Compressible Fluid Flow

Compressible Fluid Flow Dr Nurul Hasan Dr.

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Outline
Concept of compressible fluid Mach number a criteria for compressible fluid flow characterization. Processes of compressible fluid flow: Isentropic flow Adiabatic flow with friction Isothermal flow with friction

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 Compressibility, Z A measure of the change in density that will be produced in the fluid by a specified change in pressure. Gases highly compressible. Liquid very low compressibility.

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

In fluid flow, , there are usually y occur changes g in pressure associated with changes of other parameters of the flow For example, changes in the velocity in the flow. flow

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

These pressure changes Th h will, ill i in general, l cause density changes which will have an influence on the flow in other words the compressibility of the fluid involved will have an influence on the flow.

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

When d Wh density it changes h are i important, t t temperature change in the flow that may arise due to the kinetic energy change (velocity change) also influence on the flow

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 In other words when compressibility is important important, the temperature changes in the flow are usually important important.

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Although the density changes in the flow field can be very important, there exist many situations of great practical importance in which the effects of these density and temperature changes are negligible. Example: Flow of incompressible fluid

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Incompressible fluid flow The pressure and kinetic energy changes are so small the effects of the consequent density and temperature changes in the fluid flow are negligible

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

There are however, , a number of flows that are of great g practical importance in which this assumption is not adequate. The density and temperature changes being so large that they have a very significant influence on the flow flow. In such cases, it is necessary to study the thermodynamics of the flow simultaneously with its dynamics.

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

The study of these flows in which th changes the h i in d density it and dt temperature t are i important t t is known as

compressible ibl fluid fl id flow fl or gas dynamics d i .

This Thi chapter h t will ill f focus on gas flows fl where h compressibility effects are important.

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Applications
Although most obvious applications of compressible fluid flow theory are in the design of high speed aircraft, a knowledge of compressible fluid flow theory is required in the design and operation of many devices commonly encountered in engineering practice.

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 Gas and steam turbines

the flow in the blading and nozzles is treated as compressible.

Reciprocating p g engines g
the flow of the gases through the valves and in the intake and exhaust systems.

Natural gas transmission lines

compressibility effects are important in calculating the flow through such problems.

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Processes of Compressible Flow

Convergent Divergent g

Reservoir

Flow

Receiver

Thermal insulation

Isentropic flow (Steady frictionless, (Steady, frictionless adiabatic flow)

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Isentropic

Friction section

Reservoir

Flow o

Receiver

Thermal insulation

Adiabatic flow with friction

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Isentropic Friction section

Reservoir

Fl Flow

Receiver

Isothermal flow with friction

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Speed of Sound, c
Small p pressure disturbance that move through g a continuous medium (the speed at which an infinitesimally small pressure wave (sound wave) propagates through a fluid)

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Sound A series of small air-pressure disturbances oscillation in sinusoidal fashion in the frequency range from 20 20,000 20 000 cycles l per second. d More rigid material, speed of sound greater.
Note: Other text use the notation a for speed of sound.

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

A property of a material / compound.

P kP ..(1) c= = kRT = S
Where: k = specific heat ratio, Cp/Cv P = absolute pressure of the fluid (kPa, psi or equivalent) = density of the fluid (kg/m3 or equivalent) R = specific gas constant (kJ/kgK or equivalent) T = absolute temperature of the fluid (K or oR)
1 2 1 2

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Mach Number, Ma
For incompressible fluid, Reynolds number, Re is useful in characterizing the flow (laminar or turbulent) turbulent). In compressible fluid, Mach number, Ma is useful in characterizing the flow flow. Mach number, Ma Ratio R ti of f fluid fl id velocity l it and d speed d of f sound. d Dimensionless.

V Ma = c
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Born

February 18, 1838 Brno, Austrian Empire

Died

February y 19, , 1916(1916-02-19) ( )( (aged g 78) ) Munich, German Empire

Ernst Mach (18381916) (1838 1916)

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 Characteristic of compressible fluid flow: Ma M <1 : Subsonic S b i fl flow Ma = 1 : Sonic flow Ma > 1 : Supersonic flow

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Boeing 747, Ma = 0.85 0.95 (high speed, subsonic aircraft)

Concorde, Ma = 2 (supersonic aircraft)

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Sukhoi 30 MKM Ma 2.3

MIG 29 Ma 2.25 2 25

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

F 18 Ma 1.8

Hawk Ma 0.84

Analysis of compressible fluid flow

The gas (compressible fluid) is transferred from a very large supply called RESERVOIR at: temperature, TR pressure, PR velocity, VR = 0
Properties P ti of f fluid fl id at t reservoir i are called reservoir (stagnation) conditions.

