Unit IC Theories of International Politics

Theoretical Models of IP

Theoretical Models of IP



Positivist:  1. 

Theoretical Models of IP



Positivist:  1.
Empirical/Scientic Approach

Theoretical Models of IP



Positivist:  1.
Empirical/Scientic Approach
Value-free/non-relativistic

Theoretical Models of IP



Post-Positivist:  2. 

Theoretical Models of IP



Post-Positivist:  2.
Normative/ Philosophical

Theoretical Models of IP



Post-Positivist:  2.
Normative/ Philosophical
Value-based

Theoretical Models of IP



Positivist Theories  3.




Theoretical Models of IP



Positivist Theories  3.
Realism: Focus on Power of State


Theoretical Models of IP



Positivist Theories  3.
Realism: Focus on Power of State
Liberalism: Focus on cooperative



relationships between states

Theoretical Models of IP



Positivist Theories  3.
Realism: Focus on Power of State
Liberalism: Focus on cooperative



relationships between states

Neo-Liberalism: Focus on economic relationships between States & Non-States

Theoretical Models of IP



Post-Positivist Theories  4.




Theoretical Models of IP



Post-Positivist Theories  4.
Constructivism: Focus on norms &


Actor-identity

Theoretical Models of IP



Post-Positivist Theories  4.
Constructivism: Focus on norms &


Actor-identity

English School: Focus on shared norms

& values

Theoretical Models of IP



Post-Positivist Theories  4.
Constructivism: Focus on norms &


Actor-identity

English School: Focus on shared norms

& values

Marxist/Neo-Marxist: Focus on social class & economics

Theoretical Models of IP



Post-Positivist Theories  4.
Constructivism: Focus on norms &


Actor-identity

English School: Focus on shared norms

& values

Marxist/Neo-Marxist: Focus on social class & economics - AKA Radical Model

Realist (Mercantile) : Oldest

Realist (Mercantile) : Oldest

1. Conict between Nations

Realist (Mercantile) : Oldest

The
drive to power is a fundamental aspect of
human nature.

(Thucydides)

1. Conict between Nations

Realist (Mercantile) : Oldest

2. Mercantilism: Goal of
National policy is to
maximize State power.

Realist (Mercantile) : Oldest

3. Structural Realism:

{IG}

{IG}

Resolved by Power

Conict

Realist (Mercantile) : Oldest

3. Structural Realism:

{IG}

{IG}

Resolved by Power

Conict

Conict result of Anarchy = lack of power above

nation states.

Realist (Mercantile) : Oldest

3. Structural Realism:

{IG}

{IG}

Resolved by Power

Conict

Conict result of Anarchy = lack of power above

nation states.

Realist:

Zero-sum game: Only one can win

4.

Assumptions:

Realist:

Zero-sum game: Only one can win

Competition > Cooperation

4.

Assumptions:

Realist:

4.

Assumptions:

Realpolitik: Nations pursue self interest over collective good

Realist:



Nations = Rational Actors

Realist:



Nations = Rational Actors
Goal
= Maximize Power and Positive

O utcomes

Realist:



Nations = Rational Actors
Goal
= Maximize Power and Positive

O utcomes

Statism: Focus on the role and power of

individual states.

Neo-Realist:Post World War II

Neo-Realist:Post World War II

1. Anarchy & Self Help

Neo-Realist:Post World War II

National security can only
be realized through Self
Help.
(Kenneth Waltz, :
Theory of International Politics):

1. Anarchy & Self Help

Neo-Realist:Post World War II

Security Dilemma:
Military Preparation to
security leads to gain
international greater
Insecurity.

2. SECURITY DILEMMA

Neo-Realist:Post World War II

Security Dilemma:
Military Preparation to
security leads to gain
international greater
Insecurity.

2. SECURITY DILEMMA

Neo-Realist:Post World War II

Security Dilemma:
Military Preparation to
security leads to gain
international greater
Insecurity.

