FRACTOGRAPHY IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Crack Initiation Sites Sharp Fillet Radii Medium Carbon Steel SAE

grade 8 bolt hex-head broken from shank, 15x Inclusions/2nd Phase Particles Sulfide inclusions in heat treated casting, 1000x Notches and/or Gas Porosity Carbon Steel Plate (ASTM A36) Porosity in CTOD specimen from welded joint, 15x Slag Inclusions/Cavities Cast Steel 9ASTM A-148 Gr 105-85) Slag in weld-repaired steel crosshead, 15x Shrinkage Porosity Nodular Iron (ASTM 80-55-06) Primary shrinkage in tensile test specimen, 500x Corrosion Pits Aluminum Tubing Chloride corrosion of fireplace gas line, 250x Fracture Propagation Modes Ductile Nodular Iron (ASTM 60-45-10) Equiaxed dimples originating around graphite, 500x Austenitic Steel (AISI 316L) Variable sizes of equiaxed/tensile dimples, 1000x Austenitic Steel (AISI 316L) Enlarged view of equiaxed/tensile dimples, 2500x Cast Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Parabolic shear dimples due to torsional forces, 2000x Low Alloy Medium Carbon Steel Tensile dimples on SAE Gr 5 bolt fracture, 2500x Less Ductile/Transgranular Gray Iron (ASTM Cl 50) Flake graphite in pearlitic matrix, 500x Nodular Iron (ASTM 100-70-03) Cleavage fracture through matrix/limited ductility, 500x Low Alloy Steel (Cr-V) Overload fracture of phillips screw driver bit, 25x

Nodular Iron (ASTM 80-55-06) Transgranular cleavage showing river pattern, 500x MMC Ti-15-3 + SiC Transgranular cleavage through matrix, 150x Intergranular Low Alloy Steel (AISI 4340) Embrittlement due to hydrogen evolution, 1500x Low Alloy Steel (AISI 4130) Quench cracking of recarburized case of casting, 500x Tool Steel (AISI A6) Quench cracking of overheated inspection gage, 40x Tool Steel (AISI A6) Enlarged view of intergranular fracture (CMS 21), 500x Nodular Iron (ASTM 80-55-06) Intergranular fracture in ion nitrided layer, 500x Fatigue Inconel 617 High cycle fatigue striations, 1000x Al-Zn Alloy (7079) Striations/corrosion on aircraft bracket fracture, 500x MMC Ti-15-3 + SiC Fatigue striations with adjacent ductile region, 500x Nodular Iron (ASTM 80-55-06) No striations/Specimen etched to show pearlite, 2000x Nickel Base Alloy (Udimet 500) Stage 1 fatigue at leading edge of turbine blade, 100x Creep/Rupture/Remelting Austenitic Steel (AISI 310) Intergranular creep at leading edge of turbine vane, 50x Inconel 751, Annealed + Aged Stress rupture, 730C, 380 MPa, 125 hrs, 1000x Wood's Alloy (4Bi:2Pb:1Sn:1Cd) Pendant sprinkler head failure by creep, 25x Tungsten Filament Resolidified spherical end following arcing, 70x Electronic IC Chip

Damage due to incorrect power routing test, 500x Corrosion/Erosion Low Alloy Steel (AISI 4340) Oxidation of prior crack surface during tempering, 500x Inconel 601 Sulfidation in charcoal kiln at 900C for 8 months, 4x Austenitic Steel (AISI 316/304) Erosion/corrosion of 304 in circulating acid tank, 2x Copper Tubing Erosion of water line elbow due to turbulence, 15x Cupro-Nickel (Cu-10%Ni) Condenser tube erosion by 80 MPa water lance, 15x