Active pressure above cut: = 35, Ka = 0.27, @ 8, P1 = Ka(8) = (0.27)(125)(8) = 0.27 Ksf @ 35, P2 = Ka(35 - 8) + P1 = (0.27)(62.6)(27) + 0.27 = 0.724 Ksf Water pressure: @ 36, Pw = (36 - 8)(62.4) = 1.747 Ksf Surcharge load: (from Lpres program) from 0 to 10, Ps = 0.42 Ksf at 36, Ps = 0 Active pressure below cut: active pressure slope: Pa = Ka = (0.27)(62.6) = 0.017 Kcf Net water pressure: Pw = 1.747 Ksf constant Passive pressure below cut: = 35, = /2, Kp = 8.95 @ 37, P3 = Kp(2) = 8.95(62.6)(2) = 0.843 Ksf passive pressure slope: Pp = Kp = 8.95(62.6) = 0.56 Kcf Running Program: The soil below the excavation base is disturbed. Therefore the passive pressure of the top 2 soil below the dredge line is ignored. The input pressure diagram is shown as follows. Results: The program shows that the minimum embedment is 8.5 and the pile length is 43.5. The maximum moment in the pile is 32.4 Kip-ft/ft at 25.2 from the ground surface. T1 = 13.6 Kips/ ft, T2 = 12.6 Kips/ ft, and T3 = 16.1 Kips/ ft.

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SHORING EXAMPLES 11

EXAMPLE 10

Surcharge q

10 19

T1 T2

P1 = 0.27

Ps = 0.42 8 10 = 62.6 pcf = 125 pcf = 35o = /2

T3 H = 35 36 37 P3 =1.26 0.56 1 0.017 1 31 P2 = 0.46 36

36 Pw = 1.747

Cancel out

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SHORING EXAMPLES 12

EXAMPLE 11
DESIGN OF TIEBACK WALL
Introduction: The tieback wall has an 8 spacing of soldier pile supported by timber lagging (3 x 12). The active pressure diagram is a trapezoid. The surcharge load of 2 of soil is added to the active diagram. The soldier pile has a 2 diameter shaft. Below the dredge line, the active pressure is acting on one diameter. The passive pressure is acting on two diameters of pile due to the arching effect. Question: What is the embedment, tieback force, and maximum bending moment in the pile? Calculation: The soil report of this project requires 20(H + 2) for active pressure and ignoring the top 2 of passive pressure. The passive resistance is 400 pcf including F.S. Above base 8 spacing Active pressure P2 = P3 = 20(H + 2) = 20(30 + 2) = 0.64 Ksf Below base Active pressure P4 = 30(Z + 2) = 30(30 + 2) = 0.96 Ksf Active pressure slope Pa = 0.03 Kcf Acting 1 diameter of pile. Diameter of pile = 2. Passive pressure slope Pp = 0.4 Kcf Acting 2 diameter of pile. Diameter of pile = 2. Running Program: Use 3 pressure programs to input the active pressure Results: The program shows that the minimum embedment is 6.7 and the pile length is 36.7. The maximum moment in the pile is 49.7 Kip-ft at 27.1 from the ground surface. T1 = 44.7Kips, T2 = 45.1Kips, T3 = 42.9Kips.

Surcharge = 2 (Height of Soil)

EXAMPLE 11
P1 = 0.04 5.5 Lagging Spacing = 8 14 22 H = 30 32 0.4 1 0.4.Y Acting 2 Dia. of Pile = 4 P2 = 0.64 T1 T2 P3 = 0.64 T3 P4 = 0.96 0.03 1 0.03 ( X + 2 ) Acting 1 Dia. Of Pile = 2 0.2 H = 6 0.2 H = 6

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SHORING EXAMPLES 13

EXAMPLE 12
DESIGN OF ANCHORED AND RACKING BRACED WALL
Introduction: The original design using one level of tieback is not adequate to support the wall. An additional raking brace is added to help the stability of the wall. Question: What is the embedment, brace force, and maximum bending moment in the pile? Calculation: Active pressure above exc. 20(H) = 20(30) = 0.6 Ksf Acting 8 Active below exc. 30(Y) = 30(30) = 0.6 Ksf Acting 2 (diameter of pile) Passive below exc. 400Y Acting 4 (2 diameter of pile) Diameter of pile = 2 Lagging spacing = 8 Surcharge as shown Ps = 0.36 Running Program: The program only calculates the horizontal bracing force. The user has to calculate the vertical force and the total force based on the horizontal force calculations. Results: The program shows that the minimum embedment is 5.8 and the pile length is 35.8. The maximum moment in the pile is 128.6 Kip-ft at 24 from the ground surface. T1 = 61.3 Kips, T2 = 71.1 Kips. The force is in brace = 50 /Sin 45 = 70.7 Kips.

EXAMPLE 12
0.2 H = 6

Surcharge

P1 = 0.6 6 T1 Lagging Spacing = 8 17 T2 H = 30 0.4 1 45

o

4 Ps = 0.36

P2 = 0.6 0.2 H = 6 0.0675 P3 = 0.9 0.03 1 36 30

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SHORING EXAMPLES 14

EXAMPLE 13
DESIGN OF BRACED CUT WITHOUT EMBEDMENT
Introduction : For trench excavation, sometimes the supporting system only uses steel plates, swale, and braces. The steel plates do not penetrate into the ground. The program also can solve these types of problems. The program also can be applied for trench box excavation for pipelines. This example uses three level of braces for a 20 cut. To check the stability problem, the heave program can be used. Question: What is the bracing force? Calculation: Active pressure: = 30 Ka = 0.33 P1 = 0.65 KaH = (0.65)(0.33)(120) 20 = 0.51 Ksf Running Program: In the program output on page 2, check the bottom which will indicate the shoring wall without bracing. Results: Brace @ 3.7 T1 = 2.64k/ ft Brace @ 10 T2 = 2.87k/ ft Brace @ 16.3 T3 = 2.64k/ ft Maximum moment in plate: 2 Kip-ft/ft

EXAMPLE 13
0.2 H = 4 P1= 0.51 = 120pcf = 30o

H = 20

0.2 H = 4

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SHORING EXAMPLES 15

EXAMPLE 14
DESIGN OF SHEET PILE WALL, POUR SEAL AT BOTTOM
Introduction: Sometimes the bottom of the excavation is sealed to prevent water and heave. In this case, two ways can be used for inputting the concrete seal. 1) Use a brace at the level of the seal. Note: the depth of the brace cannot be equal to the depth of the excavation. 0.5 to 1.0 is required above the excavation level as the input of this example. 2) In the passive pressure input, use a large value of Pres. Top and Pres. Slope. However, if the value is too large, the program cannot function. Trial and error is required. Question: What is the embedment and maximum bending moment in the pile? Calculation: Active: P1 = 650 psf Water: Pw = w (25 - 10) = 62.4 (15) = 936psf Passive: Pp = 300 pcf Concrete seal was poured at bottom of excavation, then dewater to excavation base. Sheet pile spacing (width) = 1 Running Program: Results: The program shows that the minimum embedment is 3.7 and the pile length is 28.7. The maximum moment in pile is 11.7 Kip-ft/ft at 18 from the ground surface. T1=5.8 Kips/ ft, T2=5.8 Kips/ ft, and T3=4.2 Kips/ ft. T3 is the concrete seal. If the seal is 2 thick, the compression stress is 175 psi.