RESERVOIR

Receiver

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 Stagnation conditions are those that would exist if the flow at any point in a fluid stream is isentropically brought to rest (velocity = 0)

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 Assumptions: Flow is steady Flow is one-dimensional Velocity gradients within a cross section are neglected Friction is restricted to wall shear Shaft work is zero Gravitational effects are negligible Fluid is an ideal gas of constant specific heat
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Steady, frictionless, adiabatic flow

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Convergent

Divergent

Reservoir

Flow

Receiver

Throat

Thermal insulation

Provided the reservoir conditions (TR and PR) how one can determine the conditions at point / state of interest? Need for relation between reservoir condition and point of interest.
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 From THERMODYNAMICS, open-system energy balance from reservoir (R) to point/state of interest (1):

V2 V2 g + = h + gz g + h + gz 2 2 R 1
Earlier, Earlier VR = 0, 0 gz = 0 the equation is simplified to:

V12 = 2 (hR h1 ) = 2CP (TR T1 )

..(2) (2)

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 For ideal gas: CP = R + C v CP k= Cv

Rk CP = (k 1)

Then Eq. (2)

2 1

V12 = 2 (hR h1 ) = 2CP (TR T1 )

will become;

2Rk (TR T1 ) V = (k 1) 2 TR V = RkT1 1 (k 1) T1

2 1
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 Taking the term RkT1 to the left hand side:

2 TR V12 1 = RkT1 (k 1) T1

From Eq. (1), for condition at point 1 c 1 = kRT1

P kP = c= = kRT S
1 2 1 2

2 1

= kRT1

Then;

V12 2 TR = 1 2 .(3) (k 1) T1 c1

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

V Ma = c
From Eq (3), substitute Ma and rearrange:
2 ( TR Ma1 k 1) = +1 T1 2

..(4)

Relation between reservoir temperature temperature, temperature and Mach number at point of interest given fluid. for a g

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 For compressible fluid, pressure and density change accordingly to the change in temperature: The isentropic (frictionless, adiabatic) relation is given y by:
PR TR = P1 T 1
k k 1

(a)

R TR = 1 T 1

1 k 1

(b)

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 Substituting Eq. (4) into (a) and (b):

2 ( PR Ma1 k 1) = +1 P1 2 2 ( R Ma1 k 1) = +1 1 2 k k 1

..(5)

1 k 1

..(6) (6)

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Reservoir

Flow

Receiver

Steady, frictionless, adiabatic flow can be achieved if fluid flow in a variable cross sectional area nozzle. Then, there is a need to find relation between area perpendicular to the flow with respect to the area of the reservoir. reservoir
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Reservoir

Flow

Receiver

In any flow, mass is conserved. y equation: q From continuity (AV )R = (AV )1

AR 1V1 = A 1 R VR
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

AR 1V1 = A 1 R VR
Using equation above is not practical since: AR is s very e y large a ge From previous assumptions VR = 0 Therefore other reference point is needed apart from the reservoir

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 In any such flow there will be a state where Ma = 1. This Thi i is called ll d th the critical iti l state. t t Properties related to critical state is called critical conditions or asterisk ( (*) ) condition. condition
(Dont confuse yourself with definition of Pcr or Tcr)

Then the relation is written as:

A1 V = A 1V1
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 Relation between area perpendicular to the fl flow and d area at t critical iti l state: t t
2 Ma1 ( k 1) +1 1 A1 2 = A Ma1 (k 1) + 1 2

(k +1) 2(k 1)

At subsonic to get the fluid f go faster, f one must reduce the cross sectional area perpendicular to the flow. At supersonic to get the fluid go faster, one must increase the cross sectional area perpendicular to the flow.
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 Similarly, mass flow rate of fluid can be determined from continuity equation with respect to the critical 1 state:

m = A

k 2 PR T R R

(k 1) + 1 2

(k +1) 2(k 1)