2. SECURITY DILEMMA

Neo-Realist:Post World War II

3. Global Ideological Conict

Neo-Realist:Post World War II

3. Global Ideological Conict

Neo-Realist:Post World War II

Samuel Huntington: Clash of Civilizations

Neo-Realist:Post World War II

Samuel Huntington: Clash of Civilizations

Neo-Realist:Post World War II

Samuel Huntington: Clash of Civilizations

Neo-Realist:Post World War II

Samuel Huntington: Clash of Civilizations

Neo-Realist:Post World War II

Samuel Huntington: Clash of Civilizations

Neo-Realist:Post World War II

Samuel Huntington: Clash of Civilizations

Neo-Realist:Post World War II

Samuel Huntington: Clash of Civilizations

Neo-Realist:Post World War II

Samuel Huntington: Clash of Civilizations

Liberal (Idealist):

1. IR Goal = Cooperation between Nations

Liberal (Idealist):

1. IR Goal = Cooperation between Nations

= Interdependency

Liberal (Idealist):

2. Assumptions

Immanuel Kant 1724-1804

Liberal (Idealist):

2. Assumptions

Cooperation Possible between States

Immanuel Kant 1724-1804

Liberal (Idealist):

2. Assumptions

Cooperation Possible between States

Liberal States = More cooperative and Peaceful

Immanuel Kant 1724-1804

Liberal (Idealist):

2. Assumptions

Cooperation Possible between States

Liberal States = More cooperative and Peaceful

Wilson: Making the World Safe For Democracy

FDR: Arsenal of Democracy

Liberal (Idealist):

2. Assumptions

Reciprocity Principle: States capable of

foregoing short-term individual gain
for long-term community well-being

Immanuel Kant 1724-1804

Liberal (Idealist):

2. Assumptions

Reciprocity Principle: States capable of

foregoing short-term individual gain
for long-term community well-being

Liberal Institutionalism Trans-National

Institutions To
Enforce Reciprocity

Immanuel Kant 1724-1804

Liberal (Idealist):

2. Assumptions

Reciprocity Principle: States capable of

foregoing short-term individual gain
for long-term community well-being

Liberal Institutionalism Trans-National

Institutions To
Enforce Reciprocity

States can develop a world Federation

Immanuel Kant 1724-1804

Liberal (Idealist):

2. Assumptions

Reciprocity Principle: States capable of

foregoing short-term individual gain
for long-term community well-being

Liberal Institutionalism Trans-National

Institutions To
Enforce Reciprocity

Wilson: League of Nations

States can develop a world Federation

FDR: UN

Liberal (Idealist):

2. Assumptions

Reciprocity Principle: States capable of

foregoing short-term individual gain
for long-term community well-being

Liberal Institutionalism Trans-National

Institutions To
Enforce Reciprocity

Trade promotes Peace

States can develop a world Federation

Immanuel Kant 1724-1804

Liberal (Idealist):

3.

Cooperation through Free Trade

Liberal (Idealist):

3.

Cooperation through Free Trade

International System = Rational,

Independent States

Liberal (Idealist):

3.

Cooperation through Free Trade

International System = Rational,

Independent States
Trade = National Self Interest

Liberal (Idealist):

3.

Cooperation through Free Trade

International System = Rational,

Independent States
Trade = National Self Interest

Trade = Cooperation = Interdependency

Liberal (Idealist):

3.
Cooperation through Free Trade

Interdependency

Liberal (Idealist):

3.
Cooperation through Free Trade

Interdependency

Value Peace > Value of War

Liberal (Idealist):

3. Cooperation through Free Trade

Interdependency

Value Peace > Value of War
US v. Canada

Liberal (Idealist):

3. Cooperation through Free Trade

Interdependency

Value Peace > Value of War
US v. Canada

Neo-Liberal:
4. Regime Theory

Neo-Liberal:
4. Regime Theory

International Regimes: Global system of

rules & norms

Neo-Liberal:
4. Regime Theory

International Regimes: Global system of

rules & norms
Established Multi-laterally

Neo-Liberal:
4. Regime Theory

International Regimes: Global system of

rules & norms
Established Multi-laterally

TNGIs (Trans National Governing Institutions)

Constructivism:
1. IR = Social Constrtuction

Constructivism:
1. IR = Social Constrtuction

Berger & Luckman, Social Construction of Reality (1966)

Constructivism:
1. IR = Social Constrtuction

Berger & Luckman, Social Construction of Reality (1966)

Constructivism:
IR = Social Constrtuction

Constructivism:
1. IR = Social Constrtuction

Alexander Wendt

Constructivism:
1. IR = Social Constrtuction

Alexander Wendt

Anarchy is What States ! Make of It: ! ! of ! the Social Construction Power Politics" (1992)!

Constructivism:

2. Assumptions

Focus on norms & Actor-identity

Constructivism:

2. Assumptions

Focus on norms & Actor-identity

IR determined by ideas rather than





material forces

Constructivism:

2. Assumptions

Identities of actors are constructed

by shared/exclusive ideas

Constructivism:

2. Assumptions

National interest not

pre-existing.