EXAMPLE 14
P1= 0.65 4 T1 10 12 CONCRETE SEAL, 2 THICK 24 25 Pw = 0.936 T3 T2

0.3 1 Cancel out

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SHORING EXAMPLES 16

EXAMPLE 15
DESIGN OF DEEP EXCAVATION USING MULTI-TIEBACK WALL
Introduction: This is a real project in Seattle area. The excavation is 60 below ground. The lagging spacing is 6. 7 levels of tiebacks are used. Vertical spacings of tiebacks need to be adjusted for a minimum moment in piles and smaller reaction force in tieback. The program proves easy input interface, so the user can change the depth of each tieback and run the program several times to get an optimum result. Question: What is the embedment, tieback force and maximum bending moment in the pile? Calculation: Active: Above Base P1 = 0.65 KaH = (0.65)(0.28)(125)(60) = 1.365 ksf Below Base P2 = KaH = (0.28)(125)(60) = 2.1 ksf Pa = Ka = (0.28)(125) = 0.035 kcf Passive: Below Base Pp = Kp = 6.74 (130) = 0.876 kcf Surcharge 0-10, Ps1 = 0.64 ksf; >10, Ps2 = 0.24 ksf Running Program: Results: The output results are shown in the following:

EXAMPLE 15
Surcharge 5.5 13.3 20.6 28.0 Ps1= 0.64 35.3 Lagging Spacing = 6 42.6 50 H = 60 0.876 1 2 P2 = 2.1 48 0.035 1 = 130 pcf = 35o = /2 kp = 6.74 Ps2 = 0.24 P1= 1.365 12 = 125 pcf = 34o ka = 0.28

70

Acting 2 Dia. of pile = 4.

Acting 1 Dia. of pile = 2

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SHORING EXAMPLES 17

ct-EPRES
Earth Pressure Analysis
CIVILTECH SOFTWARE

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EPRES i

EPRES FOR WINDOWS SOFTWARE MANUAL Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1 ABOUT THE PROGRAM ....................................................................................................................................... 1 ABOUT THE MANUAL ........................................................................................................................................ 1 ABOUT THE COMPANY ....................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND QUICK START..................................................................................... 2 QUICK START .................................................................................................................................................... 2 REGISTRATION .................................................................................................................................................. 3 MENU COMMAND .............................................................................................................................................. 3 ABOUT THE SHORING SUITE PACKAGE ............................................................................................................... 4 LINK TO SHORING PROGRAM ............................................................................................................................. 4 CHANGING FIRM OR USER DATA ........................................................................................................................ 5 PREVIEW AND PRINT SCREEN ............................................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 3 RUNNING THE PROGRAM ...................................................................................................... 6 DATA INPUT ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 GENERAL PAGE (FIGURE 3-1) ............................................................................................................................ 6 SOILS-WATER PAGE (FIGURE 3-2)...................................................................................................................... 7 SURFACE-LOADS PAGE (FIGURE 3-4) ............................................................................................................... 10 MISC-SETTING PAGE (FIGURE 3-6)................................................................................................................... 11 DATA OUTPUT ................................................................................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 4 CALCULATION METHOD ..................................................................................................... 14 TERMINOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................ 17 PRESSURE DIAGRAMS ...................................................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 5 EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................................... 19 EXAMPLE1 ...................................................................................................................................................... 19 Simple Condition ........................................................................................................................................ 19 EXAMPLE 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 19 Water table without seepage........................................................................................................................ 19 EXAMPLE 3 ..................................................................................................................................................... 19 Water table with seepage ............................................................................................................................ 19 EXAMPLE 4 ..................................................................................................................................................... 19 Multiple soil layers ..................................................................................................................................... 19 EXAMPLE 5 ..................................................................................................................................................... 19 Complicate ground surface. ........................................................................................................................ 19

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
About the Program
Epres for Windows has a user-friendly interface that makes the program easy to learn and run. It has a simple pull-down menu bar at the top of the screen and is very easy to use. The commands on the menu are arranged in a Microsoft-style configuration. Both the mouse and keyboard can be used for data input and retrieval with short-cut keys provided for quick operation. The program can calculate active and passive earth pressures and their slope (Equivalent fluid density) from complicated ground surfaces, multiple soil layers and different water conditions. After data is input and the program executed, graphical output showing active and passive pressures, input data and output data. The graphics presentation can be printed as a high-resolution hard copy using your laser printer. The results from Epres can be easily integrated into our SHORING program.

About the Manual

This manual: 1) Describes software operation and hardware configuration 2) Introduces theory and methods of calculation used in the program (the user should be at least familiar with design theory) 3) Describes each input and output parameter 4) Provides typical example problems

About the Company

CivilTech Software is a subsidiary of CivilTech Corporation. CivilTech Software employs engineers with experience in structural, geotechnical, and software engineering. These engineers have many years of experience in design and analysis in these fields as well as in special studies, including seismic analysis, soil-structure interaction, and finite element analysis. CivilTech has developed a series of engineering programs that are efficient, easy to learn, engineering oriented, practical, and accurate. The series of CivilTech Software includes SHORING, HEAVE, Lpres, Epres, Tunnel, Buried Structures, All-Pile, SuperLog, Pinned Pile, and Lab Testing. These programs are widely used in the U.S. and around the world. For more information, visit our website at http://www.civiltech.com.

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CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND QUICK START

Quick Start
The program will be installed during the time you install the Shoring Suit Plus package. No separate installation is required. However, if you only install Epres alone, you need run the installation and following the instruction below:

Setup

Insert the setup disk into floppy drive A: or B:. In Windows 3.1, go to the [FILE] menu and select [RUN]. In Windows 95/ NT click on <START> and select [RUN]. Type: A: install or B: install Press <OK> and then follow the directions on the screen. The installation program will automatically create an icon called Epres on your Windows screen. Dont forget, when you first start the program you will be in unregistered mode. To register the software see the process in the Registration section below. If you have the Shoring Suite disk, the installation program will install all of the programs together.

Configuration

The program will be configured using your Windows settings. However, you can change your configuration later in Windows. To do that, consult your Windows manual. Double click Epres short-cut on your desk top. Press <Graph> on the tool bar or press the F5 key. After <Graph>, a Preview window appears. You can zoom in, zoom out, shift pages, and print. Press [Exit] from the [File] menu or Ctrl+X.

Starting the Program Running the Calculation View and Print Results Quit Program

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Registration
You will need to register your copy of this software to use its full capabilities. When you first start the program, a registration window will appear (as shown in Figure 2-1.) If you do not register at this time you can always open this window which is located under the [HELP] menu as the option [REGISTER]. After your registration has been accepted, this window disappears. If you are the legal owner of the software, call, fax or email Civiltech with your Serial Number from the Registration Window. We will give you the Registration Code. Enter the Code, your firms name, and your name in the Registration Window. If you have done everything correctly you should see a message box, which tells you the registration has been accepted. If you purchased the Shoring Suite package you only need to register once through the Shoring Program. Figure 2-1 Registration Window

Menu Command
The following text describes the purpose of the commands under each menu item. File Menu The [File] menu provides easy data file handling tools. New To clear all the old data from the screen, and provide a blank workspace so you can begin a new job. Every time you open the program, the program provides you with a new untitled file. If the file name is Untitled you have to name the file before you save it. (See Save below). To open an existing file saved previously. A dialog box with a list of files will show on the screen. Select the file you want and click open. If you change your mind, press Esc or cancel button. Occasionally you should save the file you are working on to avoid losing data. To save the working file you can press the shortcut key F10, or pull down the [file] menu and click on [Save] or [Save As]. If the file is untitled, the program will automatically switch to the [Save As] command and ask you to provide a file name for the file. If you want to save a new untitled file or change the file name of an opened file, you should use the [Save As] command. A dialog box appears to ask you the file name you want to use. You may type up to 8 letters for file name. Don't type "." and extension. A legal file name cannot contain "# ". If the file name is not valid, another dialog box appears to warn you. You can enter a valid name or click [Cancel] to go back.

Open

Save

Save As

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Exit Run Menu Help Menu

To quit the program. A dialog box will appear. You can click <YES> to quit the program or <NO> to go back to the program. To run the program. It has the same function as the <RUN> button. Provides help information for your convenience.

About the Shoring Suite Package

Your shipment disk contains all of the programs in the Shoring Suite Plus, even though you may have purchased only one of them. The installation will install all of the programs together, but only the ones you have registered will function. The others will remain in a demonstration mode only. You can register these other programs by calling us with your credit card ready or mailing us a check (please check our web site or call first for the latest prices.) The results from Epres can be read into the Shoring program. Please see below for more information regarding this new feature.

Link to Shoring Program

In the Shoring Program, click the <Suite> button on the right side of the screen to open the Suite Panel. Select <Epres> and click it. After running the program, Epres automatically generates an output file, Epres-sh.dat, which can be read by the Shoring for Windows program. After closing Epres, the data is inputted into the Shoring for Windows program.

Changing Firm or User Data

You are now able to easily change your Firm and User Name that the program is registered under. Please bear in mind that if the software is to be changing companies the current owner should contact us about reregistering it. This will allow you to still be eligible for upgrades and support. To change the registered Firm and User Name, click on the <Help> and then <Register> on the upper menu bar. Enter in the new name of company and user name with a current registration code. (If your old code does not work any more contact us for a new one.) You will need to then quit and restart the program. This change will take effect for all of the Shoring Suite for Windows programs (Shoring, Epres, Heave, and Lpres.)

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Preview and Print Screen

The preview and print screen shown in Figure 2-2.

Return

Print

Zoom Tools

Shift Pages

Figure 2-2 Preview and Print Screen

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CHAPER 3 RUNNING THE PROGRAM

Data Input
The data needed for calculation are input on four pages. Graphical definitions for the data points are presented illustrated on the right side of each page.

General Page (Figure 3-1)

Figure 3-1 General Page Wall Height (H) Wall Emb. (Hemb) Wall Type Vertical distance between top of a wall and excavation base. Units are in feet or meters. Vertical distance between excavation base and wall bottom (tip of pile) Selection of a wall type. This option preliminarily sets the wall embedment based on the wall type and wall height. However, the embedment may vary and the user can change the embedment in Hemb. Sets Hemb=H EPRES 6

Braced Wall CivilTech Software

Cantilever Wall Sets Hemb=2H Retaining Wall Active Only Passive Only Wall Angle 1 Wall Angle 2 Smoothing Curve Sets Hemb=0.5H Sets Hemb=0. The program only calculates the active pressure. Sets Hemb=0. The program only calculates the passive pressure. Inclination of wall on the active side. Counterclockwise is positive (+). The default value is zero, this means the wall is vertical. Inclination of wall on the passive side. Clockwise is positive (+). The default value is zero. The wall is vertical. Make the curve smoother, but less accurate.

Soils-Water Page (Figure 3-2)

Figure 3-2 Soils - Water Page Soil Conditions Depth Density Phi CivilTech Software This table presents the soil conditions The top depth of a soil layer. The first layer starts from zero depth. Units are in feet or meters. The total unit weight of soil. Units are in kcf or kN/m3. The program will calculate the submerged weight based on the water table. The internal friction angle of the soil in degrees. EPRES 7

The cohesion of soil. Units are in ksf or kPa. Please note, the cohesion affects the result significantly. It is not recommended to use C in long-term projects. Large C values will cause incorrect results from the program. The static ground water table at the active side. The static ground water table at the passive side. This water table should be lower than GWT at the active side. The unit weight of water. Use 0.0624 for English units and 9.8 for metric. For salt water, the value should be increased. Units are in ksf and kN/m3. The water flow or seepage from active side to passive side as shown in Figure 3-3. The soils are not permeable. There is no seepage from the active side to the passive side. The water pressures at both sides are not balanced, and therefore the net pressure is constant. Only the net water pressures are present in the graphics. The water flow from the active side to the passive side through the wall tip due to the water head. The soils are permeable at the wall tip (typical for sheet pile wall). The water pressures at both sides are equal, therefore, the net pressure at the tip is zero. Because the required wall tip is undetermined yet and will be calculated by the SHORING program. This option will let the SHORING program define the actual seepage depth as equal to the wall tip. The same condition as At Wall Tip but the seepage depth is defined by the user. For example, the seepage may start from the bottom of lagging in the soldier pile wall. The corresponding depth should be set at the excavation base. Sometimes water tie materials such as Control Density Fill (CDF) or concrete are used to seal the excavation base. In this way, the water cant flow out from the bottom of the excavation. In this case, hydraulic pressure will build up under the seal, with a net pressure as shown in Figure 3-3. The user can define the depth of the seal. The depth of the seal should be lower than the GWT at the passive side.

GWT (Active Side) GWT (Passive Side) Water Density Water Flow No

At Wall Tip

At Depth

Sealed at

Important Note: The cohesion affects the results very significantly. The cohesion is not reliable for long term projects. It is not recommended to use cohesion in Shoring and Retaining wall design. Users should use low friction angles for clayey soils instead of using cohesion. Large cohesion will cause incorrect results such as zero or negative earth pressure.

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Figure 3-3 Water Conditions

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Surface-Loads Page (Figure 3-4)

Surface (Passive Side) Same as above except the x direction is defined in the left side as positive (Figure 3-5). The excavation base is (0,0). The user does not have to input the first point. The horizontal coordinate from the excavation base. positive. Units are in feet or meters. The left direction is

X Y Surface (Active Side)

The vertical coordinate from the excavation base. The up direction is positive. Units are in feet or meters. This page is for inputting the surface slope and surcharge load conditions. Input x, y coordinates to define ground surface at the active side. The start point always is at the top of the wall, which has x=0, y=0. The start point (0,0) should be ignored in the input. User input should start from the second point. The horizontal coordinates from the top of the wall and in the right direction is positive. An example is shown in Figure 3-5. Units are in feet or meters. The vertical coordinates from the top of the wall and in the up direction. Units are in feet or meters.

X Y

Figure 3-4 Surface - Loads Page

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Figure 3-5 Surface Input Example Note: The initial point (0,0) should be ignored. The last point should have a large number of x (e.g., 100, 0).

Misc-Setting Page (Figure 3-6)

Units English Units Your choice of English or Metric units. Force - kip Pressure - ksf Line Load - kip/ft Unit Weight - kcf Length - feet Metric Units Force - kN Pressure - kPa Line Load - kN/m Unit Weight - kN/m3 Length - m

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Figure 3-6 Miscellaneous Setting Page Report w/ Input Data Report w/ Output Data Ignore Passive from Depth Check the box if you want to have the report with input information. Check the box if you want to have the pressure distribution data printed. Sometimes the passive pressure at the top few feet is ignored due to the disturbance of the excavation. User can define the depth where the passive pressure should be ignored. The depth is measured from the excavation base. The ratio of wall friction to the internal friction of soils. E.g., if the factor is 0.50 and = 35, the wall friction = (0.50) 35 = 17.5. Note: the user inputs the ratio (0.50) not the friction (17.5). The ratio of wall adhesion to the soil cohesion. E.g., if the factor is 0.25 and C=0.2 ksf, the adhesion is Ca=(0.25) 0.2 = 0.05 ksf. Note: The user should input the ratio (0.25) instead of the adhesion (0.05 ksf). For a braced wall, the pressure distribution is non-triangular. However, the pressure calculated is triangular type. The program converts the triangular shape to non-triangular shape through the equivalent area and multiplies the factor: A1 = A2 Factor CivilTech Software EPRES 12

Wall Friction Factor

Wall Adhesion Factor

Pressure Convert Factor

A1 - the area of non-triangular distribution A2 - the calculated distribution Factor - the pressure convert factor More details are explained in Chapter Trapezoid Top Factor Trapezoid Bottom Factor V. Segment Length This is where the pressure starts from slope to constant in a trapezoid distribution as shown in Figure 4-3. This is where the pressure starts from constant to slope in a trapezoid distribution as shown in Figure 4-3. The smallest vertical segment length for the program to calculate the pressure distribution. A large number will smooth the curve but is less accurate. Note: This advanced option is predefined. User does not have to adjust the value. The default value is one. The smallest segment to search the failure angle of failure surface. The smaller angle will increase the accuracy of results but slow down the program calculation. Note: This advanced option is predefined. User does not have to adjust the value. The default value is one.

Angle Search Segment

Data Output
Epres provides both graphic and data output. Total Active Force Depth Active Pressure Active Slope Passive Pressure Passive Slope Water Pressure The total active force is the sum of the active pressure along the wall height, H, which includes surcharge load but not water pressure. The depth measured from the top of the wall. The active pressure in ksf or kPa. The slope of the pressure diagram. It is also called Equivalent Fluid Density. Units are in kcf or kN/m3. See Active Pressure. See Active Slope. The distribution of water pressure. If the water flow is at the wall tip, because the wall tip is to be calculated later by SHORING program, the depth is defined as 999. For multiple layers or complex surface conditions, the output curve will be jagged. The user should make his or her own engineering judgment to draw the approximate envelope to determine the average pressure and pressure slope.

Important Note:

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CHAPTER 4 CALCULATION METHOD

Earth pressure is the force per unit area exerted by the soil on retaining wall structures. The magnitude of the earth pressure depends upon the physical properties of the soil, the interaction at the soil-structure interface, and the magnitude and character of the deformations in the soil-structure system. That is, earth pressure against a structure is not a unique function for each soil, but rather a function of the soil-structure system. Accordingly, movements of the retaining structure are a prime factor in developing earth pressures. Two kinds of stresses in the soil are of particular interest in the design of retaining structures, namely the active and passive stresses. Generally speaking, if the wall moves away from backfill, there is active stress acting on the wall by backfill soil; on the other hand, if the wall moves towards the backfill by some force, there is passive stress acting on the wall. There are two well-known classical earth pressure theories: the Rankine Theory and the Coulomb Theory. Each furnishes expressions for active and passive pressures for a soil mass at the state of failure. The Rankine Theory is based on the assumption that the wall is frictionless which is not suitable for many cases. In 1776, Coulomb proposed a theory to calculate the lateral earth pressure on a retaining wall with granular soil backfill. This theory takes wall friction into account. In this program, the Coulomb Theory is used to calculate the earth pressure.

Coulomb's Active Earth Pressure

To apply Coulomb's active earth pressure theory, let us consider a retaining wall with its back face inclined at an angle with the vertical as shown in Figure 4-1. The backfill is a granular soil that slopes at an angle with the horizontal. Also, let (i.e., angle of wall friction) be the angle of friction between the soil and the wall. In an active pressure condition, the wall will move away from the soil mass (that is, to the left in the figure. Coulomb assumed that, in such a case, the failure surface in the soil mass would be a plane (such as BC1, BC2,...). So, to find the active force in our example, consider a possible soil failure wedge ABC3. The forces acting on this wedge ABC3 (per unit length at right angles to the cross section shown) are as follows: 1. 2. Weight of the wedge, W, including surcharge load if any. The resultant, R, of the normal and resisting shear forces along the surface, BC3. The force R will be inclined at an angle to the normal drawn to the surface BC3. The active force per unit length of the wall, Pa. The force Pa will be inclined at an angle to the normal drawn to the back face of the wall. The cohesion, C, along the failure surface. The adhesion, Ca, between soils and the wall.

3. 4. 5.

For equilibrium purposes, a force triangle can be drawn. Note that f is the angle that BC3 makes with the horizontal. Because the magnitude of W as well as the directions of all three forces are known, the value of Pa can now be determined. In a similar manner,

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one can determine the active forces of other trial wedges, such as ABC2., ABC1,..., then pick up maximum Pa. The maximum Pa is the active pressure against the wall. The f at the maximum Pa is the failure angle, which defines the failure surface BC. Unfortunately, the classical Coulomb equation can only solve problems with simple surface geometry. If the surface is complicated as shown in Example 5, the searching of the maximum Pa will be quite complicated. This is a task for the computer. Epres is developed to solve this problem; the program automatically searches the maximum Pa and determines the failure surface.

W C1 A Ca Pa f B

C3 C2 Active Failure Line

Figure 4-1 Coulombs Theory of Active Earth Pressure

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Coulomb's Passive Earth Pressure

To apply Coulomb's passive earth pressure theory, let us consider a retaining wall with its back face inclined at an angle with the vertical as shown in Figure 4-2. The backfill is a granular soil that slopes at an angle with the horizontal. Also, let (i.e. angle of wall friction) be the angle of friction between the soil and the wall. In a passive pressure condition, the wall will move into the soil mass (that is, to the right in Figure 4-2). Coulomb assumed that, in such a case, the failure surface in the soil mass would be a plane (such as BC1, BC2,...). So, to find the passive force in our example, consider a possible soil failure wedge ABC3. The forces acting on this wedge, ABC3 (per unit length at right angles to the cross section shown), are as follows: 1. 2. Weight of the wedge, W. The resultant, R, of the normal and resisting shear forces along the surface, BC3. The force R will be inclined at an angle to the normal drawn to the surface BC3. The passive force per unit length of the wall, Pp. The force Pp will be inclined at an angle to the normal drawn to the back face of the wall. The cohesion, C, along the failure surface. The adhesion, Ca, between soils and wall.

3. 4. 5.

C3 C2 W A R Ca f B A C C1 A Passive Failure Line

Pp

Figure 4-2 Coulombs Theory of Passive Earth Pressure

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For equilibrium purposes, a force triangle can be drawn. Note that f is the angle that BC1 makes with the horizontal. Because the magnitude of W as well as the directions of all three forces are known, the value of Pp can now be determined. In a similar manner, one can determine the passive forces of other trial wedges, such as ABC2, ABC3,..., then pick up minimum Pp. Epres will automatically search the failure surface and find the minimum Pp based on the concept.

Terminology
Pressure Slope: The output value of pressure slope, also called equivalent fluid density is defined as: Kc - active case Kp - passive case These values are useful to define an earth pressure diagram. Earth Pressure Coefficient: Ka - active case. Kp - passive case. Relationship: For a simple triangular pressure distribution, following relationship exists: Earth Pressure Coefficient Ka = tan2(45-/2) Kp = tan2(45+/2) Equivalent Fluid Density: Ka Kp Earth Pressure: pa = KaH pp = KpH. Earth Force: Pa = paH/2 = H2Ka/2 Pp = ppH/2 = H2Kp/2 For more complicated ground surface, multiple soil layers with water conditions, Epres program should be used.

Pressure Diagrams
Apparent earth pressure diagrams suggested by Terzaghi and Peck (1968) for the design of braced walls are shown in Figure 4-3. Triangular Distribution Triangular distribution is recommended for all the soil types in cantilever wall conditions.

Rectangular Distribution Braced or tieback wall in sandy soils. CivilTech Software EPRES 17

Half Trapezoid Trapezoid Distribution Note:

Braced or tieback wall in soft to medium clays. Braced or tieback wall in stiff clays. User can define the area convert factor in the Misc-Setting Page. The Shape Factor or Trapezoid Top and Bottom Factor also can be defined by the user in the same page.

Figure 4-3 Pressure Diagrams

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CHAPTER 5 EXAMPLES
This chapter presents a few examples with different soil and water conditions. These examples are intended to show users know how to use the program.

Example1 Simple Condition

Use this example to check that the program output is the same as the results of an empirical equation. = 120 pcf, = 30, C = 0, H = 10 ka = tan2(45-/2)=0.33 Ka =(0.35)(120) = 40 pcf = 0.04 kcf pa = KaH = (40)(10) = 400 psf = 0.4 ksf pa is shown as active pressure Ka is shown as active slope.

Example 2 Water table without seepage

Water table is 5 at active side and 15 at passive side. Because the soils are not permeable, the net pressure is constant below the passive water table.

Example 3 Water table with seepage

Water tables are the same as Example 2. The soil below the wall tip is permeable, water can flow from active side to passive side. The net pressure is zero at the wall tip. The program sets depth = 999 in the water pressure output, thus, the SHORING program can determine the actual depth of the wall tip.

Example 4 Multiple soil layers

Four soil layers are inputted in this example.

Example 5 Complicated ground surface.

In this example, a retaining wall is on the top of a shoring wall, the ground surface is input into the program by x, y coordinates. Because the weight of the retaining wall is different from the soil, the different weight is simulated by the surcharge. The retaining wall is 10 feet in height, 3 feet wide, and 5 feet away from the shoring wall.

All the example files are included in the distributed disk with the program.

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ct-LPRES
Lateral Surcharge Pressure
CIVILTECH SOFTWARE

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LPRES i

LPRES FOR WINDOWS SOFTWARE MANUAL Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1 ABOUT THE PROGRAM ....................................................................................................................................... 1 ABOUT THE MANUAL ........................................................................................................................................ 1 ABOUT THE COMPANY ....................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND QUICK START..................................................................................... 2 QUICK START .................................................................................................................................................... 2 REGISTRATION .................................................................................................................................................. 3 MENU COMMAND .............................................................................................................................................. 3 ABOUT THE SHORING SUITE PACKAGE ............................................................................................................... 4 LINK TO SHORING PROGRAM ............................................................................................................................. 4 CHANGING FIRM OR USER DATA ........................................................................................................................ 4 PREVIEW AND PRINT SCREEN ............................................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 3 RUNNING THE PROGRAM ...................................................................................................... 6 DATA INPUT ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 General Page (Figure 3-1) ............................................................................................................................ 6 Point Loads (Figure 3-2)............................................................................................................................... 7 Line Loads (Fig 3-3) ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Strip Loads (Fig 3-4)..................................................................................................................................... 8 Area Loads (Figure 3-5)................................................................................................................................ 9 DATA OUTPUT ................................................................................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER 4 CALCULATION METHOD ..................................................................................................... 11 POINT LOAD .................................................................................................................................................... 11 LINE LOAD ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 STRIP LOAD .................................................................................................................................................... 13 AREA LOADS..................................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 5 EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................................... 15 EXAMPLE 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 15 Point Load.................................................................................................................................................. 15 EXAMPLE 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 15 Line Load ................................................................................................................................................... 15 EXAMPLE 3 ..................................................................................................................................................... 15 Strip Loads ................................................................................................................................................. 15 EXAMPLE 4 ..................................................................................................................................................... 15 Area Load................................................................................................................................................... 15 EXAMPLE 5 ..................................................................................................................................................... 15 Combination ............................................................................................................................................... 15

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
About the Program
Lpres for Windows uses a user-friendly interface that makes the program easy to learn and run. It has a simple pull-down menu bar at the top of the screen and is very easy to use. The commands on the menu are arranged in a Microsoft-style configuration. Both the mouse and the keyboard can be used for data input and retrieval with short-cut keys provided for quick operation. The program can calculate lateral pressures due to different surcharge loads including point leads, line loads, strip loads, and area loads. After data is input and the program executed, graphical output showing active and passive pressures, input data and output data. The graphics presentation can be printed as a high-resolution hard copy using your laser printer. The results from Lpres can be easily integrated into our SHORING program.

About the Manual

This manual: 1) Describes software operation and hardware configuration 2) Introduces theory and methods of calculation used in the program (the user should be at least familiar with design theory) 3) Describes each input and output parameter 4) Provides typical example problems

About the Company

CivilTech Software is a subsidiary of CivilTech Corporation. CivilTech Software employs engineers with experience in structural, geotechnical, and software engineering. These engineers have many years of experience in design and analysis in these fields as well as in special studies, including seismic analysis, soil-structure interaction, and finite element analysis. CivilTech has developed a series of engineering programs that are efficient, easy to learn, engineering oriented, practical, and accurate. The series of CivilTech Software includes SHORING, HEAVE, Lpres, Epres, Tunnel, Buried Structures, All-Pile, SuperLog, Pinned Pile, and Lab Testing. These programs are widely used in the U.S. and around the world. For more information, visit our website at http://www.civiltech.com.

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CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND QUICK START

Quick Start
The program will be installed during the time you install the Shoring Suit Plus package. No separate installation is required. However, if you only install Epres alone, you need run the installation and following the instruction below:

Setup

Insert the setup disk into floppy drive A: or B:. In Windows 3.1, go to the [FILE] menu and select [RUN]. In Windows 95/ NT click on <START> and select [RUN]. Type: A: install or B: install Press <OK> and then follow the directions on the screen. The installation program will automatically create an icon called Lpres on your Windows screen. Dont forget, when you first start the program you will be in unregistered mode. To register the software see the process in the Registration Section below. If you have the Shoring Suite Disk, the installation program will install all of the programs together.

Configuration

The program will be configured using your Windows settings. However, you can change your configuration later in Windows. To do that, consult your Windows manual. Double click Lpres short-cut on your desk top. Press <Graph> on the tool bar or press the F6 key. To view graphical results press <report> or the F7 key to see a detailed report. After <Graph>, a Preview window appears. You can zoom in, zoom out, shift pages, and print. Press [Exit] from the [File] menu or Ctrl+X.

Starting the Program Running the Calculation View and Print Results Quit Program

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Registration
You will need to register your copy of this software to use its full capabilities. When you first start the program, a registration window will appear (as shown in Figure 2-1.) If you do not register at this time you can always open this window which is located under the [HELP] menu as the option [REGISTER]. After your registration has been accepted, this window disappears. If you are the legal owner of the software, call, fax or email Civiltech your Serial Number from the Registration Window. We will give you the Registration Code. Enter the Code, your firms name, and your name in the Registration Window. If you have done everything correctly you should see a message box, which tells you the registration has been accepted. If you purchased the Shoring Suite package you only need to register once through the Shoring Program.

Figure 2-1 Registration Window

Menu Command
The following text describes the purpose of the commands under each menu item. File Menu The [File] menu provides easy data file handling tools. New To clear all the old data from the screen, and provide a blank workspace so you can begin a new job. Every time you open the program, the program provides you with a new untitled file. If the file name is Untitled you have to name the file before you save it. (See Save below). To open an existing file saved previously. A dialog box with a list of files will show on the screen. Select the file you want and click open. If you change your mind, press Esc or cancel button. Occasionally you should save the file you are working on to avoid losing data. To save the working file you can press the shortcut key F10, or pull down the [file] menu and click on [Save] or [Save As]. If the file is untitled, the program will automatically switch to the [Save As] command and ask you to provide a file name for the file. If you want to save a new untitled file or change the file name of an opened file, you should use the [Save As] command. A dialog box appears to ask you the file name you want to use. You may type up to 8 letters for file name. Don't type "." and extension. A legal file name cannot contain "# ". If the file name is not valid, another dialog box appears to warn you. You can enter a valid name or click [Cancel] to go back. LPRES 3

Open

Save

Save As

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Exit Run Menu Help Menu

To quit the program. A dialog box will appear. You can click <YES> to quit the program or <NO> to go back to the program. To run the program. It has the same function as the <RUN> button. Provides help information for your convenience.

About the Shoring Suite Package

Your shipment disk contains all of the programs in the Shoring Suite Plus, even though you may have purchased only one of them. The installation will install all of the programs together, but only the ones you have registered will function. The others will remain in a demonstration mode only. You can register these other programs by calling us with your credit card ready or mailing us a check (please check our web site or call first for the latest prices.) The results from Lpres can be read into the Shoring program. Please see below for more information regarding this new feature.

Link to Shoring Program

In the Shoring Program, press the button on the right side called <Suite> and you will see the Shoring Suite Panel. Select <Lpres> to run it. After running the program, Lpres automatically generates an output file, Lpres-sh.dat, which can be read by the Shoring for Windows program. After closing Lpres, the data is inputted into the Shoring Program.

Changing Firm or User Data

You can easily change your firm and user name. Please bear in mind that if the software is to be changing companies, the current owner should contact us about reregistering it. This will allow you to still be eligible for upgrades and support. To change the registered firm and user name, click on <Help> and then <Register> on the upper menu bar. Enter in the new name of company and user name with a current registration code. (If your old code does not work any more contact us for a new one.) You will need to then quit and restart the program. This change will take effect for the entire Shoring Suite for Windows programs (Shoring, Epres, Heave, and Lpres.)

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Preview and Print Screen

The preview and print screen is shown in Figure 2-2.

Return

Print

Zoom Tools

Shift Pages

Figure 2-2 Preview and Print Screen

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CHAPTER 3 RUNNING THE PROGRAM

Data Input
The data needed for calculation are input on five pages. Graphical definitions for the data points are presented on the right side of each page.

General Page (Figure 3-1)

Figure 3-1 General Page Wall Height (H) Wall Condition Flexible Rigid Wall Type Vertical distance between the top of a wall and the excavation base. Units are in feet or meters. The flexibility of the wall. The wall can rotate, slide, or the loads are applied before the wall is constructed. The wall is rigid or the loads are applied after the wall is constructed. The surcharge pressures of the rigid wall are twice that of flexible walls. The type of wall that affects the calculated depth of the wall.

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Shoring Retaining Diagram Actual Curve Straight Line Units

Use 2H for pressure calculation. It assumes the wall has a total length of 2H including embedment of 1H. Use 1H for pressure calculation. It assumes the wall has shallow embedment. The pressure diagram calculated. The actual calculated curve diagram. The simplified straight line diagram. Selection of English or metrics. The units for force and length are shown on the top bar.

Point Loads (Figure 3-2)

X Y Qpoint Perpendicular distance from the wall to the point loads (feet or meters) Parallel distance from point loads to the wall section, where the pressure is calculated (feet or meters.) Line load in kip/ft or kN/m

Figure 3-2, Point Loads Page

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Line Loads (Fig 3-3)

X Qline Perpendicular distance from line loads to the wall. Line load in kip/ft or kN/m.

Figure 3-3 Line Loads Page

Strip Loads (Fig 3-4)

X Width Qstrip Perpendicular distance from strip loads to the wall (feet or meters.) Width of loads (feet or meters.) Strip load in ksf or kPa

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Figure 3-4 Strip Loads Page

Area Loads (Figure 3-5)

X Width Length Qarea Parallel distance from loads to the wall (feet or meters.) Width of area loads (feet or meters.) Length of area loads (feet or meters.) Area load in ksf or kPa

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Figure 3-5 Area Load Page

Data Output
Depth Pressure The depth from the top of the wall in feet or meters. The combined pressures due to surcharge loads in ksf or kPa.

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CHAPTER 4 CALCULATION METHOD

The function of a retaining structure is often to retain various surface loadings as well as the soil behind it. These surface loads, or surcharge, also exert lateral pressures on the wall which contribute to the active pressure tending to move the wall outward. Typical surcharge loadings are railroads, highways, buildings, ore piles, cranes, etc. The loading cases of particular interest in the determination of lateral soil pressures are described below:

Point Load
The lateral pressure distribution on a vertical wall due to a point load may be calculated as shown in Figure 4-1.

n2 H = 0.28 2 3 H ( 016 . + n2 ) m2 n2 H = 1.77 2 2 2 3 H (m + n ) Qp

Qp

(for m 0.4)

(for m > 0.4)

Figure 4-1

Point Load

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Line Load
A continuous wall footing of narrow width or similar load parallel to a retaining structure may be taken as a line load. For this case the lateral pressure increases from zero at the ground surface to a maximum value at a given depth and gradually diminishes at greater depths. The lateral pressure distribution on a vertical plane parallel to a line load may be calculated as shown in Figure 4-2.