PR A For air with k = 1.4: m = 0.6847 TRR

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 When the gas is blown down, there will be a decrease in the amount of gas in the reservoir reservoir. Then, Then minitial = mmax Mass flow rate can also be determined using:

m = 1A 1V1 = 2 A 2 V2

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Example 1
Air flowing through an insulated, frictionless nozzle is supplied from a large supply tank at 500 kPa, kPa 400 K K. Determine: The Mach number, , Ma, , The temperature, T The density, The air velocity, V
at a location in the duct where the pressure is 430 kPa.

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Solution
Assumption: Frictionless, F i ti l i insulated l t dd duct t adiabatic di b ti Air is an ideal gas k = 1.4, 1 4 Cp = 1 1.005 005 kJ/kg K K, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK Given: TR = 400 K, PR = 500 kPa

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Solution
For isentropic gas flow:
PR Ma (k 1) = +1 P1 2
2 1 k k 1

PR TR = T P1 1

k k 1

Ma1 =

k 1 k 2 PR 1 (k 1) P1 1.4 1 1 .4

P1 T1 = TR P R
1

k 1 k

2 500 = (1.4 1) 430 = 0.469

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

430 = (400 ) 500 = 383 K

1.4 1 1 .4

Solution
Density, 1 =

P1 RT1

The speed of sound c = kRT

kPa m3 = 1.4 0.287 kg K 383 K kPa m3 = 12.41 kg m = 12.41 s
1 2 1 2

430 (0.287 )(383 ) kg = 3.91 3 m =

Fluid velocity, V1

V1 = Ma M c = 0.469 12.41 m = 5.82 s

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Adiabatic Flow with Friction

Isentropic Friction section

Reservoir

Flow

Receiver

Thermal insulation

Occurs when a gas flows through a length of pipe at high velocity. If pipe is insulated or flow is fast, heat transfer is considered negligible adiabatic.
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Adiabatic Flow with Friction

Isentropic Friction section

Reservoir

Flow

Receiver

Thermal insulation

Effect of friction due to the flow will cause the entropy of f flowing fl i gas to t increase i ( (entropy t is i not t constant) t t) Therefore isentropic relation cannot be applied in the analysis. l i
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Ffriction P T V dx P + dP T + dT V + dV + d

Applying the momentum balance: Net pressure force Force due to wall shear stress = Mass flow rate x (Velocity out Velocity in)

m [(V + dV ) V ] = A[(P + dP ) P] + Ffriction

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Ffriction P T V dx P + dP T + dT V + dV + d

Applying the continuity equation: AV = constant V = constant (since A is constant) V = ( + d)(V + dV)

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Ffriction P T V dx P + dP T + dT V + dV + d

Applying the energy balance:

( V2 V + dV ) CP T + = CP (T + dT ) + 2 2

Equation of state: (P = RT) P + dP = ( + d) R (T + dT)

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Ffriction P T V dx P + dP T + dT V + dV + d

Also from Mach number definition:

2 V V Ma = Ma 2 = c kRT 2 ( ) V + dV (Ma + dMa )2 = kR(T + dT )

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Ffriction P T V dx P + dP T + dT V + dV + d

The equations represents a set of equations with unknown dP, dT, d, dV and dMa Have to be solved accordingly to obtain appropriate p expressions.

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Ffriction P T V dx P + dP T + dT V + dV + d

In momentum balance, there exist the term wall shear stress, wall. In pipeline system, this is expressed as dimensionless value friction factor, f Most compressible gas flows in duct involve turbulent flow
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 Solving from the equation (for circular pipe):

2 4 f x 1 1 1 k +1 Ma 1 = 2 2 + ln 2 D k Ma1 Ma 2 2k Ma 2

1 2 1 + (k 1) Ma 2 2 1 2 ( ) 1 + k 1 Ma 1 2

The equation describe the change of Ma over a given length. When friction is involved, involved flows tend to reach sonic condition Ma 1.