!

Constructivism:

2. Assumptions

National interest not

pre-existing.

Product of social value



!

Constructivism:

2. Assumptions

National interest not

pre-existing.

Product of social value

World Bank &
!
Poverty

Radical:

Radical:
1. Exploitation between Nations

Radical:
1. Exploitation between Nations


Marx:

Radical:
1. Exploitation between Nations


Marx: International Politics = global extension of class struggle

Radical:
1. Exploitation between Nations


Marx: International Politics = global
extension of class struggle

Radical:
1. Exploitation between Nations


Marx: International Politics = global
extension of class struggle

Lenin: Global Class Struggle = Capitalist states v. Rest

Radical:
1. Exploitation between Nations

Marx: International Politics = global extension of class struggle

Lenin: Global Class Struggle = Capitalist states v. Rest = Imperialism: Final stage of Capitalism

Radical:

2. Marxist Socialism

Radical:

2. Marxist Socialism
Imperialism Caused by Market Saturation

Radical:

2. Marxist Socialism
Imperialism = quest


Imperialism Caused by Market Saturation for new markets for
goods & capital.
John A. Hobson,
Imperialism (1902):

Radical

Imperialism 2.
Marxist Socialism
= result of
Domestic monopoly tendency
Imperialism Caused by Market Saturation

Exported abroad.
V.I. Lenin,
Imperialism, The Highest
Stage of Capitalism (1916):

 Imperialism Caused by Market Saturation

 Imperialism Caused by Market Saturation

 Imperialism Caused by Market Saturation

 Imperialism Caused by Market Saturation

 Imperialism Caused by Market Saturation

Radical

2.
Marxist Socialism
Imperialism Caused by Market Saturation

Inevitable collapse of Global Capitalism

 Imperialism Caused by Market Saturation

 Imperialism Caused by Market Saturation

 Imperialism Caused by Market Saturation

Radical

3.
Gramscian Analysis

Radical

3.
Gramscian Analysis

Antonio Gramsci, 1920s Italian Communism

Radical

3.
Gramscian Analysis

Antonio Gramsci, 1920s Italian Communism

Emphasis on cultural & social roles of


hegemony (beyond economic)

Radical

3.
Gramscian Analysis

Antonio Gramsci, 1920s Italian Communism

Emphasis on cultural & social roles of


hegemony (beyond economic)

Historic Bloc = union of state & cultural

power: e.g. Liberal


Bourgeois Society

Radical

3. Gramscian Analysis

1970s: Development of

Transnational Historic Blocs

Radical

3. Gramscian Analysis

1970s: Development of

Transnational Historic Blocs


Starbucks/MacSociety

Radical

4. World Systems Theory

Radical

4. World Systems Theory

Systems of Global economic/political power dominates IR

4. World Systems Theory

Immanuel Wallerstein: Three Instances of Hegemony in the History of the Capitalist World Economy.

Radical

Systems of Global economic/political power dominates IR

4. World Systems Theory

Immanuel Wallerstein: Three Instances of Hegemony in the History of the Capitalist World Economy.

Radical

Neo-Radical
5. Post-Colonialism

Neo-Radical
5. Post-Colonialism

Globalization = Exploitation

Neo-Radical:
5. Post-Colonialism

Globalization = Exploitation
Neo-Colonialism: Economic rather than political control of poor countries by rich countries

Neo-Radical
5. Post-Colonialism

Globalization = Exploitation
Neo-Colonialism: Economic rather than political control of poor countries by rich countries
Dependency Theory: Poor nations poor due to economic domination by rich nations.

Neo-Radical: Post Colonialism

6. Dependency (Dependencia) Theory

Raul Prebisch, (1950) Economic


Development of
Latin America







Neo-Radical: Post Colonialism

6. Dependency (Dependencia) Theory

Raul Prebisch, (1950) Economic


Development of
Latin America

History of colonialism =


export & import dependency






Neo-Radical: Post Colonialism

6. Dependency (Dependencia) Theory

Raul Prebisch, (1950) Economic


Development of
Latin America

History of colonialism =


export & import dependency











Same mercantile



relationship without


political control

Best Paradigm?

Best Paradigm?


ist l a e R
Posi tivis t

Libe ral

Radic al

Con

ist v i t c stru

Best Paradigm?


ist l a e R
Posi tivis t

Libe ral

Radic al

Con

ist v i t c stru