H = 0.20 H = 1.28

Ql n H (0.16 + n2 )2 Ql m2 n H ( m2 + n2 )2

(for m 0.4) 0

(for m > 0.4) 0

Figure 4-2 Line load

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Strip Load
Highways and railroads are examples of strip loads. When they are parallel to a sheet pile wall, the lateral pressure distribution on the wall may be calculated as shown in Figure 4-3.

H =

2 Qs [ - sin cos 2 ]

Figure 4-3 Strip load

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Area Loads

7 Calculat
Buildings and Equipment are examples of area loads. When they are parallel to a sheet pile wall, the lateral pressure distribution on the wall may be calculated as shown in Figure 4-4. The lateral pressure due to an area load can be calculated by using integration of Boussines equation (Reference: Poulos & Davis, Elastic Solutions for Soil & Rock Mechanics Page 54).

La

Ba

Qa Xa

Wall

Figure 4-4 Area load

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CHPATER 5 EXAMPLES
This chapter presents a few examples with different soil and water conditions. These examples are intended to show users know how to use the program.

Example 1 Point Load

Wall = 10 feet, A point load of 100 kip is 5 feet perpendicular from a flexible wall. The load is also 5 feet away, parallel to the wall.

Example 2 Line Load

A line load is 80 kip/ft, which is 2 feet from a rigid wall.

Example 3 Strip Loads

A serious footing with different bearing pressures and distances from a retaining wall.

Example 4 Area Load

An area load, 20 feet wide and 20 feet long, is 5 feet away from the wall. The pressure is 1,000 ksf. The wall is rigid.

Example 5 Combination
Combination of all types of loads.

All the example files are included in the distributed disk with the program.

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ct-HEAVE
Vertical Cut Stability
CIVILTECH SOFTWARE

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HEAVE FOR WINDOWS SOFTWARE MANUAL Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1 ABOUT THE PROGRAM ....................................................................................................................................... 1 ABOUT THE MANUAL ........................................................................................................................................ 1 ABOUT THE COMPANY ....................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND QUICK START..................................................................................... 2 QUICK START .................................................................................................................................................... 2 REGISTRATION .................................................................................................................................................. 3 MENU COMMAND .............................................................................................................................................. 3 ABOUT THE SHORING SUITE PLUS PACKAGE....................................................................................................... 4 CHANGING FIRM OR USER DATA ........................................................................................................................ 5 PREVIEW AND PRINT SCREEN ............................................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 3 RUNNING THE PROGRAM ...................................................................................................... 6 DATA INPUT ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Input Page 1 (Figure 3-1).............................................................................................................................. 6 Input Page 2 (Figure 3-2).............................................................................................................................. 7 DATA OUTPUT .................................................................................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 4 CALCULATION METHOD ....................................................................................................... 9 TERZAGHIS METHOD ........................................................................................................................................ 9 CHAPTER 5 EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................................... 12 EXAMPLE 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 12 No Hard Stratum......................................................................................................................................... 12 EXAMPLE 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 12 Hard Stratum.............................................................................................................................................. 12 EXAMPLE 3 ..................................................................................................................................................... 12 Two Different Water Tables ........................................................................................................................ 12 EXAMPLE 4 ..................................................................................................................................................... 12 Two Different Surcharge Loads................................................................................................................... 12 EXAMPLE 5 ..................................................................................................................................................... 12 Equal Water Table and Hard Stratum ......................................................................................................... 12

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
About the Program
Heave for Windows uses a user-friendly interface that makes the program easy to learn and run. It has a simple pull-down menu bar at the top of screen and is very easy to use. The commands on the menu are arranged in a Microsoft-style configuration. Both the mouse and the keyboard can be used for data input and retrieval with short-cut keys provided for quick operation. The program can solve heave problems not only in homogenous soil, which most textbooks deal with, but also in soils with different soil properties (e.g. friction angle, cohesion, unit weight, etc.) The program also gives users an option to consider surcharge load, and water table. After you execute the program, the graphical output is provided as a visual aid to confirm that the data has been entered correctly. The graphics presentation can be shown on the screen and can also be printed with high-resolution hard copy. The program has an automatic error check that detects whether the input data is reasonable. If the data is out of range, the program will warn the user to make a correction.

About the Manual

This manual: 1) Describes software operation and hardware configuration 2) Introduces theory and methods of calculation used in the program (the user should be at least familiar with design theory) 3) Describes each input and output parameter 4) Provides typical example problems

About the Company

CivilTech Software is a subsidiary of CivilTech Corporation. CivilTech Software employs engineers with experience in structural, geotechnical, and software engineering. These engineers have many years of experience in design and analysis in these fields as well as in special studies, including seismic analysis, soil-structure interaction, and finite element analysis. CivilTech has developed a series of engineering programs that are efficient, easy to learn, engineering oriented, practical, and accurate. The series of CivilTech Software includes SHORING, HEAVE, Lpres, Epres, Tunnel, Buried Structures, All-Pile, SuperLog, Pinned Pile, and Lab Testing. These programs are widely used in the U.S. and around the world. For more information, visit our website at http://www.civiltech.com.

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CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION AND QUICK START

Quick Start
The program will be installed during the time you install the Shoring Suit Plus package. No separate installation is required. However, if you only install Epres alone, you need run the installation and following the instruction below:

Setup

Insert the setup disk into floppy drive A: or B:. In Windows 3.1, go to the [FILE] menu and select [RUN]. In Windows 95/ NT click on <START> and select [RUN]. Type: A: install or B: install Press <OK> and then follow the directions on the screen. The installation program will automatically create an icon called Heave on your Windows screen. Dont forget, when you first start the program you will be in unregistered mode. To register the software see the process in the Registration section below. If you have the Shoring Suite Plus disk, the installation program will install all of the programs together.

Configuration

The program will be configured using your Windows settings. However, you can change your configuration later in Windows. To do that consult your Windows manual. Double click Heave short-cut on your desk top. Press <Graph> on the tool bar or press the F6 key to see graphical results. Press <Report> or F7 to see the report. After <Graph>, a Preview window appears. You can zoom in, zoom out, shift pages, and print. Press [Exit] from the [File] menu or Ctrl+X.

Starting the Program Running the Calculation View and Print Results Quit Program

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Registration
You will need to register your copy of this software to use its full capabilities. When you first start the program, a registration window will appear (as shown in Figure 2-1.) If you do not register at this time you can always open this window which is located under the [HELP] menu as the option [REGISTER]. After your registration has been accepted, this window disappears. If you are the legal owner of the software, call, fax or email Civiltech your Serial Number from the Registration Window. We will give you the Registration Code. Enter the Code, your firms name, and your name in the Registration Window. If you have done everything correctly you should see a message box, which tells you the registration has been accepted. If you have purchased Shoring Suite or Shoring Suite Plus, you will only need to enter the code into the Shoring Program once for all the programs. Figure 2-1 Registration Window

Menu Command
The following text describes the purpose of the commands under each menu item. File Menu The [File] menu provides easy data file handling tools. New To clear all the old data from the screen, and provide a blank work space so you can begin a new job. Every time you open the program, the program provides you with a new untitled file. If the file name is Untitled you have to name the file before you save it. (See Save below). To open an existing file saved previously. A dialog box with a list of files will show on the screen. Select the file you want and click open. If you change your mind, press Esc or cancel button. Occasionally you should save the file you are working on to avoid losing data. To save the working file you can press the shortcut key F10, or pull down the [file] menu and click on [Save] or [Save As]. If the file is untitled, the program will automatically switch to the [Save As] command and ask you to provide a file name for the file. If you want to save a new untitled file or change the file name of an opened file, you should use the [Save As] command. A dialog box appears to ask you the file name you want to use. You may type up to 8 letters for file name. Don't type "." and extension. A legal file name cannot contain "# ". If the file name is not valid, another dialog box appears to warn you. You can enter a valid name or click [Cancel] to go back.

Open

Save

Save As

CivilTech Software

HEAVE 3

Exit Run Menu Help Menu

To quit the program. A dialog box will appear. You can click <YES> to quit the program or <NO> to go back to the program. To run the program. It has the same function as the <RUN> button. Provides help information for your convenience.

About the Shoring Suite Plus Package

Your shipment disk contains all of the programs in the Shoring Suite Plus, even though you may have purchased only one of them. The installation will install all of the programs together, but only the ones you have registered will function. The others will remain in a demonstration mode only. You can register these other programs by calling us with your credit card ready or mailing us a check (please visit our web site or call first for the latest prices.)

Changing Firm or User Data

You are now able to easily change your Firm an User Name that the program is registered under. Please bear in mind that if the software is to be changing companies the current owner should contact us about reregistering it. This will allow you to still be eligible for upgrades and support. To change the registered Firm and User Name, click on the <Help> and then <Register> on the upper menu bar. Enter in the new name of company and user name with a current registration code. (If your old code does not work any more contact us for a new one.) You will need to then quit and restart the program. This change will take effect for all of the Shoring Suite for Windows programs (Shoring, Epres, and Lpres.)

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Preview and Print Screen

The preview and print screen shown in Figure 2-2. Return Print Zoom Tools Shift Pages

Figure 2-2 Preview and Print Screen

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CHAPTER 3 RUNNING THE PROGRAM

Data Input
The data needed for calculation are input on two pages. The graphical definition is illustrated on the right side of each page.

Input Page 1 (Figure 3-1)

Figure 3-1 Input Page 1 Trench Depth Width Length Water Table Outside Inside Surcharge Outside Inside Depth of excavation in feet or meters. Width of trench, the short distance. Length of trench, the long distance. Length should be longer than width. Use 999 or a blank entry for infinite length. The depth of the water table outside of the trench in feet or meters. The water table inside of the trench. A uniform surcharge load on the ground surface in psf or Pa. Uniform load inside the trench on excavation base. Units are in psf or Pa. The load inside stabilizes the excavation. Sometimes gravels or concrete are poured in the trench to increase the stability. The weight of the gravels or concrete can be considered as inside loads. Selection of English or metrics. HEAVE 6

Units CivilTech Software

Input Page 2 (Figure 3-2)

Figure 3-2 Input Page 2 Soil Layers Depth Friction Cohesion U. Weight Bearing Soil The top depth of soil layers. The depth is measured from the surface. The top soil has depth of zero. The friction angle of soil in degrees. The cohesion of soil in psf or Pa. The unit weight of soil in pcf or N/ m3. Please note, the total weight should be used instead of buoyant weight even below water table. The soil below the excavation base in the range of B (width of trench). If there are several soils in the range, then an average value should be used. The friction, cohesion, and unit weight are the same as soil layers.

Depth of Hard Stratum Input the depth of hard stratum. If hard stratum is encountered in the range of failure zone, the failure surface cannot go through the hard stratum. The F.S. increases.

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Data Output
Graphics Resistance Force It shows the failure surface from the top of the ground to the excavation base. The sum of the following items: the soil bearing of the excavation base, the surcharge load inside of the trench, the adhesion, friction of the soil along the surface and water pressure inside the trench (unit is lb or N). The weight of the soil column and the surcharge load on the ground surface (unit is lb or N). The Factor of Safety against heave, which is the ratio of resistance force/ driving force.

Driving Force F.S.

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CHAPTER 4 CALCULATION METHOD

Most of the time, heave happens in clay or sandy clay soils. The calculation theory for each is different. For clay, the method by Bjerrum and Eide (1956) can be used; for sandy clay and clay with sand, Terzaghis method (1943) is suitable. Terzaghis method considers both friction and cohesion of soils. Therefore, this method produced a larger factor of safety. Sometimes, the results of these two methods can be significantly different. Users should use their own judgment to determine which method is more suitable for the field situation. Only Terzaghis method is used in our Windows version.

Terzaghis Method
Figure 4-1 shows a heaving problem using Terzaghis method. The soil has both friction angle and cohesion. It can be seen that the proposed failure is defined by sliding surface bce. According to this theory, the factor of safety against heave is Factor of Safety (FS) = Resistance Force/Driving Force a) The driving force that causes soil block abcd down is the weight of this block and surcharge. This is expressed as: Fdrive = Wabcd + q B1

Where Wabcd is the total weight of abcd q is the surcharge at ground surface ab. B1 is the distance of ab. B1 = B /2 B is the width of excavation.

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B1 q a b

F W e d qu Bearing Soil
Figure 4-1 Terzaghis Theory b) The resistance force is nothing but friction along the failure line and bearing capacity of base soil under dc which is calculated by Meyerhof modified bearing equation (Das, 1990). The resistance force R is R = qu B1 + F qu = Cb Nc Fcs + 'b B1 Ng Fgs /2 where Cb and 'b are the cohesion and the effective unit weight of base soil if water table is in effect Nc and Ng are the bearing capacity factor. Fcs and Fgs are shape factor. F is the friction force along the side bc, it can be expressed as F = (c dH) + (Ka Pv tan dH) where Ka is Rankin active coefficient Pv is the vertical earth pressure at the middle of each layer dH is the thickness of that layer of soil

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c is cohesion of soil is the friction angle of soil

c) The Factor of Safety (FS) can be determined at face of dc. FS = R / Fdrive

Hard Stratum
If hard stratum is encountered in the range of failure zone, the failure surface can not go through the hard stratum; therefore, a shortcut occurs and the FS increases. Figure 4-2 shows this situation for Terzaghis method.

Hard Stratum
Figure 4-2 Hard Stratum

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CHAPTER 5 EXAMPLES
This chapter presents a few examples with different soil and water conditions. These examples are intended to show users how to use the program.

Example 1 No Hard Stratum Example 2 Hard Stratum Example 3 Two Different Water Tables Example 4 Two Different Surcharge Loads Example 5 Equal Water Table and Hard Stratum

All the example files are included in the distributed disk with the program.

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