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 When friction is involved, flows tend to reach sonic condition Ma 1. (Ma2 approaching 1) By setting Ma2 = 1, the length of duct required to give th value the l of fM Ma1 is i obtained bt i d as maximum i l length, th Lmax (or critical length, L*)

2 2 k +1 ( 4 f L * 1 Ma1 k + 1) Ma1 + = l ln 2 D 1 2 kMa1 2k 2 1 + (k 1) Ma1 2

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Example
Air flows in a 5 cm diameter pipe. The air enters at t Ma M = 2.5 2 5 and d is i to t leave l at t Ma M = 1.5. 1 5 Determine D t i the length of pipe required. What would be the maximum length of pipe? Assume f = 0.002 and adiabatic flow.

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Solution
Flow is adiabatic.
2 4 f x 1 1 1 k +1 Ma1 = 2 ln 2 + 2 D k Ma1 Ma 2 2k Ma 2 1 2 1 + (k 1) Ma 2 2 1 2 1 + (k 1) Ma1 2 1 2 1 5) 1 + (1.4 1)(1.5 2 1 2 ( )( ) 1 + 1 . 4 1 2.5 2

2 4(0.002) L 1 1 1 1.4 + 1 2.5 ln 2 = 2 2 + (0.05) 1.4 2.5 1.5 2(1.4) 1.5 L = 0.185 m

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 Maximum pipe length, L*:

2 2 k +1 ( 4 f L * 1 Ma 1 k + 1) Ma 1 + ln = 2 D a 1 2k 1 2 kMa 2 1 + (k 1) Ma M 1 2 2 2 ( 4 (0.002 ) L * 1 (2.5 2 5 ) 1.4 1 4 +1 1.4 + 1)(2.5 2 5) + = ln 2 0.05 1 2 1.4 (2.5 ) 2(1.4 ) 2 1 + (1.4 1)(2.5 ) 2 L* = 2.7m

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 Pressure relation:

P1 Ma 2 = P2 Ma1
Temperature relation:

(k 1) 2 Ma 2 1 + 2 (k 1) 2 Ma1 1 + 2

(k 1) 2 Ma 2 1 + T1 2 = T2 (k 1) 2 Ma1 1 + 2
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 Density relation:

1 P1 T2 Ma M 2 = = 2 P2 T1 Ma1

(k 1) 2 Ma1 1 + 2 ( k 1) 2 Ma 2 1+ 2

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Isothermal Flow with Friction

Isentropic Friction section

Reservoir

Flow

Receiver

Occurs in long, small, uninsulated pipe in contact with p the flow environment transmit sufficient heat to keep isothermal.
E.g.: flow of natural gas through long distance pipelines.

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Ffriction P V dx

dQ P + dP V + dV + d

Applying the continuity equation: AV = constant V = constant (since A is constant) V = ( + d)(V + dV) dV d = V
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Ffriction P V dx

dQ P + dP V + dV + d

Applying the momentum balance: Net pressure force Force due to wall shear stress = Mass flow rate x (Velocity out Velocity in)

m [(V + dV ) V ] = A[(P + dP ) P] + Ffriction

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Ffriction P V dx

dQ P + dP V + dV + d

Applying the energy balance:

2 ( V + dV ) V2 dQ = mCP (T + dT ) + CP T 2 2

Since T constant and dQ = m dq dq = V dV

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Ffriction P V dx

dQ P + dP V + dV + d

From ideal gas EOS (P = RT) P + dP = ( + d) RT dP d = P

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Ffriction P V dx

dQ P + dP V + dV + d

Also from Mach number definition: V Ma = c V + dV (since T constant, c constant) Ma + dMa = c dMa dV = Ma V
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Ffriction P V dx

dQ P + dP V + dV + d

The equations represents a set of equations with unknown dP, dT, d, dV and dMa Have to be solved accordingly to obtain appropriate expressions.

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Ffriction P V dx

dQ P + dP V + dV + d

In momentum balance, there exist the term wall shear stress, wall. In pipeline system, this is expressed as dimensionless value friction factor, f

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Isothermal Flow with Friction

Q P1 V1 1 Ma1 x P2 V2 2 Ma2

V2 1 P1 Ma 2 = = = V1 2 P2 Ma1
Ma 2 2fL 1 1 1 = 2 ln 2 D 2k Ma1 Ma 2 Ma 1
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Q P1 V1 1 Ma1 x P2 V2 2 Ma2

For isothermal flow with friction, Ma tend to reach

1 When Ma ~ k , dq ~ infinity.

1 k

An infinite amount of heat must be transferred or removed to keep p the temperature of the gas constant. Limiting value for Ma = 1

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Isothermal Flow with Friction

By setting Ma2 = is obtained:
1 k

, maximum length Lmax or L*

2 4 f L * 1 kMa1 2 = + l ln kMa kM 1 2 D kMa 1

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Example
Air flows through a 5 cm diameter pipeline. The flow enters at a temperature of 20oC, C Ma = 0.1 0 1 and pressure of 900 kPa, and exit at Ma = 0.5. Determine: Length g of the p pipe. p Maximum pipe length and the corresponding pressure. Mass flow rate of the air. The specific Th ifi h heat t ratio ti f for air i and d th the mean f friction i ti factor may be taken as 1.4 and 0.004 respectively.

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Solution
Length of pipe:

2(0.004 )L 1 1 1 0.5 = 2 2 ln 0.05 2(1.4 ) 0.1 0.5 0.1 L = 204.2 m

Maximum pipe length:
2 4(0.004 )L * 1 (1.4 )(0.1) 2 ( )( ) = + ln 1.4 1 4 0 0.1 1 (1.4 )(0.1)2 0.05 L* = 233.43 m

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 Pressure at the maximum length:

P2 Ma1 = From P1 Ma 2 1 at L*, P = P * and Ma 2 = 14 1.4 0.1 900 = 106.5 kPa P* = 1 1.4

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

 At T = 293 K,c = kRT = 10.85 m/s V1 = Ma1 c = (0.1)(10.85) = 1.85 m/s

( P1 900 kPa ) kg 1 = = = 10.7 3 3 RT m kPa m 0.287 kg K (293K )

m = 1AV1 2 = (10.7) (0.05) (1.85) 4 kg = 0.0389 s
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Example
Natural gas flows through a 0.075 m diameter pipeline which has a length of 750 m. m The flow can be assumed to be isothermal with a temperature of 15oC. The Mach number and pressure at the inlet are 0.09 and 900 kPa, respectively. If the mean friction factor for the flow is 0.002, determine the Mach number at the pipe exit. exit Also find the maximum possible length of the pipe and the exit pressure with this length of pipe. Assume the flow is steady and the specific heat ratio for the natural gas is 1.3.

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Solution
Assumption: Isothermal, steady flow, ideal gas

Ma 2 2fL 1 1 1 = 2 ln 2 D 2k Ma1 Ma 2 Ma 1 2(0.002)(750) 1 1 1 Ma 2 = 2 ln 2 (0.075) 2(1.3 1 3 ) 0.09 0 09 Ma 2 0 09 0.09 1 1 1 Ma 2 40 = 2 ln 2.6 0.0081 Ma 2 0.09
Unknowns Ma2 solve through trial-and-error
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Ma2,guess 0.1 0.2 0.25

LHS 40 40 40

RHS 8.916 37.068 40.3

Error -31.084 -2.932 0.300

Plot graph Ma vs s Error

0.5 0 -0.5 0.2 -1 Ma -1.5 2 -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5 Error y = 64.76x - 15.88 0.25

At Error Error, y = 0 Ma, x = 0.245

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

P2 Ma1 = P1 Ma 2 0.09 P2 = 900 = 330.6 kPa 0.245

Maximum possible length:
2 4 f L * 1 kMa1 2 = + ln kMa 1 kMa 2 D 1 2 4(0.002)L * 1 (1.3 )(0.09) 2 = + ln (1.3 )(0.09) 2 0.075 (1.3 )(0.09) L* = 838.2 m

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

P2 Ma1 From = P1 Ma 2 1 at L*, P = P * and Ma 2 = 13 1.3 0.09 P* = 900 = 92.4 kPa 1 1.3

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech

Choking
Condition of flow at location where Ma = 1 (sonic flow) Normally occurs in throat area of the nozzle. No more mass can get through the nozzle (constant mass flow rate) as flow is choked, without changing the upstream (reservoir) condition.

MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech